Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 15



7XUXQDQ'LIHUHQVLDOGDQ+DPSLUDQ7D\ORU

7XUXQDQ,PSOLVLW7XUXQDQ3DUDPHWHUGDQ*DULV6LQJJXQJ
7XUXQDQ)XQJVL,PSOLVLW

$WXUDQIXQJVL\ I [ GDSDWGLWDPSLONDQGDODPEHQWXN) [ \  GHQJDQ) [ \


\  I [ 'LVLQL\ PHUXSDNDQIXQJVLHNVSOLVLW GDUL[ \DQJWHUNDQGXQJVHFDUDLPSOLVLW
GDODPDWXUDQ ) [ \   6HEDOLNQ\D DWXUDQ ) [ \   PHQ\DWDNDQ EDKZD \ DGDODK
IXQJVLGDUL[GDQMXJD[ IXQJVL GDUL\ 'L VLQL NLWD PHQJDWDNDQ EDKZD \ DGDODK IXQJVL
LPSOLVLW GDUL[GDQMXJD[ DGDODKIXQJVLLPSOLVLWGDUL\'DULDWXUDQ) [ \  PXQJNLQ
WHUMDGL\ GDSDWGLQ\DWDNDQVHFDUDHNSOLVLWGDODP[ DWDXVHEDOLNQ\D DWDXPXQJNLQMXJD
WLGDN
,OXVWUDVL
 'DULDWXUDQ[  \
\

 [ 

NLWDPHPSXQ\DLEHQWXNHNVSOLVLW
\

  [  [

  \   DWDX

  \ 

\DQJPHQ\DWDNDQ\ VHEDJDLIXQJVLHNVSOLVLWGDUL[GDQ[ IXQJVLHNSOLVLWGDUL\

 'DULDWXUDQ[  VLQ [ \  [ \  \ NLWDWLGDNGDSDWPHQ\DWDNDQVHFDUDHNSOLVLW\


GDODP[GDQ MXJD[ GDODP\0HVNLSXQGHPLNLDQSHQJHUWLDQEDKZD\ DGDODKIXQJVL
GDUL[GDQMXJD[ IXQJVLGDUL\ PDVLKWHWDSEHUODNX
x

.RQVHSIXQJVL VDWX SHXEDK\


I [  GDSDWGLSHUOXDV VHKLQJJDPHQMDGL IXQJVL GXD
SHXEDK] ) [ \ 'LVLQLSHXEDKEHEDVQ\D[ GDQ\VHGDQJNDQSHXEDKWDNEHEDVQ\D]
'DHUDK DVDO IXQJVLQ\D DGDODK KLPSXQDQ WLWLN ^ [ \ 5   ) [ \  5` GDQ GDHUDK
QLODLQ\DDGDODK^] 5  ] ) [ \  [ \ GLGDHUDKDVDO)`8QWXN] PDND) [ \
PHQ\DWDNDQ\ IXQJVLLPSOLVLWGDUL[GDQMXJD[ IXQJVLLPSOLVLWGDUL\3DGDIXQJVL
LPSOLVLW\ \ [ \DQJ WHUPXDWGDODP) [ \  SHQJHUWLDQIXQJVLVHSHUWL\DQJ ELDVD
GDSDWGLMHODVNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW8QWXNVHWLDS[ \DQJ PHPHQXKL) [ \  WHUGDSDW
VHODQJWHUEXND [  G [  G  GHQJDQG !  WHUWHQWX VHKLQJJD\
\ [  DGDODK IXQJVL
GDODPSHQJHUWLDQELDVD\DLWXXQWXNVHWLDS[ GLNDLWNDQGHQJDQWHSDWVDWX\
.LWDDNDQPHQHQWXNDQWXUXQDQIXQJVL\ \ [ \DQJWHUNDQGXQJVHFDUDLPSOLVLWGD
ODP) [ \  * [ \ -LNDIXQJVL\ WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQWHUKDGDS[PDND
G
G
) [  \
* [  \ 
G[
G[
GHQJDQPHQJDQJJDS\ VHEDJDLIXQJVLGDUL[ DNDQPHQJKDVLONDQ\ c VHEDJDLIXQJVLGDUL[
GDQ\



7XUXQDQ'LIHUHQVLDOGDQ+DPSLUDQ7D\ORU

,OXVWUDVL

/LQJNDUDQ[  \ D GHQJDQD ! VHFDUDLPSOLVLWPHPXDW\ VHEDJDL


IXQJVL GDUL [ GDQ [ VHEDJDL IXQJVL GDUL \ 'HQJDQ WXUXQDQ IXQJVL
LPSOLVLWGLSHUROHK

G
[  \
G[
 [  \\c
\c

G
D 
G[

[
 
\

G
[  \
G\
 [[c \

[c

 [    \ 
 \  [

3HUKDWLNDQEDKZDGLVLQLEHUODNX
G\ G[

G[ G\

\c [c

  DWDX

G\
G[

G
D 
G\

\
 
[


G[
G\

+DO LQL VHMDODQ GHQJDQ UXPXV WXUXQDQ IXQJVL LQYHUV \DQJ WHODK NLWD
NHQDOEDLN

&RQWRK-LND\ DGDODKIXQJVLLPSOLVLWGDUL[ \DQJWHUPXDWGDODPSHUVDPDDQ


VLQ[\

WHQWXNDQ\ c

 [ \   

-DZDE 'HQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQWXUXQDQIXQJVLLPSOLVLWGDQWXUXQDQIXQJVLHOHPHQWHUGL
SHUROHK
G
G
VLQ [\
 [\  
G[
G[
G
G 
G
[
FRV [\
[\
[
\   \
G[
G[
G[

