The Design

Building a Sustainable, Moneyless, Socioeconomic System

v. 1.0
2011-12-05
EOS
board@tecnate.eu
!!!. eosli"e. eu
copyright: Public Domain (unless otherwise stated)
Table of Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................1
Testing, Testing, Testing......................................................................................3
Utopia.....................................................................................................................3
Summary - an Overview of the Design..................................................................5
Reerences..............................................................................................................!
Characteristics........................................................................................................8
Science and Engineering......................................................................................10
"ntroduction.........................................................................................................#$
%cience..................................................................................................................#$
&ngineering..........................................................................................................##
The appliance o %cience to %ociety..................................................................##
Communities and eo!"e......................................................................................1#
Respect or others...............................................................................................#'
(o)ernance..........................................................................................................#'
Confedera"ism$ Democracy and %echnocracy .....................................................1&
"ntroduction.........................................................................................................#*
Technocracy )s Democracy................................................................................#*
+onederalism......................................................................................................#,
-imitations ..........................................................................................................#.
+onclusion ...........................................................................................................#.
Reerences...........................................................................................................#/
Education..............................................................................................................1'
"ntroduction.........................................................................................................#0
1unctions..............................................................................................................#0
Path Through the %ystem ..................................................................................'$
2est Practice........................................................................................................'$
i
Reerences............................................................................................................'$
Sustaina(i"ity........................................................................................................##
3bstract................................................................................................................''
"ntroduction.........................................................................................................''
Part # 4 +oncept diagrams..................................................................................''
)nsustaina("e systems...................................................................................#5
)nsustaina("e systems with recyc"ing...........................................................#5
Sustaina("e systems.......................................................................................#5
Part ' 4 Understanding the diagrams................................................................'/
)nsustaina("e systems...................................................................................#8
Sustaina("e systems.......................................................................................#8
Part 3 4 &5amples.................................................................................................3#
*ossi" fue"s.....................................................................................................+1
,ecord industry.............................................................................................++
Serving drin-s...............................................................................................++
Part * 4 %ustainable design.................................................................................3*
+onclusion............................................................................................................3,
Reerences............................................................................................................3!
Energy .ccounting ..............................................................................................+8
%carcity and 3bundance.....................................................................................3/
The Price %ystem or 6&5change 3ccounting6..................................................30
..............................................................................................................................30
&nergy 3ccounting or 6The Distribution %ystem6...........................................*#
7ow does energy accounting aect the socio4economic situation o the
indi)idual8...........................................................................................................*3
Potential Drawbac9s...........................................................................................**
Transitory Phase.................................................................................................**
Energy .ccounting Design ..................................................................................&/
ii
"ntroduction ........................................................................................................*!
Thermodynamics ................................................................................................*!
0eroth 1aw of %hermodynamics ..................................................................&/
*irst 1aw of %hermodynamics......................................................................&/
Second 1aw of %hermodynamics..................................................................&2
%hird 1aw of %hermodynamics ....................................................................&2
E3ergy ..........................................................................................................&2
The Thermodynamic "nterpretation o &conomics ........................................*0
. %hermoeconomic %heory of 4a"ue............................................................&'
roduction and Com!etition..........................................................................&'
3 Distributed Resources 3llocation %ystem ....................................................,$
&nergy 3ccounting Design ................................................................................,#
&nergy 1low :ithin a Technate ........................................................................,'
&nergy +redits ....................................................................................................,,
;anagement o the Resource 3llocation %ystem............................................,.
Determining an item5s cost............................................................................52
Cost 6enefit .na"ysis....................................................................................58
<ptimisation........................................................................................................,/
Ca"cu"us 7ma3 and min8................................................................................5'
inch 9ethod................................................................................................5'
Conve3 O!timisation...................................................................................../0
3bundance...........................................................................................................!$
&5amples .............................................................................................................!#
E3am!"e 1 ...................................................................................................../1
E3am!"e #....................................................................................................../+
E3am!"e + ...................................................................................................../&
Reerences ...........................................................................................................!*
Dynamic Energy .ccounting................................................................................//
iii
2eneits.................................................................................................................!/
Problems...............................................................................................................!0
:egative (a"ance.........................................................................................../'
roduction .""ocation....................................................................................20
Reerences.............................................................................................................$
Engineering Society..............................................................................................21
"ntroduction..........................................................................................................#
7olons ...................................................................................................................#
Characteristic of ;o"ons and ;o"onic Systems.............................................2#
%he .dvantages of ;o"onic Systems............................................................2+
Disadvantages of ;o"onic System ................................................................2+
3 7olonic %tructure or a 1uture Technate ......................................................*
+ontrol and Direction in the 7olarchy...............................................................
Roles o Directors .............................................................................................../$
(oals ...................................................................................................................../$
*orming a ;o"on...........................................................................................81
Creating a :ew ;o"on...............................................................................81
Dis!osing of a ho"on..................................................................................81
&5ample "mplementation ................................................................................../'
One community e3am!"e .............................................................................8#
ersona" within the community ................................................................8#
<rou!s within the community ..................................................................8#
ro=ects .....................................................................................................8#
Coo!eration and communications (etween the !ro=ects ..........................8+
. 9u"ti!"e Community E3am!"e .................................................................8&
%he Communities .....................................................................................8&
0ones ........................................................................................................8&
. %echnate 1eve" E3am!"e ...........................................................................85
iv
. %echnate 1eve" :etwor- E3am!"e ............................................................8'
. Se>uence E3am!"e ....................................................................................'0
Reerences ...........................................................................................................0#
)ser ,ights vs Ownershi!....................................................................................'#
:hat constitutes ownership8............................................................................0'
:hat constitutes usership8................................................................................03
Usership and ownership in a technate.............................................................03
&5amples..............................................................................................................0*
E3am!"e 1 - roduction faci"ities..................................................................'&
E3am!"e # - ;ousing.....................................................................................'&
E3am!"e + - %rans!ort...................................................................................'5
9otivation............................................................................................................'/
3bstract................................................................................................................0!
"ntroduction.........................................................................................................0!
;oti)ation............................................................................................................0!
;oney as a moti)ator.........................................................................................0.
;oti)ation in the wor9 place.............................................................................0/
%ummary..............................................................................................................0/
The ;oti)ation Design........................................................................................0/
&5amples..............................................................................................................00
,o((er5s Cave................................................................................................''
<oa" Setting ..................................................................................................''
9otivation in the %echnate............................................................................''
;ousing...............................................................................................................101
"ntroduction.......................................................................................................#$#
<)erall Design 3spects or an Urbanate.........................................................#$'
6est ractice ...............................................................................................10#
9odu"arisation ...........................................................................................10#
v
9u"ti!"e )se ...............................................................................................10+
Sustaina("e .................................................................................................10+
Circu"ar ? %riangu"ar 6ased ........................................................................10&
o"y-cu"ture.................................................................................................105
Socia" Engineering %hrough Environment Design.....................................105
4ertica" .......................................................................................................105
1oca" Characteristics and .da!tation..........................................................10/
&5amples ...........................................................................................................#$!
Eco-)nits.....................................................................................................102
S-y City 1000..............................................................................................102
yramid City...............................................................................................102
.....................................................................................................................108
.rcosanti ...................................................................................................108
Reerence............................................................................................................#$/
City "anning......................................................................................................10'
"ntroduction.......................................................................................................#$0
2uilding a %ae 1uture Urbanate ....................................................................#$0
&ects on hydrological regimes and what must be 9ept in mind...............##$
Precipitation and %9y +ity, a Potentially 7a=ardous +ombination.............###
3lternati)e urbanate design............................................................................##'
;odularity in the Urbanate ............................................................................##*
(lobal transport networ9s ..............................................................................##*
+onclusion..........................................................................................................##,
Reerences..........................................................................................................##,
%echno"ogy..........................................................................................................112
Transport...........................................................................................................##.
&nergy ................................................................................................................##/
3griculture and 1ood Production....................................................................##0
vi
3utomation........................................................................................................#'$
%tatic %ystems ...................................................................................................#'#
,o(ot .rms ................................................................................................1#1
.utomated 9achines ..................................................................................1##
9achine 4ision Systems ............................................................................1##
%e"ero(otics Devices ..................................................................................1##
9o(i"e Systems ..........................................................................................1#+
.utonomous 4ehic"es .................................................................................1#+
.utomated <uided 4ehic"es .......................................................................1#+
3rtiicial "ntelligence .......................................................................................#'*
Sym(o"ic ,easoning Systems ....................................................................1#&
6ehavioura" 6ased Systems .......................................................................1#5
The Use o 3utomation ....................................................................................#',
Reerences..........................................................................................................#',
roto-technate.....................................................................................................1#/
3 Proto4technate as a >etwor9........................................................................#'!
.n E3am!"e.................................................................................................1#2
(oals and +ommunications..............................................................................#'/
C"asses$ rinci!"es and %ags........................................................................1#8
Roles within the >etwor9.................................................................................#'/
Directors......................................................................................................1#'
Coordinators................................................................................................1#'
ro=ect 1eaders............................................................................................1#'
7igher -ayers in the 7olarchy.........................................................................#'0
The 7ierarchy o %e?uences.............................................................................#3$
Energy In!ut "a(e""ing........................................................................................1+1
3bstract..............................................................................................................#3#
"ntroduction.......................................................................................................#3#
vii
;ethod...............................................................................................................#3'
Reerence............................................................................................................#33
.ccounta(i"ity System @ithin a %echnate..........................................................1+&
3bstract..............................................................................................................#3*
"ntroduction.......................................................................................................#3*
Part # 4 Terminology.........................................................................................#3*
Part ' 4 ;echanism o action...........................................................................#3,
Part 3 4 &ects on society.................................................................................#3,
Part * 4 %tructuring and ormali=ation...........................................................#3!
Part , 4 Practical implementation...................................................................#3.
+onclusion..........................................................................................................#3/
Reerences..........................................................................................................#3/
Error Correction..................................................................................................1+'
(eneral &rror +orrection..................................................................................#30
+orrection Procedure or a 7olon...................................................................#30
+orrection Procedure or +ommunities.........................................................#*$
+orrection Procedures or &5perts..................................................................#*$
%he %ransition "an A Ste!!ing Stones ..............................................................1&1
"ntroduction.......................................................................................................#*#
The %tarting Point.............................................................................................#*#
The >etwor9......................................................................................................#*'
%tepping %tone...................................................................................................#*'
Problems.............................................................................................................#**
3 %tart.................................................................................................................#**
%ummary............................................................................................................#*,
Reerences..........................................................................................................#*,
%he CitiBen Card.................................................................................................1&2
"ntroduction.......................................................................................................#*.
viii
Playing a (ame..................................................................................................#*.
The +iti=en +ard and Play................................................................................#*.
The +iti=en +ard %peciication.........................................................................#*/
Issuing .uthority.........................................................................................1&8
Content........................................................................................................1&8
%rac-ing.......................................................................................................1&'
+onclusion..........................................................................................................#*0
Reerences:.........................................................................................................#,$
*orming a roto-%echnate .................................................................................151
1inances..............................................................................................................#,#
Introduction.................................................................................................151
,e>uirements...............................................................................................151
1igure: a Proto4technate...................................................................................#,'
2uilding a >etwor9...........................................................................................#,'
hases .........................................................................................................15+
hase 1.........................................................................................................15+
hase #.........................................................................................................15+
hase +.........................................................................................................15+
+ommunity <rganisation.................................................................................#,3
Se>uences....................................................................................................15+
.!!ointments to !ositions within the community......................................155
ro=ects........................................................................................................15/
Starting a !ro=ect.........................................................................................152
ro=ect 9anagers.........................................................................................152
&nergy Production............................................................................................#,.
1ood Production................................................................................................#,/
+ommunity 7ousing.........................................................................................#,0
&ducation............................................................................................................#,0
i3
Reerences..........................................................................................................#!$
6y-1aws..............................................................................................................1/1
3RT"+-& ". Deinitions, +haracteristics and Purpose....................................#!#
CharacteristicsC............................................................................................1/1
3rticle "". ;embership......................................................................................#!#
Definition A mem(er...................................................................................1/1
Definition A citiBen......................................................................................1/#
9em(ershi! agreement...............................................................................1/#
3RT"+-& """. (o)ernance...................................................................................#!3
%he (oard of directors.................................................................................1/&
ro=ect managers.........................................................................................1/&
3RT"+-& "@. The Property +ode.......................................................................#!,
3RT"+-& @. Dissolution o the +ommunity.....................................................#!,
3RT"+-& @". 3mendment o the 2ylaws..........................................................#!!
%uggested >ames or +ommunities A Urbanates within the Technate ......#!.
*oundation ..................................................................................................1/2
6"a-e5s 2 .....................................................................................................1/'
Star @ars ....................................................................................................1/'
;embership ......................................................................................................#.'
<)er)iew ............................................................................................................#/'
;ission ...............................................................................................................#/'
The &uropean ;odel ........................................................................................#/'
Crucia" conce!ts .........................................................................................18+
Com!arison with the )S version ...............................................................18+
"ntroduction.......................................................................................................#/.
3n o)er)iew o -oglan......................................................................................#//
redicates....................................................................................................18'
6ase @ords..............................................................................................18'
3
E3am!"es..............................................................................................18'
Com!ound @ords....................................................................................1'0
E3am!"es..............................................................................................1'0
1one @ords..............................................................................................1'0
E3am!"es..............................................................................................1'0
.rguments...................................................................................................1'1
:ames......................................................................................................1'1
E3am!"es..............................................................................................1'1
redicates as arguments...........................................................................1'#
E3am!"es..............................................................................................1'#
1itt"e words as arguments........................................................................1'#
E3am!"es..............................................................................................1'#
1itt"e words.................................................................................................1'#
E3am!"es.................................................................................................1'#
%ome &5ample Te5t...........................................................................................#03
Reerences..........................................................................................................#03
3n <)er)iew o %ome 3spects o 7uman >ature ..........................................#0*
2eha)iours ........................................................................................................#0*
Environment D1ED#E .....................................................................................1'&
<enes D1ED#ED+E............................................................................................1'&
,e!roductive (ehaviourD1ED#E ....................................................................1'&
StrategiesD1ED#E .......................................................................................1'&
,a!eD1ED#E................................................................................................1'&
arentingD1ED#E.........................................................................................1'5
Chi"drenD1ED#E .............................................................................................1'5
Ethnocentric 6ehaviourD1ED#E D&ED5ED/E .....................................................1'5
1anguageD1ED#E ...........................................................................................1'5
hysica" .!!earanceD1ED#E .........................................................................1'5
3i
Fin Se"ection D2E ........................................................................................1'5
9ora"ity ? Gustice D8ED1/ED12ED18ED1'E ........................................................1'5
Se"f-Dece!tion D'ED10E ...............................................................................1'5
.nthro!omor!hism D11ED1#ED1+ED1&ED15ED10E ...........................................1'/
4io"enceD#E .................................................................................................1'/
(enetic <rigins o 2eha)iourB'$CB'#C .............................................................#0!
&n)ironment and 2eha)iour ...........................................................................#0!
Reerences .........................................................................................................#0!
Inde3...................................................................................................................#00
3ii
Introduction
TodayDs socioeconomic system has a undamental unsustainable nature. "t
has a largely liner characteristic o resource ac?uisition, production and
waste disposal. This boo9 has the aim o presenting the top le)el design
speciication or an alternati)e socioeconomic system that aims to oer a
good standard o li)ing or e)eryone and has sustainability built in right rom
the start.
:e start with nature and our understanding o nature. :e argue that to
remain sustainable any socioeconomic system must wor9 with nature rather
than going beyond what nature will allows us to do. That doesnDt mean we
canDt brea9 limits through greater understanding and the intelligent
application o technology but it does mean that at each stage o de)elopment
we do ha)e limits and we need to remain within those limits until we ha)e
the ability to mo)e beyond them sustainably.
:e then propose a dynamic distributed socioeconomic system that has its
oundations in what we ha)e learnt rom nature and through the application
o such learningE understanding nature through e5perimentation, logic and
reason orms the core o the design. The system concentrates on the
management o resources on the planet and allowing people the reedom to
li)e their own lie as they wishE thus we ha)e room or a great deal o
di)ersity.
The system has at the core networ9s o sustainable communitiesE each li9e a
-ego bric9 that we plug together with other communities to build a
sustainable society. &ach community manages its own waste and has the
capacity to produce its own ood and energy. "n addition, each community
has something to contribute to other communities. "n doing so, each
community orms part o networ9 where, in emulation o nature, we ha)e a
symbiosis emerging rom a orm o reciprocal altruismE each community puts
something in and gets something out. This means we ha)e a non4nation
centric system built around people and their communities, their language
and culture rather than artiicial national boundaries.
1or the technology, we propose a system where people who ha)e the s9ill and
9nowledge manage the technology and resources that we ha)e. &ach
technical area o society ta9es many years to ully understand and or a
1
person to reach a point where they can ma9e a competent decision. ;ost
people will ha)e some technical s9ill in some areas but no one person can
ully learn all that they need to learn in each technical area, thereore, a
system based on e5pert management also leads to a distributed system where
power become spread out.
The e5pert management o technology on the one side and the ormation o
communities on the other leads to a system that has a 6people side6 and a
6technology side6. 3lthough treated as separate, both sides ha)e o)erlaps and
most o the people who li)e in the communities on the people side also wor9
as e5perts on the technical side. 7owe)er, e5perts rule in their domain and
the people rule in theirs.
3t the core o our current socioeconomic system lies money. ;oney allows us
to e5change goods and ser)ices and has allowed us to ad)ance as a species.
7owe)er, our money based system also has a number o problems and has
started to lead us down the path o sel4destruction. "t restricts peopleDs
access to needed resources, hinders some o our de)elopment, results in
increased wealth concentration in the hands a small minority, enorced
po)erty and leads to the destruction o the en)ironment. >ot all these out
comes result rom intended actionsE most result as a by4product or as an
emergent property. "n addition, to 9eep this system going we need e)er
increasing e5ponential growth, yet we only ha)e a inite bases or that
growth, thus our current system has a sel4destructi)e nature as no physical
system can sustain such e5ponential growth.
:e propose an alternati)eE a cyclic, sustainable, money4less system that uses
measures o production capacity in energy terms to allocate resources. &ach
citi=en would ha)e the opportunity to participate in the system and in doing
so would ha)e an allocation o the production capacity a)ailable which they
can use to re?uest goods they re?uire. %uch a system uses energy (as e5ergy)
as an accounting unit and thus has the name &nergy 3ccounting. The system
also re?uires e5pert management to produce items sustainably.
The rest o this boo9 presents the ideas in more detail with the intention that
it should orm a speciication or the design o a uture sustainable
socioeconomic system. The core ideas o understanding nature through
e5perimentation and the application o logic and reason remain but the
implementation can ta9e many orms. "n the appendi5 we present one such
orm which aims or an e)olutionary change to an alternati)e system (not
#
re)olutionaryE we donDt aim to 6o)er throw6 go)ernments but aim to build up
rom the grass roots a demonstrable wor9ing system or a uture sustainable
socioeconomic system).
Testing, Testing, Testing
Part o building a sustainable system, testing has a central role in the design.
:e ha)e a good imagination or creating artiicial worlds. Testing allows us
to distinguish between our imagination and reality. Thus, the central core o
understanding nature wor9s through a process o obser)ation and
e5perimentation and then testing the ideas. :hen we ha)e something that
we can show wor9s we can add it into the system. The same goes or
updating, modiying and e)aluating new ideas. Through a process o testing
what we ha)e learnt we can grow sustainably.
The implementation details presented in the appendices present one way
orward as well as a testing platorm. :e aim to test out the design and then
build rom what we 9now wor9s. " things ail testing we e5amine, modiy and
mo)e orward either with adaptations or new ideas. :e hope other groups
will also try out )ariations o the design present here and test out their ideas.
:e donDt pretend to ha)e the one and only 6right6 answer but instead aim to
networ9 with li9e minded groups who aim or the same goals as presented
here but ha)e alternati)es ideas. That way i anyone o use has an idea that
does not wor9 we can learn rom the others. 3lso, e)en i we do ha)e
something that wor9s, another group may present something that wor9s
better.
Utopia
The word 6utopia6 can mean:
#. 3 designed society
'. -iterally, 6nowhere6
3. 3 perect society
+
The Design, present here, orms an e5ample o a designed society so in that
sense it alls within the classiication 6utopia6. 3s the word 6utopia6 comes
rom the (ree9 meaning 6no place6 or 6nowhere6 the design present here
also orms an e5ample o a utopia in that sense. 7owe)er, the Design does not
aim to represent a perect society. :e argue the design presents better
society in terms o sustainability and lie ?uality than todayDs system rather
than presenting a perect society. :e still ha)e much to learnF
&
Summary - an Overview of the
Design
#. Demarcation between the complex, technical aspects of society
and the social side of society. The technical side aecti)ely orms
the lie support systems that 9eeps society running such as mining,
arming, production, distribution and housing as well as health care.
The social side deals with people to people interaction, ethics,
morality and spirituality.
'. xpert management of the technical side of society. 3 hi4tech
complicated society has many dierent parts which ta9es many years
to learn and understand beore a person can ma9e a competent
decision. "n addition, people with little 9nowledge or e5pertise tend
to ha)e conidence in their opinions while those who understand the
situation tend to ha)e less conidence B9d#, 9d'C. Thereore, the
design calls or s9illed e5perts to manage the areas that they ha)e
9nowledge and e5pertise in rather than relying on the oten
erroneous opinions o people who do not understand the comple5ities
o the dierent aspects o society.
3. Direct democracy for the social side. >ot all aspects o society ha)e
the correct technical solution. :e propose that people would li)e in
communities where they would use direct democracy to manage the
social side o the community.
*. ! moneyless socioeconomic system. :e propose a system o &nergy
3ccounting as a means o managing the supply o goods within a
society. "n an &nergy 3ccounting %ystem we measure the production
capacity o society in the energy terms. The people can then choose
the allocation o production capacity through the allocation o energy
5
credits. The energy credits represents each indi)idual share o the
production capacity.
,. ! holonic socioeconomic structure. :e propose a non4nation
centric structure built around communities, networ9 o communities
and proGects. This would orm a -ego li9e structure where people
would wor9 locally within their own community on )arious proGects.
ProGects could lin9 up with other proGects and communities with other
communities in the networ9 that would lead to a world around
system.
!. "o private ownership. 3s all the means o production come under
the management o e5perts, ownership ma9es no sense. "nstead we
would ha)e a orm o user rights. %ome items such as personal items
and housing would ha)e e5clusi)e user rights but most items people
will ha)e the right to use as they need such as ground )ehicles.
.. nvironment design# :e aim to design en)ironments not only to
allow people to de)elop to their ull potential but also to discourage
aberrant beha)iour B+D%C.
$eferences
B9d#C &hrlinger, HoyceE Hohnson, IerriE 2anner, ;atthewE Dunning, Da)idE
Iruger, Hustin ('$$/). 6:hy the uns9illed are unaware: 1urther e5plorations
o (absent) sel4insight among the incompetent6. Organi#ational Beavior and
$uman %ecision &rocesses %&' (#$,): 0/J#'#.
B9d'C Iruger, HustinE Da)id Dunning (#000). 6Uns9illed and Unaware o "t:
7ow Diiculties in Recogni=ing <neDs <wn "ncompetence -ead to "nlated
%el43ssessments6. 'ournal o" &ersonality and Social &sycology (( (!): ##'#J3*.
/
B+D%C <scar >ewman. K+reating Deensible %paceL
http:AAwww.deensiblespace.comAboo9.htm )isited '$##4##4',
2
)haracteristics
The term tecnate, within the conte5t o this design, reers to an o(erational
area that manages the technical asspects o society. i.e. a geographical area
with the ollowing characteristics:
#. !pplication of Science# The organisation and management o
the technate has its roots in science applied to society. "t ta9es
the best science and technology we ha)e to build a sustainable
socioeconomic system and adapts and changes as our
9nowledge changes. The technate has a pragmatic nature with
decisions based on empirical indings.
'. xpert *anagement# 3ll the technological aspects o society
come under the management o those with the s9ill, e5pertise,
training and education in a gi)en technical area. This results in
strict lines o demarcation, that those without the re?uire
e5pertise in a gi)en technical area ha)e no say in the decision
ma9ing or that area. "t also results in a distributed orm o
management as no one person has technical e5pertise in all the
technical aspects o society.
3. !uthoritative not !uthoritarian. "n an authoritati)e system
e5perts gi)en instructions in their area o e5pertise. People
then ollow those instructions not through orce but through
recognising that such instructions probably represent the
optimal thing to do, people can chose not to ollow the
instruction. This contrast with an authoritarian system where
strong leaders tell people what to do and people ha)e to obey
regardless.
*. +oal Orientated# The technate has a goal o maintaining the
highest standard o li)ing or the longest time possible. This
means the technate has a sustainable nature. 3ll wor9 within
the technate ollows many other sub4goals but each sub4goal
has compatibility with the o)erall goal.
8
,. Openness. &)eryone has ree access to inormation in all
#

aspects o the operation o the technate and the communities
within the technate
'
.
!. Technical domain# The technate manages the technical
aspects o society (the means o production, transportation,
communications, power inrastructure etc.) within a
geographical area and not the people within that area.
.. )ommunities and people# The design ma9e a distinction
between those technical areas under e5pert management and
people issues that do not ha)e a technically correct answer
(such as morality and social issues). The people aspects comes
under the domain o the people who li)e within a gi)en set o
communities.
/. ,alance. The technate operates in such a way as to balance the
supply with demand and production with ecology to maintain a
sustainable socioeconomic system.
0. *ulti-use. The technate aims to ha)e multiple use o items
such as hall which we could use or a theatre as well as sport
e)ents or transport systems that ha)e multiple users.
#$. -oad factor. The technate will try to maintain items usage as
high as possible. Productions acility, or e5ample, should run
at about /$M o ma5imum load (to allow or unoreseen
e)ents).
# :e might ha)e to ma9e an e5ception or deence related matters but as a general rule we
aim to ha)e as open a society as possible.
' This doesnDt e5tend to personal inormation associated with or identiies an indi)idual.
Personal data remains pri)et so long as the indi)idual wishes it so.
'
Science and ngineering
Introduction

:e ha)e set a holistic goal o achie)ing the igest standard o" living "or te
longest time (ossible. This leads to a re?uirement or a sustainable, hi4tech
society. :e intend to achie)e this through the application o science to
society. Thereore, science and engineering orm the core o our proposal.
;uch o what we presented in our design we can change as we learn new
things, e5periment and test. 7owe)er, the core o science applied to society
remains. This chapter aims to gi)e an o)er)iew o science and engineering.
Science
The term 6science6 comes rom the -atin word 6scientia6, which means
69nowledge6 and it reers to both a body o 9nowledge and to a method or
achie)ing 9nowledge. %cience eecti)ely orms a way o understanding
nature and describing how nature wor9s.
The scientiic method has de)eloped as a way o e5ploring nature. The
scientiic method begins with e5perience and obser)ations o nature.
%cientists try to e5plain those e5periences and obser)ations. >ormally, they
ha)e a set o e5planations which they aim to test out. :e call these
e5planations y(otesis. These hypothesis predicts something about the
natural world that we can test. :e then conducted tests and
e5perimentation to try and see i we can show o the hypothesis as alse. "
we ail to do that and the hypothesis stands we ha)e a possible e5planation
or the natural phenomena we ha)e obser)ed or e5perienced. :hen we ha)e
a set o hypotheses, e5perimentation, obser)ations and e5periences we can
grouped them all together with an o)erall e5planation. That e5planation we
call a teory.
:e do not stop there, howe)er. :e constantly test our e5planations and
generate new hypothesis. <)er time we may change our theories. %cience
deals with the most (robable e5planation gi)en the e)idence that we ha)e.
The e5planations ollow rom e)idence o the natural world. 3s we learn
more we impro)e our e5planations.
10
ngineering
The word 6engineering6 has its roots bac9 in the -atin word 6ingenium6, which
literally means engine ormed rom the two words 6in6 and 6gigner6 meaning
6to produce6 or 6to beget6. :e use the word today to reer to the appliance
of science or practical 9nowledge to the construction o machines, materials,
or structures.
The !ppliance of Science to Society
The core idea, presented in this Design thereore, comes down to ma9ing
obser)ations o nature, e5perimenting and testing out ideas and then using
what we ha)e learnt to build a sustainable society.
11
)ommunities and .eople
The Design concentrates mainly on the technical aspects o society but not so
much on people and how people will li)e their li)es. This results rom the act
that the design allows people to li)e their own li)es and allows each
community to run itsel and, thereore, does not dictate any one way o
li)ing. 7owe)er, the design does layout some speciications or the people
side so we ha)e a minimum set o common standards between communities.
$espect for others
The design allows people to li)e their own lie and or communities to ha)e
their own culture and language and laws. 7owe)er, each community has to
maintain a basic set o human rights that guarantee lie and liberty to each
indi)idual and the reedom o mo)ement rom a community to another.
+ommunities ha)e to respect other communities, gi)en that each community
can ha)e its own culture this may lead to communities disagreeing with the
way other communities operate.
7owe)er, so long as such communities stay within the bounds o a basic set o
human rights each community (or groups o) ha)e no say in other
communities and thus ha)e to tolerate the others and in turn others ha)e to
tolerate themE the design does not tolerate intolerance.
+overnance
+ommunities can lin9 up with other communities as they wish orming larger
legislati)e councils and such councils can cooperate to orm a conederation.
1or go)ernance, the Design recommends a orm o direct democracy where
the people elect a legislati)e council to draw up laws that the people then
)ote on. The people can also )ote to o)erturn a law. The Design allows or
other orms o go)ernment i the people within each community wants it,
1#
such as a consensus orm o go)ernment. &ach legislati)e council acts as the
authority within the domain o its own communities but has no say in the
aairs o other communities nor in the technical management of
resources within a community.
1+
)onfederalism, Democracy and
Technocracy
Introduction
&<% is proposing a uture administrational structure go)erned through a
technocracy characterised by unctional se?uences (inormational nodes and
channels) and holons (autonomous organisations).
This structure would be producing and conducting ser)ices ater the wishes
o each and e)ery citi=en through &nergy 3ccounting. "t would be 9ept in
chec9 by the merit that no one person controls more than her own area o
e5pertise and unction, thus creating a comple5 web without any clear
command centre.
That is how we intend to
manage the resources, the
production, the distribution
and the recycling.
>ow we should discuss how
we intend to manage the
people.
Technocracy vs
Democracy
The Design doesnNt discuss
how people should li)e their
li)es within society. :e do
not hold an ideal o how
people should chose to
beha)e, act and wor9 in our
society. :e do not discuss
what laws the technate is
going to enact. :e do not
discuss how we should
police the technate.
1&
The reason is simple: the technate is by no means supposed to be a state.
Rather, it is supposed to be a ser)ice, responsible to pro)ide the people o the
&arth with the highest possible ?uality o lie or the longest possible span o
time.
7ence, that we technocrats do not by any reason implicate that we want to
abolish the constitutional arrangements structuring the &uropean states or
the U%, or e5ample, although content certainly has to change in order or
the people to be able to install the technate.
" the &uropean people, or e5ample, want it, they could 9eep their traditional
nation4states within the technate, and go)ern the laws regulating social lie
and laws (and other issues not under the sphere o the technate) under their
customs, or e5ample parliamentarism in 2ritain combined with a
constitutional monarchy, or a republic in 1rance.
To the technate, it is not rele)ant what lag a &uropean country choses to
ha)e, what language its people is spea9ing, or whether or not people should
eat meat, go out and drin9 late, or what things people are watching on T@.
:e are not interested in ac?uiring the power o legislation. That is a matter
which we lea)e to other authorities, under the condition that they J li9e the
technate under this hypothetical condition J would ha)e the support rom
the citi=ens o &urope.
"n conclusion: Technocracy and Democracy could co4e5ist and prosper
alongside each4other, as their areas o responsibility does not collide or
contradict each4other. The technate would administrate that aspect o the
:orld which today only is indirectly regulated by nation states, namely the
aspect which consists o e5traction, production, distribution and recycling o
goods and ser)ices.
)onfederalism
:hen the Design tal9s about conederalism, we mean an emulation on the
holonic system on a :orld political scale. "t is not something which we
acti)ely intend to shape, with or without the consent o the people, but yet
again something which the people must urge the decision4ma9ers to enact.
The technate in itsel could only pro)ide ?uality o lie as a ser)ice. "t could
not and should not try to supplant the ci)il society. 2ut a lourishing ci)il
15
society alongside the technate, unrestrained by the limiting eects o the
price system, would be able to create one more culturally and emotionally
di)erse than e)er beore J in short, something resembling a golden age o
culture.
Thus, an empowered ci)il society would act as an ideal partner to a technate.
:hile our current national states are based around and ounded around the
needs o a system )astly dierent to that system which the Design is
proposing, a ci)il society in a conederate shape would empower the people
as a partner to the technate.
:hat 9ind o :orld would be ideal to cooperate with the technate on the
perspecti)e o a constitutional ramewor98
:e are thin9ing o a :orld which is consisting o one or se)eral
conederacies o municipalities, reminiscent o the %wiss cantons. This
conederalism will be based upon an open entry, and would be open to
communities across the world to parta9e in, no matter colour, language or
location.
:hat is the legitimacy o democracy8 Democracy is deri)ed rom the (ree9
words LdemosL (people) and L9ratoiL (rule). 7ence, democracy per deinition
means that the people are in control o their own destiny, through law4
ma9ing.
<ur thought, is that these municipalities, which would consist this highest
political authority in this technate, would base their authority on direct
democracy. "n short, the people would )ote on the laws themsel)es, directly
and without an interlayer o elected representati)es on the municipal le)el.
The municipalities would elect representati)es to be sent to the conederate
le)el which the people themsel)es might decide the limitations o.
7ow many conederacies could the :orld sustain under the technate8
"n short, i people wish, they could turn their e5isting national states into
conederacies o municipalities, and e)en create more supranational systems
abo)e the conederate le)el. 2ut the centre o this proposed mechanism will
always be the municipalities, and the power will lie there.
The reason why is that the more decentralised the political system is, the
more autonomy or each indi)idual. Oour inluence is proportionally more
strong i you )ote on an issue or a person whom you want to represent you in
1/
an area comprising '$$ or '$$$ people, than in an area composing '$$ million
people.
There is also a biological reason why people would probably preer such a
constitutional system. :e must remind oursel)es that humanity or most o
its e5istence has been consisting o hunter4gatherer communities numbering
up to '$$ indi)idualsB#CB'C. 3ll species ha)e a speciic number tolerance or
indi)idual recognition. "n a community o millions o indi)iduals, it is
thereore a signiicantly higher ris9 that the indi)idual would eel alienated
and without control o her own destiny.
Thereore, with power channelled into groups which are o moderate si=e,
the inluence o each and e)ery constituent rises. 3s the constituents also will
be responsible or legislation, the amount o democracy will both
proportionally and substantially increase under such a conederalist system.
-imitations
:hat would the limitations be8
The irst limitation would be human rights. 3 basic contract or constitution
should be in place to secure that the communities may not )iolate basic
human rights. They may not discriminate people on the basis o gender,
ethnicity, aith or disabilities. They may not create laws which are inhumane
or )iolating the rights o people to their opinions, their personal integrity,
their ability to utilise their energy credits or their right to mo)e.
The second limitation would be that the communities will not administrate
the continental inrastructure, which will be operated through the ser)ice o
the technate. The technate is go)erned not through direct )oting. People will
not )ote o)er what is going to be produced, but decides it by the allocation o
their energy credits. >o indi)idual could decide where anyone else is going to
allocate their energy credits.
)onclusion
"t should stand clear that the Design is predominantly concerned with the
technate as an alternati)e to the socioeconomic system which we ha)e today,
and that we do not wish to institute any 9ind o political system abo)e the
12
heads o the people. 2ut, a political system built on the orm o conederalism
outlined in this chapter would be beneicial as it will easily cope with the
technate.
"n the proto4technate, the communities which we are going to establish as
e5perimental hubs are going to employ a system to administrate the non4
technical non4distributi)e aspects o their e5istence through a similar direct
democratic system as outlined in this article.
$eferences
B#C http:AAwww.li).ac.u9AresearchintelligenceAissue#.Abrainteaser.html
)isited '$##
B'C http:AAwww.crac9ed.comAarticleP#*00$Pwhat4mon9eysphere.html )isited
'$##

18
ducation
Introduction
&ducation orms an important part o the technate and pro)ides a lielong
en)ironment or learning. &)eryone should ha)e the opportunity to learn,
de)elop and ad)ance and the education system should oer acilities or
anyone to learn whate)er they wish and to learn at their own rate.
/unctions
The education system would ha)e the ollowing unctions:
)ultural
The education system should ha)e a cultural aspect. This o)erlaps
with the people side as dierent communities or groups o communities can
ha)e their own culture the e5act content o the cultural aspect can dier
rom community to community. 7owe)er, the cultural aspect should not
deny any person access to any part o the education system.
Innovation
The system should encourage creati)ity and ?uestioning in such a way
as to encourage new ideas.
.olitical
The education system should also teach how the technate wor9s and
why.

