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75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
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Kg (Ibs)
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400
412
425
437
450
462
475
487
500
515
530
545
560
580
600
615
630
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(alcotest).

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,

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501

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502

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()

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503

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1. , , 2. , 3. , 4. ()

504

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,

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.
3. ,
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.




8 10cm, .
, -

.9.5 .

1. , 2. , 3. , 4. ,
5. , 6. .

( 15km/h).


. ,
,
()
,
, ,

, .

.9.6
.

505

9.2.3

( ) .

,
(.9.7, .9.8
.9.9).

30msec

100msec

.9.7 .

()

()
()
.
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.

()

()

.

.9.8

506

, 9.8.
:
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507

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,

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.9.10

508

.
,
9.10 .
9.2.4

,
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.

.
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()
ABS.
.
.

.
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.
(NEUTRAL)
.
, OFF.
.

.
(A.S.R.).

.

(LASER)
.

9.3

, :
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.
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510

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1. ;
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7.
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511

 10


Immobilizer
A
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,
:
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n , ,
.

10.1.

, ,
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() / ( - ). , ,
,
-
,
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514

) " " (immobilizer), , ,

.
10.2.
Immobilizer

:
(immobilizer)
,

. ,

,
.
Immobilizer,

,
. -

,
. ,

( ),
(.10.1).
,
immobilizer (.10.2), :
) ,
(I/C - ).

.10.1

( )

immobilizer

.10.2 immobilizer.

515

) (), ( )
)
immobilizer

( )
, , (immobilizer) -

( ).
, ()
(.10.3), , -
( ) -
,
immobilizer.

immobilizer

C1 - C2
.10.3 immobilizer ECU

516

C1,C2 =

, (ECU - ) ""
immobilizer,
,
, (immobilizer)
()
.

immobilizer, CU, "
" ,
, , , , OTRONIC.
,
" " ,
.
ECU, ,
immobilizer, ,
,
ECU,
.
,
START , ,
.

, immobilizer -

.10.4 (Master key)

, ECU
( ,
).
, () ,
,
(ECU). , immobilizer, , ,
, .
immobilizer, .
(master
key)
, 517

(.10.4).
(.10.4)
, , .
,

, immobilizer

,
(tester - ).
(.10.1), , , , ,

immobilizer

immobilizer

.10.5

518

immobilizer (Alfa Romeo 145)

, ..
.10.5,
immobilizer
( ) ECU. ,
.
, -
,
- ,
- , , ,
, .
10.3. A

'
(immobilizer).

(immobilizer)
.

:
1. ().
2. ,
( ).
3.
immobilizer.
immobilizer.
immobilizer,
ECU
(),
,
(
).

519

10.4

1. Immobilizer ;
2.
(master Key);
3. immobilizer, .10.5 .
4.
-
" " -
" "
, , , immobilizer.
5.
- ,
, immobilizer.

520

 11
T OX

-


()

 11

,
:
n .
n .

11.1
11.1.1

-
, 1 - , . , ,
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.
:

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,

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(.11.4), _ ' _ , (.11.5).

11.1.2 ()

, ,
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(.11.1). , , , (.11.2). ,
522

.11.1 .

.11.4 .

.11.2 ..

.11.5 .

.11.3 - .

11.6 11.7, ,
.

.11.6 - .

523

.11.7 .

.11.8 .

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11.1.3

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5


12 , ,
.
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:

. 40 km/h

16

16

.

16

16

( )

( )

24

43,2

24,8

44,6

24

43,2

( m/s2)

( m/s2)

5,5

2,35

2,35

5,5

2,5
525

, ,
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11.2.1

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527

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528

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11.3.1

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531

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532

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534

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535

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536

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537

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3.
4.
5.
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538

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1. ;
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9. " "
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10. ; .
11. ; ;
12. , , () ;

539

S.I.

(l)

(A,S)

m2 mm2 1mm2=1/1.000.000m2
cm2 1cm2=1/10.000 m2

(v)

(t)

sec (s)

()

rad

()

(a)

m/sec2

(m)

(F)

(1=1kg x 1m/sec2)

(W) Joule
(E) (1J = 1N x 1m)

tr 1tr 2 6,28 rad

gr /200
0
/180

m/s km/h

kg

1km/h = 1/3,6 m/s

gr 1gr = 1/1.000 kg
t 1t = 1000 kg
daN 1daN = 10 N
kp
1kp = 1kgf 10 N
kgf

1tm 1tm =1,033kp/cm2 =1,013 bar

P Bar (1bar=1daN/1cm2)
1bar = 105 P
J - Joule

(M)

N m

(P)

Watt
1W = 1J/1s

min 1min = 60 s
h 1h = 3.600 s

rad/s tr/min 1tr/min 0,105 rad/s

Pascal

mm 1mm = 1/1000 m
cm 1cm = 1/100 m
km 1km = 1000 m

m3
cm3 1cm3=1/1.000.000 m3
K dm3
()
1dm3=1/1.000 m3

(u, v, w)

(p)