5
0 5  0 5
0FRV [\5 0 [\c \ 5
\c 0 [ FRV [\   [\ 5

\c

1
6
 1 6


 [ 0 \\c5   \
 \   \ FRV [\







 \   \ FRV [\

[ FRV [\   [\

7XUXQDQ)XQJVL3DUDPHWHU

.LWDLQJDWNHPEDOLWHQWDQJIXQJVLSDUDPHWHUGLKDODPDQ-LND[
J W WHUGHILQLVLSDGDVHODQJ' 5DWXUDQ

%&[
'\

I W
 W'
J W

I W GDQ\



7XUXQDQ'LIHUHQVLDOGDQ+DPSLUDQ7D\ORU

GLQDPDNDQ IXQJVL SDUDPHWHU 3DGD DWXUDQ LQL W GLQDPDNDQ SDUDPHWHU GDQ KLPSXQDQ
WLWLN [ \  5  GLQDPDNDQJUDILNIXQJVLSDUDPHWHU

3DGDIXQJVLSDUDPHWHUMLND\ WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQ WHUKDGDS [ DWDX [ WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQ


WHUKDGDS \ PDND NLWD GDSDW PHQHQWXNDQ WXUXQDQQ\D .DUHQD \ DGDODK IXQJVL GDUL [
PDNDNLWDGDSDWPHPLVDONDQ\ ) [ .DUHQD[ MXJDPHUXSDNDQIXQJVLGDULWPDNDNLWD
PHPSXQ\DL IXQJVL NRPSRVLVL \
) [ W  GHQJDQ W SDGD VHODQJ ' 'HQJDQ
PHQJJXQDNDQDWXUDQUDQWDLGLSHUROHK
G\
G\ G[
 
GW
G[ GW
G[
GW

VHKLQJJDGDODPNDVXVKXEXQJDQLQLPHQJKDVLONDQ
z
G\
G[

G\
GW

G[

GW

5XPXVLQLGLNHQDOVHEDJDLWXUXQDQIXQJVLSDUDPHWHU\DQJNLWDQ\DWDNDQGDODPWHRUHPD
EHULNXW

%& [
'\

7HRUHPD7XUXQDQ)XQJVL3DUDPHWHU 8QWXNIXQJVLSDUDPHWHU

I W
 W ' ' VXDWXVHODQJ
I W
G[
MLNDIXQJVL[ GDQ\ WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQWHUKDGDSWGDQ z  SDGD'PDNDIXQJVL\ WHUGL
GW
IHUHQVLDONDQWHUKDGDS[GHQJDQDWXUDQ\DQJGLWHQWXNDQROHK
G\
G[

%&[
'\

,OXVWUDVL-LNDOLQJNDUDQ[  \
PDND

G\
GW

G[
 W '
GW

D GLWDPSLONDQGDODPEHQWXNIXQJVLSDUDPHWHU

D FRV W
  d W d S
D VLQ W

G[
G\
 D VLQ W GDQ
GW
GW
VHKLQJJDWXUXQDQIXQJVL\ WHUKDGDS[ DGDODK
\c

G\
G[

G\
GW

G[
GW

D FRV W 

D FRV W
D VLQ W

[
 
\

+DVLOLQLVDPDGHQJDQ\DQJWHODKGLSHUROHKSDGD,OXVWUDVL

%HULNXWLQLDGDODKGXDFRQWRKWHQWDQJPHQHQWXNDQWXUXQDQIXQJVLSDUDPHWHU



7XUXQDQ'LIHUHQVLDOGDQ+DPSLUDQ7D\ORU

%& [
'\

&RQWRK7HQWXNDQWXUXQDQ\ c GDULIXQJVLSDUDPHWHU

W   W

 Wt

  W
NHPXGLDQQ\DWDNDQVHEDJDLIXQJVLGDUL[ GDQVHEDJDLIXQJVLGDUL\

-DZDE .DUHQDIXQJVL[ [ W  W  W GDQ\


KDGDSW SDGDVHODQJ>  f GHQJDQ
G[
GW

W  

G\
G[

G\
GW

GDQ

PDNDIXQJVL\ WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQWHUKDGDS[ GHQJDQ


\c

\ W 

G\
GW

G[
GW

 W WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQWHU


 W 

W
W  

W

 W 

8QWXNPHQ\DWDNDQWXUXQDQIXQJVLSDUDPHWHUQ\DVHEDJDLIXQJVLGDUL[ GDQVHEDJDLIXQJVL
GDUL \ Q\DWDNDQ W GDODP [ GDQ MXJD GDODP \ 'DUL EHQWXN IXQJVLQ\D GLSHUROHK KDVLO
EHULNXW
[
W  

W 
W

W   W  W t 

W    W  t 
[  W  t 
[ 

 [  

-DGLKDVLO\DQJNLWDSHUROHKDGDODK
x MLND\ c GLQ\DWDNDQVHEDJDLIXQJVLGDUL[PDND \c
x MLND\ c GLQ\DWDNDQVHEDJDLIXQJVLGDUL\PDND \c

 W   W t  ! 


 W   W t  ! 