Selection
The education system should pro)ide opportunities or students to
e5plore )arious subGects and to then continue in subGects o interest to them.
1'
3llowing the students to build up the e5pertise and 9nowledge needed to
contribute to the operations o the technate in a gi)en unctional area.
.ath Through the System
Rather than ollowing age or gender the education system should ollow
competence and ability and allow students to learn at their own rate. %o, we
would ha)e the education system built up on bloc9s as each student pass
through each bloc9 they can mo)e on to other bloc9s. %ome o the earlier
bloc9s would ollow a linear path where students would learn basic and
general s9ills but later bloc9s would allow students to ollow dierent
parallel paths and to change rom path to path as they choose. %tudent would
also ha)e the opportunity to redo paths i they need to.
,est .ractice
The education system should use the best practices 9nown to encourage
critical thin9ing, logic, mathematics and an understanding o science and art.
"t should also aim to teach s9ills necessary or the technate and to teach
people how to learn so they can learn or themsel)es. The education should
also ha)e a high degree o practical application and the technate should aim
to establish acilities such a laboratories or learning as well as using what
resources the technate might ha)e a)ailable.
The education system should use proGects and assignments as a preerred
means o demonstrating a personNs learning and abilities.
The system should ha)e a structure and ha)e goals to achie)e but each
indi)idual should ha)e the reedom to ad)ance at their own rate.
The education system should aim to teach morality and cooperation at an
early age.
$eferences
Hohn 2riggs and +atherine Tang. 6Teaching or Quality -earning at
Uni)ersity6. 3rd. &d. <pen Uni)ersity Press. '$$.. Hohn :iley and %ons. '$$,
#0
;a5 ;ali9ow. 6Teachers or -ie: 3d)ice and ;ethods (athered 3long the
:ay6. Rowman and -ittleield. '$$!.
+ler9 3ldrich. 6-earning by Doing: 3 +omprehensi)e guide to %imulations,
+omputer (ames, and Pedagogy in &4learning and <ther &ducational
&5periences6. '$$,.
+laude (haoui, ;itu Hain, @i)e9 2annore, and -a9hmi +. Hain, (eds).
6Inowledge42ased @irtual &ducation6. %pringer. '$$,.
;.-.H. 3bercrombie, 63ims and Techni?ues o (roup Teaching6. %R7&. #0.*.
#1
Sustainability
!bstract
To aid understanding o the concept o %ustainability, this article presents a
series o diagrams, a theoretical bac9ground, e5amples and engineering
guidelines. %ustainability as the scientiic approach to production, which
understands the )ariables o its en)ironment rather than simply e5ploiting
it. <ers a resh perspecti)e on the design o systems o production, which
are better able to ser)e their purpose and are more economical on the long
run. %ustainability is a necessity as well as a logical ne5t step.
Introduction
Though %ustainability is a relati)ely well accepted concept
B#C
, it is oten
understood as simply spending more on recycling or reducing demand until
the criteria are met. 3s such it is not diicult to understand why many people
do not ind it a particularly e5citing prospect
B'C
. 2ut we ind it not only
necessary but also inspirational. "n this article " will try to e5plain why this is
so. To us, %ustainability is more than simply criteria to be met. %ustainability
is a philosophy
B3C
, a way o designing whole systems o production, a system
with powerul ad)antages
B*C
, with primarily only design costs.
.art % - )oncept diagrams
1irst letDs ?uic9ly o)er)iew the past to help us understand the terms. The
idea is to deli)er energy to the end users. This energy (lightning icons) may
ta9e the orm o oods and uels, as well as tools and other general purposeul
things. Typically energy cannot be used in its original orm and has to be
con)erted by pac9aging it in something. These pac9ages (closed pac9et icons
plus lightning icons) are the products we use and using them spends the
energy contained within them, lea)ing the pac9age used to deli)er it behind
(open pac9et icons). This simpliied e5planation describes a system that is
both essential and characteristic o many orms o lie, though in the case o
humans it is also present in the technological production and consumption
system. "ts purpose is letting us sur)i)e in a )aried en)ironment.
##
<ld capitalist system o production
#+
;odern capitalist system o production
#&
1or e5ample, in order to sur)i)e we re?uire energy that originally comes
rom the sun. Plants pac9age this energy into comple5 organic molecules
B,C
,
which we eat, releasing the energy and producing waste
B!C
. This wor9s in
another scenario as well, or e5ample i we re?uire hammers. &nergy goes
into the production o hammers, which we then use until they are rendered
useless in eect spending some o the energy put into constructing them, at
this point they become waste.
Unsustainable systems
3bo)e is a schematic o an old capitalist system o production.
The process is di)ided into simpler tas9s, done by dierent groups o people.
The 613+T<RO6 in this case ta9es energy rom a source, and produces the
re?uired pac9ages
B.C
, while the 6U%&R6 is the end user that opens the
pac9ages, uses the energy. The old capitalist system o production does not
ta9e care o recycling, hence the empty containers o energy and piled up on
garbage dumps
B/C
. This is a te5tboo9 e5ample o an unsustainable system, but
is still widely used or most products.
Unsustainable systems with recycling
7owe)er, as people slowly ran out o places to put the garbage, the idea o
recycling has become more popular. 7ence the modern capitalist system o
production.
%ome o the energy rom the en)ironment is not pac9aged and is instead used
to recycle some o the used containers. 7owe)er this is seen as reducing the
amount o energy a)ailable to the end user and is hence unpopular in
systems with high demand or energy. 3 limit is typically maintained on the
amount o energy spend or recycling, which 9eeps the system unsustainable.
B0C

Sustainable systems
:hat we need is a resh start. 7ere is a diagram o a technocratic system o
production:
#5
Technocratic system o production
7ere the train o thought changes. :e no longer ha)e a linear progression o
energy 44R 13+T<RO 44Rpac9age 44R U%&R 44R waste, instead we ha)e a cycle
where all we do is deli)er the energy to the end user (6U%&R6 ) and ha)e our
actory ta9e care o its deli)ery. The 613+T<RO6 has changed role rom an
energy con)erting ser)ice into an energy deli)ery ser)ice. The signiicance o
the new )iew is in the design o such systems. "n order to be able to construct
a wor9ing 613+T<RO6 we must ensure that itDs inputs are a)ailable and that
itDs outputs are usable. "n a capitalistic system o production, we could easily
design a actory that is not sustainable, so long as an energy source and end
user was a)ailable. "n the technocratic )iew this is howe)er no longer
possible as the 613+T<RODs6 main unction is now also to reuse the empty
containers, the cycle must be complete or such a actory to be able to e5ist.
#/
<ld capitalist system o production is typically bro9en down
#2
.art 0 - Understanding the diagrams
The signiicance o the new model is in the dierent way o thin9ing in)ol)ed
in it.
To better understand the dierence between them, it is important to
appreciate the thought process in)ol)ed in wor9ing with each o them in
reality.
Unsustainable systems
"n implementation, the old capitalist system o production is typically bro9en
down in the abo)e diagram.
These separate rames are typically designed and managed by dierent
people and may thereore grow or shrin9 independently o each other,
despite being tied together. "n a world where the consumption rame has
grown dramatically
B#$C
, while the production rame has been 9eeping up with
relati)ely good success, the waste management has been lagging behind,
unable to handle the increasing amounts o waste
B##C
. "t has become an
undesired element o discussion when considering the potentials or
economic growthE is oten considered to be the limiting actor and is
thereore oten being neglected or ignored. The problem in this )iew is that
all it ta9es to create an imbalance which results in the ecological problems we
ace today, is to be ignorant o other peopleDs problems, and this is simply too
easy.
Sustainable systems
Ta9e a loo9 how with a dierent perspecti)e, things begin to change:
#8
3 dierent perspecti)e
7ere the roles ha)e changed somewhat. To the consumer little has changed,
but it is now part o the design o the production en)ironment to ta9e care o
supplying the consumer with content, and simply cycle the products that
contain it. -i9e in the old approach, the energy re?uirements o the
consumers are satisied and held bac9 by the capacity o the production
en)ironment, but since now the tas9 o the production is no longer to simply
stac9 consumers up with products, but instead to cycle the containers using
which the production deli)ers energy, ood, useulness, entertainment (etc)
to the consumers, the growth o the production no longer corresponds with
ecological and sustainability problems. "n act, so long as the production is
properly designed according to this way o thin9ing, this is ne)er a problem.
#'
1ossil uels
+0
.art 1 - xamples
/ossil fuels
<ne o the most ob)ious e5amples o the dierence between sustainability
and unsustainability is the energy de)elopment industry. This is what we
most commonly understand under the word 6%ustainability6, we tend to
thin9 o solar cells and wind turbines as technologies or sustainable energy
de)elopment and ossil uel technologies as e5amples o unsustainable ones.
7owe)er this is not entirely true, or with proper system design, ossil uel
technologies may also be used or sustainable energy de)elopmentF -et us
ta9e a loo9 at some e5amples how.
"n a typical approach, ossil uel technology relies on there being ossil uels
in the ground, which were produced by a chemical con)ersion
B#'C
o buried
plant lie
B#3C
tens o thousands o years ago. They thus proceed by e5tracting
these ossil uels rom the ground as a orm o production, which are then
burned with atmospheric o5ygen within our )ehicles and power plants as a
orm o consumption, resulting in waste carbon dio5ide and water in the
orm o )apour released into the atmosphere
B#*C
. 1ossil uel technologies are
widely popular or the high energy density o the products accessible (,,#30.,
9HAmol or gasoline)
B#,C
to the consumers and ease o use.
This is ob)iously an unsustainable design, as e)entually we will run out o
ossil uels
B#!C
and atmospheric o5ygen, and saturate our atmosphere with too
much waste carbon dio5ide
B#*C
or us to sur)i)e in. Oet the ad)antages o ossil
uels are there or all to see and ossil uels at the moment are still the
preerred uel to be used in mobile energy users.
Understanding this, we ha)e instead designed a sustainable system to replace
it. <ur designs suggest growing algae and using the resulting biomass in a
biogas generator. This process produces biogas and the growing algae release
o5ygen into the atmosphere. The biogas can then be burned in )ehicles and
power plants as uel using atmospheric o5ygen as usual, releasing carbon
dio5ide and water in the orm o )apour into the atmosphere.
+1
2io gas
This is a sustainable design. The generator pro)ides a constant stream (in the
long run) o biogas, the o5ygen used up in burning it is replaced by the
growing algae and the released carbon dio5ide is actually re?uired or
growing algae
B,C
. 2ecause none o these processes ma9e or destroy matter, all
+#
the ?uantities add up to e?ual amounts, meaning that burning biogas
produced in this manner does not produce any waste or re?uire any uels
that are not already part o this system and constantly recycle, maintaining
each other. 2iogas also has the relati)ely high energy density (/0$ 9HAmol)
B#.C
and is )ery simple to use li9e ossil uels, by burning. " this were to be in
widespread use, minimal alterations would ha)e to be made to the )ehicles
currently in use
B#/C
.
<ur designs were made with sustainability in mind. This system isnDt simply
another technology, itDs the same technology used dierently. 2iogas
generators ha)e been in use or years in dierent areas o ossil uel use and
waste recycling
B#0C
. :hat is dierent about our design is that the original
intention was not how to produce more uels or recycle more wastes, it was
how do we deli)er the same ad)antages o ossil uels to the consumer
without a catch. 3nd this is also the point o the %ustainable philosophy, you
do not pro)ide products, you pro)ide ad)antages.
$ecord industry
%imilar impro)ements could be apparent in other industries, resulting rom
the dierent way o thin9ing during the design o their systems o
production. Ta9e the record industry or e5ample, currently this is an
industry challenged with technology o the day, where their main area is
stac9ing up their customers with optical media (+Ds and D@Ds) which are
now obsolete and pro)ide their customers with no ob)ious ad)antage, gi)en
other technologies o the day. " the record industry had planned with
%ustainability in mind their purpose would instead be deli)ering multimedia
content to the consumers, rather than discs. " this were the case one would
assume they would ha)e come up with the idea o using a communications
networ9 or the purpose a long time ago.
Serving drin2s
1or a most down to earth e5ample o the dierences in thin9ing, letDs loo9 at
the area o ser)ing drin9s automatically. The )ending machines in use or
this purpose today oer your drin9 in a colourully printed single4use can or
single4use thin plastic cup, con)incing you to drin9 it with large
ad)ertisements. This is because rom the pro)iderDs point o )iew, the point is
in selling as many as possible and all comort and ecological concerns are
++
secondary to that. "n a %ustainable design, the industryDs ocus would be on
supplying the consumers with drin9s, rather than selling them as many cans
as possible. "n this approach attention could shit to pro)iding better drin9s
and comort o use (drin9s could be ser)ed in comortable reusable mugs
rather than single use cups), ad)antages good or the consumer, rather than
colourul cans and ad)ertising, which oer no ad)antage or the consumer.
The reasons or this are: 1irstly, the pro)ider will be encouraged to loo9 or
cheaper ways to deli)er drin9s with minimal o)erhead, secondly the pro)ider
littering the consumerDs li)ing space will not seem acceptable to the
consumer, thirdly the consumerDs right to interact with the pro)ider will not
abruptly end on purchasing a product as the sold will be a ser)ice rather than
an indi)idual product.
"t is noteworthy that %ustainability, in this case, also has clear ad)antages or
the pro)ider. The drop o o sales here is an illusion, as it is realistically )ery
unli9ely the consumers will e)er buy more drin9s than they desire simply
due to being tric9ed into it. %ustainability ensures more permanent and
reliable consumer relationships, which pro)ide a dependable stream o
income.
.art 3 - Sustainable design
Ultimately the place where the change in way o thin9ing ma9es the biggest
dierence is in the mind o the engineer responsible or designing these
systems o production. 7ere are some recommendations:
!lways 2eep up to date with newer technologies and obtain
general understanding of the natural processes that can
complement your production process to ma2e it sustainable#
Detailed understanding is not re?uired or the educated guess
e5pected o you, yet basic understanding will allow you to see
solutions to systemic problems you may ha)e thought unsol)able (e.g.
7ow to pro)ide a sustainable option or a reliable source o
electricity).
4hen doing feasibility studies, always consider and emphasi5e
the sustainable option# Oour costumer is relying on your e5pertise to
+&
pro)ide solutions that are best or them and sustainability is e5cellent
or all o us.
Sustainable solutions guarantee investment return# 2e sure to
mention that. Unsustainable solutions may seem cheaper on the short
term, but will always ha)e poorer in)estment return than sustainable
solutions. 3n unsustainable solution has limited lietime and oten
maintenance costs that depend on the mar9et situation (cost o oil,
electricity), while a sustainable solution is capable o generating a
constant stream o return ore)er and maintain itsel by design.
It is always possible to obtain a sufficient loan, to co)er your initial
in)estment. %ustainability is the smart option. "t will pay out on the
long run.
)onclusion
2y properly understanding what %ustainability really means, we ha)e mo)ed
the term away rom being an e5pensi)e bu==word o the modern world. :e
ha)e shown that %ustainability is in act something that ma9es sense both in
the engineering and economic sense. "t is something that is good both or the
industry as or the consumers. :e ha)e shown that %ustainability is not
another nonsensical drain on your money that you are orced into by the
ecologists, instead by ta9ing it into account early enough into the design o
the acilities o production, you can use it to increase your long term returns
and lower the ris9s in)ol)ed.
&)entually, all o our systems will ha)e to be %ustainable i we want to
sur)i)e. 7owe)er, it is important that we start now. %ustainable solutions
may not remo)e the en)ironmental damage we ha)e already caused, but they
will begin to remo)e the cause, beore the eects become too ta5ing. 2y
starting to design systems with %ustainability in mind now, we allow us the
chance o a smooth transition rom e5ploiting our en)ironment, to using it
intelligently. There is nothing to lose.
+5
$eferences
1. U.%. Department o +ommerce. Car(on Cyc"e Science. ><33 &arth
%ystem Research -aboratory.
#. ;acy, H. S Ooung 2rown, ;. #00/. )oming Bac* to +i"e, &ractices to
-econect Our +ives, Our .orld. >ew %ociety Publishers, (abriola "sland.
"%2> $4/!,.#430#4T
+. %ustainability is an attitude, says new coordinator.
http:AAwebapps.utsc.utoronto.caAoseAstory.php8idU!'/. @isited '$##4
$!4'0.
&. Sustaina(i"ity and Society by Dr. 3ndrew :allace PhD, &<% article
archi)e. :ww.eoslie.eu. @isited Hune '$##.
,. D.3. 2ryant S >.4U. 1rigaard, Pro9aryotic photosynthesis and
phototrophy illuminated
/. (lossary o Terms Used in 2ioinorganic +hemistry: +atabolism.
http:AAwww.chem.?mul.ac.u9AiupacAbioinorgA+D.htmlV/. @isited
'$##4$!4'0.
2. ;oatt, ;i9e. ('$$/) 3bout.com 9eta-!roduction function/ &conomics
(lossary 4 Terms 2eginning with ;. @isited '$$/4$!4#0.
/. Rachel +arsonDs %ilent %pring (#0!')
0. The (arbage Primer by The -eague o :omen @oters (#003), "%2>:
#,,/'#/,$.
10. Deaton, 3ngus (#00'). Understanding +onsumption. <5ord Uni)ersity
Press. "%2> $#0/'//'*..
11. (reen <ntario: %olid :aste.
http:AAwww.greenontario.orgAstrategyAsolidPwaste.htmlV;aGor
M'$3cti)ities. @isited '$$/.
1#. 1ossil uel. http:AAoaspub.epa.go)AtrsAtrsPprocP?ry.na)igatePterm8
pPtermPidU.$!/SpPtermPcdUT&R;. @isited '$$/
1+. +anadaDs 1ossil 1uel Dependency.
http:AAwww.elements.nb.caAthemeAuelsAireneAno)ac=e9.htm.
@isited '$##4$!4'0
+/
1&. U% &P3.'$$$. "n)entory o U.%. (reenhouse (as &missions and %in9s:
#00$4#00/, Rep. &P3 '3!4R4$$4$#. U% &P3, :ashington, D+,
http:AAwww.epa.go)Aglobalwarming
15. 2ond energies by -arry +hamusco (#00.).
http:AAinst.scc.eduAWlchamuscA+7;'$*!As3A:or9sheetM'$1uels.pd.
@isited '$$/
1/. ;. Iing 7ubbert on Pea9 <il (#0.!). http:AAwww.m9inghubbert.comA.
@isited '$##4$!4'0
#.. %chaumDs <utline %eries, <rganic +hemistry
18. .mmonia :;+ !df$ :;+H(usH1'&5HGInstetro"+1Hg#1+$
.mmoniaHasH;#Hcarrier1$ ris-r-150&.!df$ C"averton Energy <rou!.
htt!C??www.c"averton-energy.com?energy-e3!erts-
"i(rary?down"oads?trans!ortation. @isited '$##4$!4'0.
1'. 3n introduction to anaerobic digestion, www.anaerobic4
digestion.com, retrie)ed '$$.4$/4#.
+2
Energy Accounting
The subGect o this chapter is energy accounting and its intentions are to
oer a comprehensi)e description o the economic distribution system in the
technate, itNs dierences rom the price system and the dierent aspects o
its parts. Due to a lac9 o literature co)ering the basic parts o technocracy,
there was and still is a proound need or articles urther in)estigating
energy accounting as well as other aspects o technocratic design.

Scarcity and !bundance
2eore we start in)estigating energy
accounting, we must understand its
premises. The oundation o
mainstream economics consists o i)e
postulates, based around a theory that
all resources are inite or 6scarce6,
while human will to consume them is
ininite. This theory is largely unsubstantiated, but without it, it would ha)e
been impossible or economists to calculate anything.
Technocrats, on the other hand, recognise that while it is indeed a proound
act that scarcity could e5ist and that a price system under such conditions is
one type o solution to that problem, there does e5ist situations where
abundance could arise. < course, our premise is dierent than that o
economists.
"nstead o assuming that human want is ininite (one could )ery well still do
it), and thus ma9e scarcity ine)itable, we stress the act that human ability to
consume is limited to the conditions o hisAher body. 7uman wants might be
ininite, but the human ability to ulil these wants is )ery inite. :e are not
proposing a counter4postulate o 6ine)itable abundance6, but rather putting
orward a more in4depth analysis o scarcity and abundance.
+8
3bundance arises when an inrastructural system is able to meet the human
capacity o consumption while human labour input in the consumption4
generating sectors (agriculture, industrial production and so orth) is
diminishing. This process is usually a result o technological progress. The
problems with abundance is twoold. 1irstly, it ma9es it harder to calculate
prices. %econdly, it leads (under a total ree mar9et economy with minimal
inter)entionism) to prices which are diminished to the point where the
producers cannot simply uphold their production.
The .rice System or 6xchange !ccounting6