540

kJ 1kJ = 1.000J
kpm 1kpm = 9,81 J

kpm 1kpm 10 Nm
W
1kpm/s = 9,81 W

kpm/s
Watt
kW 1kW = 1.000 W

S 1PS 736 W


1. AUTOMOTIVE MECHANICS, Seventh and Tenth edition, 1975 1999, by
GROUSE - ANGLIN, McGraw - Hill.
2. L' AUTOMOBILE, Technologie Professionnelle Generale, Tome 1, "LES MOTEURS
A QUATRE TEMPS ET A DEUX TEMPS '' 1992 , Les editions FOUCHER .
3. L' AUTOMOBILE, Technologie Professionnelle Generale, Tome 2, '' LES
ORGANES DE TRANSMISSION ET D' UTILISATION '' 1992, Les editions
FOUCHER.
4. LA TECHNIQUE LA REPATION AUTOMOBILE, Tome 2, les organes DE TRANSMISSION ET D' UTILISATION, 1992, Les editions FOUCHER .
5. TM 9 - 8000, PRINCIPLES OF AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES, 1985, Headquarters
Department of U.S. ARMY .
6. TECHNIQUE AUTOMOBILE, 2 LE CHASSIS, 1977, Par J. CHAGETTE .
7. L' Automobile, Technologie Professionnelle Generale, '' CARROSSERIE '' 1993,
Les edition FOUCHER .
8. Technologie des Carrosseries Industrielles Adaptation des Surerstructures, 1987,
E.T.A.I.
9. L' Automobile '' Eguipements et circuits e'lectriques ',' 1990, Les editions
FOUCHER.
10. Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, 1993 by Tony TRANTER .
11. , 1976 , /.
12. , 1994, . .
13. , , .
- . - , 1986.
14. Fachkunde Kraft fahrzeugtechnik, Stuttgart 1969.
15. Fachkunde Kraft fahrzeugtechnik, Stuttgart 1985.
16. Technologie Automobile, Renault, 1975.
17. AUTOMOTIVE TECHNICIAN'S HANDBOOK, Cruse Anglin, 1979.
18. , . M
, 1999.
19. SERVICE MANUAL A-10, NISSAN MOTOR CO., 1979.
20. SERVICE MANUAL 910, NISSAN MOTOR CO., 1979.
21. MODEL INTRODUCTION BOOTLET, HONDA MOTOR CO., 1979.
22. , , .. - , 1981.
23. & , ..,2001.
24. Automotive handbook, Robert Bosch GmbH, 1993.

541

1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1 ( )
1.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
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.
.

10
11
13
13
13
15
15
15
15
20

1.4 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.3
1.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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21
21
21
21
23

1.5
1.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2 . .
1.5.3 . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.4 . . . . .

.
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.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

26
26
31
32
36

1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.7 . . . . . . . . 40
1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
542

2.1 (...) (...) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

2.1.1

..
2.1.2
2.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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.

48
48
54
55

2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 - - . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.5
,
2.2.6 - - - - .
2.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.9 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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56
56
59
67
69

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71
73
83
87
88

2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.3 - - -
2.3.4 - -
2.3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.6 - . . . . . . . .

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90
90
112
115
117
119
120

....
....
....
...
....
....
....

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2.4 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
2.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
2.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
543

2.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
2.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
2.4.5 - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
2.4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
2.4.7 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.4 - - - -
2.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.6 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 , ( ) . .
2.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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140
140
143
148
152
154
155

. . . . . . . . . . . . 156
. . . . . . . . . . . . 156
. . . . . . . . . . . . 156
. . . . . . . . . . . . 160
. . . . . . . . . . . . 163
. . . . . . . . . . . . 164

3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
3.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
544

3.5.1.
3.5.2.
3.5.3.
3.5.4.
3.5.5.
3.5.6.

Ackermann () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Akermann . . . . . . . . . . .
( -Camber) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3.6. - -
3.6.1. . . . . .
3.6.2. . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.3. . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . . 187
. . . . . . . . 190
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195
199
200
203

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206
206
207
207

3.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
3.8. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
4.2.
4.2.1. . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2. . . . . . . .
4.2.3. .

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216
216
220
222

4.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1.
4.3.2. . .
4.3.3. . . .

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223
225
232
239

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4.4. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
545

4.5. E "" "

" (Silent block) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
4.6. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
4.7.
(ac-Pherson) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
4.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
4.9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
4.10 Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
4.11. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
4.12.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
4.13. - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
4.14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
4.15. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

- -

5.1 - -
5.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.5 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
546

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276
276
280
292
302
303
304
304
310
324

5.2.4 - - - - . . . 329
5.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
5.2.6 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

6.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342
6.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343
6.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
6.4. E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
6.4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
6.4.2. ( - ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
6.4.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
6.4.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
6.4.5. . . . . . . . . . . . 370

6.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
6.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
6.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
6.8. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
6.9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
6.10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
6.11. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
6.12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
6.13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
6.13.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
547

6.13.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
6.13.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
6.13.4. ( )

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

6.13.5. . . . . . . . . . 409

6.14. (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

6.15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
6.16. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

7.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
7.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
7.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
7.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
7.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
7.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
7.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
7.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
7.3.3 ,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

7.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
7.5 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
548

8.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
8.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
8.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
8.4. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
8.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
8.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
8.7 - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
8.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
8.9. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
9.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
9.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
9.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
9.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
9.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
9.5 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
549

1 0

10.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
10.2. Immobilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
10.3. A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
10.4. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520

11

11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.2 ()
11.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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522
522
522
525

11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
11.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3.3 -

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529
529
529
531

11.4 " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

11.5 " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
11.6 ("") . . 536
11.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
11.8

550

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538