W 

 \  W t 

W

 \ 

  [ 
[ 

  \

 \ 

 



[ 

&DWDWDQ 8QWXN ODWLKDQ SHPEDFD SDGD FRQWRK LQLNLWD GDSDW MXJD PHQHQWXNDQ IXQJVL
LPSOLVLWGDQHNVSOLVLWGDULEHQWXNIXQJVLSDUDPHWHUQ\D'DULEHQWXNLPSOLVLWGDQHNVSOLVLW
\DQJGLSHUROHKWHQWXNDQWXUXQDQ\ c NHPXGLDQEDQGLQJNDQKDVLOQ\D

%&
'

[ W  VLQ W
&RQWRK'LNHWDKXLIXQJVLSDUDPHWHUW 5
\   FRV W

D 7XQMXNNDQEDKZDIXQJVLSDUDPHWHULQLPHUXSDNDQMHMDNNXUYDGDULWLWLN3 SDGDURGD
OLQJNDUDQVDWXDQ\DQJEHUJXOLUVHSDQMDQJJDULVOXUXV
E 7XQMXNNDQEDKZD \c

G\
G[


 \  \    \ d 
\



7XUXQDQ'LIHUHQVLDOGDQ+DPSLUDQ7D\ORU

-DZDE
D

-HMDN NXUYD GDUL WLWLN 3 SDGD URGD OLQJNDUDQ VDWXDQ \DQJ EHUJXOLU VHSDQMDQJ JDULV
OXUXVGLSHUOLKDWNDQSDGD*E
\


\


W 6

4

S

*E

0LVDONDQSXVDWURGDOLQJNDUDQVDWXDQLQLDGDODK6GDQURGDEHUJXOLUGLVHSDQMDQJ
VXPEX[ GHQJDQWLWLN3 SDGDURGDEHUJHUDNGDULWLWLNDVDO2 NHDUDKNDQDQ3LOLKODK
SDUDPHWHUW VHEDJDLVXGXWDQWDUDJDULV YHUWLNDOGHQJDQMDULMDUL36 \DQJ WHODK EHU
SXWDU'LVLQLXNXUDQVXGXWQ\DGDODPUDGLDQGDQVHDUDKSXWDUDQMDUXPMDP
3DGD*ENLWDPHPSXQ\DL
[

24

27

EXVXU 37

27  47

W
 NHOLOLQJURGD
S

W  VLQWGDQ\

W
 S
S

76  65

W

 FRVW

-DGLIXQJVLSDUDPHWHUSDGDVRDOLQLPHQ\DWDNDQMHMDNNXUYDGDULWLWLN3 SDGDURGD
OLQJNDUDQ VDWXDQ \DQJ EHUJXOLU VHSDQMDQJ JDULV OXUXV -HMDN NXUYD LQL GLNHQDO
VHEDJDLVLNORLG
.DUHQD IXQJVL [
[ W  W  VLQ W GDQ \
\ W    FRV W WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQ
WHUKDGDSW SDGD5 GHQJDQWXUXQDQQ\D
G[
G\
 FRVW \
GDQ
VLQW
GW
GW
PDNDIXQJVL\ WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQWHUKDGDS[ GDQWXUXQDQQ\DDGDODK
\c

G\
G[

G\
GW

G[
GW

VLQ W
 FRV W

.LWDWLQJJDOPHQ\DWDNDQVLQW GDODP\'DUL\
VHKLQJJD
VLQW

r  FRV W

 FRVW GLSHUROHKFRVW

r   \ 

*DQWLNDQKDVLOLQLSDGDDWXUDQ\ cPDNDGLSHUROHK
\c

G\
G[

VLQ W
 \ z 
\

r  \  \ 


 \  \    \ d 
\

 \



7XUXQDQ'LIHUHQVLDOGDQ+DPSLUDQ7D\ORU

*DULV6LQJJXQJGDQ*DULV1RUPDO

$UWL JHRPHWUL GDUL WXUXQDQ IXQJVL GL VDWX WLWLN DGDODK JUDGLHQ JDULV VLQJJXQJ SDGD
JUDILN IXQJVLQ\D VHSHUWL GLSHUOLKDWNDQ SDGD *E EDE LQL -LND VXDWX IXQJVL
WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQGLVDWXWLWLNGDQWXUXQDQSHUWDPDQ\DNRQWLQXGLVHNLWDUWLWLNLWXPDND
SHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJGLWLWLNLWXGDSDWGLWHQWXNDQ7XUXQDQSHUWDPDQ\DGLWHQWXNDQ
GHQJDQ DWXUDQ PHQHQWXNDQ WXUXQDQ GHILQLVL WXUXQDQ WXUXQDQ LPSOLVLW DWDX WXUXQDQ
SDUDPHWHU*DULV VLQJJXQJ GDQ JDULV QRUPDO SDGD VXDWX IXQJVL GLGHILQLVLNDQ VHEDJDL
EHULNXW
'HILQLVL  0LVDONDQIXQJVLI WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQSDGDVHODQJWHUEXND, \DQJPHPXDWF
GDQIXQJVLWXUXQDQSHUWDPDI c NRQWLQXSDGD,*DULVVLQJJXQJ SDGDIXQJVLI GLF GLGHILQL
VLNDQVHEDJDLJDULV\DQJPHODOXLWLWLN F I F GHQJDQJUDGLHQPJV I c F *DULVQRUPDO
SDGD JUDILN IXQJVL I GL F GLGHILQLVLNDQ VHEDJDL JDULV \DQJ PHODOXL F I F GDQ WHJDN
OXUXVSDGDJDULVVLQJJXQJQ\D
&DWDWDQ 'DULV\DUDWGXDJDULVVDOLQJWHJDNOXUXVMLNDPJV I c F GDQI c F z PDND
JUDGLHQJDULVQRUPDOQ\DDGDODKPJQ   I c F 
,OXVWUDVL  .LWDDNDQPHQHQWXNDQSHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJGDQJDULVQRUPDOSDGD
IXQJVL\ [ GLWLWLN  \DQJWHUOHWDNSDGDJUDILNQ\D'DULWXUXQDQIXQJVL\ c [
GLSHUROHK\ c   VHKLQJJDJUDGLHQJDULVVLQJJXQJQ\DPJV GDQJUDGLHQJDULV
QRUPDOQ\DPJQ  3HUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJQ\DDGDODK
\    [   DWDX\
GDQSHUVDPDDQJDULVQRUPDOQ\DDGDODK
\    [   DWDX\
8QWXNODWLKDQSHPEDFDJDPEDUNDQJUDILNIXQJVL\
QRUPDOQ\DGLWLWLN  