The price system could also be called 6e5change accounting6, since all
systems in)ol)ing 6e5change6 o goods and ser)ices, rom primiti)e barter
systems and git economics, to the ad)anced globalised economy which we
ha)e today, are based upon prices which are adGusted according to supply
and demand.
" we assume two &gyptian subGects * $$$ years ago, we could construct a
hypothetical price system not in)ol)ing monetary e5change units. :e say
that the irst o the peasants, 3, desires a good, 5, which the other peasant, 2,
is in possession o. 3, in hisAher turn, is in possession o an unspeciied
number o goods y, which 2 is desiring.
"n this hypothesis, the price will be in correlation o the point where each o
the persons in)ol)ed in the e5change inds it suitable to trade. :e assume
that both wants the good which the other one possess, and that they will
e5change ?uantities o goods to the point where each o them is satisied. The
e5change doesnDt need to be e?ual, since the deal would be subGect to the
indi)idual demand o each person in)ol)ed in the e5change.
;ore recently, money was started to being used, because it simpliied
e5change and made it more socially secure to trade, due to the act that
money 3) is not a good o sustenance, and 2) is permanent in nature. The
)alue represented by money is o course also dependent on its relati)e
scarcity in relation to the amount o goods and actors in)ol)ed in the gi)en
mar9et.
+'
The problems with e5change accounting are many. >ow we should not
discuss barter, since it would be by all deinitions impossible to uphold a
modern technological system with ad)anced actories and an ad)anced,
integrated inrastructure through barter. "nstead, we should ocus on the
problems with monetary e5change.
;oney is possible to accumulate. That is a unction o its role as a good which
is not used or anything else than e5change. < course, this is not a problem,
since it allows capital in)estments and economic growth, ma9ing
technological progress more easy. 3t the same time, it is encouraging
ine?ualities which ha)e created income disparities where our iths o a
gi)en national population in a de)eloped country has access to '$M o the
national resources, while the one ith let would ha)e access to /$M o the
resources.
That represents an ineiciency, because the ability to consume is thwarted
by the bottlenec9s 9nown as the ownership pri)ileges in access to the means
o production granted to the social groups with most accumulated capital.
;oreo)er, e5change accounting re?uires e)eryone to participate in the
process o production, whether as an in)estor or as an employee. Under a
process o automatisation, a lot o wor9places are disappearing. 7istorically
spea9ing, new wor9places ha)e oten been created. "ndustry supplemented
agriculture when the eiciency o agriculture led to lower employment in
that area, and the ser)ice sector is today supplementing industry in most
de)eloped nations, something which the original technocrats ailed to
predict. 2ut as automatisation increases, Gob creation in the uture under the
price system would ta9e more and more inter)entionist measures as well as
intentional creation o mar9et ailures
to bolster Gobs, including sub)entions o
small companies.
The greatest problem with the modern
price system o e5change accounting is
that it is based on eternal e5ponential
growth in order to secure the well4
&0
being o the citi=ens. 7ence,
en)ironmental oot4prints and o)er4
e5ploitment o natural habitats are
becoming serious problems which
e)entually could de)astate a lot o the
planetDs ecosystems. 1irst, when
something is made artiicially scarce by
the use o property rights, or naturally
scarce because o e5ploitment, the price
system could react and ma9e it
)aluable.
<ne could o course try to impose
regulations o the price systems, but problems are seldom sol)ed at the top
but rather on the bottom. ;oreo)er, regulations are most oten imposed to
6sol)e mar9et imperections6 which means that the state, with subsidies and
ta5es, are wor9ing to ma9e the ruits o the production more scarce they are.
That could hold together the price system, but at the cost o a lower standard
o lie and more ineiciency than needed.
:e, technocrats, propose an alternati)e to 6e5change accounting6, namely,
6energy accounting6. %o let us loo9 up what energy accounting is.
nergy !ccounting or 6The Distribution System6
To ha)e general energy accounting imposed upon a gi)en economy, three
conditions must be met. There must be enough resource di)ersity to support
a sel4sustaining system without the need or e5changing goods and ser)ices
with the rest o the worldE this system must be technologically de)eloped so
it can utilise its resources more eiciently than any e5isting competitorE it
would need to ha)e personnel properly educated in managing the system at
its disposal. :ithout these three preconditions ulilled, a technate cannot be
established. < course, energy accounting would, in a partial, primiti)e
)ersion, be e5istent in a proto4technate (an e5panding networ9 o eco4units
run by technocratic principles).
&1
&nergy accounting is not based upon the buying or selling o goods and
ser)ices on a ree mar9et. "nstead, it is based on interaction between the
production system in its whole and the indi)idual consumer. "t is not based
upon the e5change o property either, since the resources at hand or each
indi)idual would not change with transers o the energy units to the
technate.
1irst, according to the traditional technocratic design, e)ery indi)idual is
granted an e?ual share o access to the production capacity o the technate.
This di)ision o access is made according to a )ery simple e?uation. The
entire production capacity o the technate during a gi)en period (which must
be determinable in length), is di)ided according to the number o users the
technate has. Thus, no indi)idual and no groups o indi)iduals would 6own6
the means o production in themsel)es, but the ruits o the production
capacity would be under usership o the indi)iduals who are users o the
technate. These usership rights could neither be sold, bought or
compromised e5cept or in cases o emigration.
The usership rights do not correspond to 6real resources6 but rather to the
production o consumer items and ser)ices. 7ence, cars, computers and other
machinery is accounted or as parts o the technate. The cost o using them is
corresponding to the energy usage.
The usership rights is a part o the social contract which is the technate. "t is
physically maniested through an energy credits. The a)ailable capacity is
di)ided into energy units, which could also be called energy credits, although
it might be misleading. :hy8 2ecause the units, since they most correspond
to the a)ailable consumption capacity in the technate during a gi)en time
period (minus, o course, the usage during a gi)en period), would not be
possible to sa)e o)er that period. "nstead, the certiicate will be recharged
with a new share corresponding to the new total production capacity o the
technate.
&nergy units could not be transerred between indi)iduals.
:hen an indi)idual is using hisAher energy credits, the energy units
correspondent to the energy cost in production are deri)ed rom hisAher
credits or the remainder o the time period. Oet, ater usage, the energy
&#
units cease to e5ist. They are only in
unction so that the technate should be
able to trac9 demand and adapt the
production ater the desires o the
users. "t is thus neither a planned
economy nor a mar9et economy, but an
interactive economy. The indi)idual is the
so)ereign o)er her share o the
production capacity.
7ow does energy accounting affect the socio-economic situation of
the individual8
%ince the technate isnDt a price system and is sel4sustaining, it does not ha)e
any proit incenti)es, or any incenti)es to ta5 its users. >either any ailiated
democratic bodies, whether in the orm o traditional nation4states which are
members o the technate, or autonomous direct4democratic communes
would ha)e any incenti)es or o((ortunities to ta5 the indi)idual.
" n de ) e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s , t h a t w o u l d r e p r e s e n t a n i ncrease o r e a l d i s p o s a b l e
income with ',4,$M.
There would be no more debts, since costs are determined or usage and not
or the ac?uisition o property. 7ence, young people and couples would ne)er
need to be compelled to ear or the uture because o debts o)er education
and housing.
The technate, being sel4sustainable and in abundance, would pro)ide all o
its users with ree healthcare, education, elderly4care and tra)elling.
-ast but not least, since the technate would ha)e ull o)er)iew o)er its
resource usage and will always manage to adapt production to consumption,
it could also compensate the en)ironment a lot better. :ith higher energy
eiciency and better usage o resources, people could always be certain that
eiciency increases in en)ironmental sustainability also would increase their
standard o lie.
&+
.otential Drawbac2s
&)en i the social contract o the technate states that its users, )oluntarily
accepting the 6%ocial contract o the third ;illennium6, would wor9 a
minimum amount o hours within the technate, thus reducing the o)erall
wor94hours, the lac9 o monetary income could potentially lead to eiciency
losses and en)ironmental degradation due to insuicient moti)ation o the
personnel. This could be partially sol)ed by instituting a reward system,
ma9e the distribution system semi4lat instead o completely lat or to ma9e
all Gobs more enGoyable by the elimination o monotonous, uninspiring tas9s.
3lso, i that is not the case, the lac9 o e5clusi)e property rights could lead to
abuse o technology and en)ironment, thus creating a ?uality o products
below sustenance or the users (tragedy o the commons). %ome personal
responsibility is thus most li9ely needed.
Transitory .hase
:e must remember that energy accounting is a system which has ne)er been
empirically tried out within an acceptable conte5t. Thereore, we could today
ne)er be certain what eects it would ha)e and how it will aect the socio4
economic situation in the :orld. 3s scientists, we must be gi)en opportunity
to test out the system and remedy some o the unintentional ills it may put
o)er the :orld, beore aiming to unleash it ully. &)en i energy accounting
in its present orm pro)es to be suicient, it would still be a ha=ardous
process to implement it beore testing it out irst.
<ne arena to test it out might be in the orm o a proto4technate, namely a
networ9 o inter4changing eco4cooperati)es aiming to become both
automated and sel4suicient.
:e would also need a new orm o calculation sotware as well as an own
internal computer networ9 to handle distribution. <ne could e5pect that the
&&
e5perimental orms o energy accounting at the beginning will only ta9e care
o )ery simple tas9s, beore upgrading by e5perience and natural e)olution.
%till, it stands ?uite clear that we are in desperate need o an alternati)e to an
current economic system which cannot stop its own sel4suocation. &nergy
accounting as a theory is more de)eloped than Par&con or time4unit
accounting, and less based on 6human nature6. "n act, people may be as
selish and greedy as possible, and yet, energy accounting would oer a
compelling alternati)e to the current state or them.
&5
nergy !ccounting Design
This chapter outlines the design speciication or an &nergy 3ccounting
system.
Introduction
The current socioeconomic system uses a debt based monetary system to
enable people to purchase goods. This system has a number o problems with
itE it results in a small percentage o the population controlling most o the
resources o the planet BU>P:"D&RC, it creates po)erty and star)ation, and it
has a undamental unsustainable nature to it. Thus, we propose an
alternati)e system based on the energy it ta9es to produce goods within the
system. <ur proposal starts rom the act that the production o goods orms
an e5ample o a physical resource allocation system and as such re?uires
energy to run. The energy a)ailable places a limit o what the system can do.
This chapter has the ollowing layout: 1irst, the chapter presents the science
behind the designE thermodynamics, then the application o thermodynamics
to economics. The ne5t section loo9s at the economic system as a resource
allocation system. The inal part then presents a design or an alternati)e,
sustainable, system at the le)el o a macro4economic model.
Thermodynamics
The term thermodynamics reers to the science o energy e5change between
two systems that result in a temperature change. The term heat reers to this
energy transer. %cientists largely de)eloped the science o thermodynamics
during the #0th and '$th centuries where they de)eloped three laws o
thermodynamics (which has since had the addition o a ourth 6=eroth law6).
9eroth -aw of Thermodynamics
This law deals with systems in balance. :hen two systems reach thermal
e?uilibrium they ha)e the same temperature. &5ample o this include ta9ing
some oneDs temperature when the thermometer comes into thermal
e?uilibrium with the person thus indicating the personDs body temperature.
/irst -aw of Thermodynamics
The irst law deals with the conser)ation o energy. "n a thermodynamic
system energy lows into or out o a system as heat causing and change in the
&/
internal energy o the system and A or wor9. %o, what you get out e?uals what
you put inE only the orm o the energy changes.
:here U stands or the internal energy o the system, Q or the energy added
to the system as heat and : or the wor9 done. Thus, we can account or all
energy entering or lea)ing the system.
"n a thermodynamic system, e)ery e)ent that occurs as a cange o" energy.
Second -aw of Thermodynamics
The second law o thermodynamics deals with the ?uality o energy. The irst
law says that we can change energy rom one orm to another. The second
law puts limits on this change. :e can only change energy rom higher
?uality to lower ?uality. <r:
0e system (rogresses "rom a state o" order to a state o" disorder as entro(y increase.
:here % U entropy and Q U heat added and T U temperature.
This also means that as we con)ert one orm o energy to another we
encounter losses in the system and the a)ailable wor9 decreases.
&ntropy can decrease on a local le)el but or the system, when including the
en)ironment, the o)erall entropy increases.
Third -aw of Thermodynamics
The third law deals with systems that approach absolute =ero.
1s a system a((roaces absolute #ero, motion a((roaces #ero and entro(y
a((roaces minimum.
xergy
The term 6e5ergy6 reers to the usable energy or a physical system and
ollows rom the second law o thermodynamicsE we cannot ull change heat
&2
to wor9. &nergy comes in dierent orms such as potential, chemical, 9inetic
and electrical energy. >ot all orms o energy ha)e the same potential to
produce wor9. :e can con)ert electrical energy completely to wor9 but
cannot con)ert heat energy ully to wor9 B:allC.
3s any socioeconomic system re?uires energy to wor9 we can measure how
much a)ailable energy (as e5ergy) we ha)e and that will gi)e us a measure o
the systemDs ability to produce.
3 socioeconomic system not only needs energy but also materials. :e can
also use e5ergy as a measure o materials. This ollows rom the materials
ha)ing a chemical potential. Thus, the e5ergy, &5, we ha)e becomes:
:here U stands or the heat in the system, P the pressure, @ the )olume, T
the temperature, % the entropy and the internal chemical energy. "n
addition, inormation can also ha)e an e5ergy )alue. This ollow rom the
application o statistical mechanics and inormation theory where we can
deine a particle as ha)e one bit o inormation.
3s we can use e5ergy to measure usable energy, materials and inormation
that a socioeconomic system utilises, e5ergy, thereore, orms a common
accountancy unit or any socioeconomic system.
&5ergy has an additional property o use or a socioeconomic systemE e5ergy
has a relationship to the en)ironment. The greater the dierence a system
e5hibits between itsel and the surrounding en)ironment the greater the
e5ergy becomes. Thus ice in the tropics has a higher e5ergy )alue than ice in
the 3rctic. 7eating has a higher e5ergy cost in the winter than in the summer
B:allC.
3s e5ergy orms a common accountancy unit and has a relationship to the
en)ironment we can use e5ergy as a control )ariable or a resource allocation
system such as a socioeconomic system.
&8
The Thermodynamic Interpretation of conomics
The term Thermoeconomics reers to an economic theory resulting rom the
application the laws o thermodynamics to economics, especially the second
law.B#C &arly wor9 on the subGect starts with 1rederic9 %oddyDs 6:ealth,
@irtual :ealth and Debt6 ((eorge 3llen S Unwin #0'!), but the term
originates with the 3merican engineer ;yron Tribus in #0!',B'CB3CB*C and
de)eloped through the wor9 o the statistician and economist >icholas
(eorgescu4Roegen.B,C
! Thermoeconomic Theory of :alue
3s the second law o thermodynamics and inormation theory ha)e a lin9 we
can also see thermoeconomics as statistical physics o economic )alue.B!C
:here @(T) represents the )alue o product T. The positi)e integer, b,
represents the number o producers and p the probability measure. This
leads to products with a high number o producers ha)ing low )alue and a
products with a low number o producers ha)ing a high )alue. 3 )alue o P U #
represents a state o abundance and the )alue o a product e?uals =ero.
.roduction and )ompetition
Thermoeconomics models systems as ac?uiring low entropy rom the
en)ironment and orming structure. "n economics these structures orm
business and products which compete with each other. "n thermoeconomic
terms this process becomes:
:here the entropy, % represents the economic )alue and r the rate o price
change o)er time. %igma represents the rate o uncertainty.
&'
Production has associated i5ed costs and )ariable cost, both connected with
entropy. "n thermoeconomics the cost becomes:
:here >(5) represents the cumulati)e probability distribution unction or a
standard normal random )ariable. The )ariable I represents the )ariable
costs.
! Distributed $esources !llocation System
3 socioeconomic system based on e5ergy becomes a resources allocation
system where we could ha)e a system that uses state )ariables to control the
system. The system would use e5ergy to measure the production cost o an
item so each item produced would ha)e a cost that relects the physical cost
o that item rather than a subGecti)e monetary )alue. 3 society would also
ha)e a certain amount o e5ergy a)ailable or the production o each item
and the processes that go into maintaining and running society.
3 hi4tech society consists o people who re?uire goods. Production aculties
produce these goods using resources, such as ores e5tracted rom the ground
or ood crops grown on arms. This system re?uires energy to unction.
Thereore, we can deine an &nergy 3ccounting system as a resources
allocation system consisting o a tuple Ra(R, &, P, (, 7) where:
-23, is a resource4
E 23, 3 is an e3ergy (roducer4,
&23, 3 is a (roduction "acility4,
50
523, 3 is an item4 and
$23, 3 is a (erson4
The problem then becomes one o allocation R(r) and &(e) to P(p) to produce
((g) and allocating ((g) to person 7(h).
:here % represents the demand and M the manuacturing capacity.
The resource allocation problem then becomes one o allocating e5ergy to
production based on the user initiated demand or goods and the
maintenance re?uirements o the system. :e could do this through
calculating how much e5ergy we would ha)e a)ailable or the system, within
a gi)en time period, as a whole allocate 5 amount or the system maintenance
and large common proGects then distribute the remainder e?ually among the
user base as 6&nergy +redits6 (&+). The &+s eecti)ely re(resent production
capacity and the users can then allocate &+ to production to ac?uire personal
items.
The elements o this system ha)e dierent geographical locations. The
resources tend to ha)e locations dierent to the maGor cities which orm the
location or most o the people which can dier again orm the production
acilities. Thus, raw materials re?uire transporting to production acilities
and good re?uire transportation to the people. Thus, the system has the
essential characteristics o a distributed system. %cientists ha)e conducted
much research into distributed resource allocation systems.
This system does not all into the classiication o a planned economy as
people, h, dri)es the goods production and resource allocation so the system
instead orms an e5ample o a demand dri)en system. 7owe)er, demands
oten ollow patterns which can mean some planning can ta9e place within
the system. 1or e5ample, the system tends to e5perience a rise in demands o
seasonal goods around certain seasonal esti)ities such as the mid4winter
holidays and some goods tend to ha)e a more or less constant demand
throughout the year, such as day to day domestic goods.
nergy !ccounting Design
3n energy accounting system should present a means o resource accounting
and allocation o production capacity to people. 3s all processes orming a
socioeconomic system re?uires energy and materials to wor9 the energy
51
accounting system should monitor the materials and e5ergy a)ailable as well
as demand on the system.
The production o goods has two aspects to it. The e5ternal and the internal.
#. The e5ternal aspect. The people place demands on the system or the
manuacturing o goods. The people place their demands through the
allocation o energy credits to the production o goods.
'. The internal aspect. &5perts manage the production acilities to insure
ma5imum utilisation o resources, the sustainability o the system and to
ensure the needs o the system remain within the limits o nature and
balance with those o the eco4system.
Thus, the design or the &nergy 3ccounting %ystem has two parts.
#. The user interace in the orm o &nergy +redits (&+). &ach &+
measures the production capacity in terms o energy (or e5ergy). &ach
citi=en within a technate has an e?ual share o &+s allocated to them.
They can then allocate their &+s to the production o (ersonal goods.
'. Technical management o the system. This in)ol)es the measurement
o the production capacity and materials a)ailable. The allocation o
&+s to indi)iduals as well as careully managing the resources or
production.
nergy /low 4ithin a Technate
The technate operates though allocating energy. :hat we oten neglect to
say is that the technate, apart rom allocating a buer o energy at the
disposal o the users, also need to allocate energy to maintain the
inrastructure o residential, social, recreational, industrial and sustainable
inrastructure, as well as or the transport networ9.
:e can see the energy as the 6necessary energy e5penses6 or maintaining
the technate. :e could call it energy 3. "t shouldnDt luctuate much o)er time,
5#
at least not in an ad)anced technate, and this should orm characteristics o
this 9ind o energy.
Then, we will ha)e the energy needed to e5ca)ate new resources, to research
and to upgrade technological inrastructure. we could call it 6necessary
energy e5penses or research and de)elopment6, and its costs could luctuate
o)er time. :e could call this type o energy 2.
3X2 orms basically the needed energy usage or the operation o the
technate itsel, and this energy should orm a distinct set separate rom that
which is allocated to the users.
>ow we come to the energy share which the system allocates to the users,
namely +. 2ear in mind that we do not locate energy physically to each
person, but rather allocates a share o the resources in terms o production
capacity to an o)erall 6user budget6 which we di)ide between all the 5
million users in the technate.
5+