[  




[    

[ EHVHUWDJDULVVLQJJXQJGDQJDULV

6HNDUDQJNLWDDNDQPHPSHODMDULJDULVVLQJJXQJ\DQJVHMDMDUGHQJDQVXPEX\6HED
JDLPRGHOSHUPDVDODKDQLQLSHUKDWLNDQIXQJVL\ [7XUXQDQQ\DDGDODK\ c [ GH
QJDQ \ c  
 VHKLQJJD JDULV VLQJJXQJQ\D GL   DGDODK VXPEX [ GDQ JDULV
QRUPDOQ\D VXPEX \ ,QYHUV GDUL IXQJVL LQL DGDODK \
[ \DQJ JUDILNQ\D GLSHUROHK
GHQJDQPHQFHUPLQNDQJUDILN \
[ WHUKDGDSJDULV \
[ 3DGDJUDILN \
[ JDULV
VLQJJXQJQ\DGL   DGDODK VXPEX \ \DQJ GLSHUROHK GHQJDQ PHQFHUPLQNDQ VXPEX [
JDULVVLQJJXQJGL  SDGDJUDILN\ [ WHUKDGDSJDULV\ [7HWDSLSDGDIXQJVL\
[
[    

\c  OLP
OLP   
f
[ o  [ 
[o [
3DGD NDVXV LQL NLWD PHPSXQ\DL VHEXDK IXQJVL \DQJ WLGDN WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQ GL WLWLN 
WHWDSL JUDILN IXQJVLQ\D PDVLK PHPSXQ\DL JDULV VLQJJXQJ GL WLWLN LWX 3HUKDWLNDQ
VLWXDVLQ\DSDGD*E



7XUXQDQ'LIHUHQVLDOGDQ+DPSLUDQ7D\ORU

\
VXPEX\ { JDULVVLQJJXQJ

\ [

VXPEX[ { JDULVQRUPDO[

*E*DULV6LQJJXQJGL7LWLN  SDGD.XUYD\ [

*DULVVLQJJXQJVHSHUWLLQLSHUOXGLGHILQLVLNDQVHFDUDIRUPDOVHEDJDLEHULNXW
'HILQLVL 0LVDONDQIXQJVLI WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQSDGDVHODQJWHUEXND, \DQJPHPXDWF
NHFXDOLGLF VHQGLULGDQIXQJVLI c NRQWLQXSDGD,  ^F`GHQJDQ
I [  I F
rf
[oF
[ F
*DULV VLQJJXQJ SDGD JUDILN IXQJVL I GL F GLGHILQLVLNDQ VHEDJDL JDULV [
QRUPDOQ\DDGDODKJDULV\ I F 
I c F

OLP

F GDQ JDULV

&DWDWDQ 3DGD GHILQLVL JDULV VLQJJXQJ SHUKDWLNDQ EDKZD V\DUDWQ\D DGDODK IXQJVL I c
NRQWLQXSDGDVHODQJWHUEXND, \DQJ PHPXDWF NHFXDOLPXQJNLQ GL F VHQGLUL 7XUXQDQ
IXQJVLQ\DGLFGDSDWEHUQLODLUHDODWDXWDNKLQJJD\DLWX
I c F

OLP
[oF

I [  I F
GHQJDQI c F  5 DWDXI c F 
[ F

rf

6\DUDWNHNRQWLQXDQI c GLSHUOXNDQXQWXNPHQMDPLQDGDQ\DWDOLEXVXUGDULWLWLN [ I [ NH


WLWLN F  I F \DQJWLGDNGLSRWRQJROHKJUDILNIXQJVLQ\DWDNEHUKLQJJDNDOL*UDGLHQWDOL
EXVXULQLDGDODK
I [  I F

[ F

3DGDVXDWXWDOLEXVXUEXDWODKF VHEDJDLWLWLNWHWDSGDQ[ EHUJHUDNPHQGHNDWLF$NLEDW


Q\DWLWLN [ I [ EHUJHUDNPHQGHNDWLWLWLN F I F VHKLQJJDWDOLEXVXUQ\DDNDQEHUXEDK
PHQMDGL JDULV VLQJJXQJ SDGD JUDILN IXQJVL I GL WLWLN F I F  -DGL JDULV VLQJJXQJ SDGD
VXDWXJUDILNIXQJVLGLSHUROHKGHQJDQSURVHVOLPLWSDGDWDOLEXVXUQ\D3HUKDWLNDQEDKZD
JDULVVLQJJXQJEXNDQJDULV\DQJPHPRWRQJJUDILNIXQJVLQ\DGLVDWXWLWLN*DULVVHMDMDU
VXPEX \ VHODOX PHPRWRQJ SDUDERO \
[ GL VDWX WLWLN WHWDSL JDULV LQL EXNDQ JDULV
VLQJJXQJSDGDSDUDEROWHUVHEXW
3DGD FRQWRK EHULNXW DNDQ GLEDKDV WHQWDQJ JDULV VLQJJXQJ GDQ JDULV QRUPDO SDGD
IXQJVL\DQJDWXUDQQ\DPHPXDWQLODLPXWODN



7XUXQDQ'LIHUHQVLDOGDQ+DPSLUDQ7D\ORU

&RQWRK7HQWXNDQJDULVVLQJJXQJGDQJDULVQRUPDOSDGDIXQJVLI [  [ _[_  
GLWLWLN  .HPXGLDQJDPEDUNDQJUDILNIXQJVLIJDULVVLQJJXQJGDQJDULVQRUPDOQ\D
SDGDVDWXVLVWHPNRRUGLQDW

-DZDE 'HQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQGHILQLVLWXUXQDQSHUWDPDGLVDWXWLWLNGLSHUROHK
I c 

OLP
[o

I [  I 
[ 

OLP
[ o

[  
[

OLP
[o

[ 

 

$NLEDWQ\D IXQJVL I GDQ WXUXQDQQ\DGDSDW GLWXOLVNDQ GDODP EHQWXN WDQSD QLODL PXWODN
\DLWX
[   [ !
[   [  [ t 
I [
GDQ
I c [
  [ 
 [   [  [  
 [   [  

%K
&K
'

%&
'

GHQJDQIXQJVLI c NRQWLQXSDGDVHEDUDQJVHODQJ\DQJPHPXDW.DUHQDI c  PD


NDJUDGLHQJDULVVLQJJXQJSDGDIXQJVLI GL  DGDODKPJV .DUHQDJDULVQRUPDO

Q\DWHJDNOXUXVJDULVVLQJJXQJPDNDJUDGLHQJDULVQRUPDOQ\DDGDODKPJQ
 
-DGLSHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJSDGDIXQJVLI GLWLWLN  DGDODK\ [GDQSHU

VDPDDQJDULVQRUPDOQ\DDGDODK\
[ _[_   EHVHUWDJDULV
 [*UDILNIXQJVLI [ 
VLQJJXQJGDQJDULVQRUPDOQ\DGLWLWLN  GLSHUOLKDWNDQSDGD*E
JV\ [

JQ\
I [ 




[ _ [ _  

[

*E*UDILN)XQJVLI GHQJDQ*DULV6LQJXQJGDQ*DULV1RUPDOQ\DGL 

3DGD FRQWRK EHULNXW DNDQ GLEDKDV WHQWDQJ JDULV VLQJJXQJ GDQ JDULV QRUPDO \DQJ
VHMDMDUGHQJDQVXPEXNRRUGLQDW
&RQWRK 7HQWXNDQJDULVVLQJJXQJGDQJDULVQRUPDOSDGDIXQJVLI [      [
GLWLWLN[ .HPXGLDQJDPEDUNDQJUDILNIXQJVLIJDULVVLQJJXQJGDQJDULVQRUPDOQ\D
SDGDVDWXVLVWHPNRRUGLQDW
-DZDE .DUHQDI  
DGDODK

PDNDWLWLNVLQJJXQJQ\D  7XUXQDQSHUWDPDGDULIXQJVLI



7XUXQDQ'LIHUHQVLDOGDQ+DPSLUDQ7D\ORU

I c [




  [    



   [ 


 [ z

)XQJVLLQLNRQWLQXSDGDVHEDUDQJVHODQJ\DQJ PHPXDWNHFXDOLPXQJNLQGLVHQGLUL
.DUHQD DWXUDQ IXQJVL I c WLGDN PHPEHULNDQ LQIRUPDVL WHQWDQJ DGD DWDX WLGDNQ\D I c  
PDNDI c  KDUXVGLKLWXQJGHQJDQGHILQLVLWXUXQDQGLVDWXWLWLN'LVLQL
I c 

OLP
[o

I [  I 
[ 

    [ 
[o
[ 

OLP

 [
[ o     [

OLP

OLP

[o 



  [ 

f

NDUHQDSDGDEHQWXNWHUDNKLUOLPLWSHPELODQJQ\DQHJDWLIGDQOLPLWSHQ\HEXWQ\DQROGDUL
DUDKQHJDWLI

.DUHQDI c   f GDQIXQJVLI c NRQWLQXSDGD f  f \DLWXI c NRQWLQX


SDGDVHEDUDQJVHODQJ\DQJ PHPXDWNHFXDOLGLVHQGLULPDNDSHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJ
JXQJ SDGD IXQJVL I GL WLWLN   DGDODK [
 3HUKDWLNDQ EDKZD JDULV VLQJJXQJ LQL
VHMDMDUGHQJDQVXPEX\
.DUHQDJDULVQRUPDOQ\DWHJDNOXUXVSDGDJDULVVLQJJXQJGLWLWLNVLQJJXQJQ\DPDND
SHUVDPDDQJDULVQRUPDOSDGDIXQJVLI GLWLWLN  DGDODK\ *UDILNIXQJVLI EHVHUWD
JDULVVLQJJXQJGDQJDULVQRUPDOQ\DGLSHUOLKDWNDQSDGD*E
I [