/igure !llocating energy
These would later use their shares as they see it, and arrange their own
allocation based on what they need and want. :hen they do so, the technate
will allocate the needed energy to production in order to produce what the
5&
users ha)e as9ed or. :e could call this energy aY, because it is 6passi)e6 in
the sense that the technate does not ha)e any authority o)er what the people
used it or.
:e also ha)e bY energy share we must mention, namely the completely
passi)e 6energy reser)e6, comprising the #$4'$M energy potential which we
deem we should use as a buer in order to counter both natural but re?uent
luctuations as well as unoreseen emergencies such as natural disasters.
nergy )redits
&nergy +redits orms part o the resource allocation system. "n such a system,
the people use &nergy +redits to allocate parts o the system to the
production o goods. :e ha)e resources, production and goods people want.
:e ta9e the resources mo)e them to production and produce the goods
needed. That ta9es energy to do, so we can measure the production capacity
in terms o energy. :e can then di)ide that up e?ually among the citi=ens.
Those citi=ens can then allocate production capacity to the production o
goods.
&nergy credits ha)e a number o characteristics :
#. +iti=ens cannot sa)e &nergy +redits as we cannot use production
capacity not used in one accounting period in another accounting
period.
'. The system allocate &nergy +redits to indi)iduals and as we ha)e an
internal management o the system, we do not allow the transer o
&nergy +redits orm one person to another.
55
/igure )irculation within a technate
%he a(ove diagram gives the circu"ation of energy 7E8$ materia"s 798$ goods 7<8 and Energy
Credits 7Ec8. 9ateria"s f"ow from a materia" source$ such as mines$ to !roduction. roduction
!roduces demanded goods which then f"ow to the househo"ds. @hen the goods reach the end of
their "ife e3!ectancy then f"ow (ac- as raw materia"s. Energy credits f"ow from the househo"ds to
the !roduction. %he energy generator !roduces the energy re>uired in !roduction and for the
househo"d. Energy comes from some source. %he centra" e3!erts managers ("oc- manages the
!roduction$ raw materia"s and energy !roduction. %hey a"so issue
+
new energy credits after each
accounting !eriod
&
.
+ 3lternati)ely we could ha)e a system where anyone can allocate &+s. :e only need to 9now
the production capacity in terms o e5ergy and the number o users in the system. 3ll users
in the system has that inormation reely a)ailable to them and thus anyone can actually
calculate their own &+ allowance.
& <r we could ha)e a dynamic system that updates the current &+ more regularly.
5/
*anagement of the $esource !llocation System
3s goods production orms an e5ample o technical area that re?uires some
period o study to ully understand, the resource allocation will need e5pert
management to eiciently control the system and to minimise production
and en)ironmental damage, i we wish to ha)e a sustainable system, as well
as determine the cost o an item.
Determining an item;s cost
Physical )ariables determines the cost o an item in the presented system
rather than the subGecti)e )aluation o a (ree) mar9et as in the current
system. :e e5press the cost in terms o e5ergy so each item has an e5ergy
)alue gi)ing the amount o e5ergy consumed in the items production. :e can
use -ie +ycle 3nalysis (-+3) as a method or determining an items cost or
embodied energy analysis.
The term -+3 reers to a method o determining the processes and their
impact or the production o an item rom the beginning o production until
the disposal o the item. 1rom the ac?uisition o the raw material to the
production o the parts to the production o the inal item and then later the
disposal o the item. -+3 assess the contribution to en)ironmental damage
and resource depletion but it could also record how much e5ergy the process
o producing an item consumed at each stage. 7ow much in ac?uiring the raw
materials8 "n transporting the parts8 "n producing the whole8 and in
disposing o the item8
-+3 analysis begins with deining goals and boundaries or the study. "t then
goes on to perorm an in)entory analysis. During the in)entory analysis the
assessors collect data on the system or the items production as well as model
the whole process.
3ter data collection, the assessors e)aluate the impact o the process in
)arious categories. :e can then e)aluate these impacts and determine the
actual physical cost in terms o e5ergy or a gi)en item.
The term embodied energy reers to a similar process o assessing the
amount o energy that is gone into a product up speciied in ;HA9g. ;uch
wor9 has gone into this process and we do ha)e standard tables or )arious
dierent times o items. 1or e5ample, aluminium has a speciic energy costs
52
o '#/ ;HA9g and steel 3,.* ;HA9g ma9ing a product in aluminium more
costly in energy terms than the same product in steel BbathC.
"n addition, we can use e5ergy to e5amine the lows o energy B&5erC. This
means that much o the wor9 we need to implement &nergy accounting we
already ha)e a)ailable.
)ost ,enefit !nalysis
+ost 2eneit 3nalysis orms a techni?ue or assessing the pros and cons o the
production o a item. >ormally, a +23 states the costs in monetary terms. 1or
a socioeconomic system based on e5ergy the +23 would use e5ergy as the
unit o cost. This gi)es a more obGecti)e assessment as e5ergy directly relates
to the physical state o the system, whereas money does not BRahDe), <wenC.
3lso, the use o e5ergy enables the assessors to ully assess the costs o an
item as all beneits and cost would utilise the same accountancy unit. %o, or
e5ample, the en)ironmental impact would ha)e an e5ergy cost which would
lead to a more realistic assessment o costs compared to a monetary based
assessment where assessors can ignore much o the en)ironmental cost i it
doesnDt ha)e any direct money )alue (such as i the polluter doesnDt ha)e to
pay).
Optimisation
;anagement o the system aims to minimise impact on the en)ironment and
maintain a sustainable system. To do that, the management process would
need to optimise the production o goods so that production use the
minimum amount o materials and energy or the ma5imum amount o lie
e5pectancy. B1ranC
The optimisation problem in)ol)es a set o unctions to optimise and a set o
boundary criteria. 3n e5ergy based socioeconomic system would ha)e the
optimisation unctions:
ma5imise lie e5pectancy (-)
minimise material and energy (e5ergy cost)
58
:here and represent the optimisation unctions.
%ubGect to the ollow constants:
within the limits o the a)ailable energy and material supply as well as
en)ironmental impact (").
1or e5ample, an item such as a car, re?uires a certain amount o material o a
gi)en typeE steel, aluminium or plastic. &ach possibility or construction has a
certain cost or production in terms o e5ergyE e5ergy using in e5traction o
the raw material, reerencing and production o the base material as well as
transportation. &ach material will also ha)e an associated lie e5pectance. %o,
the optimisation problems comes down to ma5imising the lie e5pectance or
the minimum e5ergy cost such as a plastic construction might ha)e a lower
e5ergy cost but shorter lie e5pectance than steel and aluminium might last
longer than steel but ha)e a higher e5ergy cost. 3t some point we would ha)e
the optimal material or a gi)en cost.
&ngineers ha)e a )ariety o optimisation methods a)ailable, which include
the ollowing:
#. +alculus (ma5 and min)
'. Pinch method
3. +on)e5 optimisation
)alculus <max and min=
+alculus orms the basic method or optimising unctions through irst and
second deri)ati)es to ind the ma5imum or minimum point o the unction.
&ngineers could use calculus to ind the point o ma5imum lie e5pectancy
and the points o minimum material and e5ergy usage as well as minimum
en)ironmental impact.
.inch *ethod
The pinch method orms an e5ample o a widely used optimisation method,
specially adapted or heat energy systems and engineers use the method o
5'
optimising large scale industrial processes BPinchC. Two phases compose the
pinch methodE an analysis phase and a synthesis phase.
The analysis phase in)ol)es the collection o data orm measurements o the
actual system and simulations. The analysis phase also uses site e5pertise to
)alidate the data. 1rom the data, engineers de)elop models o proposed
changes. They then assess the impact o the proposed changes. The analysis
phase in)ol)es iteration around a loop.
The synthesis phase aims to eect actual impro)ements in the system.
)onvex Optimisation
The term con)e5 optimisation reers to a set o techni?ues which includes
least s?uare it and liner optimisation. <nce deined as a con)e5 problem,
engineers can oten ind the solutions or optimising a certain criteria within
gi)en limits using well 9nown methods such as sol)ing simultaneous
e?uations.
!bundance
The system o &nergy 3ccounting relies on 6abundance.6 :e can see the term
abundance in two waysE as system that produce more than people can
consume regardless o consumption le)el or as a system o intelligent
management that meets the demands. The irst system sees resources as
unlimited, thus becomes unrealistic. The second system sees resources as
limited but meets demand thorough the intelligent management o those
resources. &nergy accounting orms an e5ample o the second system. "n
&nergy 3ccounting e5perts manage the resources to meet demand but also
aims to reduce demand to within the limits o the resources a)ailable. :e can
reduce demand :
#. Through pro)iding limited number o products (instead o #$# mobiles
phones we would pro)ide one, modular, phone).
'. &nsuring optimal lie e5pectancy or the goods produced.
3. Reusing goods as much as possible.
*. Designing or recycling.
/0
xamples
xample %
1or this e5ample we will use an artiicial situation consisting o three
scenarios. This e5ample has the purpose o demonstrating the basic
characteristics o an &nergy 3ccounting system. "n this e5ample:
#. 3 society has a production capacity o #$$ units
'. &ach production unit ta9es # energy unit
3. :e ha)e #$ citi=ens in our society.
#$$ unit production capacity at # energy unit or each unit would gi)e us a
total production capacity in terms o energy as #$$ &nergy +redits. :ith #$
citi=ens in our society, each citi=en would ha)e #$ &nergy +redits, which they
can use to allocate production to produce goods they re?uire.
1or the three scenarios:
#. %cenario 3 orms the base or the other scenarios. "n this scenario
each person orders a certain amount o goods or a gi)en accounting
period (say each year):
.erson !mount )s
#. 3 3
'. , ,
3. * *
*. 3 3
,. . .
!. / /
.. ' '
/. 0 0
0. # #
/1
#$. ! !
"n this scenario, the system produced */ items but had the capacity to
produce #$$ items, so the system ran at */M eiciency.
'. %cenario 2 we increase the eiciency o our production system.
"ncreased eiciency means the amount o energy re?uired decreases.
"t now ta9es less energy to produce the same number o goods. 1or
this e5ample it will ta9e $., energy units to produce # item. :e still
ha)e a capacity or #$$ items and #$ citi=ens so now we ha)e a
production capacity o ,$ &nergy credits and each person recei)es ,
&nergy +redits.
.erson !mount )s
#. 3 #.,
'. , '.,
3. * '
*. 3 #.,
,. . 3.,
!. / *
.. ' #
/. 0 *.,
0. # $.,
#$. ! 3
&ach person orders the same number o goods but now they allocate less
energy credits to the production o those goods. The system still runs at */M
eiciency.
3. "n scenario +, we increase the production capacity and return the
eiciency to the same le)el o scenario 3. :e now ha)e the capacity to
produce '$$ units at # energy unit each. :e still ha)e #$ people so
that gi)es '$ &nergy +redits each.
/#
.erson !mount )s
#. 3 3
'. , ,
3. * *
*. 3 3
,. . .
!. / /
.. ' '
/. 0 0
0. # #
#$. ! !
:ith the same number o goods demanded we still produce the same number
o items. 7owe)er, we now ha)e an eiciency o '*M. "n a sense, it doesnDt
matter how much &+s each person needs to produce the goods so long as
people ha)e enough &+s to produce the a goods they need. Thus, we can say
an association with the physical system orms another important and
rele)ant characteristic o &nergy +redits.
xample 0
This e5ample uses a type energy re?uirement or a household in the UI or
one year BDTiC.
&ach household uses the ollowing amount o energy:
7eating #3 *0$ 9:h
-ighting .,$ 9:h
+old .'3 9:h
+oo9ing ,0$ 9:h
Drying ,3$ 9:h
/+
<ther !,3 9:h
" we ta9e # &+ U # 9:h, each household would need to allocate an a)erage
amount o &+s e?ual to #!.3! &+ (9:h).
xample 1
This e5ample loo9s at e5ergy in %weden B:all#C. "n #0/$ %weden had the
ollowing e5ergy:
3bout # million PH o %un light, which space heating used '$ PH and
plants used the remainder (so we count Gust the human used part).
3bout 33$ PH in wood.
3bout 3'/ PH in )egetable A crop production.
3bout '* PH in animal production.
3bout 3*$ PH in electricity rom hydro, nuclear and ossil uels.
3bout '* PH o iron.
3bout '/* PH o uranium.
3bout ##*$ PH o chemical e5ergy (mainly in oil)
This gi)es about '*0$ PH o e5ergy a)ailable or %weden. @arious processes
lose some o this e5ergy, or e5ample the electricity networ9 which looses 33
PH in transporting electricity to users homes. %ome processes also use e5ergy,
or e5ample, the iron industry used ##* PH to produce '* PH worth o iron. 1or
an energy accounting system the losses and the used e5ergy should also orm
part o the cost o the item. Thus, i %weden used energy accounting in #0/$
the citi=ens would recei)e '*0$ PH in energy credits di)ided between them.
3lthough a bit simplistic, this e5amples illustrates the general idea o energy
accounting.
$eferences
BU>P:"D&RC The :orld Distribution o 7ousehold :ealth. Hames 2.
Da)ies,# %usanna %andstrZm, 3nthony %horroc9s, and &dward >.
:ol. :orld "nstitute or De)elopment &conomics Research o the
United >ations Uni)ersity. '$$/
B:allC (Zran :all. &5ergetics. '$$0
/&
B1ranC +. 3. 1rangopoulos, ('$$*ARe).'$$/), <PT";"[3T"<> ;&T7<D%
1<R &>&R(O %O%T&;%, in &5ergy, &nergy %ystem 3nalysis, and
<ptimi=ation,B&d.+hristos 3. 1rangopoulosC,in &ncyclopedia o -ie
%upport %ystems(&<-%%), De)eloped under the 3uspices o the
U>&%+<, &olss Publishers, <5ord ,UI, B#C BRetrie)ed #' ;arch, '$#$C
BbathC "n)entory o +arbon and &nergy http:AAwww.bath.ac.u9Amech4
engAsertAembodiedA
BRahDe)C%; <sman Rahman, %tephen De)adoss, ('$$,), &+<><;"+
3%P&+T% <1 ;<>"T<R">( &>@"R<>;&>T3- 13+T<R% : 3 +<%T4
2&>&1"T 3PPR<3+7, in &n)ironmetrics, B&ds. 3bdel 7. &l4%haarawi,
and Hana Hurec9o)aC, in &ncyclopedia o -ie %upport %ystems (&<-%%),
De)eloped under the 3uspices o the U>&%+<, &olss Publishers, <5ord
,UI, B'C BRetrie)ed , 1ebruary, '$#$C
B<wenC 3nthony D. <wen, ('$$*), &>&R(O P<-"+O, in &nergy Policy,
B&d. 3nthony Da)id <wenC, in &ncyclopedia o -ie %upport %ystems
(&<-%%), De)eloped under the 3uspices o the U>&%+<, &olss
Publishers, <5ord ,UI, B3C BRetrie)ed , 1ebruary, '$#$C
B:all#C :all, (., &5ergy +on)ersion in the %wedish %ociety. Resources
and &nergy. )ol. 0, pp. ,,4.3, #0/..
B&5erC (lobal &5ergy and +arbon Database.
htt!C??gce!.stanford.edu?research?e3ergy?data.htm" visited 9arch #011
/5
Dynamic nergy !ccounting
Figure Accounting period in Static model
/igure !ccounting periods in Dynamic model
The gi)en accounting period that is i5ed in %tatic &nergy 3ccounting (the
usual model
B#C
) and is e5pected to be determined e5perimentally, is le5ible in
Dynamic &nergy 3ccounting. 2ecause the periods are dierent rom product
to product (or rom ser)ice to ser)ice), they begin and end independently o
each other. Thus unli9e the %tatic model, in a dynamic model the &nergy
+redit balances o the users do not reset at one point, instead the &nergy
+redits
B'C
are added and remo)ed rom the system as they (become) a)ailable.
This is made to relect a more organic approach to &nergy 3ccounting, where
products may become a)ailable in the middle o an accounting period and
//
where a desirable accounting period is not the same or all products. 1or
e5ample, a armer may want to pro)ide his products on a yearly basis, as the
plants will only grow once in each year, and his production capacity depends
wholly on last yearDs har)est. <n the other hand, a hairdresser might preer
an accounting period o * hours, as she wor9s * hours a day and her
production capacity is determined again e)ery day, as she comes to wor9. "n a
%tatic model, the production capacity o either would ha)e to be estimated a
year (or multiple years) in ad)ance, which may grow inaccurate, due to miss4
predictions. "n a Dynamic model howe)er, the igures are entered in real4
time, access to production capacity is distributed as it becomes a)ailable and
thus the inaccuracy problem is eliminated.
%o basically, what the Dynamic &nergy 3ccounting system does is that it
measures new production capacity as it comes along. This pro)ides a realistic
and accurate representation o the current energy input that is a)ailable or
the users o this system to consume. 3s we already 9now, &nergy 3ccounting
ocuses on the amount o energy re?uired in order to ma9e a product
a)ailable or usage. %o in our case o the hairdresser, this person uses electric
energy to power its tools and chemical energy by perorming the ser)ice. "
this energy usage is represented with a obGecti)e physical unit, then we are
able to designate this amount to the product itsel and by doing this it
becomes e)ident as to how much energy we ha)e to use to ma9e it happen.
The method used here is called &nergy "nput -abelling
B3C
and its relation to
Dynamic &nergy 3ccounting is undamental in the way that e)ery time it is
possible to ma9e a new product a)ailable or usage and at the same time
labelled with a certain amount o energy, it becomes e)ident that our pool o
users ac?uire new capacity to consume. Thus, in order to ma9e this
possibility e)ident to them we also ha)e to increase the amount o &nergy
+redits that they possess by the amount o energy on this productDs label. 2y
doing so, &nergy +redits ser)e as a reliable tool or all users who want to
9now e5actly how much production capacity is a)ailable to them in a gi)en
point in time (e.g. in a Technate
B*C
).
Dynamic &nergy 3ccounting is enabled by modern4day computers. :hile it is
possible to implement the Dynamic model without computer support, the
sheer amount o bureaucracy ma9es this impractical. The %tatic model ma9es
sense where the inormation collection is done by hand and records are 9ept
on paper. 3 modern computer and internet4supported en)ironment howe)er,
/2
ma9es the Dynamic model both possible and practical, as the inormation on
production capacity can be entered, transmitted and stored easily and all
calculations can be re4done instantly.
7owe)er because the Dynamic model adds and remo)es Production +apacity
dynamically, the balances o the indi)idual usersD accounts change as
production capacity is added or remo)ed. @iewed rom the perspecti)e o a
user li)ing in +apitalism, this may appear unnatural as the account balance
changes without the control o the indi)idual who owns it. 3ll is not as it
appears though, since e)en while the money amounts on the accounts may
seem stable in +apitalism, the actual )alue changes rom day to day Gust as
dynamically, or possibly more.
,enefits
The beneits o a dynamic &>3+T system can be summarised into the
ollowing points:
-ac9 o an arbitrary pre4set global time period o production re)iew
Real4time trac9ing oers an accurate and up4to4date estimation o the
production capacity a)ailable in the system
The system reacts to ine)itable changes in the production capacity
caused by actors other than product usage (e.g. new production,
production loss, e5ternal distribution)
3)oiding a potential miscalculation regarding the production
potential a)ailable in a system due to long4term proGections
"ndependence o separate production cycles and immunity to
distortions in production trac9ing due to changes in the production
line
%mall scale usability due to its sensiti)ity to indi)idual changes in
production capacity
3s already mentioned, production in a gi)en economy ollows dierent time
cycles when it comes to dierent products. This is why it ma9es it hard to
submit all production to a particular general time rame in which some
products are accounted many times o)er while some are accounted Gust once.
1ounding a distribution system on indi)idual products gi)es us a reliable
method o trac9ing the actual amount o products ready to be produced and
/8
consumed at any point in time. The ha=ards o allocating producti)e means
to certain areas while rec9lessly diminishing on other is reduced be 9eeping
an eye out on the unprecedented changes in producti)e capacity.
.roblems
7owe)er the Dynamic model also has certain downsides, which come rom
itDs more comple5 nature.
"egative balance
2ecause the &nergy +redit balances do not reset once a year, the method o
their elimination rom the system is much more comple5 than in the %tatic
model. 3s elimination o lost production capacity rom the indi)idual User
3ccounts to which it has been distributed, may cause a negati)e balance
which does not occur within a %tatic model, a creati)e solution may be
re?uired to determine what happens when this occurs.
"n either model, the problem o maintaining a balance is present. &ither the
system:
shares all resources airly amongst the population
limits those who spend too much energy
"n the %tatic model, the threshold between these is determined by the length
o the 3ccounting Period. " it is longer, those who spend too much energy
and do not plan ahead, will run out o it by the end o the accounting period.
" it is shorter, peopleDs balances will reset to a )alue that is the same or
e)erybody soon enough.
"n the Dynamic model, this threshold is non4e5istent, as distribution o
a)ailable capacity is done in real4time. The ?uestion here is then when
production capacity disappears rom the system, should it disappear in an
e?ual share rom e)erybodyDs accounts, causing a negati)e balance with some
(which would pre)ent them rom ma9ing any more purchases until their
energy balance illed up to co)er their debt)E or should a more comple5, more
air system be used instead, which only remo)es a share o energy rom each
o the usersD accounts, totals up to the amount o energy remo)ed rom the
system and does not permit a negati)e balance8
There are also other possibilities, but either way, the answer is not
straightorward.
/'
.roduction !llocation
3s there is no i5ed period, production shits rom industry to industry
cannot be calculated all at once at a gi)en time. "nstead Production 3llocation
becomes a whole new issue.
"n a %tatic model, when there is more demand or a particular ser)ice than
another, the organi=ations are notiied o this at the end o the accounting
period and changes can be made to increase or decrease the production
capacity, which is then reported beore the new accounting period begins.
This is impossible within the Dynamic model as there is no common time
between accounting periods in which these igures would be compared
between industries and the changes made.
"n a Dynamic model, the igures regarding unused or o)erused production
capacity would still be a)ailable to the organi=ations at the end o their
corresponding accounting periods.
$eferences
1. &nergy 3ccounting. http:AAwww.eoslie.euAinde5.php8
optionUcomPcontentStas9U)iewSidU/*S"temidU#$3 @isited '$##4$!4
'0.
#. &nergy +redits, -abour +redits and ;oney.
http:AAwww.eoslie.euAinde5.php8
optionUcomPcontentStas9U)iewSidU#$3S"temidU#$3. @isited '$##4$!4
'0
+. &nergy "nput -abeling or +onsumer Products.
http:AAwww.eoslie.euAinde5.php8
optionUcomPcontentStas9U)iewSidU//S"temidU#$3. @isited '$##4$!4
'0
&. Technate as a >etwor9. http:AAwww.eoslie.euAinde5.php8
optionUcomPcontentStas9U)iewSidU#$'S"temidU#$3. @isited '$##4$!4
'0.
20
ngineering Society
Introduction
The concept o a holon orms one o the central ideas proposed or orming a
(proto4)technate. The concept has its origins in obser)ations o nature.
3rthur Ioestler noticed two obser)ations o natureE that comple5 systems
e)ol)e rom simpler systems and in nature 6wholes6 and 6parts6 do not e5ist
(things tend to ma9e things which in turn ha)e other thing ma9ing them).
The holon concept has ound use in areas such as distributed artiicial
intelligence, multi4agent theory and distributed manuacturing research as
well as real world applications such as the method o operation o the @"%3
credit card.
7olons
The word LolonNN comes rom the (ree9 LolosL, meaning DwholeD, and L-onL,
meaning DpartD. The word aptly captures the duality o entities which are at
once single, distinct entities, and at the same time parts o a more
comprehensi)e whole. 1or e5ample, a cell in your body alls within the holon
category. +ells e5ists as a distinct, li)ing entityE it has inputs, outputs, and a
distinct cell wall deining its interace with the rest o the world. 3 cell,
howe)er, consists o smaller and more undamental parts, such as R>3, D>3,
mitochondria etc. :e can study each component as a separate entityE
howe)er, we can brea9 down each component urther 4 into molecules,
atoms, and ultimately to ?uar9s. This decomposition o cells orms a
characteristic o a holonic organisation.
:e can also go the other way, and see that cells group together with other
cells to become organs. <rgans, in turn, orm parts o the human body. 7ere,
we see that holonic organisation also supports composition as well.
:e can ind many other e5amples o this part4whole relationship in the
world around us. 3nts, or e5ample, e5hibit such characteristics. :e can
study ants as separate entities in their own rightsE but, they also orm parts o
a society. Trees and orests as well as people and cities orm other e5amples.
;ore artiicial e5amples would include agents that engineers ha)e used in
21
Distributed 3rtiicial "ntelligence and e)en the humble sub routine in a
program.
)haracteristic of 7olons and 7olonic Systems
"n addition to the part4whole characteristic, holons ha)e a number o other
characteristics:
#. &ach holon can unction autonomously. This means that each
holon carries out its own acti)ities without the direction o
other holonsE yet, it still orms a part o, and contributes to, the
o)erall unctioning o a larger system.
'. 7olons naturally orm distributed systems. This comes rom
the autonomous attribute.
3. &ach holon has a simple, singular tas9 to perorm and
concentrates e5clusi)ely on that tas9. The system accomplishes
larger scale tas9s through the combination o a number o
holons, either through combining them together to orm a
larger holon, or through cooperation or competition between
holons.
*. 3lthough holons unction autonomously, their interaction with
other holons may yield comple5 lows o inormation in order
to achie)e each interacting holonNs goals. Thereore, a holon
must process and respond to in4bound data rom e5ternal
sources, as well as pro)ide other holons with re?uested
inormation.
,. 3s holons interact, the sum o their actions could become
greater than the action o the indi)idual holon. %ome e5amples
could include ant hills, where a number o ants cooperate to
construct a mound, yet no single ant would ha)e the capability
to achie)e the construction indi)idually. The construction o
cities orms another e5ample. The shapes o many o the
worldDs cities did not result rom centralised planning.
>onetheless, the organisation and interaction o a number o
people and organisations has resulted in some o the most
2#
spectacular cities on &arth, such as %an 1rancisco, >ew Oor9,
Rome, and others.
The !dvantages of 7olonic Systems
7olons ha)e characteristics that ma9e them particularly well suited or
comple5 andAor distributed systems. %ome reasons ollow:
%calability. 3s each holon has the property o being autonomous, it
can unction with little or no 9nowledge o other holons. Thus, we can
add additional holons to the system, depending on the system in
?uestion, without aecting the operation o the pre)iously e5isting
holons. 3s we add additional holons to the system, a coherent
organisation will tend to orm naturally, such as a hierarchy where
higher4le)el, more abstract holons manage lower4le)el, more detail4
oriented holons. +onsider, as another e5ample, any plant or animal,
which starts as one cell, but which di)ides and grows to many cells,
orming organs along the way.
Robustness. Robustness also results rom the autonomous nature o a
holon. Hust as we can add holons, we can also remo)e them without, in
general, aecting the unctioning o other holons or the system as a
whole. 1or e5ample: human body can lose many cells without e)en
noticing it. "t can e)en sur)i)e the loss o a substantial portion o the
body, such as a limb.
%implicity o control. 3s each holon has a simple, usually singular,
tas9 to accomplish, it only needs a simple control mechanism, which
we can understand more easily when compared to a centralised
control system.
Disadvantages of 7olonic System
Distributed and autonomous holons, or all their ad)antages, also ha)e some
disad)antages compared to centralised mechanisms.
Tragedy o the commons. The autonomous attribute can lead holons
to consume shared resources without consideration or others, and
end up ta9ing more than their air share. This could limit the ability o
other holons to wor9, and may e)en bring an end to the common
resources. &5ample: a armer allowing his cow to eat all the common
grass, pre)enting other armers rom gra=ing their cattle.
2+
-osing their way. :e can see another problem with the autonomous
attribute. 3utonomous holons could conduct acti)ities that do not
contribute to the o)erall goal o the system. They could e)en conduct
acti)ities that ha)e a contrary nature to the o)erall goal. +ancer cells
would orm an e5ample o holons that ha)e gone out o control and
became a danger to the system as a whole.
The root cause o the irst deiciency we can usually attribute to a lac9 o
negati)e eedbac9 in the holonNs operation. 1or e5ample, i the armer 9new a
priori o the impact the cow would ha)e on the ield, and thereore other
armers, he would ta9e steps to alle)iate the problem beore it got out o
hand. The armer would need a bigger picture to achie)e this insight.
7owe)er, this leads to one possible solution, where a higher4le)el holon
could administer lower4le)el holons. >ot an ideal situationE preerably, the
other armers communicate with the oending armer, so that they resol)e
the issues locally and ?uic9ly.
:e may, howe)er, ha)e diiculty understanding the cause or the latter
deiciency, since we ha)e a number o issues to consider. 1or instance, simple
miscommunication or misunderstanding may result in an erroneous
interpretation o the holonDs goal. "ndeed, scientists ha)e traced most causes
o genetic deects that, in a sense, we can consider as miscommunication in
genetic programming o the cell. :e could see another cause as the
autonomous nature o the holon, which could deliberately decide to change
its own goals. The 6bait4and4switchNN manoeu)re that con4artists and other
petty criminals use e5empliy this.
! 7olonic Structure for a /uture Technate
:e propose the ollowing holarchy:
#. "ndi)iduals
'. (roups
3. [ones
*. 3reas
,. %ectors
!. Technate
The proposed structure orms the oundations or a technate.
2&
"ndi)iduals orm the basic building bloc9s o societies, and each indi)idual
has their own goals and obGecti)es as well as s9ills and interests. 3ny social
structure should ta9e this into account. The holonic structure would allow
people to utilise their interests and s9ills to achie)e their own desires in such
a way as to contribute to the whole structure.
To achie)e this, indi)iduals orm tas9 orientated groups, such as research,
medical, and ood production. "ndi)iduals who ha)e s9ills and interests in
common with a speciic group could choose to Goin that group. 7owe)er, not
all groups would ha)e specialised interestsE some groups would ha)e a more
mi5ed membership. This would depend on the si=e o the group and its
unction. &ach indi)idual also has membership o a se?uence rele)ant to their
s9ill and interests.
(roups maintain goals and run proGects. The goals o any group should ha)e
compatible with the o)erall goals o the technate. -i9ewise, the proGects
within the group should contribute, in some way, to the group and thus to
the implementation o the o)erall goal o the technate.
(roups wor9 at a local lea)e o a community. <ne community may ha)e
se)eral groups handling, or e5ample, power production, building
maintenance, ood production, education. ;embers appoint people to a
group based on their technical e5pertise. %o, or e5ample, electrical engineers
would appoint people to a building management group that re?uires
someone with electrical e5pertise. <ther e5perts would appoint others as
needed. The electrical engineers would then wor9 on electrical proGects
within the group.
%ome proGects, o course, may turn out to be too large or a single group to
underta9e (e.g., repairing the (olden (ate bridge or the construction o an
airplane). To deal with this, groups can orm areas, where areas act in similar
ways to groups. "nstead o ha)ing a composition o indi)iduals, howe)er,
areas ha)e a composition o groups (thin9 o a consortium or standards
organisation, li9e <%", <;(, and 3>%"). 3reas cooperate with each other to
ulil the goals deined or each area. Those goals, li9e the goals o groups,
ha)e compatibility with the goals o the technate. 3nd, o course, the proGects
run within areas will ha)e similarity to the proGects o groups in that they
would also contribute to the goals o the technate but on a larger scale.
25
(roups orm areas as and when needed. %ome areas may become permanent
but other can come and go in connection with a gi)en proGect. 1or e5ample, a
number o groups may orm an area when they need to construct some
communications inrastructure between two or more communities. <nce
build, the communities may ha)e no more common proGects so they dissol)e
the area. 3lternati)e, the area may become a permanent structure to
coordinate common proGects such as maintenance o the common
inrastructure.
&ach group will appoint members to an area that they belong to.
3gain, li9e areas, sectors orm the ne5t le)el up in the holarchy and run
larger proGects. 3reas compose sectors. 3reas orm sectors, again, as and
when needed. They also can become permanent structures.
The technate orms the inal layer o the holarchy. This layer runs large scale
proGects o)er the whole operational area o the technate and has goals in
accordance with main goals. The technate orms the only designed
permanent structure.
Thus, the whole system becomes a gestalt 4 one composed o indi)idual, goal
orientated parts that use proGects to achie)e their goals. 3s each part lines up
with other parts in the holarchy, through cooperation, the system achie)es
the o)erall goals o the technate.
2/
/igure 7olons within holons
)ontrol and Direction in the 7olarchy
3s each group, area, or sector can act autonomously, the system has the
potential to de)elop some problems, as noted abo)e. %ome o the holons
could end up repeating wor9 that other holons ha)e conducted and other
holons could conduct wor9 that does not contribute to the whole.
To pre)ent such problems, we propose a hierarchical structure that lays on
top o the holarchy. This o)erlapping structure would ha)e the ollowing
goals:
#. ;aintain direction o the system (such as ensuring proGects ollow
goals and setting o common standards)
'. 3ct as a communications channel to acilitate cooperation between
holons
3. &nsure eicient utilisation o resources, thus pre)enting
unnecessary repetition o wor9
22
The proposed structure would ha)e a board at the top which acts to direct
the whole system. 3 number o unctional se?uences would then orm under
the board, with the director
,
o each se?uence being represented on the
board. &ach unctional se?uence represents a technical area. 1or e5ample, the
structure could ha)e unctional se?uences or health, research,
manuacturing, mining, recycling, energy, transportation and space.
&ach se?uence would ha)e a sub4se?uence or each sector, i one e5ists. %o,
or e5ample, the %e?uence o Research would ha)e a number o %ector
%e?uences o Research below it. &ach sector se?uence would then ha)e area
sub4se?uences below it, and the area se?uences would ha)e group sub4
se?uences below it. &ach se?uence at each le)el would ha)e a director. 1or
e5ample, the %e?uences o Research would ha)e a Director o the %e?uence o
Research and the )arious sector research se?uences would ha)e )arious
Directors o %ector %e?uences o Research and so on or areas and groups. :e
can see this as being analogous to a commercial company in present4day
economic systems, where you ha)e a +hie Technology <icer, Director o
Research, with indi)idual proGect directors below them.
This means that an indi)idual would ha)e membership both in a group and a
se?uence and, hopeully, will acti)ely participate in a proGect.
" we thin9 o holons as cells, organs etc. then we can thin9 o the hierarchy
o se?uences as a s9eletal ramewor9 that gi)e the structure to the whole.
5 3 note on terminology: :e use the term 6director6 in this publication as we use the
metaphor o a 6well4run company6 as an e5ample o a technate. 7owe)er, we could use other
terminology such as 6o)erseer6 and ha)e an 6o)ersight committee6 instead o a board o
directors such as using in the 3tlas "nitiati)e.
28
2'
/igure 7ierarchy of se>uences
$oles of Directors
Directors o each se?uence ha)e o)erall responsibility o ensuring that each
holon contributes to the o)erall goal o technocracy. Thus, the directors at
each le)el ha)e to appro)e each proGect, and can cancel a proGect i that
proGect has wandered away rom the goals o the technate. The director can
also cancel a proGect i it is in conlict with another proGectE or e5ample, i
two holons attempted to do the same proGect. 7owe)er, once a proGect has
started, and so long as it remains compatible with the goals o the technate,
the director as no control over te (ro6ect in 9eeping with the autonomous
nature o the holon.
&ach proGect would ha)e a proGect manager. The proGect manager has the
administrati)e responsibility o running the proGect, including the allocation
o resources, time schedule, etc. The manager runs the proGect without any
intererence o the directors as long as the proGect remains within the goals.
1or proGects that in)ol)e cooperation or coordination between a number o
holons, the holon director has the responsibility o ensuring communication
with other holons. 1or e5ample, within an area the 3rea Director must ensure
that all holons ha)e ade?uate communications in order to allow them to
conduct their proGects. Thus, the se?uences act as a communications channel
or each holon.
+oals
(oals become the most import attribute o the abo)e structure. (oals gi)e
direction and purpose to the system as a whole.
The technate has the ollowing top le)el goal:
0e igest standard o" living "or te longest time (ossible "or all uman beings.
To achie)e this goal, se?uences and holons may ha)e other goals, but those
other goals must contribute to the o)erall goal. 1or e5ample, the %e?uence o
Research could ha)e the goal o conducting an energy sur)ey and may run
one or more proGects to achie)e that goal. 7owe)er, the goal o the energy
sur)ey also contributes to the o)erall goal o the technate in that it
determines the 9ind and ?uantity o resources a)ailable and the energy
re?uired to build a sustainable society that has a high standard o li)ing.
80
/orming a 7olon
The holonic structure o a technate has a dynamic nature. "ndi)iduals or
groups o indi)iduals can create new holons as needed and as old holons no
longer ha)e a unction they can disappear. 2asically, holons ha)e a purpose
or e5istence in that they contribute to the o)erall goal o the technate.
7olons can wor9 on one or more proGects as needed. They can ha)e a
geographical location or they can e5ist as )irtual entities on a +omputer
>etwor9.
Creating a New Holon
#. >ew holon is added by the decision o a board o directors at the
appropriate le)el in the holarchy. 2asically, the director has the
responsibility to ensure that the holon has compatible goals and can
communicate with other holons.
'. The new holon needs to describe its goal, areas o interest, and the
decision ma9ing process. The goals but ha)e compatibility with the
o)erall goals o the technate but the members o the holon decided
internal running o the holon.
3. "n case another holon co)ers the stated goals, the holons should
initiate a procedure or merger (or close communication) to a)oid the
double wor9. :e can ha)e more than one holon doing the same tas9.
1or e5ample, both holons may ser)e a deined geographical area.
&)er a director or one o a holon members should register the new holon.
7olons can orm other holons to cooperate on common proGects. The newly
ormed holons then hold a position higher up the holarchy. %hould
Disposing of a holon
3s no one wor9s within a holon the holon eecti)ely disappears rom a
system as people lea)e the holon. 3 director or another appointed person
81
should carry out aecti)ely a garbage collection unction and ensure that any
holon no longer unctions gets deregistered in the system. This should occur
when a holon no longer has the unction but can also occur i the holon or
some reason becomes corrupted.
xample Implementation
One community example
3 single small community has the ollowing tas9 areas:
2uilding
3griculture
&nergy
:aste management
Personal within the community
' electrical engineers (members o the %e?uence o Technology)
3 agriculturalists (members o the %e?uence o agriculture)
# carpenter (member o the %e?uence o 3rchitecture)
Groups within the community
Buildings grou(,
# electrical engineer # carpenter
1gricultural grou( ,
# electrical engineer 3 agriculturalists
Projects
:ithin the 2uildings group the members ha)e two proGects
&nergy A electrical distribution 4 # electrical engineer
This proGect maintains and updates the power generators and electrical
distribution within the buildings
2uilding maintenance 4 # carpenter
This proGect maintains the buildings
8#
:ithin the agricultural group, the agriculturalists ha)e three proGects
1ood production A arming 4 ' agriculturalists
This proGect produces the ood or the community
3lgae proGect 4 # agriculturalist
This research proGect loo9s at growing algae both or ood and energy
&ngineering support 4 electrical engineer
This proGect manages the electrical systems used in agriculture outside the
buildings
Cooperation and communications between the projects
2oth the electrical engineers 9eep each other inormed and cooperate when
they ha)e problems.
The building, ood production and algae proGects also inorm the energy
proGect on their needs and problems.
figure One community example
3 %imple community
The diagram shows groups within a community, each group running its own
proGect. The members o each group also ha)e membership o a se?uence.
2lac9 4 groups
8+
Red 4 proGects
(reen 4 %e?uence o 3griculture
2lue 4 %e?uence o Technology
<range 4 %e?uence o 3rchitecture
The lines represent communication and cooperation.
! *ultiple )ommunity xample
This e5ample presents aspects o inter4community cooperation and the
ormation o =ones. &ach community has the capacity to produce the ood
and energy it re?uires as well as waste management but ma9es additional
gains through cooperating with other communities.
The Communities
)ommunity !
7as e5cess energy production capacity do to its physical location so acts as a
energy arm.
)ommunity ,
7as a good location or growing. "n addition to basic ood stu it also grows
some more lu5ury crops such as strawberries and spices.
)ommunity )
7as ta9en on e5tra manuacturing and produces clothe items or distribution
to all three communities. This re?uires some e5tra energy rom the energy
arm and some raw material (in the orm o cotton) which each community
contributes to.
Zones
"n addition to groups each community also contributes to the ormation o a
=one or clothes production, lu5ury ood production and energy production.
8&
/igure Three communities example
2lac9 4 =one le)el
Purple 4 communities
Red 4 proGects
The lines represent communications and cooperation
Three communities Goin up to orm a =one. &ach community runs its own
proGects internally but they also contribute to proGects between them. The
=one runs proGects to manuacture clothes, grow lu5ury ood and pro)ide
additional energy. +ommunity + produces clothes, which it distributes to all
three communities. +ommunity 3 produces e5tra energy or community + to
use in manuacturing. +ommunity 2 produces spices and strawberries or
consumption in all three communities. "n this way, each community gains
something rom helping the other communities.
! Technate -evel xample
85
This e5ample loo9s at Gust one aspect o the technate le)elE transport
inrastructure.
The lower le)els orm higher le)els in the holonic structure and dierent
parts o the structure can come and go as needed. 7owe)er, the top le)el o
the technate has a permanent status but the lower le)els still dri)e the
proGects. The transport inrastructure orms a set o such proGects.
The groups in the communities dri)e the need or a transport structure to
enable people to mo)e rom place to place. &ach community would ha)e a
group that maintains and manages the local transport hub. 7owe)er,
transport systems need an 3 to 2 and the transport group can manage
transport within a community but to mo)e rom community to community or
urbanate to urbanate a number o transport groups can Goin together to orm
a transport =one. 7owe)er, the system can ha)e other comple5ities such as
deciding the most eicient ways to interconnect each community. 1or that a
we would need a technate le)el holistic o)er )iew.
3t the technate le)el, we can maintain a long distance networ9 that
transports people between maGor hubs in larger groupings o urbanates. :e
can then di)ide the technate into speciic sectors which maintain a transport
networ9 between the maGor hubs o smaller urbanate groupings within each
sector. %ectors can then ha)e area networ9s with their own =one networ9s.
1or e5ample, the technate could plan and maintain hi4speed monorail
networ9s or the maGor routes between, say western &urope and eastern
&urope. :ithin those sectors, more hi4speed mono rails could lin9 smaller
groupings o urbanates. 2etween maGor urbanate groupings we could ha)e an
area le)el autonomous transport systems that transports people rom maGor
urbanate groupings to smaller urbanate groupings. 3t the =one le)el we could
ind proGects that maintain the lin9 rom one urbanate to another and within
each urbanate we could ha)e a group le)el proGect that plans and maintains
cycle trac9s.
8/
/igure ! rail networ2 example#
3n &5ample Transport >etwor9
blac9 4 main transport branches maintained and planed at the
technate le)el
blue 4 sector le)el transport networ9
orange 4 area le)el networ9
[ones (not shown) would manage each indi)idual trac9 between two
urbanates and groups (not shown), the transport structure within an
urbanate.
82
/igure OS)ar forms a possible example of a 5one level autonomous transport system#
http:AAwww.weworldtech.com
88
/igure 7i-speed monorails form an example of a possible technate and sector level transport
system#
%ource: http:AAwww.transuture.netA
! Technate -evel "etwor2 xample
>ot all proGects need to ha)e a physical attribute. People can wor9 on some
proGects regardless o their geographical location. %otware proGects such as
games or operating systems orm such an e5ample. 1or such proGects we may
see technate le)el proGects orming as needed when people come together
o)er a computer networ9 and wor9 on a proGect with no lower le)el holons
such as sectors or groups.
3 computer game orms an e5ample o a proGect that could lie on the
technate le)el. People can wor9 on the proGect rom any location.
8'
3lternati)ely, we could also see groups, =ones, areas and sectors orming
e)en i the proGect doesnDt ha)e a geographical nature. 1or e5ample, i we
wrote an operating system such as -inu5 we could ha)e the operating system
proGect as a whole located at the technate le)el. 7owe)er, we could see
6group6 le)el proGects orming such as a group that wor9s on networ9 dri)es.
They could team up with other group that handle, say, screen dri)ers or
display dri)ers, to orm an =one that dealt with dri)er proGects as a whole.
<ther groups may orm to handle user interaces or application sotware as
needed.
! Se>uence xample
This e5ample loo9s at a =one le)el se?uence.
3 number o communities ha)e come together to orm a =one to manage a set
o common proGects. They ha)e elected a board o directors or the =one or a
i)e year term. The board has three members:
&lectrical &ngineer 4 Director o the [one %e?uence o Technology
3griculturalist 4 Director o the [one %e?uence o 3griculture
3rchitect 4 Director o the [one %e?uence o 3rchitecture.
The board then elected the 3griculturalist as [one Director.
The directors ha)e decided to implement a orum, archi)e and wi9i or each
proGect within their =one on their local ser)ers. The orum enables members
wor9ing on =one le)el proGects to send open messages to other members and
the wi9i enables them to wor9 on common documents. The archi)e orms the
location or all oicial and appro)ed documents.
"n addition, the directors send out a newsletter to 9eep each =one member
and members o the underlying group inormed o what each proGect
currently wor9s on.
The orum, archi)e and wi9i remains open or all members o the =one and
groups as well as any other member o the technate, to re)iew the proGects
within the =one. The orum has a open section or people not in the =one to
comment on proGects within their area o e5pertise. %o, or e5ample, other
architects can comment on the =oneDs architecture proGects.
:hen members o the =one or groups start a new =one le)el proGect they post
it on the wi9i. The directors re)iew the proGect but ha)e no say on how it
'0
runs. 7owe)er, i they notice that the proGect does not contribute to the goal
o the technate, i, or e5ample, it duplicates unnecessary wor9 conducted
elsewhere, the directors can stop the proGect.
$eferences
7olon (philosophy) htt!C??www.!anarchy.org?-oest"er?ho"on.1'/'.htm". @isited
'$##4$!4'0
@"%3 (credit card)
http:AAwww.entrepreneur.comAtradeGournalsAarticleA#!,3,0,!3.html.
@isited '$##4$!4'0
Distributed computing
http:AAwww.britannica.comA&2chec9edAtopicA#3$!.,Acomputer4
scienceA#!//*0ADistributed4computing. @isited '$##4$!4'0
&mergence http:AAwww.britannica.comA&2chec9edAtopicA#/,.3#Aemergence
3gent 2ased ;anuacturing: 3d)ances in the 7olonic 3pproach. % ; Deen
(&d). "%2> 3,*$**$!0$
2eyond 2usiness Process Reengineering: Towards the 7olonic &nterprise.
Patric9 ;c7ugh. "%2> $*.#0,$/.*
&mergence: The +onnected -i)es o 3nts, 2rains, +ities and %otware. %te)en
Hohnson. "%2> $#*$'/..,'
&mergence: 1rom +haos to <rder. Hohn 7. 7olland. "%2> $#0'/!'###
The &mergence o &)erything: 7ow the :orld 2ecame +omple5. 7arold H.
;orowit=. "%2> $#0,#3,#3T
3n "ntroduction to ;ulti4agent %ystems. ;ichael H. :ooldridge. "%2>
$*.#*0!0#T
;ulti4agent %ystems: "ntroduction to Distributed 3rtiicial "ntelligence.
Hac?ues 1erber. "%2> $'$#3!$*/0
The (oal. &liyahu ;. (oldratt and He +o5. >orth Ri)er Press. #0/*.
'1
User $ights vs Ownership
<wnership as a concept within a technate has limited use. 3s all the land,
production acilities etc. all come within the domain o e5pert management it
becomes irrele)ant who owns what as the 6owner6, i we ha)e any, has no say
on how a actory runs or what crops grow in a gi)en iled as the holons will
decide that. "nstead o ownership the design calls or usership rights where
an indi)idual has the right to use anything within the domain o the technate
such as the transport system, or production acilities so long as each
indi)idual uses the acilities as intended through design and responsibly.
4hat constitutes ownership8
<wnershipB#C is by its )ery nature e5clusi)e. "t means that you, granted by
society or by your own strength (gi)en i you li)e in an area plagued by social
chaos) holds a physical obGect, a bit o land or a pri)ilege, and that you ha)e
the right to interere and punish people who also are trying to use that
property.
%ome things are naturally e5clusi)e, as the ood you ha)e been eaten or the
(particular) energy you ha)e used in operations o electronic e?uipment.
%ome things could be made e3clusive through laws or the use o orce, li9e most
o the things you are owning 4 these things are thus e3clusable. %ome things
are naturally ine5clusi)e, li9e air or a stream o resh water.
"n most o &urope, the usual way to organise the administration o property
or land, is to deal it out in the orms o ownerships, which are sellable (and
then o course buyable), rentable and possibly to use as a security or debt. 2y
deinition, we could then say that &urope today wor9s by allocating out
ownerships and reairming them through legal and physical means (police,
courts).
The ownership grants are )ery dierent in si=e and orms, and the rules tend
to )ary between &uropean countries, but yet, the general tendency is clear.
:e are supposed to operate the machinery, the water and the li)ing we ha)e
through ownership.
'#
4hat constitutes usership8
Usership, in contrast, means that you ha)e the e5clusi)e right to use
something without hindering anyone else rom using it as well. <ne e5ample
o a usership is collecti)e tra)el. 3nother one is public par9s. "n %weden, we
ha)e a rule which is called 6The Right to Roam6B'C (3llemansr\tten) which
allows you to enGoy nature and camp almost e)erywhere you want on the
countryside.
Under such a system, you still ha)e responsibilities to not or e5ample
)andalise or Gun9 down the ser)ice you are utilising.
Thus, we see that usership is actually not something new but something
which e5ists under the current system as well, and which thri)es (public
tra)el is increasingly getting popular due to the more en)ironmentally aware
urban citi=enry).
>ot only society is using usership as a mode or operating tra)el and
recreation, but smaller groups within society is doing that as well, li9e or
e5ample sport clubs, youth hostels and public educational acilities.
< course, there is a gray =one between usership and ownership. %port clubs
do not or e5ample allow people who are not members o the group use their
e?uipment. "t is thereore sane to spea9 about a grade4scale characterised by
e5clusi)ity. :e are not implying that e5clusi)ity is inherently bad either,
e)en though it could be used to discriminate against people (the
discrimination is inherently unacceptable i based on actors which the
person hersel could not aect, li9e ethnic origin, income or gender).
Usership and ownership in a technate
:e oten orget that the basis o the technate is personal ownership o one
e5tremely important thing.
>amely the energy credits.
'+
The energy ?uota which a person possesses in a technate, is the sole,
e5clusi)e pri)ilege or the beneactor o that ser)ice. &)en though Iarl and
Hasmine are recei)ing access to an e?ual share o the production capacity o
the technate, they could not e5change their credits, or trade parts o their
energy ?uotas with each4other, since the energy credits are designed to
allocate energy credits into machinery operated by the technate.
The ownership o your energy ?uota, mar9s your right to access the
production capacity o a technate.
Thorough the rest o the technate, all the land and all the production
acilities, are open to your right o usership. Oou ha)e the right to use electric
machinery, and ha)e such installed at your house and apartment. Oou ha)e
the right to the semi4e5clusi)e usership o such machinery during the time
when you are using it. " you or e5ample wants to use a pri)ate )ehicle to
tra)el rom one urbanate to another, you plug in your energy credits. 3
screen will appear where you will get the option o how long time you want
to use the )ehicle, rom maybe a ew hours to some months or e)en or the
duration o the consumption cycle.
Thus, the technate is characterised by an absolute personal ownership to a
share o the resources, while the resources themsel)es by deinition are
usership allotments. Oou cannot own a particular actory or a particular
mean o production, but you ha)e the right to use your energy ?uota to
allocate their usage upon you.
xamples
xample % - .roduction facilities
"ndi)iduals use production acilities through the allocation o energy credits.
&ach indi)idual can then allocate 5 amount o energy credits to the
production o a gi)en item.
xample 0 - 7ousing
'&
"ndi)iduals o groups o amilies can ha)e usership to house to li)e in. They
recei)e the rights and can use the house as their home or as long as they
wish. "n this case the house has a sign use attribute so that i one amily uses
a house or their home others cannot unless the irst amily allows them
access. The technate ta9es responsibility or managing the house and
installed acilities unless the house users wish to ta9e on that responsibility
themsel)es. Thus, users can modiy their house as they wish.
<ther types o housing can also e5ist in diering communities such as shared
housing where all the occupants share a common building and common
acilities.
xample 1 - Transport
The technate will operate a common transport inrastructure such as mono4
trains. 3ll citi=ens ha)e the right to ma9e use o the ser)ice pro)ided. The
technate can also ma9e personal transport )ehicles a)ailable as needed as
well. The )ehicle will arri)e when ordered and the user can use the )ehicle
or their tra)els. :hen they ha)e inished, the )ehicle returns to a common
pool.
'5
*otivation
!bstract
;oti)ation plays an important part in a society that operates without money.
This chapter loo9s at moti)ation and what moti)ates people. "t then loo9s at
money as a moti)ator and considers that money in itsel does not act as a
signiicant moti)ator but does represent a number o moti)ations. The
chapter then loo9s at moti)ators in the wor9 place and considers that a
number o moti)ators that eect people personally act as better moti)ators
than money. The chapter then concludes with this point in mind, the design
calls or the need or the careul design o wor9 places to moti)ate people.
Introduction
The design calls or the minimisation o wor9 thorough automation and
intelligent management o resources. 7owe)er, the technate will still need
wor9 done. The system o management that &<% proposes does not use
money as a means o e5change or resources allocation. This leads to a system
where people can place demands or goods though the allocation o energy
credits, which represent the systemDs capacity to produce. %o long as a person
orms part o society they will ha)e an e?ual share o the productions
capacity o society. :e can thereore, see this as a system where people wor9
or ree and obtain goods or ree as they recei)e no monetary compensation
or wor9ing. This brings up the ?uestionE why wor9 in a Technate when you
can obtain what you want or ree8 This chapter loo9s at moti)ation to
answer that ?uestion.
*otivation
The word KmotivationL and the word KemotionL both ha)e a common root in
the -atin word KmoveraL, meaning Kto mo)eL and shows that moti)ation and
emotion ha)e a close lin9 BPasser, (rossC. :hat tends to moti)ate us tends to
ha)e a personal, emotional aspect or us. This means that ma*ing it (ersonal
becomes a 9ey element in moti)ating people.
:e can di)ide moti)ation into a number o dierent types.
Push moti)ators. %uch as hunger or the need to 9eep warm
and dry. These moti)ators dri)e people to action to maintain
homoeostasis.
'/
Pull moti)ators. %uch as incenti)es. These moti)ators result
rom e5ternal stimulus to achie)e action such as rewards.
%ensation see9ing. These moti)ators wor9 on see9ing out
no)elty.
%ocial moti)es. The desire to belong to a group and peer
pressure orm e5ample o this type o moti)ator.
3chie)ements. These types o moti)ators result rom the
desire to win or the ear o losing.
:ithin these dierent areas o moti)ation come a number o o)er lapping
concepts such as status or goals. %tatus could result rom our need to belong
to group and our need to achie)e as well as rom pull moti)ators. (oals orm
a central concept or all orms o moti)ators as all moti)ators cause us to act
to achie)e a goal.
*oney as a motivator
<rganisational psychologists ha)e conducted )arious dierent studies o
wor9 and why people wor9 B2assC and conclude that although money plays an
important part in moti)ating people to wor9 it does not orm the sole
contribution to wor9 moti)ation. "n the past, people considered money as a
strong moti)ator. "n a price system culture, people assume that the desire to
earn money orms the main moti)ator. 7owe)er, some studies show the
perception o a air pay has higher )alue than the actual amount o money
paid and money as a moti)ator does not hold such a high position as initially
thought. 3lthough money does moti)e, other beneits such as health care or
e5tra holidays ha)e a higher ran9ing among many wor9ers than e5tra pay.
<ther actors or moti)ation were the inluence o groups and the
indi)idualNs culture. +ulture aspects o moti)ation result in attitudes such as
the protestant wor9 ethic. 7owe)er, this only appears as the case in
wealthier nationsE in poorer countries, pay orms a )ery important moti)ator.
7owe)er, this may result rom the low pay conditions that many people
e5perience in poorer counties so that money has a high moti)ating actor as
it can ma9e the dierence between ha)ing enough to eat or not.
Oet urther in)estigation o money as a moti)ator shows that the actual
money does not moti)ate people. People do not Gust earn money and then sit
on it. They use the money or something, such as buying a house or ood or
'2
sa)ing or a rainy day. Thus, money stands in or or represents a number o
moti)ators and the power o money to moti)ate comes rom the act that
people can e5change it or other items that do moti)ate them.
*otivation in the wor2 place
%ome o the strongest moti)ators in the wor9 place en)ironment include the
opportunity or personal accomplishment (mastery), growth (challenges),
social relationships, purpose as well as cultural actors. Programmes aimed at
impro)ing wor9 moti)ation ha)e ta9en a number o orms. %ome ha)e
concentrated on enriching the wor9 en)ironment though pro)iding
opportunities or personal growth and to de)elop dierent s9ills. %ome
schemes ha)e concentrated on rewards such as e5tra time o or increased
pay or desired beha)iour. %etting obGecti)es and goals has wor9ed as a
strong moti)ation techni?ue. &ach o these techni?ues adds something
personal to each indi)idual. 7owe)er, some techni?ues wor9 well with some
people but not with other as dierent people ha)e dierent moti)ating
actors B:arrC. 1or e5amples, sale people oten ha)e social moti)ators
whereas engineers ind technical challenges moti)ating.
Summary
;oti)ation ta9es on a number o ormsE rom push moti)ators to the need or
achie)ement. ;oti)ation has a close lin9 to emotions. ;oney, howe)er, does
not orm a strong moti)ator in many countries but it can stand in or a
number o other moti)ators such as holidays or buying a new house.
The *otivation Design
3s a Technate will operate without money, the e5perts in )arious positions
will need to gi)e more thought to moti)ation. 3s money stands in or a
number o moti)ators we will need a mechanism to replace the moti)ational
aspects o money. This will mean greater emphasis on designing wor9 and
wor9 places to moti)ate people and to it people to wor9 that they wish to do.
3utomation will help to some degree through remo)ing less desirable
occupations but we will still need to gi)e consideration to how we design
wor9. Research has shown a number o techni?ues that ha)e some degree o
success. 7owe)er, not all methods wor9 or e)eryone all the time. Thereore,
wor9 place design may need a number o complimentary moti)ational
techni?ues. Thereore, design calls or ma9ing wor9 personally interesting
and stimulating or each indi)idualE designing wor9 around people,
'8
presenting them with challenges, opportunities or personal growth and
mastery. :or9 should ha)e the characteristic that people !ant to do the Gob
rather than orcing people to wor9.
xamples
$obber;s )ave
;u=aer %heri and +arolyn %heri conducted the RobberDs +a)e e5periment
in #0,* B(rossC. The e5periment loo9ed at conlict and riction with groups
and showed how setting the en)ironment and tas9s or each group changed
each groupDs moti)ation and altered the groupsD interaction.
+oal Setting
"n their wor9, -oc9e et al.B-oc9eC showed how goal setting can achie)e higher
perormance through directing attention and eort. (oal can present people
a clear challenge and opportunity to master something.
*otivation in the Technate
People ha)e dierent interests and abilities. " we had a person who li9es
gardening or e5ample, we would allocate gardening as a tas9 or that person.
They can remain in the position so long as it 9eeps their interest. That way a
person gets to do something they li9e while ma9ing a contribution to the
local group.
$eferences
B2assC K;an, :or9 and <rgani=ations: 3n "ntroduction to "ndustrial
<rgani=ational PsychologyL. 2ernard ;. 2ass and (erard @. 2arrett. 3llyn
and 2acon, "nc. #0.'.
B(rossC KPsychology. The %cience o ;ind and 2eha)iourL. Richard D. (ross.
7odder and %toughton. '
nd
&d. #00'. "%2>: $43*$4,!#3!45
''
BPasserC. KPsychology. 1rontiers and 3pplicationsL. ;ichael :. Passer and
Ronald &. %mith. ;c(raw 7ill. '$$# "%2>: $4$.43!,.0,4!
B:arrC KPsychology at :or9L, &d. Peter 2. :arr. "%2> $4#*4$/4$'/*343
B-o9eC 6(oal %etting and Tas9 PerormanceE #0!04#0/$. 6 &dwin 3. -oc9e,
Iaryll >. %haw, -ise ;. %aari and (ary P. -atham. &sycological Bulletin
(.merican sycho"ogica" .ssociation) ?& (#): #',J#,'. #0/#.
100
7ousing
Introduction
The design proposes replacing modern cities with an alternati)e called an
urbanate. The Design does not layout a speciic plan or an urbanate, but does
layout some general re?uirements A characteristics. 3 urbanate should house
a population o about #$ $$$. 3n autonomous community o about '$$ orms
the oundation building bloc9 or a urbanate, ollowing the holonic concept.
/igure ! networ2 of urbanates
101
&ach community runs itsel with its own elected orm o go)ernment. &ach
community can then lin9 up with the other communities in the urbanate to
orm a legislati)e council or the whole urbanate. 3s the Design allows or
each community and urbanate to ha)e sel4go)ernance the design allows or
a great deal o di)ersity between communities and urbanates, allowing
urbanates to ta9e on their own character and support dier cultures (within
certain limits). 3s such, urbanates with similarities can Goin together to orm
a networ9 o urbanates with their own legislati)e council. The networ9
doesnDt ha)e any limits as to geography so li9e mined urbanates rom
dierent areas can lin9 together as they wish.
Overall Design !spects for an Urbanate
The design or housing within a technate does not gi)e a i5ed plan or a
speciic ormation o housing or a speciic city design but does ha)e se)eral
o)erall design speciications.
2est Practice
;odularisation
;ultiple Use
%ustainable
+ircular 2ased
Poly4culture
%ocial &ngineering through &n)ironment Design
@ertical (see K+ity PlanningL on page #$0)
-ocal +haracteristics and 3daptation
,est .ractice
The design calls or a sustainable system thus 6best practice6 means
designing or sustainability including minimising energy usage, designing or
recycling and using nature to aid.
*odularisation
2uilding should ha)e a modular 6-ego6 nature (li9e modern Personal
+omputers) to minimise wastage, energy and material cost and to ma9e it
10#
easier to construct and repair and replace parts as need (or up grading or
e5ample).
*ultiple Use
3s much as possible we should aim to build public building so they can ha)e
multiple unctions. 3 hall, or e5ample, can unction as a meeting place or a
conerence and then a theatre at night. The idea o multiple use ollows rom
ma5imising the load actorE we aim to maintain /$M load or the technate so
all system and buildings should ind constant use or /$M o their capacity.
%o, buildings could achie)e that through ha)ing multiple unctions.
&)en personal
homes could ha)e
multiple use. 1or
e5ample, a home
can also unction as
an oice.
Sustainable
%ustainability
orms a central
element to the
design so homes
should use the best
practices or
sustainability
including materials
used construction
/igure ! geodesic dome
method. &ach community within an urbanate would ha)e systems to manage
its own waste, energy production and ood production (in cooperation with
the other communities).
10+
)ircular @ Triangular ,ased
+ircle based structures such as domes ha)e surace minimum area or
ma5imum )olume compared to other shapes such as oblongs. Thus, we
e5pect domes and cylinder based buildings to orm a characteristic o a
uture sustainable society. " we construct buildings close pro5imity to one
another, the circular based shapes would change to he5agon based shapes.
/igure Inside a geodesic dome <photoA Steve2eiretsu=
"n some situations triangular based structures such as pyramids may rom
the optimal structure or a building.
&ecti)ely, whether circle based or triangular based the buildings could orm
a greenhouse which would allow plants to grow inside as well as containing
housing.
10&
.oly-culture
This reers to a mi5ture o buildings and greenery with some open spaces
rather than a sterile cityscape. human beings e)ol)ed in a mi5ed wood A
grassland en)ironment that also had some water eatures. :e should aim to
construct en)ironments that ha)e a desirable nature or people and ta9e into
consideration that people ha)e to li)e in them. Thus, a mi5ture o greenery,
water eatures, pri)ate and public space would become essential ingredients
in the design.
Social ngineering Through nvironment Design
This includes designing or natural sur)eillance in an urbanate (such as
ha)ing windows o)erloo9ing common area, mi5ed use areas and using
lighting well), natural access control (such as one clear entrance to an area),
pro)iding trees and ha)ing well deined pri)ate and public area with high use
o common areas B>ewmanC. The end idea has to do with designing
en)ironment so as to encourage certain beha)iours and discourage others
rather than trying to orce people to beha)e in certain ways or ha)ing to
e)o9e laws to control peopleDs beha)iour.
:ertical
/igure :ertical farms
105
:e propose, in general,
building urbanates
)ertical rather than
hori=ontal. Urbanates
would then orma
layer structure within
which we build
housing, wor9,
transport and
recreation acilities.
@ertical construction
aims to minimise land
usage and our
figure a vertical urbanate
oot print on the &arth, which minimising our impact on the eco4system.
7owe)er, )ertical construction might ha)e some problems as out lined in +ity
Planning on page #$0, which we will need to ta9e into consideration and
design or.
-ocal )haracteristics and !daptation
:e e5pect each community and urbanate to ha)e its own characteristic traits
resulting rom the autonomous nature and sel4management o each
community as well as its geographic location. Thus, we e5pect local
adaptation to an urbanate design, rather than ha)ing 6one si=e its all6. 1or
e5ample, urbanates in cold climates might ha)e a more enclosed nature
whereas urbanates in warmer, dryer, climates might ha)e a more open
nature.
xamples
This section presents some e5amples o some ideas that demonstrate some o
the principles or guide lines or an urbanate
10/
co-Units
The %wedish systems ecologist, 1ol9e (]nther irst proposed this community
design that emulate ecology B&coUnitC. 3n eco4unit occupies an area o about
,$ ha and has #,$4'$$ inhabitants. "t produces its own ood and uses natural
systems to process waste material such as a grey water system that ilters the
water through a networ9 o ponds and plants. The eco4unit then recycles
nutrients within the system and produces all its own ood locally. The eco4
unit also maintains its own energy supply.
This could then orm the oundational building bloc9 or an urbanate,
perhaps through layering rather than building out wards.
S2y )ity %&&&
The Ta9ena9a +orporation in Hapan originally proposed %9y +ity #$$$ or
To9yo. 3 number o 6bowls6 called 6%pace Plateaus6 in layers would orm a
tower # 9m high. &ach space plateau would house housing, wor9space and
recreational acilities in a mi5ed en)ironment o building and green par9
space.
%9y city orms an e5ample o a mi5ed used en)ironment in a )ertical
construct.
.yramid )ity
Pyramid +ity orms another e5ample o a )ertical, multi4purpose, city
building. 3lso designed or To9yo, Pyramid +ity has inbuilt transport
acilities with housing, wor9 and recreational areas in i)e layers.
/igure !rcosanti <photoA )hris Ohlinger=
102
!rcosanti
2uilt in the desert in the U% (and still under construction), 3rcosanti
represents another combination o architecture and ecology (archology).
2uilt to minimise resource usage and gi)e people access to nature the city
orms an e5ample o possibilities or an urbanate.
$eference
B&coUnitC 6The &co4unit concept6. http:AAstallom4
buti9en.seAdocsAdescriptionecounits2.pd. @isited '$##4$!4'0
B>ewmanC 6+reating Deensible %pace6. <scar >ewman. "nstitute or
+ommunity Design 3nalysis.
108
)ity .lanning
There are some general issues with current city planning that will ha)e to be
ta9en care o in a uture technate. These issues include changes in
hydrological regimes, i.e. increased runo, decreased iniltration and
e)apotranspiration. 3s well as impacting nature greatly, by e5panding
urther and urther into natural en)ironments. ;odularity is also an issue
with current city planning.
The city should be a uture sustainable li)ing en)ironment with minimum
impact on natural systems. This chapter ocuses on land based urbanates.
Introduction
+ities today e5pand as new buildings are needed. This poses some issuesE (#)
cities are constantly e5panding outward, (') >ew roads ha)e to be
constructed and updated at regular inter)als, and last but not least, (3) cities
and towns are )ery rarely designed as eecti)ely as they could be.
Road and building construction greatly aect hydrological regimes, which
generally causes decreased groundwater low, and has the potential to
damage structures, due to subsidence (-undmar9 '$$#E %trahler S %trahler
'$$,). This also causes increased runo which increases the ris9 o loods (-i
'$$!) and damage ollowing.
Designing the system so that the entire population o an area are )oluntarily
mo)ing to a big city or urbanate would be the most sustainable long term
alternati)e to our current system. <ne o the greatest problems that arise
when planning something li9e this is the general lac9 o )iable ways to grow
crops and arm animals (when it comes to arming animals, one could argue
that this is not sustainable in itsel, howe)er, this would be the subGect o
another article). "Dll be discussing ways o sol)ing this issue below.
,uilding a Safe /uture Urbanate
ThereNs a lot o bu== in the technocratic world about s9y city (which comes in
a )ariety o shapes and si=es, see 1igure #, or an e5ample), )ertical
greenhouses and the li9e. " agree that the )ertical approach is one o the
10'
most sustainable and eicient designs, but as with e)erything else it comes
with its issues.
/igure $ough s2etch of a popular s2y city design
-ight4grey areas show le)els o the city, while dar9er grey areas ma9e up the support
structure, and pro)ides transportation between the dierent le)els.
ffects on hydrological regimes and what must be 2ept in mind
" canNt stress enough the importance o careully studying the impact on
hydrological systems beore e)en considering construction o any 9ind in any
area, this especially applies when constructing something as )ital as an entire
)ertical city.
110
Today, construction companies and go)erning agencies ha)e a tendency to
disregard warnings and recommendations issued by geologists with a general
KletNs ta9e it as it comesL attitude (The 7allands^s Ridge Tunnel ProGect in
%weden being a prime e5ample). This may or may not be the case in a
possible technocratic uture, go)erned by science, but it is an issue that in
either case must not be ignored.
3s beore mentioned, hardened suraces, such as roads and buildings ha)e an
eect on ground water low, which may cause subsidence and thus potential
damage to structures (-undmar9 '$$#E %trahler S %trahler '$$,). Pumping o
waters (drin9ing water or e5ample), can ha)e the same eect, with se)erely
lowered ground water le)els locali=ed around the well ((rip S Rodhe '$$3E
%trahler S %trahler '$$,). This something that must always be 9ept in mind
when designing a sustainable and sae urbanate.
.recipitation and S2y )ity, a .otentially 7a5ardous )ombination#
3s beore mentioned, hardened suraces causes an increase in runo (-i
'$$!). "n current cities this can cause loods o dierent magnitude (-i '$$!).
This may well be a problem in s9y city, howe)er )ertical construction o cities
pose e)en greater problems with precipitation.
The )ertical nature o a s9y city means that water low rom rain will be
concentrated outward, toward the edges o the city, causing increased
erosion o the soil surrounding it, which may well pro)e dangerous to city
integrity. "Dll present possible solutions to this issue below, all based on
drainage systems:
#. Drain the water rom each le)el out rom the city, into a stream. This
howe)er means that in periods with high precipitation, water low in
this stream may greatly increase and aect nutrient retention and
sediment transportation. :hich could ha)e a negati)e impact on
biological systems both in the stream itsel and to land based
ecosystems close to the stream. 3lso, unwanted harmul or e)en
dangerous chemicals could ollow the water into the stream.
'. Drain the water out into the surrounding area, spreading the drained
water out o)er a larger area. This may howe)er (in large lows) cause
erosion o the ground, which could drain sediment and humus rom
ground based ecosystems into nearby streams. This is an issue e)en
today, when looding occurs in managed orests (-i '$$!).
111
3. Drain the water into the groundwater, or later use as drin9ing water.
*. %tore the rainwater in tan9s or later use in irrigation systems, or as
drin9ing water.
,. 3ttempt to mimic natural processes ollowing precipitation. 2y
allowing some o the water to iniltrate into the ground, some runo
and some e)aporation ((rip S Rodhe '$$3).
>umber * is probably the most logical choice, as it would minimi=e the wor9
needed to pro)ide water or crops in some areas. 7owe)er, at )ery high
downalls it may not be possible to store all o the water, not unli9e in
regulated streams today (Utredningen om damms\9erhet och hZga lZden
#00,), which may pose a problem.
!lternative urbanate design#
:ith my pre)ious points in mind, perhaps a )ertical city is not the best
option a)ailable at all times. "n the 1igure L3lternati)e urbanate designL, "
illustrate a possible alternati)e to the )ertical approach.