    [
JQ \

JV [

[

*E*UDILN)XQJVLI GHQJDQ*DULV6LQJJXQJGDQ*DULV1RUPDO
\DQJ6HMDMDUGHQJDQ6XPEX.RRUGLQDWGL 

%HULNXW LQL DGDODK GXD FRQWRK WHQWDQJ PDVDODK \DQJ EHUNDLWDQ GHQJDQ JDULV
VLQJJXQJGDQJDULVQRUPDO\DQJSHUWDPDSHUOXGLWHQWXNDQGDKXOXWLWLNVLQJJXQJQ\DGDQ
\DQJNHGXDJDULVVLQJJXQJQ\DPHODOXLVHEXDKWLWLNGLOXDUJUDILNQ\D

&RQWRK -LNDJDULVQRUPDOGLVXDWXWLWLNSDGDJUDILNIXQJVLI [    [ VHMDMDU


GHQJDQ JDULV \
[ WHQWXNDQ WLWLN VLQJJXQJ JDULV VLQJJXQJ GDQ JDULV QRUPDO SDGD
IXQJVLI GLWLWLNWHUVHEXW
-DZDE 0LVDONDQWLWLNVLQJJXQJSDGDJUDILNI DGDODK D I D .DUHQDJDULVQRUPDOQ\D
GL D SDGD JUDILN I VHMDMDUGHQJDQJDULV \
[ PDNDJUDGLHQ JDULV QRUPDOQ\DPJQ

$NLEDWQ\DJUDGLHQJDULVVLQJJXQJQ\DDGDODKPJV I c D 7XUXQDQGDULIXQJVLI
DGDODK
 

I c [
 [ z 
  [
 [



7XUXQDQ'LIHUHQVLDOGDQ+DPSLUDQ7D\ORU

.LWDDNDQPHQHQWXNDQQLODLD GDULV\DUDWI c D 
I c D

D
D
D
D




JV \






-DGL D
 GHQJDQ I D  I    VH
KLQJJDWLWLNVLQJJXQJQ\DDGDODK D I D 
 .DUHQDLWXSHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJ
SDGDJUDILNIXQJVLI GLWLWLN  DGDODK
\    [   DWDX\ [  
GDQSHUVDPDDQJDULVQRUPDOQ\DDGDODK
\    [   DWDX\ [  
*UDILNIXQJVLI EHVHUWD JDULV VLQJJXQJ GDQ
JDULVQRUPDOQ\DGLWLWLN  GLSHUOLKDWNDQ
SDGD*E



I [

[  

  [

JQ \

[



  [
\ [

*E

*UDILN)XQJVLI GHQJDQ*DULV
6LQJJXQJGDQ*DULV1RUPDOQ\DGL 

&RQWRK 7HQWXNDQSHUVDPDDQJDULVJ \DQJPHODOXLWLWLN  GDQPHQ\LQJJXQJ


JUDILN I [  [  [
-DZDE 3DGDPDVDODKLQLWLWLNVLQJJXQJQ\DWLGDNGLNHWDKXLNDUHQDWLWLN  WLGDNWHU
OHWDNSDGDJUDILNI.LWDPLVDONDQWLWLNVLQJJXQJQ\D D I D \DLWXWLWLN DD  D .D
UHQDWXUXQDQIXQJVLI DGDODKI c [  [  [\DQJNRQWLQXSDGD5PDNDJUDGLHQJDULV
VLQJJXQJSDGDIXQJVLI GLWLWLN[ D DGDODKI c D  D  D3HUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJ
J GHQJDQJUDGLHQ D  D GDQPHODOXLWLWLN  GDSDWGLWXOLVVHEDJDL
J \   D  D [
.DUHQDJDULVLQLMXJDPHODOXLWLWLNVLQJJXQJ D  D  D PDND
D  D   D  D D
6HOHVDLNDQSHUVDPDDQLQLXQWXNPHPSHUROHKQLODLD
D  D   D  D
 D  D  
D    D    
D DWDXD   
-DGLNLWDPHPSXQ\DLGXDJDULVJ \DQJPHQ\LQJJXQJJUDILNI\DLWXJDULV
\   D  D [GHQJDQD DWDXD   
3HUVDPDDQ LQL PHQJKDVLONDQ JDULV VLQJJXQJ \  
VLQJJXQJ\     [DWDX\   [  

[ DWDX \

[   GDQ JDULV



7XUXQDQ'LIHUHQVLDOGDQ+DPSLUDQ7D\ORU

&RQWRK 7HQWXNDQSHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJGDQJDULVQRUPDOSDGDNXUYD
[ \   \ [  GLWLWLN  

-DZDE 7LWLN  WHUOHWDNSDGDNXUYD\DQJGLEHULNDQNDUHQD  PHUXSD


NDQ SHUQ\DWDDQ \DQJ EHQDU 8QWXN PHPSHUROHK JUDGLHQ JDULV VLQJJXQJQ\D WHQWXNDQ
WXUXQDQIXQJVL\ WHUKDGDS[ GLWLWLN  GDULEHQWXNLPSOLVLW\DQJGLNHWDKXL
\c

[
 \   \
  \c [ 
 \
 [


\c 

 
    \c 




 \ c  
\ c  

  

-DGLSHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJSDGDNXUYD [ \   \ [
\  

 [   DWDX\



GDQSHUVDPDDQJDULVQRUPDOQ\DDGDODK
\    [   DWDX\

 GLWLWLN  DGDODK

 [    



  [    

&RQWRK  7XQMXNNDQ EDKZD SHUVDPDDQ JDULV VLQJJXQJ GL WLWLN [ \  SDGD
OLQJNDUDQ[  \ DD ! DGDODK[ [  \ \ D.HPXGLDQWXQMXNNDQMXJDEDKZD
JDULVQRUPDOQ\DGLWLWLNWHUVHEXWVHODOXPHODOXLSXVDWOLQJNDUDQ
-DZDE .DUHQDWLWLN [ \ WHUOHWDNSDGDOLQJNDUDQ[  \ DPDND[  \
'HQJDQUXPXVWXUXQDQLPSOLVLWGLSHUROHKWXUXQDQIXQJVL\ WHUKDGDS[
G
G
[  \
D 
G[
G[
[  \ \ c 
[
\c   \ z 
\
.DVXV\ z  'LVLQLPJ V

\c [  \

[
3HUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJQ\DDGDODK
\
[
\  \   [  [
\


\ \  \

[ [  \ \

[ [  [

[  \

D 

D 



7XUXQDQ'LIHUHQVLDOGDQ+DPSLUDQ7D\ORU

.DVXV\

 'LVLQLPJ Q [ \ 


PJ V [  \


[  \

\
[

GHQJDQWLWLNVLQJ

JXQJ [ \  D DWDX D $NLEDWQ\DSHUVDPDDQJDULVQRUPDOGL


WLWLNLQLDGDODKVXPEX[VHKLQJJDSHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJQ\DDGDODK
[ D GDQ[ D

.HGXDJDULVVLQJJXQJLQLPHPHQXKLSHUVDPDDQ[ [  \ \ D NDUHQD


XQWXN WLWLN VLQJJXQJ D  EHUODNX [ D
D GDQ XQWXN WLWLN VLQJJXQJ
D EHUODNXD [ D

6HNDUDQJ NLWD WXQMXNNDQ EDKZD JDULV QRUPDO GL WLWLN [ \  VHODOX PHODOXL SXVDW
OLQJNDUDQ   'DUL PJ Q [ \  \  [ GHQJDQ [ z  GLSHUROHK SHUVDPDDQ JDULV
QRUPDOQ\DDGDODK
\
\  \
[  [
[
\DQJGDSDWGLWXOLVVHEDJDL
[\  [\

\[ [\ DWDX[\

\[[ z 

VXDWXJDULV\DQJPHODOXLWLWLNSXVDWOLQJNDUDQ  'DODPNDVXV[ PDNDWLWLNVLQJ


JXQJQ\DDGDODK D GDQ D VHKLQJJDSHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJQ\DDGDODK\ D
GDQ\ D$NLEDWQ\DSHUVDPDDQJDULVQRUPDOQ\DDGDODKVXPEX\\DQJMXJDPHODOXL
SXVDWOLQJNDUDQ  'HQJDQGHPLNLDQWHUFDSDLODK\DQJGLLQJLQNDQ
3DGDGXDFRQWRKEHULNXWNLWDDNDQPHQHQWXNDQSHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJGDQJDULV
QRUPDOSDGDIXQJVLSDUDPHWHU3HUWDPDJDULVVLQJJXQJQ\DPHODOXLVXDWXWLWLNSDGDJUD
ILNQ\DGDQNHGXDJDULVVLQJJXQJQ\DPHODOXLVXDWXWLWLNGLOXDUJUDILNQ\D
&RQWRK7HQWXNDQSHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJGDQJDULVQRUPDOSDGDIXQJVL
[ W  VLQ W
SDUDPHWHU
W 5 GLWLWLNW   S 
\  FRV W
-DZDE 7XUXQDQIXQJVL[ GDQ\ WHUKDGDSSHXEDKW DGDODK
G[
G\
 FRV W
GDQ
VLQ W 
GW
GW
,QLPHQJDNLEDWNDQWXUXQDQIXQJVL\ WHUKDGDSSHXEDK[ DGDODK
G\ G\ G[
VLQ W

G[ GW GW  FRV W
'LWLWLNW
DGDODK

  S  WLWLNVLQJJXQJQ\DDGDODK   S   GDQJUDGLHQJDULVVLQJJXQJQ\D

G\ 


  S
 
G[
-DGLSHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJGLWLWLNW   S SDGDIXQJVLSDUDPHWHUQ\DDGDODK
PJ V

\  

 [    S   DWDX\

[    S  



7XUXQDQ'LIHUHQVLDOGDQ+DPSLUDQ7D\ORU

.DUHQDJDULVQRUPDOWHJDNOXUXVJDULVVLQJJXQJPDNDGLWLWLNW   S PJQ
JDSHUVDPDDQJDULVQRUPDOQ\DDGDODK
\    [    S   DWDX\ [    S 

VHKLQJ

&RQWRK7HQWXNDQSHUVDPDDQJDULVJ \DQJPHODOXLWLWLN  GDQPHQ\LQJJXQJ


[   W
JUDILNIXQJVLSDUDPHWHU
W 5

\ W  W  

-DZDE 7LWLN  WLGDNWHUOHWDNSDGDNXUYDNDUHQDXQWXN[ GLSHUROHKW



\DQJ PHQJKDVLONDQ \
      z  7XUXQDQ IXQJVL [ GDQ \ WHUKDGDS
SHXEDKW DGDODK
G[
G\
GDQ
W   
GW
GW
VHKLQJJDWXUXQDQIXQJVL\ WHUKDGDSSHXEDK[ DGDODK
G\ G\ G[ W  
  W 
G[ GW GW