11#
/igure !lternative urbanate design
(#) depicts a central area where production is done and transportation i s rerouted. "t is surrounded (') by smaller
li)ing areas. -ines connecting (#) and (') describe transportation routes. The grey area in the )oid between areas
represent managed orest or crops

The strength o this approach is that transportation o crops is minimi=ed. "t
also allows or orest management in an area that should be suicient to
sustain the entire urbanate (and then some) and also allows or semi4natural
en)ironments that inhabitants can )isit recreationally. Transportation within
this urbanate is o course done )ia rail. Ieep in mind that this approach
11+
re?uires a substantially smaller global population that we currently ha)e,
howe)er, population management is not the subGect o this article.
This design also spreads out the eects on groundwater low o)er a greater
area (and the surrounding orested area allows or iniltration), which should
dampen its negati)e eects.
*odularity in the Urbanate
3n issue with current building and technologies in general, is that structures
ha)e a hard time 9eeping up with ad)ancing technology and new
en)ironmental strategies. " a building is deemed too old (or damaged) or use
its generally cheaper to rebuild the entire building rom scratch. :hile this
may be a inancially sound strategy, it has no place in an en)ironmentally
riendly society.
1uture structures should be constructed with modularity in mind, some
e5amples:
&asy access to wiring to allow or simple upgrades and i5es. This
should also allow wor9ers to easily add new cables, to, or e5ample, tie
the entire building into a networ9 and easily e5pand the networ9 into
new building compartments.
3 K-ego4designL that allows parts o the building to be detached and
repairedAreplaced, without aecting unctional parts.
;o)able buildings, in order to ma5imi=e the eiciency o the city
design, buildings should ha)e the ability to be easily mo)ed rom one
position to another.
+lobal transport networ2s
Roads connecting cities and other areas ha)e an ad)erse eect on natural
en)ironments, since they cause ragmentation o habitats, which can ha)e a
negati)e eect on species di)ersity(2erglund'$$*E (roene)eld et al. '$$0E
2egon et al. '$$!E +ampbellet al. '$$0).
%ince " e5pect cars will ha)e lost their useulness in a uture technate
(perhaps with the e5ception o some remaining terrain4)ehicles used or
scientiic research), an inter4continental rail4way seems li9e it may be the
most promising way or indi)iduals to tra)el between dierent areas.
11&
" would suggest that the railway is raised o the ground, to allow animals to
pass under the rails, this to a)oid ragmentation, and to ma9e tra)el less
dangerous.
)onclusion
Properly designing uture cities will be an important tas9 or uture
engineers. :ith this article " hope to ha)e made clear that no single design is
optimal or e)ery single area. :hen selecting an approach the ollowing
points should be careully considered (in no particular order):
+limate.
Population si=e.
(eological aspects.
%ustainability.
The strength o technocrats is that we base our decisions on 9nowledge and
logic. " hope to ha)e made an impact on the readers o this article and that "
in some way aected the way buildings and cities are constructed in uture
urbanates.
$eferences
2egon;., Townsend +.R., 7arper H.-. '$$!. &cologyJ 1rom "ndi)iduals to&cosystems. Utopia
Press Pte-td. %ingapore.
2erglund7. '$$*. 2iodi)ersity in ragmented borealorests. Ialtes (rais9a32. %unds)all,
%)erige. PhDThesis.
+ampbell>.3., Reece H.2., Urry -.3., +ain ;.-.,:asserman %.3., ;inors9yP.@., Hac9son R.2.
'$$0.2iology ("nternational &ighth &dition).Pearson2enGamin +ummings. %an 1rancisco. U%3.
(rip7. S Rodhe 3. '$$3. @attnets @\g J 1r^n regntill b\c9.+arlshamn Tryc9 S ;edia.
Iarlshamn.%weden.
(roene)eld,H, 3l)es, -.1., 2ernacci, -.+., +atharino,&.-.;, Inogge, +,;et=ger, H.P., P]t=, %,
7uth, 3.'$$0. The impact o ragmentationand densityregulation on orest succession in the
3tlantic rainorest. Ecological modeling ''$: '*,$4'*,0.
-i;. '$$!. _)ers)\mningar, Positi)a och negati)aee9ter, samtm\nnis9ans roll. ::1.
-undmar93. '$$#.3nalys a) grund)attenni)^er )idundermar9sbyggande iurban milGZ.
IT7.%toc9olm. %weden. &5amensarbetsserie '$$#:3'
Utredningenom damms\9erhet och hZga lZden.#00,. `l)s\9erhet: bet\n9ande.%toc9holm
1rit=e.%toc9holm. %weden.
115
%trahler3 S %trahler 3. '$$,. Physical (eography J%cience and systemso the human
en)ironment.@on 7omann Press "nc. Heerson +ity.U%3.

11/
Technology
The Design calls or a hi4tech sustainable society. This chapter loo9s at some
o the technology we would need to meet the o)erall goal.
Transport
:e might still see the personal car in our uture but we en)ision a society
where we do not need such )ehicles. Urbanates would ha)e transport
structures integrated, negating the need or personal transport )ehicles. :e
also see the use o monorails, which can oer high speed transportation rom
urbanate to urbanate replacing air tra)el.
112
/igure ! monorail system would allow us to replace roads giving the land bac2 to nature
<sourceA httpA@@www#transfuture#net@=
nergy
The Design calls or a two pronged approach to energyE sustainable
production and reduction.
&nergy production would centre around sustainable technologies such as
wind, solar, bio4 and geothermal. This would ta9e on local adaptations with
perhaps a solar dominating latitudes close to the e?uator and wind becoming
more dominant as we head towards the poles. :e ha)e the technology
capability o producing all our energy needs rom sustainable sources
BHacDelC.
118
:e also aim to reduce our energy consumption to minimise the amount o
energy that we need. :e can achie)e this partly through design or
eiciency but also through the reducing the need or energy such as reducing
production through elongating items lie e5pectancy and reducing the need
or people to tra)el.
!griculture and /ood .roduction
"n 9eeping with the )ertical idea we en)ision more local )ertical arming as
part o an urbanate so the communities would grow their own ood within
the urbanate. This localisation would cut down the need to transport goods
rom distant places.
/igure :ertical farming
Photo: +Gacobs!'. at en.wi9ipedia
7ydroponics orms one way or us to grow ood in )ertical arms as well as in
underground arms. The stac9ing o crops allows us to produce more ood in
a gi)en area when compared to traditional arming with less pests or need o
pesticide. :e can also grow crops in climates we not normally ha)e the
ability to which means less need to transport ood around the world. %uch
arms also lends themsel)es to automation so we can reduce the human
labour needed to maintain such arms.
11'
/igure 7ydroponics
.hotoA "!S!#
!utomation
3utomation orms a 9ey part o our )ision or the uture. 1actory robots can
build much o what we need and transport robots such as 3(@s (3utomated
(uided @ehicles) can mo)e items where we need themE anywhere world
around any time. 3utomation means we can reduce the amount o wor9
people do and thus gi)e more people more time to be human.
The term automation reers to the process o using cybernetic systems, such as
control systems, 3rtiicial "ntelligence (3") and "normation Technology, to
reduce the need o human labour and to aid decision ma9ing. The Design or
a uture sustainable society calls or the use o automation both to reduce
human labour through remo)ing the dull and uninteresting physical wor9
needed and reduce the dependants on human labour. The remaining tas9s
needed within in a technate will then ha)e a more interesting and
challenging nature.
1#0
+urrent technology can already meant much o the re?uirement so it comes
down to application although we might need some de)elopment wor9 to
reach ull automation.
The design speciication, thereore calls or the increased use o automation
to replace human labour as much as possible.
3utomation can all into two groups:
%tatic systems
;obile systems
Static Systems
This includes automated production machinery such as +>+ machines and
industrial robotic arms but also includes de)ices outside o manuacturing
such as thermostats used to regulate heating in a home, or e5ample.
:e already ha)e a strong technological bases or the automation o much
wor9 and ha)e the capability or ully automated actories. &5amples include:
Robotic arms
3utomated machines
;achine )ision systems
Telerobotic de)ices
$obot !rms
The term robotic arm reers to a le5ible multi4Goin programmable
manipulator that resembles a human arm. %uch machines ind a use in
manuacturing doing tas9s such a pic9 and place, welding or assembly. They
come in a number o type o constrictions such as :
+artesian coordinate
Polar coordinate (including %+3R3 robotic arms).
1#1

/igure $obot arm at wor2
Photo: Pipimaru
!utomated *achines
These include +>+ machines but could also include such machines as washing
machines. They lac9 the le5ibility o motion o a robotic arm but still ha)e
the programmable nature. 3 +>+ machine, or e5ample, has application to
)arious drilling or milling tas9s. :e can also use 34D printers to manuacture
many items.
*achine :ision Systems
%uch systems consist o cameras or light sensors and ha)e a use in ?uality
control, security, saety and tas9s such as reading data or inormation.
&5amples include postal systems that read addresses rom en)elopes.
Telerobotics Devices
The term telerobotic devices reers to robotic li9e e?uipment that has a human
operator such as the space shuttle robotic arm. %uch de)ices ha)e a use in
1##
dangerous or diicult en)ironments which alls beyond the current le)el o
3" and thereore, re?uires a human operator. %uch de)ices ind applications in
space but we could also use them to reduce the human wor9 load in less
desirable en)ironments such as mines.
*obile Systems
;obile robotic systems all into one o two types :
3utonomous )ehicles
3utomated (uided @ehicles
!utonomous :ehicles
3utonomous )ehicles can operate or some time without e5ternal
inter)ention. %uch e5amples include planetary ro)ers.
!utomated +uided :ehicles
3utomated (uided @ehicles (3(@s) ha)e some 9ind o e5ternal inter)ention
that directs their motion. or e5ample, actory 3(@s oten ha)e wires
embedded within the actory loor or the robots to ollow. 3s a result, 3(@s
oten ha)e less need or 3" than autonomous )ehicles.
1#+
/igure !n !utomated +uided :ehicles#
%ource: wi9icommons
!rtificial Intelligence
The term 1rti"icial 7ntelligence (3") reers to automated problems sol)ing
using machinesE the attempt to create machines that can act autonomously in
the world. :e e5pect 3" to run much o the decision ma9ing on the technical
side o a technate. 3" alls within two categories:
%ymbolic reasoning systems
2eha)ioural based systems
Symbolic $easoning Systems
%ymbolic reasoning systems encode sensor inputs and uses a process o
ormal logic to manipulate the encoded patters to produce an output. %uch
systems orm the dominate method o 3" to date. :ithin this method we
could include e5amples such as rules based systems or case based systems
1#&
and u==y logic. %uch systems tend to wor9 well or long term planning
problems.
,ehavioural ,ased Systems
2eha)ioural based systems react to sensory input without encoding it. %uch
systems wor9 well or sort terms action such as a)oiding obstacles in mobile
robotics.
The Use of !utomation
3utomate actories. 1actories should use automatic production as
much as possible. :e already ha)e the capability to achie)e this
through the use o robotic and automated systems as well as the
application o 3".
3utomate transport systems. Using 3(@s or e)en automated )ehicles
we ha)e the capability to ully automate all transport systems rom
the transportation o goods using ships and lorries to the automation
o the postal system.
3utomate the home and oice. :e could reduce the amount o wor9
conducted in the home or oice en)ironment thought the use o small
scale robots to clean and transport items (such as post).
$eferences
BHacDelC ;ar9 [. Hacobson and ;ar9 3. Delucchi. K3 Path to %ustainable
&nergy by '$3$L. %cientiic 3merica. '$$0.
1#5
.roto-technate
The term proto-technate reers to an e5perimental platorm or
e5perimenting with the Design and a means to mo)e rom todayDs
unsustainable sociality to a uture hi4tech sustainable society. 3 uture hi4
tech society can ta9e many orms and a proto4technate (or ull technate)
e5empliies one such orm.
The 0ecnate reers to an operational area where e5perts manage the
technology within that area. %uch an area has no nations nor uses money.
Technocracy "nc. in the U% originally proposed the idea in the #03$s. 3 proto4
technate then orms a step between a ull technate and todayDs society as it
partially uses money and wor9s within the current socioeconomic system.
! .roto-technate as a "etwor2
/igure ".O wor2 options
1#/
3 number o building bloc9s orm the oundation or a proto4technate. >ot
or Proit <rganisations (>P<) such as companies and communities orm
e5amples o these building bloc9s. &ach building bloc9 wor9s autonomously
but orms part o a networ9. The communities orm the central core o the
networ9 with the companies orming the interace between the core
communities and the outside world. The system, thus, wor9s as a P'P or
holonic networ9 with each part o the networ9 wor9ing on its own goals but
contributing to the o)erall goal. "nternally the networ9 does not use money.
&ach >P< eecti)ely pro)ides ser)ices or other >P<s within the networ9 to
the best o its ability or ree. 7owe)er, the networ9 should use some means
o resource allocation, based on energy accounting. &5ternally, the networ9
wor9s li9e any company in operation today, buying, selling and pro)ing
ser)ices as any other company.
!n xample
3 small start4up networ9 consisting o:
3 web design company
3 computer hardware company
3 translation company
The web design company pro)ide web design ser)ices to >P<s in the outside
world or a cost but could also pro)ide web designs or ree to those inside
the networ9. The computer hardware company pro)ides ser)ers or web
hosting. The company would charge or ser)es pro)ided outside the networ9
but could host websites or ree or those inside the networ9. The translation
company oers translation ser)ices at cost to those outside the networ9 but
would oer ree translation ser)ices or those inside the networ9.
The web ser)ice company could design a web site or the translation
company, hosted on the hardware companies ser)ers and then the
translation company could help translate web sites or the web design
company and help with ad)ertising or the hardware company.
3s each company interacts with the world outside they still ha)e to ma9e
suicient money to 9eep the company going so the ser)ices pro)ided
internally ha)e a limit. 3n >P< canDt pro)ide ser)ices i it pre)ents the
company rom ma9ing suicient money to 9eep going.
1#2
3s the networ9 e5pands, more companies become part o the networ9 and
the networ9 pro)ides more ser)ices or its members. 3s the networ9 becomes
larger, we can add sustainable communities to the networ9. &ach community
would pro)ide members who would wor9 or the >P<s and in return the
networ9 would pro)ide housing, ood, and other goods or a good standard o
li)ing to the members o the community (no money used internally).
+oals and )ommunications
3s the networ9 has a composition based on autonomous >P<s it needs a
method to maintain the networ9. The use o goals and channels o
communications orms such a method. The networ9 has an o)erall goal o the
igest standard o" living "or te longest time (ossible but each >P< or holon
within the networ9 can wor9 towards its own goals so long as those goals
ha)e a good degree o computability with the o)erall goal. 3s a networ9
consists o arcs and )ertices the proto4technate has >P<s as )ertices but also
maintain communication channels as arcs. To orm part o the networ9, each
>P< must maintain a communication lin9 with at least one other >P< and
there must e5ist a path directly or indirectly rom any gi)en >P< to any
other >P<.
)lasses, .rinciples and Tags
3s the networ9 wor9s towards a goal we can deine any number o networ9s
through a reerence to the networ9Ds goal. To enable >P<s to 9now what
goals the networ9(s) it belongs to has each >P< can use a system o
principles, classes and tags. 3 principle deines what the >P< does or what
standards it adheres to. 1or e5ample, an >P< could adhere to a principle o
e?uality or o di)ersity. 3 class represents a collection o principles that
deines the >P< and through 9nowing a >P<Ds class other >P< can decided to
accept the >P< as part o the networ9. :hen an >P< accepts a principle or
class it tags that class through adding a P(P signed tag so other >P<s can see
that the >P< has accepted the class or principle.
$oles within the "etwor2
3s part o maintaining the networ9 we ha)e three roles deined or people
within the networ9.
Directors
+oordinators
1#8
ProGect leaders
Directors
Directors ha)e the roles o maintaining the goals and communication
channels in the networ9. 1or each >P< to Goin a the networ9, a director must
appro)e its goals. " the >P< carries out acti)ities incompatible with its goals
a director can remo)e the >P< rom the networ9. The director also has the
responsibility to ensure that each >P< can communicate with at least one
other >P<. 7owe)er, a a director can not interere with the internal running
o each >P<. %o long as the >P< carries out acti)ities compatible with the
o)erall goal, the >P< decides how it carries out its own acti)ities. 3lso, so
long as the >P< can communicate with another >P<, itDs up to the >P< to
carry out communications i it so wishes.
)oordinators
+oordinators wor9 within each >P< to aid cooperation between >P<s. 1or
e5ample, that can communicate with other >P<s on a regular basis and i
they ind a proGect o common interest can propose to the >P<s in)ol)ed that
the wor9 together. 3lso, through maintaining an awareness o the acti)ities
o other >P<s they can ad)ise i one >P< starts wor9ing on a proGect that
another >P< has already started.
.roBect -eaders
"nternally, each >P< carries out wor9 within proGects. &ach proGect then has a
proGect leader who manage the proGect. 7ow each >P< wor9s remains the
responsibility o the proGect leader and so long as the proGect has compatible
goals, the proGect runs with no e5ternal intererence under the ull authority
o the proGect leader.
7igher -ayers in the 7olarchy
&ach >P< wor9s autonomously on its own proGects. 7owe)er, some proGects
becomes too large or each >P< and they need to cooperate with other >P<s.
:hen such cooperation becomes necessary, the >P<s orm another >P< to
manage the Goint proGect. The higher >P< manages the o)erall proGect and
the lower >P<s manage sub4proGects. 3s each >P< orms an e5ample o a
1#'
holon, the layering o >P<s becomes a holarchy. The ollowing orms the
layers o the holarchy :
(roups 4 the lowest le)el o the holarchy
[ones 4 (roups le)el >P<s can Goin together to cooperate on larger
proGects orming another >P< to manage the larger proGect. The
higher le)el >P< then becomes a =one >P<.
3reas 4 [one >P<s can Goin together to orm area >P<s or larger
proGects.
%ector 4 3rea >P<s Goin together to orm %ector >P<s.
(Proto4)Technate 4 %ector >P<s Goin together to orm the highest le)el
o the holarchy that manages proGects that co)er the whole
operational area.
The 7ierarchy of Se>uences
<n top o the holarchy e5ists a hierarchy based on technical areas such as
research, agriculture, aerospace or transport, called unctional se?uences.
This structure orms the monitoring and maintaining structure or the
holarchy and has a composition ormed o boards o directors. &ach le)el o
the holarchy has a board associated with it. &ach person within each >P< has
membership o a unctional se?uence as can appoint a direct at their le)el.
%o, each member o each se?uence can appoint a director such a s members
o the group le)el se?uence o research can appoint a group director o
research. The director then has the responsibility gi)en abo)e.
1+0
nergy Input labelling
!bstract
The goal and scope o a proGect to de)elop an &nergy "nput -abelling (&"-)
program is discussed. +ase studies in)ol)ing a ood product, retail product
and ser)ice are described. 3 challenge to energy input labelling is identiied
and o)ercome by adoption o energy added input labelling rather than total
energy input labelling.
Introduction
The &nergy "nput -abelling (&"-) ProGect is one o se)eral new endea)ours
originating rom the 3ugust '$$, >orth 3merican Technocracy +onerence
held in 2ritish +olumbia, +anada. The goal o the proGect is to study and
de)elop a potential program in which producers o consumer goods and
ser)ices reliably calculate energy inputs into their products and then report
that inormation on their product labels.
&"- reports energy inputs, but not energy content. &nergy inputs reer to how
much energy was used to produce a product. &nergy content reers to how
much energy a product presently contains. These ?uantities can be ?uite
dierent rom each other. The same energy might ha)e been used to mine a
cubic meter o lead as uranium. %o then, the energy inputs or both o those
metals would be the same in this hypothetical e5ample e)en though uranium
typically contains much more energy than lead.
#. %e)eral case studies ha)e been conducted. <ne such case study
in)ol)ed a local ba9ery. This is an important e5ample, because ba9ed
goods are e5tensi)ely consumed and are typically still made in >orth
3merica. "n act, bread and other ba9ed goods are the most
undamental and indispensable products o western ci)ili=ation.
1+1
'. 3nother case study in)ol)ed printing and assembling a commercially
a)ailable boo9. >onproit organi=ations are some o the potential
early adopters o &"-, and many o them publish boo9lets. "n act, this
case study will help Technocracy, "nc. to adopt &"- or its own
publications. >umerous commercial manuacturers also include
instruction boo9lets with their products, so they can perorm a proo4
o4concept or &"- with their boo9lets.
3. 3 third case study in)ol)ed a computer database consulting ser)ice.
%er)ices can be energy input labelled, so it was important to include a
ser)ice4oriented case study. < course, manuactured goods also
in)ol)e labour, but the calculations are more direct or labour used to
produce ser)ices.
*ethod
<nsite )isits and inter)iews were utili=ed to gather data regarding e?uipment
usage, batch times and other parameters. Data gathered rom the case studies
has been inserted into our templates to create initial energy input igures.
The proGect team utili=ed the case studies to de)elop methods or gathering
data and calculations to determine energy inputs. The proGect team has
de)eloped initial templates and standards or calculating direct energy
added, distinguishing between single )ersus batch production and multiple
product lines. These templates and standards are in the orm o electronic
spread sheets and can be used by any business or organi=ation.
3 signiicant challenge has been how to de)elop a method that
comprehensi)ely and accurately measures energy inputs, yet is simple
enough or small businesses to enthusiastically adopt. 3ter an initial
in)estigation, we changed our methodology to calculate and label the energy
added inputs rather than the total energy inputs to produce a good or
ser)ice.
&nergy added includes electrical power, gas or other energy used by the
1+#
producer to power production machinery such as lathes, o)ens and printing
presses. "t can also include the calories burned by the bodies o humans
during production labour. 3ir conditioning, )entilation and lighting energy
can be included i such can be measured and allocated to units o product.
Producers can themsel)es measure energy added, so that they can ha)e
strong conidence in that measurement and are more li9ely to label it. >ote
that our proGect only considers physical units o energy used such as: Houles,
2TUs, etc but not their monetary cost.
+on)ersely, total energy includes upstream energy inputs utilised to produce
raw materials such as wood, lour and paper. Producers o consumer
products typically purchase upstream inputs rom outside )endors, so energy
inputs o upstream parts and raw materials are typically un9nown. -i9ewise,
total energy would also include energy inputs re?uired or labourer housing,
acilities, go)ernment4pro)ided inrastructure and numerous other inputs
that cannot be readily allocated to a particular producer. Rough estimates o
total energy inputs are possible, but the margin o error would be large until
signiicantly impro)ed data and calculation methods e5ist. "n the uture, as
more producers adopt energy labelling and as methods impro)e, it may be
possible to deduce accurate total energy re?uired inputs by summing up the
energy added by each irm in the production chain.
To encourage uniormity in &"-, the proGect team drated initial energy input
labelling standards. 3 brochure has been de)eloped or circulation to both
consumers and producers. The proGect team has researched and de)eloping a
certiication and monitoring process but may reser)e these steps or a uture
proGect.
$eference
%choettler, T., ;iller, ;., ;c1arlane, 1. +iotola, ;., K&nergy -abeling or
+onsumer ProductsL, >orth 3merican Technocrat, @ol. ,, >o. #,, '$$!.
1++
!ccountability System 4ithin a
Technate
!bstract
3 system o accountability is re?uired within the Proto4technate and the
Technate to ensure that it can unction properly as it grows. This chapter
suggests the use o a system o 6Principles and +lasses6, which is a orm o
direct democracy that allows all members o a society to contribute to the
principles o operation to be ollowed within it. "t is e5pected that this system
will ha)e a positi)e inluence on society both by increasing independence and
ha)ing some positi)e psychological eects. The article also presents a
practical implementation and has many loopholes already corrected, though
urther wor9 may be re?uired to ma9e the system more usable and saer.
Introduction
3ny group o people wor9ing together towards a common goal, need a
relationship o trust in order to be able to cooperate. This relationship o
trust re?uires an agreement, or a mechanism to ensure that all participants
are going to abide by some shared set o rules, which ensure that people do in
act cooperate and donDt do anything to harm each other or the goal they are
pursuing
B#C
. This mechanism is generally 9nown as accountability, a system o
responsibility which ensures people abide by a set o rules or ace the
conse?uences.
B'C

3 Technocratic society is not e5empt rom this re?uirement. :hile we do not
belie)e it is the role o Technocracy to dictate how people should li)e, we do
recogni=e that any society, including a Technate, re?uires dependable
agreements between people in order to be able to operate and cooperate.
This article presents a system dubbed 6Principles and +lasses6, which is a
orm o direct democracy, that people can use in order to deine, redeine and
act by these rules, without the need or an elected leader.
.art % - Terminology
The system is de)eloped as the smallest common denominator that ills the
re?uirements e5plained in the introduction. :e use the ollowing basic
concepts, with the ollowing terminology:
1+&
.rinciple: 3 description o a goal people set or themsel)es, may be
achie)ed or not. 1or e5ample: 6Principle o ree speech: &)erybody has
the right to e5press their opinion6
)lass: 3 group o principles andAor other +lasses. 1or e5ample: 6+lass
o open source: Re?uires Principles o 1ree Redistribution, %upplied
%ource +ode, 3llowing Deri)ed :or9s, "ntegrity o The 3uthorDs
%ource +ode, >o Discrimination 3gainst Persons or (roups, >o
Discrimination 3gainst 1ields o &ndea)our, Distribution o -icense,
-icense ;ust >ot 2e %peciic to a Product, -icense ;ust >ot Restrict
<ther %otware and -icense ;ust 2e Technology4>eutral.6
Tag: 3 signature associated with a Principle or +lass and person or
organi=ation, which indicates that this person or organi=ation
appro)es o this Principle or +lass. 1or &5ample, this could be a digital
signature applied to a uni?ue identiier or ull te5t o a speciic
Principle.
Impartial Observer: 3 person who ser)es as a Gudge to determine
what Principles and +lasses are being met. "n a Technate or Proto4
technate, this person is the %e?uence Director.
.art 0 - *echanism of action
#. 3ny person or organi=ation can deine new Principles or +lasses.
'. 3n "mpartial <bser)er periodically assesses people and organi=ations
to determine which Principles and thus +lasses they ha)e already
reached, and which they ha)e not.
3. 3ny person or organi=ation may speciy Principles andAor +lasses to
be used as criteria on which people and organi=ations are allowed to
cooperate with them. " a person or organi=ation does not reach the
Principle or +lass re?uired by this person or organi=ation, according
to the "mpartial <bser)er, they may not cooperate or use each otherDs
ser)ices in any way.
.art 1 - ffects on society
The presumed eects this system would ha)e on society are that it would
allow people to directly deine what rules e5ist within their society. ;ore4so,
it would not be a 6rule o the maGority6 system as it would allow people to
1+5
orm separate groups with dierent rules within the o)erall system. 3ny
group with a population large and di)erse enough to sustain itsel could e5ist
within such a system. <n the other hand, no group with insuicient
population will be able to orce other groups who do not agree with itDs
e5istence to sustain it.
"t is e5pected that Principles and +lasses which will be poorly deined, when a
better alternati)e e5ists, will not be widely adopted and will thus phase out
e)entually by themsel)es.
3lso, deining the Principle as a goal rather than a rule, remo)es some o the
negati)e stigma associated with the 6nonconorming6. :here there is a
typical system o -aw, laws are rules to which the maGority o the population
conorms
B3C
and a clear distinction is made between people who abide by the
law and people who do not, in a system o Principles, nobody conorms to all
Principles and stri)ing to do so is an on4going process or e)erybody.
.art 3 - Structuring and formali5ation
&5ample o a +lass
The reason or the e5istence o +lasses and Tags is simpliication:
)lasses: :here Principles are simple, clear, and oten single4sentence
deinitions, there could possibly be hundreds or maybe thousands o
Principles that ma9e up a single topic such as or e5ample 67ygienic
production o ood6. "n order to help pre)ent situations where a
person or organi=ation would ha)e to ind each o them to properly
speciy what they e5pect, +lasses can be used to hierarchically
combine Principles, ending with or the ormer e5ample 6+lass o
7ygienic production o ood6.
1+/
Tags: 7owe)er, both Principles and +lasses may be replaced by better
ones in the uture, thereore some selection needs to be made by some
authority. %ince nobody is uni)ersally ?ualiied to be this authority,
anyone may be one, all that is re?uired is that this person or
organi=ation is uni?uely identiied and that its appro)al o a speciic
Principle or +lass as 6new6, 6proper6 or 6better6, cannot be orged by
a third party. 1or this reason there are Tags. 3 tag is a digital
signature o the selected Principle or +lass. This tag may be remo)ed
at any time, but only by the same person or organi=ation.
1urther ormali=ation is re?uired in order to pre)ent abuse:
Serial "umbers: Principles, +lasses and Tags are typically identiied
by name (or e5ample: 6Principle o personal reedom6). 7owe)er,
since anyone is ree to pro)ide a new Principle, +lass or Tag, someone
may create another one o the same name, either accidentally, or with
malicious intent o deception. To pre)ent this possibility, a system o
uni?ue identiiers is de)ised. &ach Principle, +lass or Tag is gi)en a
uni?ue serial number and nobody may change the content o an
e5isting Principle, +lass or Tag, without also updating the serial
number. This serial number is deined as: &)ery serial number should
be in the ormat T4OOOO;;DD477;;%%, where T is # i itDs a
Principle, ' i itDs a +lass, or 3 or Tag and the OOOODD;; and
77;;%% are the time at which the Principle, +lass or Tag was written
or inished. >o two Principles, +lasses or Tags may be speciied in the
same second. :hene)er another Principle, +lass or Tag is reerred to,
or e5ample in the deinition o a +lass or Tag, the serial number must
be used.
.art ' - .ractical implementation
3 practical implementation o a system which allows the authoring and
storage o Principles, +lasses and Tags, by the aorementioned system can be
ound here:
http:AAstandards.ctrl4alt4del.si
The implementation is designed to unction in such a way that it can be used
by anyone, not only Technocrats, to deine the rules o operation within their
society, thereore the Principles and +lasses listed within the implementation
are not necessarily ones appro)ed o by &<%.
1+2
The implementation pro)ides access to indi)idual Principles, +lasses or Tags
te5t, including all the rele)ant lin9s, as well as acilities re?uired to enter
them. The implementation also pro)ides R%% eeds o Principles and +lasses
tagged by a speciic person or organi=ation, by the digital signatureDs
ingerprint, intended to be embedded into remote websites. The
implementationDs source code is a)ailable on the site.
)onclusion
:hile the theory itsel is sound, urther simulation may be re?uired to ensure
that there are no e5ploitable aults. The use o the %e?uence Director or the
"mpartial <bser)er may be problematic, primarily because it may be hard to
tell i (s)he is truly impartial and also because o the sheer amount o wor9 to
be done once there are thousands o Principles and +lasses to be chec9ed on a
total population o a Technate. %tudy on the possibility o atomisation is
under way.
3lso, the adoption le)el o the implemented system was )ery low, indicating
the unsuitability o the system or small organi=ations, such as the ones it has
been presented to thus ar. %mall organi=ations tend to unction by )erbal
agreement and subGecti)e determination o trustworthiness and do not need
to document their principles o operation or ha)e e5plicit mechanisms to
ensure compliance. 1urther wor9 may be re?uired to ma9e the system more
con)enient.
$eferences
1. "mpro)ing public management by -es ;etcale and %ue Richards, "%2>
$/$30/*$$!, "%2> 0./$/$30/*$$*
#. %chedler 3ndreas: The %el4Restraining %tate: Power and
3ccountability in >ew Democracies, +onceptuali=ing 3ccountability
(#000), pages #3J'/, "%2> #,,,/...3.
3. (eorgiadis, 5eneral &rinci(les o" )ivil +a!, #0E :ashos9y, 0a*ing
&recedent Seriously, .
1+8
rror )orrection
:e cannot call any system perect. ;ista9es can happen, any system that
relies on people can go wrong and une5pected e)ents might happen.
Thereore, we would need some correction procedures. <penness and Peer
re)iew orms part o the application o science and they act as correction
procedures. This chapter loo9s at other aspects that we can use. The
philosophy behind the correction within a technate we can sum up as 6i5 the
problem not the blame6.
+eneral rror )orrection
:hen a problem occurs we should analyse it and try learn rom itE what when
wrong8 :hy did it go wrong8 :e should also analyse possible solutions and
see how we can ma9e the situation better. :e may not ha)e the ability to
sol)e the problem but we could minimise the eects and perhaps ha)e
automatic correction abilities.
:hen we ha)e a possible solution or set o solutions should aim to test them
out. :e would need to a)oid implementing a solution that sol)es one
problem and causes many more. Thereore, we need to )eriy that present
solutions will sol)e the problem without ma9ing other parts o the system
worse. :e also ha)e to )eriy that the solution has some )alue in doing.
)orrection .rocedure for a 7olon
The holonic structure has a dynamic natureE holons can come and go as
needed. " we reach a situation where a holon no longer unctions correctly
we can remo)e it rom the system. :e can do this in a number o ways. " a
holon no longer unctions correctly but we still need the tas9 done we can
establish another holon and close down the aulty holon. People wor9ing
within the system ha)e the option to create holons as the need arises. 3s a
holon no longer has a need holons will close down and people wor9ing within
the holon mo)e to other positions.
1+'
)orrection .rocedure for )ommunities
+ommunities can potentially ha)e their own orm o go)ernment or they can
orm part o a larger go)ernment as they wish. +orrection procedures their
become dependent on the type o community go)ernment. 3 direct
democracy community or e5ample, elected to remo)e legislati)e members.
)orrection .rocedures for xperts
Directors, proGect managers and other people in such positions on the
technical side we can remo)ed through a process o peer re)iew. 3s holons
on the technical side ha)e an openness attribute which means other e5perts
can re)iew the wor9 which a holon conducts as well as re)iew the wor9 o the
directors. " a group o e5perts eels that some other e5perts ha)e not done
their Gob correctly they can propose to re)iew the wor9 done. " they ind the
wor9 not up to standard they can )ote to remo)e the person rom the
position.
"n this correction procedure, e5perts can only remo)e a person in a position
on the technical side or technical reasons only.
1&0
!ppendix - Implementation
Details
The Transition .lan C Stepping
Stones
Introduction
7ow do we mo)e rom todayDs unsustainable money based socioeconomic
system (3) to tomorrowDs sustainable money4less socioeconomic system (2)8
This article presents &<%Ds proposal or answering that ?uestion. <ur
transition plan ocuses on a set o stepping stones that mo)e us in the
direction o a sustainable money4less socioeconomic system. The irst part o
this article presents the starting pointE what we ha)e today. Then the article
gi)es a brie outline o the networ9 we en)ision as both an e5perimental
platorm and as the beginnings o a new ci)ilisation. The article then loo9s at
the stepping stones and the problems we might encounter. The ne5t section
then loo9s at what we ha)e done so ar.
The Starting .oint
The transition plan starts with the ollowing set o conditions :
#. :e ha)e a clear goal position. 3 money4less sustainable B%ah', :al#C
socioeconomic system based on the application o science to society.
&<% has a proposed structure based around holons.
'. :e ha)e little or no unding. :e might ha)e the ability to ma9e small
contributions and the more we ha)e the larger our inances become
but essentially the plan assume that we ha)e little or no inances.
3. :e ha)e a body o people willing to put time and eort into mo)ing
rom 3 to 2. &ach o us has some s9ill or e5pertise we can bring to the
transition plan.
1&1
*. :e should not accept loans or other 9inds o debts. " we ha)e debts
we become sla)es to the debt which can distract rom the purpose o
the plan.
,. :e recognise that we canDt Gump rom todayDs system o)er night to
tomorrowDs system.
The plan has a le5ible nature so i the starting conditions change we can
adapt. 3lso we ha)e a ocus on &urope but can e5tend beyond that i the
opportunity arises (such as 3rica o the 3merica).
The "etwor2
&<% proposes a structure or a uture society that has its roots in the holon
B:al'C concept and has a distributed nature. This type o structure allows us
to add new parts to the system without signiicantly disturbing the whole
structure. The transition plan in)ol)es orming a networ9 o holons B%rdoc,
&<%'C. &ach holon runs itsel autonomously but still wor9s towards the
o)erall goal o the networ9. "ndi)iduals orm the basic holons and they group
together to orm communities or companies, which also orm e5amples o
holons. +ompanies and communities can then Goin together to orm larger
holons as needed.
The wor9 the communities underta9es ta9es place in the holons in the orm
o proGects.
:e reer to this networ9 as a technate.
Stepping Stone
&ach holon ta9es the orm o a >ot or Proit <rganisation (>P<). The >P<
becomes the basic building bloc9. The K>ot or ProitL attribute orms the
irst step away rom a money based system. &ach >P< still aims to ma9e
proit but it does not e5ist or the purpose o ma9ing a proit. That means
that each >P< does not distribute proit to its members and has no
shareholders.
:or9ing rom conditions ' and 3 abo)e, we propose the ormation o simple
>P<s, which orm the irst stepping stone. These >P<s should carry out wor9
that we ha)e the e5pertise to do and does not cost much, i anything, to set
up. These irst stepping stones aim to generate some income bac9 into the
networ9 or pro)ide a ser)ice or the networ9.
1&#
The second stepping stone ta9es the orm o larger companies. The irst
stepping stones will probably remain at the le)el o hobby companiesE
generating some income but hardly enough wor9 or money or employing
people although some might transorm rom a hobby company to one that
can employ people. The second set o companies should ha)e enough
business to employ people and generate larger income.
3s we lay the irst and second steeping stone we should also establish a und
to buy land. :hen we ha)e reached the point that we can secure some
income we can start loo9ing at the ne5t steeping stoneE communities. These
communities should orm the homes o the people who wor9 in the >P<s and
their amilies. The communities will wor9 without money internally. That
means the people who li)e in the communities will not get an income or
their wor9 in the >P< (or will ha)e a Goin income or the community). The
community, howe)er, will pro)ide ood and housing as well as a good
standard o li)ing or all the people who li)e in the community. :e aim to
start each community with a minimum o #$ J #, people and to e5pand to a
ma5imum o '$$ people.
3t this stage we ha)e started to mo)e e)en urther away rom the money
based world as we ha)e started orming the money4less interior o the
technate.
The ne5t stepping stone in)ol)es adding to the networ9 :e should add new
>P<s as we can and once we ha)e secured inances, add more communities.
3s each new community or company becomes part o the networ9 the
unctionality o the networ9 increases. 3s it does so it has less and less
dependency on the outside. The networ9 then becomes one o cooperation
B&<%#C where each >P< pro)ides something to the networ9 and in return gets
something rom the networ9 in a process o reciprocal altruism.
The inal stepping stones in)ol)e establishing a networ9 that has no
dependency to the outsideE a true money4less society composed o a networ9
o communities. &<% has a &uropean ocus but when we reach this stage we
hope that a number o other organisations, world around, would ha)e
wor9ed on similar plans. :e can then lin9 up with all the other groups and
orm a cooperati)e money4less sustainable socioeconomic Type " ci)ilisation
(a Terran +onederacy o autonomous communities).
1&+
&ach step should rom a learning opportunity that eeds bac9 into the ne5t
steps. %o, the networ9 orms an e5periment, especially in the early days.
3dding >P<s to the networ9 gi)es us an opportunity to correct mista9es or
problems rom earlier additions. 3s we e5pand we should ha)e a clearer idea
o what wor9s and what doesnDt.
.roblems
This approach has a number o problems. The irst lies with getting the
people together and to wor9 in the right direction. &<% has only a handul o
acti)e members but we ha)e started to implement the plan. :e hope that as
other groups see what we ha)e done they will either want to Goin our
networ9 as holons or ta9e our ideas and implement them on other parts o
the planet. %etting goals and ha)ing directors to chec9 goals will help to
ensure we all go in the same direction.
3nother problem has to do with success. " our companies become successul
we might attract too many people who only see the money ma9ing
opportunity and ignore the purpose and intent o the networ9. The openness
attribute B%ah#C and the role o directors can help towards pre)enting this
but we might also need some legal oundations as well.
3nother problem has to do with time. <ur current socioeconomic system has
already destroyed much o the natural ecosystem and possibly e)en started
to collapse. 3s a result we might not ha)e time to implement this plan. <n the
other hand, we mightF :e will only 9now through trying.
! Start
&<% has started wor9ing on this plan (see http:AAwww.technate.eu). %o ar we
ha)e three organisations in the technateE &<%, Denia and 2rain 2o5. &<%
presents the ideology. Denia de)elops web pages and 2rain 2o5 pro)ides
ser)er hardware. :e can see the cooperation o the networ9 e)en with these
ew elements as Denia designs the web site or &<% and 2rain 2o5 pro)ides
the ser)ers or hosting it.
:e now intend to add another company called >u Ridle. >u Ridle pro)ides
translation ser)icesE building on the act that we ha)e a number o members
who can spea9 a number o languages. 3ter that we intend to start a robotics
company selling simple robots o)er the "nternet.
1&&
:e ha)e also had tal9s with other groups and we hope that they will also Goin
our networ9. The more we becomeE the more power we ha)e to realise a
money4less society.
:e ha)e plans in motion or orming three communitiesE one in %weden
called 3urora, one in %lo)enia called %olaria and one in Poland called >e5on
(we ha)e ta9en inspiration or the names rom 3simo)Ds 1oundation A Robots
Uni)erse).
Summary
:e ha)e )ery little in the way o resourcesE we ha)e a handul o people and
little inances. Thereore, we ha)e de)eloped a plan to grow a holonic
networ9. Ta9ing what we ha)e today we propose building a networ9 o >ot
or Proit <rganisations that secure inances that will allow us to add
communities. 3s the networ9 grows we become less and less dependent on
the money based world. %tep by %tep we mo)e rom 3 to 2.
$eferences
B%ah#C Hure %ah. K3ccountability system within a Technate.L
http:AAwww.eoslie.euAinde5.php8
optionUcomPcontentS)iewUarticleSidU#!0:accountability4system4within4a4
technateScatidU3,:socialS"temidU0,
B%ah'C Hure %ah K%ustainabilityL. htt!C??www.eos"ife.eu?inde3.!h!I
o!tionJcomHcontentKviewJartic"eKidJ15/Csustaina(i"ityKcatidJ#2Cengineerin
gS"temidU0,
B&<%#C &<% K>P< +ooperati)e in Prototechnate.L
http:AAwww.eoslie.euAinde5.php8
optionUcomPcontentS)iewUarticleSidU#,3:npo4cooperati)e4in4
prototechnateScatidU'.:engineeringS"temidU0,
B&<%'C &<% KProto4TechnateL http:AAwww.eoslie.euAinde5.php8
optionUcomPcontentS)iewUarticleSidU,!:a4proto4
technateScatidU'!:inrastructureS"temidU0,
B%rdocC "gor %rdoc. KTechnate 3s a >etwor9L.
http:AAwww.eoslie.euAinde5.php8
optionUcomPcontentS)iewUarticleSidU#$':technate4as4a4
networ9ScatidU'3:economicsS"temidU0,
1&5
B:al#C 3ndrew :allace. K%ustainability and %ociety.L
htt!C??www.eos"ife.eu?inde3.!h!I
o!tionJcomHcontentKviewJartic"eKidJ2/Csustaina(i"ity-and-
societyKcatidJ#+CeconomicsKItemidJ'5
B:al'C 3ndrew :allace. K7olons and a 7olonic %ociety.L
http:AAwww.eoslie.euAinde5.php8
optionUcomPcontentS)iewUarticleSidU.,:holons4and4a4holonic4
societyScatidU'.:engineeringS"temidU0,