0LVDONDQ WLWLN VLQJJXQJQ\D WHUFDSDL ELOD W  W LQL EHUDUWL EDKZD NRRUGLQDW WLWLN
VLQJJXQJQ\DDGDODK   W  W   W   GDQJUDGLHQJDULVVLQJJXQJQ\DDGDODK
W.DUHQDJDULVJ PHODOXLWLWLN  GDQJUDGLHQQ\D WPDNDSHUVDPDDQJDULVJ
DGDODK
\    W [   
.DUHQD JDULV J MXJDKDUXV PHODOXL WLWLN VLQJJXQJ   W  W  W    PDND W GDSDW
GLSHUROHKGHQJDQPHQJJDQWLNDQNRRUGLQDWLQLNHSHUVDPDDQJDULVJ \     W
[   
W  W     W  W  
W  W    W  W
W  W    W  W
W  W   
W   W    
W DWDXW 
x 8QWXNW
x 8QWXNW

SHUVDPDDQJDULVJ DGDODK\  
SHUVDPDDQJDULVJ DGDODK\  

   [   DWDX\

   [   DWDX\

[  

[  



7XUXQDQ'LIHUHQVLDOGDQ+DPSLUDQ7D\ORU

6RDO/DWLKDQ

8QWXN VRDO  VDPSDL GHQJDQ  WHQWXNDQ WXUXQDQ \ WHUKDGDS [ GDUL VHWLDS IXQJVL LPSOLVLW
\DQJGLEHULNDQ
 [\  [\ [   
 FRV[\

[  [\

 [ \  \ [

\  



[
\

 VLQ

 [ \

[
\

[ \  

FRV\  [\

8QWXNVRDOVDPSDLGHQJDQWHQWXNDQWXUXQDQGDUL \ WHUKDGDS[ GDULVHWLDSIXQJVLSDUD


PHWHU\DQJGLEHULNDQ



[

\


W
 W z

W
W

W

VLQ W 
  d W d S
FRV W  



 [
\

W 
W 
 W z
W 
W 

W   W 5

W  

 7HQWXNDQVXDWXIXQJVLSDUDPHWHUXQWXNJDULVOXUXV \

[


 VHF W

[

\

 FRV W

 WDQ W

 VLQ  W

 W   S
 W 5

D[  ED GDQE NRQVWDQWDUHDO

 7HQWXNDQVXDWXIXQJVLSDUDPHWHUXQWXNOLQJNDUDQ [  \
D WLWLN SDQJNDOQ\DGDQ WLWLN
XMXQJQ\D D GDQOLQJNDUDQQ\DGLMDODQLVDWXNDOLVHDUDKSXWDUDQMDUXPMDP


[ \

 D GDQE ! WLWLNSDQJNDOGDQWL
D  E
WLNXMXQJQ\D D GDQHOLSVGLMDODQLVDWXNDOLEHUODZDQDQDUDKSXWDUDQMDUXPMDP

 7HQWXNDQVXDWXIXQJVLSDUDPHWHUXQWXNHOLSV

 7HQWXNDQVXDWXIXQJVLSDUDPHWHUXQWXNKLSHUERO

[ \

D  E

 D GDQE ! 

[ \

\ [

 GLWLWLN  

8QWXN VRDO  VDPSDL GHQJDQ  GLEHULNDQ VHEXDK NXUYD GDQ WLWLN \DQJ WHUOHWDN SDGD
NXUYD3DGD VHWLDS VRDO WHQWXNDQSHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJGDQJDULVQRUPDOSDGDNXUYDGLWLWLN
WHUVHEXW
 I [ 

[  [ GLWLWLN  

 I [ 

 I [ 
 I [ 
 [

 [ GLWLWLN  

  [ GLWLWLN  




[ \

\
[

 GLWLWLN  

 \ [  [ [\

[ GLWLWLN  



\ GLWLWLN  

[ \  [ \

 GLWLWLN  

 GLWLWLN  

 7HQWXNDQSHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJGDQJDULVQRUPDOSDGDIXQJVLSDUDPHWHU

GLWLWLN  GDQGLWLWLN  

 FRV W
 W5
 VLQ  W



7XUXQDQ'LIHUHQVLDOGDQ+DPSLUDQ7D\ORU

[
 7HQWXNDQIXQJVLLPSOLVLW\DQJPHQ\DWDNDQIXQJVLSDUDPHWHU
\

 VHF W
 W   S NHPX
 WDQ W

GLDQWHQWXNDQSHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJGDQJDULVQRUPDOQ\DXQWXN W

GDQW




S

[ \
 %XNWLNDQEDKZDSHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJGLWLWLN [  \ SDGDHOLSV     DGDODK
D
E
[ [ \ \
  
D
E
[ \
 %XNWLNDQEDKZDSHUVDPDDQJDULVVLQJJXQJGLWLWLN [  \ SDGDKLSHUERO     DGDODK
D
E
[ [ \ \



D
E

You might also like