1&/
The Citizen Card
Introduction
EOS !ro!oses an a"ternative$ money"ess$ sustaina("e$ socioeconomic system to
our current de(t (ased$ money$ and unsustaina("e system. @e !ro!ose an
evo"utionary transition from one to the other. @e a"so aim to test out our system
as much as !ossi("e. So we !rogress form one system to another (ased on an
a!!"ication of science that tests the most !ro(a("e ideas so we -now as we"" as
we can what wor-s.
@ith the a(ove as a (asis this artic"e !ro!oses the citiBen card as !art of the
transition from our current system and as !art of testing the ideas out first.
Playing a Game
:o one has actua""y "ived in a hi-tech$ money"ess$ socioeconomic system of the
ty!e that EOS !ro!oses. %herefore$ we "ac- !eo!"e with the -now"edge and
e3!erience of how to "ive in such a system and how to run such a system. "ay
offers us one way to over come such a !ro("em as !"ay cou"d encourage
creativity D%imE. @e can see !"ay of as a way of gaining e3!erience without
Lgoing "iveMD:E. @e essentia""y !retend and go through the motions so we have
some e3!erience of "iving in a money"ess society without actua""y !artici!ating
in one.
The Citizen Card and Play
%he idea of issuing a citiBen card forms !art of L!"ayingM that we "ive in a
money"ess wor"d. If we actua""y "ived in such a money"ess wor"d that EOS
!ro!oses we wou"d "ive as citiBens of a technate. .s citiBens we wou"d have a
citiBen card. So$ as !art of !"aying we cou"d issue mem(ers of the technate$ if
they wish to =oin in the game$ a citiBen card.
1&2
%he card cou"d he"! us foster the idea that we "ive in a technate and he"! with
imagination and creativity as it gives us a !hysica" reminder of the game and
cou"d encourage a fee"ing of associationN much "i-e a mem(ershi! card.
The Citizen Card Specification
. networ- of ho"ons and ho"ons within ho"ons forms the technate. Each running
autonomous"y. So$ we have no centra" authorityN =ust goa"s and "ines of
communications. In -ee!ing with such a mode" we !ro!ose a set of standards that
define the (asic citiBen card (ut we "eave it to the ho"ons to ma-e their own card
and have their own design.
Issuing Authority
Essentia""y anyone can issues a citiBen card$ so "ong as it meets the (asic
re>uirements. Other ho"ons can then decide if they acce!t the card or not. In
!ractice we wou"d !ro(a("y see the ro"e of issuing authority de"egated to either
s!ecia"ist ho"ons or as an e3tended activity of a su(-set of ho"ons. @e cou"d a"so
see ho"ons acce!ting citiBen cards that other ho"ons have issued (ased on a ru"e
such as Lwe acce!t whatever ho"ons . acce!tsM 7which means that if any issuing
authority can get their card acce!ted in ho"on . it (ecomes acce!ted in many
others ho"ons automatica""y as we""8.
Content
Each citiBen card identifies a s!ecific individua" 7so we have a one to one
re"ationshi! (etween card and citiBen8 (ut each individua" can have more than
one card 7so we have a many to one re"ationshi! (etween !erson and card7s88.
%he content defines a citiBen card. Each card must meet a (asic set of
re>uirements to have the c"assification of LcitiBen cardM as give (e"owC
ass!ort sty"e !hoto of the citiBen
*u"" name of the citiBen
Card ID num(er
%echnate "ogo
Issuing authority 7name or "ogo8
1&8
%he te3t LCitiBen CardM
siBe C 85./0O5+.'8 mm 7ISO?IEC 2810 ID-1 standard8
The Citizen Card example
7:6 technate "ogo and the LCitiBen cardM te3t goes on the reverse8
Each issuing authority has the freedom to ma-e their own design and add
anything e"se to they card that they wish.
Tracking
%he issuing authority shou"d have a means for trac-ing and verifying cards that it
issues.
Conclusion
%he idea of a citiBen card shou"d form !art of a genera" L!"ayM with the serious
!ur!ose of (ui"ding e3!erience and testing "ife in a money"ess socioeconomic
system as we move from todayPs system.
1&'
eferences!
D%imE L%im 6rown on creativity and !"ayM
htt!C??www.ted.com?ta"-s?timH(rownHonHcreativityHandH!"ay.htm". 4isited 18-
11-#011
BP>C K(lo(o)L htt!C??www.!"anetni"es.com?("og?I!J'8 @isited #/4##4'$##
150
/orming a .roto-Technate
The ollowing list the obGecti)es o this
document :
#. The de)elop the design or a proto4
technate
'.
3. To de)elop a research proposal or a
proto4technate
0e tecnate logo
The ollowing lists the obGecti)e o the Proto4 Technate ProGect
#. To establish an e5perimental community to test out the ideas o
technocracy
'. To orm the oundations or a ull Technate
/inances
Introduction
The responsibility to raise inances or this proGect comes under the
Gurisdiction o the %e?uence o 1inances o the >etwor9 o &uropean
Technocrats.
$e>uirements
The ollowing areas ha)e been identiied as re?uiring inances:
#. The purchase o land
'. The construction o the site A inrastructure
3. The ad)ertising to establish )olunteers
*. The initial establishment o a business
,. 3 reser)e inances or maintaining the proto4technate until it has the
ability to maintain itsel.
151
8igure, a &roto-tecnate
,uilding a "etwor2
To achie)e the obGecti)e stated, we propose that &<% should build a networ9
o communities. The communities would ha)e the ollowing properties:
#. %el4suicient to some degree in terms o energy production, ood
production, waste management
'. 1inancial independence, which means the community or >&T would
own the land and we will not ha)e the possibility to ta9e out loans or
this proGect.
3. "nternal technocratic management. :hich means people will hold
positions within the proto4technate based upon their s9ills and ability
15#
to do the Gob. The people li)ing within the proto4technate will use
&nergy +redits as a means o e5change and regulation.
*. 2usiness ront end. &5ternally, the proto4technate will interact with
the rest o the world and gain goods it cannot produce itsel through
business units, which will ha)e an en)ironmentally riendly attribute.
These businesses should ha)e a cooperati)e nature.
.hases
:e propose that this proGect ha)e a number o phases.
.hase %
3n initial community o appro5imately #$ adults should orm the irst phase.
The construction o the basic inrastructure o a community would orm the
obGecti)e o this phase. 7ousing will need construction, ood production
initiated as well as energy and waste management systems put into
operation. 3dditionally, basic technocratic principles o energy credits and
management will need establishing and the oundations or the business
ront end needs creating.
.hase 0
<nce we ha)e constructed the basic system we will need to e5pand the
community to about '$$ people representing a realistic selection o the
general population. This phase would also in)ol)e the establishment o the
business ront end.
.hase 1
This phase in)ol)es e5panding rom one community to rom 3 to ,
communities and orming the basic networ9.
)ommunity Organisation
The ollowing deines the proposed structure and organisation o a
community and the inal networ9 or a community (1or additional
inormation, please the appendi5).
Se>uences
15+
The proto4technate would aim to establish the ollowing %e?uences but not
all at once. The ormation o some se?uences would ta9e priority o)er others.
1or e5ample, we would ha)e more need or Power and &nergy and 1ood
Production in the initial phase o the proGect with se?uences such as Research
ormed in the phase "" or """.
#. 7ealth
'. 1ood production A agro4culture
3. Power and energy
*. 7ydrology
,. 3rchitecture
!. Transport
.. &ducation
/. 3dministration
0. &5ternal relations
#$. Research
The se?uences lie at the group le)el or a community but when a number o
communities become lin9ed up, =one se?uences could also orm.
B#C

The (roup %e?uence o 7ealth has the responsibility to pre)ent and diagnose
illness and to care or those who become ill.
The (roup %e?uence o Power and &nergy has the responsibility or the
generation and distribution o energy needed in the community. "t also has
the responsibility to gather data or the &nergy +redit system.
The (roup %e?uence o 7ydrology has the responsibility to maintain a resh
water supply and the water eatures o the community that se?uences may
use (such as or ood production). "t also has some responsibility to waste
management through the use o water par9s.
The (roup %e?uence o 3rchitecture has the responsibility or the design,
construction and maintenance o all the buildings in the community. "t also
has some responsibility or waste management.
15&
The (roup %e?uence o Transport has the responsibility o maintaining
)ehicles needed within the community and or transport outside the
community.
The (roup %e?uence o &ducation has the responsibility or educating the
members or the community and pro)iding child care i needed.
The (roup %e?uence o 3dministration has the responsibility or maintaining
the energy credit system and additional administrati)e unctions.
The (roup %e?uence o &5ternal Relations has the responsibility o handling
all e5ternal aairs o the proto4technate, which includes the e5ternal
business relationships.
The (roup %e?uence o Research conducts scientiic research in any ield that
the community can support. %cience and education orm central acti)ities or
a proto4technate. 7owe)er, in the early stages research we would aim
research more at acti)ities that help to sustain the community and at
automation. 3s the proto4technate e5pands, we would e5tend the areas o
research.
!ppointments to positions within the community
The s9ill o a person orms the only criteria used or appointing a person to a
position. 3s ar as possible a person becomes appointed through their peers
appointing them, ta9ing into account the personNs e5perience and
?ualiications.
&ach (roup %e?uence will ha)e a director and a deputy4director. %9ills o
interest include a technical 9nowledge o the area o the se?uence, team
management s9ills and a 9nowledge o technocracy as well as general
education le)el.
People can ma9e a re?uest or the remo)al o a person rom a position i they
can show that the person has not ulilled their duties on a technical le)el
only. <nly the personNs peers can ma9e a decision to remo)e a person.
People can ha)e the ollowing appointments
(roup4Director o a %e?uence
Deputy4(roup Director o a %e?uence
ProGect ;anager
155
Tas9 e5pert
The (roup4Director o a %e?uence has the o)erall responsibility to ensure
proGects run according to the goals o technocracy and or pro)iding
communications paths between proGects and %e?uences.
The Deputy4(roup Director o a %e?uence aids the (roup4Director as needs
dictate.
The ProGect ;anager has responsibility or a proGect
The Tas9 &5pert has responsibility or a gi)en tas9.
1or the proto4technate as a whole the board o directors o >&T also orm the
2oard o directors or the proto4technate.
3s the proto4technate e5pands the proto4technate may also need the
additional positions o [one4Director and Deputy [one Director (and e)en
higher i it e5pands beyond the 34, communities).
.roBects
The proto4technate would organise wor9 conducted within a proto4technate
along proGect lines. ProGects would ha)e the ollowing classiications:
#. <n going
'. Temporary
<n4going proGects would include those tas9 that ha)e not termination point
which might include the administration o the proto4technate.
Temporary proGects ha)e a termination point and could include proGects to
repair part o the building or research an new are o science. Temporary
proGects may also terminate and then restart. 1or e5ample, a proGect to
har)est a certain crop may terminate when people ha)e completed the
15/
har)est but the proGect may restart ne5t year when the crop needs har)esting
again.
Starting a proBect
>o proGect can start without the appro)al o the appropriate director and
each proGect should ha)e a goal and a team associated with it. 3nyone can
propose a proGect to the appropriate se?uence director or the director can
initiate a proGect. The proGect should ha)e a set o one or more goals. 1or a
proGect to start it must demonstrate the ollowing:
#. "ts goals ha)e a compatibility with the long term o technocracy
'. The proto4technate has the necessary resources, which includes
personal, to underta9e the proGect.
" it can demonstrate the abo)e then the director can authorise the start o
the proGect. The proGect then runs autonomously with no urther intererence
rom anyone outside the proGect so long as its acti)ities remain compatible
with the o)erall holistic goal and it does not e5ceed its resources.
" a proGect de)iates rom its original goals or consumes more resources than
was initially indicated the appropriate direct can either cancel the proGect or
re4appro)e it.
.roBect *anagers
&ach proGect should appoint a proGect manager. The team members appoint
the manager based on s9ills rom a set o possible managers who wish to ta9e
the manager role. The manager has the responsibility o organising the
proGect and the resource needs or the proGect. The manager also has the
responsibility o ensuring that the proGect maintains its direction and
achie)es its goals as best as possible.
nergy .roduction
152
The proto4technate should aim to produce its own energy in a sustainable
way. ;ethods a)ailable include:
:ind
:ater
2io
%olar
(eothermal
Diesel electric
< these probably wind and solar represent the best options with diesel
electric oering a good short term possibility both in terms o energy
production and cost to install.
"n addition, the proto4technate should aim to minimise its energy
consumption in the way it designs housing, or e5ample, to minimise heating
re?uirements and lighting needs (though installing low energy lighting).
The proto4technate may also gain so ad)antage in producing e5tra energy
and selling, i possible.
/ood .roduction
;ethods:
(reenhouses, permaculture and hydroponics with chic9ens, ish and
possibly other animals. %hould aim to ha)e a cyclic supply o nutrients such
as ish supplying nutrients to the hydroponics.
%uggestions or ood:
Peanuts, 2ra=il nuts, almonds, ha=els, walnuts, pine 9ernels.
%esame, pump9in, sunlower, linseeds.
&ggs
3pples, strawberries, blueberries, cherries, plums, raspberries, melons
Peas, beans, lentils.
:heat, barley, oats, rye, millet, rice.
%oya and soya products
2russels sprouts, carrots, cabbage, lettuce, swede, turnip, 9ale
158
;il9, cheese, butter, cream, yoghurt.
)ommunity 7ousing
;odular, circular construction based on geodesic domes (see Kalternati)e
urbinate designL on page ##'). %hould ha)e amily homes, single person
accommodation and common areas X conerence A meeting areas and guest
accommodation.
ducation
&ducation orms an important part o the proto4technate. &)eryone should
ha)e the opportunity to learn, de)elop and ad)ance and the education
system should oer acilities or anyone to learn whate)er they wish and to
learn at their own rate.
The community should aim to establish its own education acilities as much
as it can. +oncentrating on the youngest children at irst and then, as the
proto4technate e5pands, older children and adult education, or practical
reason (i.e. due to the limited nature o resources in the early days o a proto4
technate).
The education system should use the best practices 9nown to encourage
critical thin9ing, logic, mathematics and an understanding o science and art.
"t should also aim to teach s9ills necessary or the proto4technate and to
teach people how to learn so they can learn or themsel)es. The education
should also ha)e a high degree o practical application. The proto4technate
should aim to establish acilities such a laboratories or learning as well as
using what resources the proto4technate might ha)e a)ailable such as wood
to teach biology.
The education system should use proGects and assignments as a preerred
means demonstrating a personNs learning and abilities.
The system should ha)e a structure and ha)e goals to achie)e but each
indi)idual should ha)e the reedom to ad)ance at their own rate.
15'
The education system should aim to teach morality and cooperation at an
early age.
$eferences
#. 3ndrew :allace. Technocracy: 2uilding a %ustainable %ociety or a
Post +arbon :orld. '$$.. "%2> 0./4#4**.,4,3*,4/.
1/0
,y--aws
!$TI)- I# Definitions, )haracteristics and .urpose#
Deinition J Proto4technate :
#. 3 community and networ9 o >ot or Proit <rganisations and
communities that aim to test out, as much as practically possible,
technocratic principles
'. 3 oundation o a ull Technate
)haracteristicsA
#. "nternally operates according to technocratic principles. a. "nternal
use o energy credits b. Rule and administration based on s9ill c. >o
ownership o property beyond small personal possessions
'. &5ternally cooperates as a cooperati)e enterprise a. 1inances raised
but such acti)ities become part o the proto4technate. b. &mbedded
within our current socioeconomic system
3. Peaceul, cooperati)e (non4competiti)e) society that stri)es to
eliminate racism, se5ism and to treat people as ha)ing e?ual )alue.
*. >on4religious. The proto4technate has no oundation in religion,
spirituality or other orms o myths and shall maintain a religious
natural en)ironment.
a. ;embers shall 9eep religion personal. ;embers o a proto4
technate may engage in religion, spirituality o belies in other myths
pri)ately but the proto4technate does not permit e5ternal religious
displays. Purpose:
The proto4technate has the ollowing purposes
#. &5perimenting with technocracy on a social scale and o laying the
oundations o a ull Technate.
'. To build a society based on technocratic principles rooted in science.
3. To ser)e as an e5ample and demonstration o the implementation o
technocracy
!rticle II# *embership#
Definition C member
%omeone who has Goined the proto4technate as ull participates in running
and operation o the proto4technate. 3 member may remain a member or up
1/1
to #$ years beore becoming a citi=en. 3 member may own and operate
e5ternal operations that they were engaged in beore they became a member.
Definition C citi5en
%omeone who has become a ull member as has transer all e5ternal property
to the proto4technate.
The proto4technate has dierent KmemberL and Kciti=enL categories or the
purpose o protecting people in the e)ent that the proto4technate
e5periment ails. 3s the proto4technate has common ownership o property
(beyond small personal property) any business acti)ity o property that
members used would belong to the proto4technate. ;embers can 9eep
e5ternal property that they held beore Goining so they donNt lose e)erything
i the e5periment and community was to dissol)e.
*embership agreement
The proto4technate will maintain and display a membership agreement,
which each member will sign and agree to. The proto4technate can change
the agreement with a consensus and each member should ac9nowledge the
changes.
The term member reers to both members and citi=ens in this agreement.
Upon Goining the community a person remains a pro)isional member or si5
months. 3ter the si5 months has passed the automatically become ull
members and then citi=ens ater #$ years, i no obGections were raised.
The directors may oer membership to anyone suitable or the proto4
technate, subGect to a)ailable space and the physical ability o the proto4
technate to sustain the addition o members.
<nce a person has held pro)isional membership or si5 months and becomes
a ull member that person can hold membership or lie, unless terminated.
3 member can )oluntary terminate the agreement or the proto4technate can
terminate the agreement. " either side terminates the agreement the
member cannot claim bac9 any property donated to the proto4technate or
any earnings ac?uired during the members time in the proto4technate. The
member will ha)e no right, claim or interest in any property o the proto4
technate or any wor9 or ser)ice conducted during their time in the proto4
technate.
1/#
3 member can )oluntary terminate membership whene)er they wish. " a
member )oluntary terminates their membership they ha)e 3 months to
change their minds. The proto4technate can only terminate a personNs
membership or the ollowing reasons:
#. The directors ha)e determined that the personNs beha)iour as
e5cessi)ely )iolent or abusi)e and has caused harm or
suering to other members.
'. The person does not carry out their air share o wor9 within
the proto4technate.
3. The person ha)e let the proto4technate with no indication o
return or more than 3 wee9s.
*. The person acti)ely wor9s against the proto4technate and
against the ideas o technocracy and, thus does not contribute
to the proto4technate or goals o technocracy.
The directors, at either le)el o the proto4technate, only may termination o a
personNs membership subGect to the ollowing procedures.
#. <ne or more people may place a re?uest or the termination o another
person to an appropriate se?uence director.
'. That director then has the responsibility to conduct an attempt to
correct the personNs beha)iour.
3. 1ailing that, the director should gi)e a pri)ate warning o the li9elihood
o termination.
*. " the memberNs beha)iour does not impro)e, the director should
discuss the matter with the other directors.
,. " the directors ha)e no other cause o action to rectiy the situation
that may issue a public warning to the member.
!. " beha)iour does not change then they directors may terminate the
personNs membership.
The directors ha)e discretion as to the time between each step, howe)er,
they must gi)e ade?uate time or the member to correct their beha)iour. "
the director ta9es no urther action within a year, the case becomes closed.
!$TI)- III# +overnance#
The go)ernance o the proto4technate shall ha)e a technocratic nature. 3ll
positions o director, deputy director and proGect manager help to acilitate
1/+
the smooth running o the proto4technate. They do not carry any special
pri)ileges or the oice holders.
The board of directors
The community shall ha)e a board o directors that the members elect. &ach
director will ha)e an appointment appropriate to their s9ill, e5pertise and
?ualiication. %9ill only shall orm the criteria or election to the board. 1or a
candidate to stand or election that must irst show they ha)e the rele)ant
s9ills, ?ualiication, e5perience and e5pertise or the position.
The board o directors comes under the board o directors o the proto4
technate and operate initially at the group le)el at the group le)el. 3s the
proto4technate e5pands the rom one to more communities, each community
will ha)e a board o directors at group le)el and the proto4technate will ha)e
a board o directors at =one le)el.
#. The directors ha)e the ollowing responsibilities:
'. To insure that the running o the community ollows
technocratic principles
3. To insure the legal integrity o the proto4technate in whate)er
country orms the location o the proto4technate or its member
communities.
*. To appro)e or disappro)e the start o a proGect
,. To terminate a proGect that no longer contributes to
technocracy or presents a danger to the proto4technate.
!. To terminate members i the need arises.
.. To initiate proto4technate wide proGects
/. To enable and ensure communications between proGects and
se?uences in the proto4technate.
.roBect managers
&ach proGect that the proto4technate runs shall ha)e a proGect manager
appointed who hold responsibility or that proGect.
The directors can appoint a proGect manager at the start o a proGect or a
proGect team can appoint a proGect manager. <nly a person with the rele)ant
technical and managerial s9ills can hold a proGect manager appointment.
<nly the team members o a proGect can dismiss a proGect manager though
)oting at a specially called or proGect meeting. Remo)al o a proGect manager
can only ta9e place on the grounds o technical s9ill.
1/&
3n appointment to proGect manager lasts or the duration o the proGect or, in
the case o a on4going proGect, or a i5 durational greed to at the start o the
appointment.
3 proGect manager acts independently. 3 director or deputy director has no
say in the way a proGect manager mages a proGect.
!$TI)- I:# The .roperty )ode#
The proto4technate shall use &nergy +redits internally as a means o ensuring
e?ual access to the resources o a technate. Property shall ha)e the
classiication o either petty or grand.
Petty personal property includes all personal property that a person can
carry, wear or ta9e into their home. This includes, but not necessarily limited
to, urniture, bedding, small tools and appliances, clothing, Gewellery,
watches, boo9s, records, +D, tapes and such li9e, and bicycles. These items
remain the personal property o each member and each member has the
right to utilise these items as they wish.
3ll members ha)e an obligation to respect the ownership and e5clusi)e use o
petty pri)ate property.
(rand property includes all property that a person cannot ta9e into their
home. %uch property includes cars, truc9, and other )ehicles, houses, or
other land, power tools, and other machinery. 3 person may not bring such
property into the proto4technate without the agreement o the board o
directors. %uch property remains the property o the owner until such time
as the person has remained with the proto4technate or a period o #$ years.
3t which time the ownership transers to the proto4technate. 3ll such
property remains the e5clusi)e use o the owner until the owner accepts ull
membership. 3t which point the proto4technate may responsibly use the
property as needed. The proto4technate will underta9e people will use the
property with care but the proto4technate does not accept any responsibility
or damage or wear and tare o the property.
3 member shall loan any capital in)estment to the proto4technate or the
duration o their membership.
!$TI)- :# Dissolution of the )ommunity#
The board o directors may dissol)e the proto4technate subGect to !!M or
great )ote o the ull membership or the dissol)ing. The directors shall ta9e
the )ote at a special meeting which they will announced to all ull members
1/5
with a minimum o #$ but no more than ,$ daysN notice beore the meeting. "
the proto4technate dissol)es the directors, or suitably appointed persons,
shall li?uidate all assets and irst pay all debts that the proto4technate may
ha)e. The directors, or suitably appointed persons, shall di)ide e?ually any
additional remaining inances between all ull members o the proto4
technate.
!$TI)- :I# !mendment of the ,ylaws#
<nly the board o directors o the proto4technate or o &<% can amend these
by4laws subGect to the agreement o !!M o the ull membership o the proto4
technate. :ith the ollowing e5ceptions:
#. %cience orms the central basis or the proto4technate. 3ll
amendments need to ha)e a rational basis or their change.
'. The rule o the s9ill. 3ll positions appointed within the proto4
technate must ha)e a basis in s9ill.
3. >o amendment shall in away support racism, se5ism or other
orms o discrimination or in any way pre)ent a person rom
achie)ing their ull potential.
1//
!ppendix - ! -ist of Suggested
)ommunity "ames
Suggested "ames for )ommunities @ Urbanates within the
Technate
The ollowing orms a suggestion or names or communities and later
urbanates ormed within the technate.
%ocieties and ci)ilisations oten ta9e inspiration rom history o mythology
or names. <ur current ci)ilisation ta9es inspiration rom the Hewish A
+hristian mythology as well as some (ree9, (ermanic and other sources or
names. 3 technate, howe)er, has its roots in science and engineering.
Thereore, " suggest we loo9 to other sources or communities name than the
traditional sources o our current society. :e could see science iction as a
6mythology6 or a science based ci)ilisation, thereore, we could use names
inspired rom science iction.
/oundation
The inspiration or the ollowing comes rom 3simo)Ns 61oundation6 series.
1/2
# 3lpha
' 3nacreon
3 3rcturus
* 3s9one
, 3sperta
! 3urora 4 allocated or a
community in %weden
. 2aronn
/ 2onde
0 +il
#$ +inna
## +omporellon
#' +ygni
#3 Daribow
#* Derowd
#, &psilon
#! &rythro
#. &uterpe
#/ 1lorina
#0 1omalhaut
'$ (aia
'# (amma 3ndromeda
'' (etorin
'3 (lyptal
'* 7a)en
', 7elicon
'! 7esperos
'. 7orleggor
'/ "ni
'0 "ss
3$ Hennise9
3# Ialgan
3' Ionom
33 Iorell
3* -i)ia
3, -ocris
3! -yonesse
3. -ystena
3/ ;andress
30 ;elpomenia
*$ ;nemon
*# ;ores
*' >ebula
*3 >eotrantor
** >e5on 4 allocated or a
community in Poland
*, >ishaya
*! <phiuchus
*. <rsha
*/ Rhampora
*0 Rhea
,$ Rigel
,# Rossem
,' %alinn
,3 %antanni
,* %arip
,, %ar9
,! %ayshell
,. %irius
,/ %iwenna
,0 %mitheus
!$ %mushy9
!# %myrno
!' %olaria 4 allocated or a
community in %lo)enia
!3 %ynna5
!* Ta=enda
!, Terel
1/8
!! Terminus
!. Trantor
!/ @ega
!0 @incetori
.$ @oreg
.# :anda
.' :encory
.3 [oranel
,la2e;s (
3gra)a
3lbion
3ltern
3risto
3tlay
3uron
2eta
2etaarl
2ucol
+aspar
+entero
+ephlon
+henga
+randor
+ygnus 3lpha
Del
Destiny
Domo
&5bar
1osoron
(auda Prime
(oth
7elotri5
7ori=on
Iairos
Iee=am
-indor
;alodar
;ecron
<bsidian
Pharos
Porphyrus
%aurian ;aGor
%ardos
%arran
Teal
@andor
@irn
Taranor
Tenon
[ero9
[onda
[ondawl
Star 4ars
3lderaan
2espin
2o= Pity
+ato >eimoidia
+oruscant
Dagobah
Dantooine
&ndor
1elucia
(eonosis
7oth
Iamino
1/'
Iashyyy9
Iessel
;alastare
;ustaar
;ygeeto
>aboo
<rd ;antel
Polis ;assa
%aleucami
Tatooine
Utapau
Oa)in
120
!ppendix - /ormal definitions
Technate ('4'$#$$*'!4#'$33')
#4'$#$$*'!4##*!3.
#4'$#$$*'!4##3$,, #4'$#$$*'!4##*3'0 #4'$#$$*'!4##3,,* #4'$#$$*'!4
##,$$.
#4'$#$$*'!4##,,'' #4'$#$$*'!4#'$#3' #4'$#$$*'!4##,.*/
Re?uires:
(oal (#4'$#$$*'!4##*!3.)
The technate aims to maintain the highest standard o li)ing possible or
the longest time possible. This means the technate commits itsel to a
sustainable hi4tech society that balances the needs o the people with those
o the en)ironment
Technate (#4'$#$$*'!4##3$,,)
The term technate reers to an operational area where e5perts manage the
technology.
&5pert management (#4'$#$$*'!4##*3'0)
3s many comple5 parts orm the composition o a hi4tech society it ta9es a
hi4le)el o education to understand Gust a part o it. Thereore, the people
with the 9nowledge s9ill and e5pertise within a gi)en area should ma9e
decisions within that area.
&5pert (#4'$#$$*'!4##3,,*)
The term e5pert reers to a person who has attained a s9ill and ability in a
gi)en area. 3 personDs peer group recognises the person as an e5pert
121
through the person demonstrating proiciency in the area o e5pertise to
the satisaction o the personDs peer group. 3ccepted as an e5pert in a gi)en
ield the person authorises a person to ma9e competent decisions in the
domain o e5pertise.
Distribution o power (#4'$#$$*'!4##,$$.)
&5perts manage the technological aspects o society within their domain. 3s
no one has e5pertise in e)ery domain this leads to a distributed orm o
management.
openness (#4'$#$$*'!4##,,'')
&5perts in one domain should ha)e access to wor9 that other e5perts in the
same domain ha)e done or the purpose o peer re)iew. &5perts may
criticise
the wor9 o other e5perts in the same domain. @alid criticism comes rom
other e5perts.
science (#4'$#$$*'!4#'$#3')
The term science reers to both a method and a body o 9nowledge gain
rom
applying that method. :e assume that we can test nature and nature plays
air. :e can use e5perimentation, obser)ation, logic and <ccamDs ra=or to
gain 9nowledge about the nature.
appliance o science (#4'$#$$*'!4##,.*/)
The application o scientiic method and sound engineering principles orm
the only method or retrie)ing 9nowledge and de)eloping the technological
aspects o society.
*embership
&<% proto4technate class ('4'$$/#$#*4$/30$0) #4'$$/#$#*4$/'*'/
12#
#4'$$/#$#*4$/'.3$ #4'$$/#$#'4#.'0*# #4'$$/#$#'4#.3$'3 #4'$$/#$#'4#.3#*!
#4'$$/#$#*4$/3#*! #4'$$/#$#'4#.3''! #4'$$/#$#'4#.3',* '4'$$/#$$04$#,3*,
#4'$$/#$$04$#,!'3 #4'$$/#$#'4'3#03. #4'$$/#$#*4$/#!,# #4'$$/#$#*4$/#/*.
#4'$$/#$#*4$/'#$' #4'$$/#$#*4$/3.'! #4'$$/#$#*4$/3*#. '4'$$/#$##4'3,'$/
'4'$$/#$##4'3,*,.
,e>uiresC
Principle o the &<% proto4technate (#4'$$/#$#*4$/'*'/)
3 proto4technate is a stepping stone towards a sustainable hi4tech society
and
an e5periment in technocracy. "t is composed o communities and >P<s
structured in a holoarcy. The proto4technate wor9s with &<%
Principle o &<% proto4technate membership. (#4'$$/#$#*4$/'.3$)
3ny person can become a member o or wor9 or a community o >P< that
orms part o the >&T proto4technate without becoming a member o &<%.
%o long as the person accepts the principles or the proto4technate and does
not attempt to disrupt the running o the >&T wor9 or its organisation.
Principle o technocracy (#4'$$/#$#'4#.'0*#)
placing people in technical positions based on s9ill and ability.
Principle o directors (#4'$$/#$#'4#.3$'3)
12+
accepting the directorDs authority to appro)e goals.
Principle o cooperation (#4'$$/#$#'4#.3#*!)
accepting the coordinators authority to establish coordination with other
groups.
Principle o non4intererence o the technical management.
(#4'$$/#$#*4$/3#*!)
3ccepting the decisions o a appointed technical e5pert with the domain o
the e5pert and o not interering with domain outside ones own area o
e5pertise.
Principle o proGect leadership (#4'$$/#$#'4#.3''!)
accepting the proGect leaderDs authority to manage proGects autonomously.
Principle o &nergy 3ccounting (#4'$$/#$#'4#.3',*)
accepting energy accounting as a means to allocate resources within a
(proto4)technate.
12&
+lass o di)ersity and e?uality ('4'$$/#$$04$#,3*,)
#4'$$/#$$04$#,!'3, #4'$$/#$$04$#3'*3
Re?uires:
Principle o di)ersity (#4'$$/#$$04$#,!'3)
People and A or organi=ation should be able to use the ull range o aptitude
and perspecti)es o our di)erse members to ensure that we ha)e the
breadth
o )iewpoints, e5periences, and intellectual s9ills needed to succeed.
Principle o di)ersity (#4'$$/#$$04$#,!'3)
People and A or organi=ation should be able to use the ull range o aptitude
and perspecti)es o our di)erse members to ensure that we ha)e the breadth
o )iewpoints, e5periences, and intellectual s9ills needed to succeed.
Principle o no religious ailiation (#4'$$/#$#'4'3#03.)
125
People and A or organi=ations should be non4religious
Principle o holonic organisation (#4'$$/#$#*4$/#!,#)
3ccepting the basic holonic organisation structure proposed by &<% and
accepting the ormation o groups, areas, =ones and sectors as needed.
Principle o not4or proit (#4'$$/#$#*4$/#/*.)
3gree to that the organisation should not wor9 or proit.
Principle o sustainability (#4'$$/#$#*4$/'#$')
The organisation will wor9 in an eco4riendly way and attempt as ar as
possible to wor9 in a sustainable way.
Principle o appointment and remo)al within a proto4technate
(#4'$$/#$#*4$/3.'!)
3ccepting the appointment o a person to a position by the persons peers
based on the persons technical s9ills only. 3ccepting the remo)al o a person
orm a position or technical reasons only.
12/
Principle o openness and peer re)iew. (#4'$$/#$#*4$/3*#.)
3llowing open access to all wor9, reports and other documents or a gi)en
proGect A group or other organisational structure within a proto4technate.
3ccepting peer re)iew o wor9 conducted within the proto4technate.
EOS a!!roved !ro!er !rinci!"es and c"asses hand"ing C"ass 7#-#0081011-
#+5#088
#4'$$/#$$04''*/'3 Principle o usable principle deinitions
#4'$$/#$$04''**'3 Principle o principle and class "D assignment
#4'$$/#$##4'3**33 Principle o correct principle e)aluation
#4'$$/#$##4'3*!', Principle o reedom to ma9e Principles and A or
+lasses #4'$$/#$##4'3*!,, Principle o principle non4modiication
#4'$$/#$##4'3*.33 Principle o storing Principles and +lasses
#4'$$/#$##4'3*/#* Principle o ree access to Principles and +lasses
Re?uires:
122
Principle o usable principle deinitions (#4'$$/#$$04''*/'3)
People and A or organi=ations deining new principles or classes should
write
the deinitions in such a way that whether or not a person and A or
organi=ation adheres to it or not, is clear rom the deinition.
Principle o principle and class "D assignment (#4'$$/#$$04''**'3)
People and A or organi=ations that deine new principles or classes ha)e to
assign each an "D. The "D should be in the ormat T4OOOO;;DD477;;%%,
where T is # i itDs a Principle, or ' i itDs a +lass and the OOOODD;; and
77;;%% are the time at which the principle A class was written or
inished.
Principle o correct principle e)aluation (#4'$$/#$##4'3**33)
The person or organi=ation Gudging i people or organi=ations meet a
principle
or class, should use the deinition o that principle or class, to determine i
the
current state and acti)ity o the person or organi=ation in ?uestion ollows
the
deinition or not. The comparison between the actual state and the
principle
or class deinition should be the only and most important criteria or
determining this. " the deinition is not speciic enough to do this
obGecti)ely,
subGecti)e Gudgement may be used.
Principle o reedom to ma9e Principles and A or +lasses (#4'$$/#$##4
'3*!',)
128
12'
&<% appro)ed proper principles and classes handling +lass
('4'$$/#$##4'3,*,.)
#4'$$/#$$04''*/'3, #4'$$/#$$04''**'3, #4'$$/#$##4'3**33,
#4'$$/#$##4'3*!',, #4'$$/#$##4'3*!,,, #4'$$/#$##4'3*.33, #4'$$/#$##4
'3*/#*
Re?uires:
180
Principle o usable principle deinitions (#4'$$/#$$04''*/'3)
People and A or organi=ations deining new principles or classes should
write
the deinitions in such a way that whether or not a person and A or
organi=ation adheres to it or not, is clear rom the deinition.
Principle o principle and class "D assignment (#4'$$/#$$04''**'3)
People and A or organi=ations that deine new principles or classes ha)e to
assign each an "D. The "D should be in the ormat T4OOOO;;DD477;;%%,
where T is # i itDs a Principle, or ' i itDs a +lass and the OOOODD;; and
77;;%% are the time at which the principle A class was written or
inished.
Principle o correct principle e)aluation (#4'$$/#$##4'3**33)
The person or organi=ation Gudging i people or organi=ations meet a
principle or class, should use the deinition o that principle or class, to
determine i the current state and acti)ity o the person or organi=ation in
?uestion ollows the deinition or not. The comparison between the actual
state and the principle or class deinition should be the only and most
important criteria or determining this. " the deinition is not speciic
enough to do this obGecti)ely, subGecti)e Gudgement may be used.
Principle o reedom to ma9e Principles and A or +lasses (#4'$$/#$##4
'3*!',)
3ny person must be allowed to deine new Principles and A or +lasses.
>o person or organi=ation may pre)ent any person rom deining a new
Principle and A or +lass.
181
!ppendix - The OS )onstitution
Overview
The &uropean <rganisation or %ustainability (&<%), ormed in '$$, (as the
>etwor9 o &uropean Technocrats (>.&.T.)) and registered in %weden in '$$!,
is an autonomous research and social mo)ement that aims to e5plore and
de)elop both the theory and design o technocracy. Technocracy is an
alternati)e and uncon)entional social theory deri)ed rom the physical
sciences that places an emphasis on the role o energy as an organi=ing
element in society. (i)en that the original theory and design o technocracy
ocused largely on >orth 3merica alone in the early twentieth century, &<%
aims to adapt and de)elop said theory and design into both a &uropean and
global conte5t. Thereore &<% is an organi=ation de)eloping theory that
shares commonalities with original technocracy but is largely a separate
wing o technocracy. &<% was registered as an organisation in %weden in
'$$!, organisation number /$'*3#4033$.
*ission
The mission o &<% is to achie)e the aorementioned )ision with reerence to:
#. To in)estigate uncon)entional socio4economic and political
paradigms, employing scientiic methodology as the prime tool.
'. To allow a community or the critical e5amination and de)elopment
o the underlying philosophy o present potentially new social,
economic and political paradigms.
3. To perorm the aorementioned in light o the contemporary
challenges o energy a)ailability, climate change, ageing population,
health and economic disparity.
*. To elucidate means o socially, economically and technically
implementing sustainable reorms in a practical and realistic manner.
The uropean *odel
18#
3s with technocratic theory, the design has separated into both the >orth
3merican and &uropean schools o thought, howe)er as beore common
ground may be ound amongst the principles that both schools o thought
share as beginning points. +entral to the design o both >orth 3merican and
&uropean technocratic schools is the call or undamental structural changes
to the e5isting political and economic ma9eup o industrial society, that the
social realm may accurately relect the physical basis upon which it is built.
Presently the >orth 3merican model is the only in e5istence that can be said
to be completeE howe)er the ollowing lists the beginning points o a
&uropean model which is still under de)elopment. "t should be noted that the
>orth 3merican model has been used as a beginning point itsel, the
inluence o which is indicated below:
)rucial concepts
)omparison with the US version
#. "nluence o technology B3mericanC and social change B&uropeanC
The 9ey obser)ation o the technocratic doctrine is the role o high
energy technology in orging the material wealth o industrial
societies. 3s a theoretical oundation, the >orth 3mericans sought to
use this inluence to create a model o society in which the human
adapted to physical changes in society. The &uropean model proposes
that social change occur concurrently as a dynamic element o
technological change instead o a response.
'. 3bsolute abundance B3mericanC becomes Relati)e abundance
B&uropeanC
The original technocrats proposed that an abundance o material
resources, technology and trained personnel e5isted in the industrial
society o >orth 3merica during the #03$Ds deri)ed rom the
obser)ation that there e5isted the capacity to produce more goods
than could be consumed by the population, and that the abundance o
energy resources such as oil, coal and gas was the prime dri)ing orce
18+
behind this apparent abundance. The &uropean model recogni=es the
need to incorporate not only the a)ailability and ?uantity o resources
but also the dynamic e?uilibrium that e5ists between resources,
population and the renewal o resources or continued use. Thus
Drelati)e abundanceD is utili=ed as a term to indicate the relati)e
balance o resources to that which can be eecti)ely produced,
consumed and returned to the production cycle.
3. &nergy accounting B3mericanC and alternati)e methods o
distribution B&uropeanC
Proposed as an alternati)e to money and a means to trac9 the
consumption o goods and ser)ices, energy accounting characteri=es
one o the central distributi)e approaches to economics that the early
technocrats made. The &uropean model has begun to recogni=e the
role o e5change and distribution in shaping human moti)ational
beha)iours.
*. Dynamic e?uilibrium and sustainable de)elopment B&uropeanC
3 new addition to technocratic analyses is the inclusion o ecological
and climate concerns into the physical analysis o the social realm.
Iey among these analyses is the recognition that issues o energy
a)ailability, climate change and ecology represent a uniied issue in
terms o the low o resources rom the earth to industrial society, and
e)entually bac9 to the en)ironment. This element o the &uropean
model recogni=es the re?uirement to reduce the dependence on non4
renewable and cost4e5ternali=ed resources in order or the social
realm to continue to de)elop.
,. +onsumerist paradise B3mericanC in light o ecological ootprints
and enlightened immaterialism B&uropeanC
The original >orth 3merican model proposed that indi)iduals would
be gi)en the greatest reedoms to both beha)e and consume as they
pleased. The &uropean model emphasises that the original model
based this assumption on the a)ailability o mainly ossil uels, the
mass use o in the present day would be not only oolish but highly
untenable due to the increasing scarcity o said uels and the impact
18&
these uels ha)e on climate and ecology. Tied into the notion o
concurrent social change with technological change, it is proposed
that a general change in philosophy and ideas about consumption is
re?uired in order to bring about positi)e social change.
!. 1unctional use o a)ailable resources B3mericanC and eedbac9 o
resources to ma5imi=e their unctional utility B&uropeanC
+entral to both the philosophy and design o the >orth 3merican
technate was the eicient use o resources to ma5imi=e the abundance
o goods and ser)ices. 3s a de)elopment o this, the &uropean model
see9s to do this with not only the unctional use o a)ailable
resources, but the eedbac9 o these resources in closed
inrastructural loops in order to ma5imi=e the absolute unctional
utility o all resources.
.. ;eritocracy B3mericanC and Democracy B&uropeanC
Perhaps the most well49nown o technocratic theses is the proposal
that scientists and engineers manage society in a role a9in to that o
politicians. The &uropean model proposes that although a
meritocratic distribution o e5perts to manage economic matters on a
physical or thermodynamic basis is necessary in such a design, there
e5ists areas o society to which indi)iduals must ha)e the power to
inluence, lest they become unregulated agents o tyranny. These
areas ocus on the social arena and largely in)ol)e collecti)e decisions
that relate to the )alues and ideas o said collecti)e groups, including
access to a democratic and impartial Gudicial system.
/. +entrali=ed B3mericanC becomes decentrali=ed B&uropeanC
&5tending rom the meritocratic structure o decision ma9ing, the
>orth 3merican model proposed that the operation o an entire
technate would occur on the basis o a hierarchy o engineers and
scientists co)ering an entire continental area. De)elopments in the
&uropean model ha)e ocused on de4centrali=ing this hierarchy into
smaller co4operati)e units distributed o)er large geographical
regions. The rationale behind this approach is to ma5imi=e the
autonomy o smaller communities while maintaining the
185
interdependence necessary or the large scale operation o a
technological mechanism.
0. 7ierarchical B3mericanC and co4operati)e B&uropeanC
The distribution o power and authority in the original design was
largely pyramidal, e5tending to a tip at the head o the technate
where decisions would be made upon all aspects o society, using
impersonal scientiic methods. The &uropean model recogni=es the
need to diuse power and authority hori=ontally in order to
encourage co4operation, and laterali=e responsibility.
#$. Pro)incialism B3mericanC and internationalism B&uropeanC
The original model called or the establishment o a Technate o)er a
limited geographical area, notably a continent. 3lso limited in this
model was the e5tent to which the technate interacted with its
neighbours and other statesAtechnates. The &uropean model teeters
between such pro)incialism and a more international approach.
18/
!ppendix - !n !uxiliary
-anguage for a Technate
:e aim or a system that not only respect peopleDs dierences but sees
dierences as an important contribution to human de)elopment. "n such a
system we e5pect to see multiple cultures and languages within the limits o
tolerance and human rights. 7owe)er, necessity would dictate a common
language or the technical administration o a technate.
3t the moment, in the early '#st century, this would deault to &nglish.
7owe)er, commonality does not necessary ma9ing a language such as &nglish
are suitable language or technical and administration. "n common with all
natural languages and some artiicial languages such as &speranto, &nglish
has some inconsistencies in spelling and construction and ambiguities.
Thereore, we propose an au5iliary language or technical administration o
the technate. This would orm a common language or the technical side o a
technate but we do not aim or such a language to replace any natural
language within the technate.
The 6language o science6 does, in a way, orm language yet it does not ha)e
the ull construct o a real language. :e do, howe)er, ha)e an artiicial
language that has on the construct o mathematics, the oundation o the
language o science, but in a orm o a real languageE -oglan B-og#, -og3C.
Introduction
The name -oglan, in this conte5t, reers to the logical language that Hames
+oo9e 2rown irst started to de)elop in the #0,$s. -oglan orms an e5ample
o a logical language because the de)elopers based the language on predicate
logic which orms a way o deining logical relationships. 7owe)er, or
practical purposes you could )iew the language as an e5ample o a "ill te
blan*s language as each o the main type o words used in -oglan eecti)ely
orm an incomplete sentence where you ill in the blan9s to complete the
182
meaning. 1or e5ample, the -oglan word meaning to see, vi#*a, has three
blan9s and orms the sentence 3 sees y against bac*ground # as in mi vi#*a tu
meaning 7 see you (you donDt ha)e to use all the blan9s in -oglan).
-oglan has a number o ad)antages o)er natural languages and languages
such as &speranto.
-oglan has a set o consistent rules 4 no e5ceptions
+onsistent spelling (the base words come in either +@++@ or ++@+@ orm
(where + stands or 6consonant6 and @ or 6)owel6)).
%impler rule set. -oglan has about '$$ rules, ar less than a natural
language.
3 deined way to grow so any additions ollow a set o rules as the
language grows and de)elops. %o, once you 9now -oglan your
9nowledge doesnDt get out dated as the language changes.
%impler grammar. >o nouns, ad)erbs, imperect orms etc to learn.
3 logical language there has a dierent construct compared to natural
languages and thus re?uires a bit o a dierent way o thin9ing when
you construct a sentence.
This chapter presents a brie o)er)iew o -oglan. -oglan has the ollowing
building bloc9s or constructed sentences
Predicates. These orm incomplete sentences to which you are
arguments to complete the sentence and say what you want
3rguments. These orm the aters and obGects which you would li9e to
tal9 about.
-ittle words. These are controlled words that adds e5tra meaning and
clariication to sentences.
!n overview of -oglan
188
.redicates
Oou use predicates to orm the main subGect o a sentence. " act, you can
)iew a predicate words as an incomplete sentence. Hust ill in the blan9s to
say what you want to say. &ach predicate word has rom one to i)e blan9s to
ill in.
Predicates come in three main orms.
2ase words
+ompound words
-one words
Base ords
These orm the main set o words used in -oglan. They ha)e a constant
spellingE either +@++@ orm or ++@+@ orm. They all end in a )owel and they
all ha)e only one meaning each.
&5amples
>2. The letters 5, y and = represent the blan9s.
+@++@ orm
)i=9a 4 5 sees y against bac9ground =
hasa 4 5 is the house o y
tarci 4 5 is a star o gala5y y
undi 4 5 li9es y more than =
ta9na 4 5 tal9s to y about =
++@+@ orm
cnida 4 5 needs y or =
cli9a 4 5 is similar to 5 in eature =
tcaro 4 5 is a motorised )ehicle
18'
Gmite 4 5 meets y
=)oto 4 5 is outside o y
Compound ords
The base words in -oglan number about # ,$$. To say more you can use two
or more base words to ma9e a metaphor. " you thin9 others can use the
metaphor you can combine the words to ma9e a new word. &ach base word
has a combining orm which you can use to construct more comple5 words.
&5amples
agctu 4 ash. +onstructed rom "agro (ire) and ctuda (e5crement)E agro
ctuda. The word "agro has the combining orm "ag and ctuda the
combining orm o ctu so the metaphor "agro ctuda becomes the word
"agctu.
bamoa 4 sphere. +onstructed rom balma (ball) and "orma (orm A
shape)E balma orma. The word balma has the combining orm bam and
"orma the combining orm o "oa so the metaphor balma "orma becomes
the word bam"oa.
trigru 4 orest A wood. +onstructed rom tricu (tree) and gru(a (group)E
tricu grupa. The word tricu has the combining orm tri and gru(a the
combining orm o gru so the metaphor tricu gru(a becomes the word
trigru.
!one ords
:hen using -oglan you try to use -oglan word to construct a metaphor or a
new idea o concept. 7owe)er, you might not ha)e the opportunity to do that
at all time such as when an idea or concept has a close relationship to one
group o people. "n such cases, -oglan allows borrowing but with certain
rules.
&5amples
proteini 4 5 is a protein o type y
cer9opithe9ui 4 5 is a cercopithecus (a primate) o that genus
1'0
!rguments
These orm a set o words that you use to ill in the blan9s o the predicates.
They orm the obGects or agents that you tal9 about. 3rguments come in
three orms:
>ames
Predicates as arguments
-ittle words as arguments
:e use a little word to tell the dierence between a name and a normal
predicate word used as an argumentE either le or la. The little word le means
te one 7 call and the the little word la means te one tat actually is. The word
DleD then orms a prei5 or a description and the little word la orms a prei5
or a name.
Names
>ames in -oglan come in two types:
Proper >ames
Predicate >ames
3ll proper names end in a consonant and can ha)e any number o letters. :e
can use predicates as names i we use the little word la irst. 3s predicates
together orm a metaphor we use the little word gu to show where the name
ends and the main predicate o the sentence starts.
&5amples
Proper names:
1rans 4 1rance
%ol 4 %un
Romas 4 Rome
Predicate >ames
1'1
la aru 4 ather A dad
la ratcu 4 Rat
Predicates as arguments
Oou can use predicates words as arguments to the main predicate o a
sentence to orm the obGect or agent o a predicate. To do so, you need to add
the little word le to show that the you mean te one 7 call and then use the
little word gu to show when the argument predicate comes to an end and the
main sentence predicate begins.
&5amples
le nirli gu tcatro 4 the girl is dri)ing (a )ehicle)
le "ar"u gu 9amla 4 the ather comes
le as"a gu redro 4 the house is red
le (rano mrenu gu go=tseui 4 the running man is late
!ittle words as arguments
-oglan has a number o little words that you can use or common occurring
actors or obGects.
&5amples
tu 4 you
ti 4 this
toi 4 that ( the last mentioned remar9)
da 4 he A she A it
-ittle words
-ittle words orm a type o control word or sentences. Oou can use them to
"orm brac*ets, add time and place or add additional inormation to a sentence.
Oou can also use some little words or common words you might use such as
me, it or numbers.
"#amples
mi 4 me A " A mysel
gu 4 a separator between predicates A a right boundary mar9er
1'#
to 4 the number two
rau 4 ... because o reason ...
e 4 and
Some xample Text
la mi 9omta gu siorbodcea uu nu9ou le u na9so Ge 9ei Gue mi. i mi sromao le
9omta numlea ice gen=a dur=o lepo mi pogsea le 9ompta troli dursio.
$eferences
B-og#C Hames +oo9e 2rown. 6-oglan #6. http:AAwww.loglan.orgA-oglan#A
B-og3C %te)e Rice. 6-oglan 36. http:AAwww.loglan.orgA-oglan3Download.html.
1'+
!ppendix - 7uman "ature
The scientiic research o)er the last ew decades tends to support the idea
that human begins do ha)e a nature that has a genetic origin but also the
en)ironment does inluence our beha)iour thus human beha)iour results
rom both nature and nurture through the comple5 interaction o them both.
7uman nature includes some positi)e beha)iour patternsE humans ha)e a
curious nature and cooperate to help each other or e5ample. "t also has some
less desirable attributes such as the use o )iolence. The design present here
does not aim to alter human nature but instead aims to wor9 within the
bounds human nature and through en)ironment design encourage some
beha)iour patterns and discourage others.
!n Overview of Some !spects of 7uman "ature
,ehaviours
nvironment D%ED0E
3rica :
hunter gathers
small groups (ma5 '$$)
open grassland A woodlands A water
animals
+enes D%ED0ED1E
3ctions to ensure sur)i)al o genes (selish genes).
$eproductive behaviourD%ED0E
$trategies%&'%('
r 4 hi reproducti)e rate, short generation time, little ospring
in)estment
I 4 lo reproducti)e rate, long generation time, hi ospring in)estment
7umans use I strategies
)ape%&'%('
7i )alue emales more li9ely to get raped
1'&
-o )alue males more li9ely to rape
Parenting%&'%('
"n)est more time into own ospring
males less li9ely to in)est time in children (less certain o ospring)
more li9ely to abuse step4children
more li9ely to abuse handicapped children
emales more li9ely to in)est in ospring (more certain o ospring)
)hildrenD%ED0E
inants id human ace
inants imitate human e5pressions
young children preer adults
older children switch (girls beore boys)
adults respond to child crying (emales more than males)
children engage in rough play (diers rom real )iolence)
submissi)e A dominate beha)iour
thnocentric ,ehaviourD%ED0E D3ED'EDFE
tend to preer own group 6we6
tend to disli9e 6not we6 (such as dehumanise, bystander eect etc.)
children araid o strangers
-anguageD%ED0E
predisposition to learn a language
.hysical !ppearanceD%ED0E
tenancy to preer more physically attracti)e people
Gin Selection
D(E

The tendency to preer genetic relati)es o)er non4genetic relati)es
*orality @ Hustice DIED%FED%(ED%IED%?E
a sense o morality
tendency towards egalitarianism
Self-Deception D?ED%&E
tendency to ind patterns
1'5
tenancy or alse positi)es
!nthropomorphism D%%ED%0ED%1ED%3ED%'ED%&E
tenancy to attribute human beha)iour, moti)ation and other
characteristics to non4human animals and inanimate obGects
tendency to understand the world in human emotional terms
:iolenceD0E
use o )iolence in conlict resolution
use o )iolence or gain
use o )iolence or sel4deence
honour
+enetic Origins of ,ehaviourD0&ED0%E
inheritance o beha)iours
e)olutionary persistent beha)iours
spices speciic beha)iours
nvironment and ,ehaviour
$eferences
#. &d. Iaran %. +oo9, (ary 3lan 1ine and Hames %. 7ouse. 6%ociological
Perspecti)es on %ocial Psychology6. 3llyn and 2acon. #00,. "%2>: $4
'$,4#3.#!4*.
'. %te)en Pin9er. 6The 2lan9 %late6. Penguin. '$$3.
+. -aura 2et=ig. Politics as %e5: The <ld Testament +ase. &)olutionary
Psychology. '$$,.
(http:AAwww.epGournal.netAilestoreAep$33'!3*!.pd)
&. Da)id 2. (oet=e. &)olutionary Psychology and the &5planation o
&thnic Phenomena. &)olutionary Psychology. '$$*.
(http:AAwww.epGournal.netAilestoreAep$'#*'#,0.pd)
,. H. Philippe Rushton. "nclusi)e itness in human relationships.
2iological Hournal o the -innean %ociety. '$$0
!. ;ichael : Passer and Ronald &. %mith. Psychology 1rontiers and
3pplications. ;c(raw 7ill. '$$#.
1'/
2. (regory D. :ebster. 7uman Iin "n)estment as a 1unction o (enetic
Relatedness and -ineage. &)olutionary Psychology. '$$*.
(http:AAwww.epGournal.netAilestoreAep$'#'0#*#.pd)
8. Dennis -. Irebs and -. Hames +limenhage. The >ature and >urture o
;orality 3 re)iew o :hat ;a9es Us ;oral8 +rossing the 2oundaries
o 2iology. &)olutionary Psychology. '$$,
(http:AAwww.epGournal.netAilestoreAep$3#33#*#.pd)
0. +harles ;acIey. &5traordinary Popular Delusions and the ;adness o
+rowds. #/*#
10. ;ichael %hermer. The pattern behind sel4deception.
http:AAwww.ted.comAtal9sAmichaelPshermerPthePpatternPbehindPsel
Pdeception.html
11. 3. 7orowit=. 3nthropomorphism. &ncyclopedia o 7uman43nimal
Relationships, pp !$4!!, (reenwood Publishing (roup, :estport, +T.
'$$. (http:AAcrl.ucsd.eduAWahorowitA&ncyclopedia4anthrop.pd)
#'. Pascal 2oyer. :hat ;a9es 3nthropomorphism >atural: "ntuiti)e
<ntology and +ultural Representations. Hournal o the Royal
3nthropological "nstitute, @ol. ', #00!
#3. -. R. +aporael. 3nthropomorphism and mechanomorphism: Two aces
o the human machine. +omputers in 7uman 2eha)ior, @olume ',
"ssue 3. Pages '#,4'3*. #0/!
#*. Robert :. ;itchell, >icholas %. Thompson, 7. -yn ;iles.
3nthropomorphism, anecdotes, and animals. %tate Uni)ersity o >ew
Oor9 Press. #00.
#,. Ieith Taber, ;i9e :atts. The secret lie o the chemical bond:
studentsD anthropomorphic and animistic reerences to bonding.
"nternational Hournal o %cience &ducation @olume #/, >umber ,. #00!
#!. &. 1ehr, 7. 2ernhard, 2. Roc9enbach. &galitarianism in young children.
Pp #$,.4/. >ature. '$$/.
#.. Iatarina (ospic, &ri9 ;ohlin, Peter 1ransson, Predrag Petro)ic,
;agnus Hohannesson and ;artin "ng)ar. -imbric Hustice J 3mygdala
"n)ol)ement in "mmediate ReGection in the Ultimatum (ame.P-os 2iol.
;ay '$##.
#/. &3 %mith, I 7ill, 1 ;arlowe, D >olin, P :iessner, ;. (ur)en, % 2owles,
;2 ;ulder, T 7ert= and 3 2ell. :ealth Transmission and "ne?uality
1'2
3mong 7unter4(atherers. +urrent 3nthropology. Pp #043*. , 1ebruary
'$#$.
#0. ;ichael " >orton and Dan 3riely. 2uilding a 2etter 3merica J <ne
:ealth Quintile at a Time. Perspecti)es on Psychology. Pp 04#'. '$##.
'$. 2eha)ioural (enetics 7uman (enome ProGect "normation.
http:AAwww.ornl.go)AsciAtechresourcesA7umanP(enomeAelsiAbeha)i
or.shtml )isited Huly '$##
'#. Ragnhild 2ang >es. 7appiness in 2eha)iour (enetics: 1indings and
"mplications. Hournal o 7appiness %tudies, @olume ##, >umber 3, Pp
3!043/#. '$$0.
1'8
.e all live on one (lanet99
:
/ %he Dyma3ion 7or *u""er8 !ro=ection shows our !"anet as one.
1''
Index
3bundance........3/p., *3, *0, !$, #/3pp.
3griculture.....30p., /'pp., 0$, ##0, #3$
3merican........*0, #$$, #3#, #33, #/3pp.
3rchology..........................................#$/
3rcosanti........................................#$.p.
3rtiicial "ntelligence.......#p., #'$, #'*
3utomation......0!, 0/, ##0pp., #',, #,,
2eha)iour.!, 0/p., #$,, #'*p., #!3, #/*,
#0*pp., #0/
+apitalism...........................................!/
+ities,#, .#pp., 0#, #$#, #$0, ###, ##*p.
+iti=en card.................................#*.pp.
+lasses and Tags....................#'/, #3!p.
+ommunity.......#p., ,p., 0, #'p., #!pp.,
.,p., /'pp., 0$, 0,, #$#pp., #$!pp.,
##0, #'.p., #*$, #*'p., #*,, #,#pp.,
#,0, #!#p., #!*p., #!.p., #.3, #/', #/,
+on)e5 optimisation..........................,0
+ooperate. .#', #!, .', .,, /#, /3, #'0p.,
#3*p., #!#, #0*
+ost 2eneit 3nalysis.........................,/
Democracy. . .,, #', #*pp., #3*, #*$, #/,
Director......../, /$p., 0$p., #'/pp., #3,,
#3/, #*$, #**, #,,pp., #!'pp., #.3p.
Distribution...,, #*p., 3/, *#, **, ,$, !*,
!/p., /', /*, #3,, #,*, #.', #/*pp.
Dynamic model.............................!!pp.
&arth..................................................#$!
&conomic........#pp., ,p., /p., #., '', '/,
3,p., 3/pp., *3pp., */pp., ,/, !*p., ./,
#'!, #*#, #*3pp., #!#, #/'pp.
&ducation...../, #0pp., *3, .,, 03, #,*p.,
#,0p., #.#, #0.
&nergy. #p., ,p., #*, #., '', ',p., '0, 3#,
33, 3.p., *#pp., ,$pp., !0p., ./, /$,
/'pp., 0'pp., 0!, #$'p., #$., ##/p., #',,
#'., #3#pp., #,'pp., #,.p., #!#, #!,,
#.*, #/'pp.
&nergy accounting...', ,, #*, 3/, *#pp.,
,$pp., ,/, !$p., !*, !!p., .$, #'., #.*,
#/*
&nergy +redits....,p., #., *', ,#p., ,,p.,
!#pp., !!p., !0p., 03p., 0!, #,3pp., #!#,
#!,
&nergy input labelling.......!., #3#, #33
&ngineering #$p., '', 3*p., *0, ,0p., .#,
.,, /'p., 0$p., 0/, #$', #$,, ##,, #*,p.,
#!., #.', #/,
&n)ironment Design........................#$,
&n)ironments....!, #$,, #$0, ##3p., #'3
&thics.....................................................,
&urope.....#,, /!, 0', #*'p., #,#, #/'pp.
&uropean..........#,, 0', #*3, #,#, #/'pp.
&)olution.............................*,, #*., #0!
&5ergy...........', *.p., ,$pp., ,.pp., !*p.
&5perts...', ,p., /, 3., ,', ,!, !$, .,, 0/,
#'!, #*$, #.#p., #/,
1arming...........................,, /3, #$0, ##0
1ood.......#, '', '0, ,$, .,, /3pp., 0', 0.,
#$3, #$., ##0, #'/, #3#, #3!, #*3,
#,'pp., #,/
(eodesic dome..........................#$*, #,0
(eorgescu4Roegen, >icholas.............*0
(oal.3, /, #$, '$, ,., .', .*pp., /$p., 0#,
0.pp., #'.pp., #3#, #3*pp., #*#p., #**,
#,!p., #,0, #!3, #.#, #.*
(o)ernment..........................................3
(]nther, 1ol9e..................................#$.
7olarchy....................*, .!p., /#, #'0p.
#00
7olon.....!, #*p., .#pp., ..p., /$pp., /!,
/0, 0#p., #$#, #'.p., #3$, #30pp.,
#**pp., #*/, #.!
7ousing,p., *3, 0*p., #$#p., #$*, #$!p.,
#'/, #33, #*3, #,3, #,/p.
7uman.....!, #', #., '', 3/p., *,, !*, .#,
.3, /$, #$,, ##!, ##0pp., #33, #/3p.,
#/., #0*pp.
7uman >ature............................*,, #0*
7uman rights........................#', #., #/.
7umanity............................................#.
7ydroponics..........................##0p., #,/
"mpact................................................#$!
-egislati)e council..................#'p., #$'
-ie +ycle 3nalysis..............................,.
-ie support.....................................,, !,
-oad actor....................................0, #$3
-oglan...........................................#/.pp.
;anage.. . .#p., ,p., /p., #3p., '/, *3, ,',
,,pp., !$, .3, .,, /$, /'pp., /!p., 0$,
0', 0!, #$3, #$!, ###, ##3p., #'!, #'0p.,
#3/, #*$, #,'pp., #!3pp., #.#p., #.*,
#/,
;ining.............................,, ./, #./, #/#
;oney........', ,, 3,, 30p., ,$, ,/, !/, .$,
0!pp., #'!pp., #33, #*#pp., #/*
;oneyless..........................#, ,, #*., #*0
;orality.............................................,, 0
;oti)ation...............**, 0!pp., #/*, #0!
>ature.....#pp., /, #$p., 30, *,p., ,', !0,
.#, .*, /$p., 0$, 0'p., #$', #$,p., #$/p.,
###, ##/, #'$, #'', #3,, #3.pp., #*',
#,3, #,0, #!3, #.', #0*, #0.
>etwor9....#, 3, !, 33, *#, **, ,', !*, .$,
/#, /!p., /0p., #$#p., #$., ##*, #'!pp.,
#*#pp., #,#pp., #!#, #/'
<ptimisation, con)e5.........................!$
<wnership........!, *$, 0'pp., #!#p., #!,
People....#p., ,p., /p., #', #*pp., '', ',,
'/, *3, *,p., ,$pp., ,,, !$, !'p., !0,
.#p., .,, /#, /!, /0p., 0'p., 0!pp., #$,,
#$/, ##0p., #'/, #3*pp., #30pp.,
#*3pp., #,'p., #,,p., #,0, #!#pp., #!,,
#.#, #.3, #.,p., #./, #/#, #/., #0$, #0,
Pinch method..................................,0p.
Politics................................#,pp., #/'p.
Price system................#!, 3/pp., *3, 0.
Principle*#, #$!, #'/, #3*pp., #,3, #!#,
#!*, #.'pp., #/$p., #/3
Production. .#p., ,p., 0, #*p., ''pp., 3#,
33pp., 30pp., *!, *0pp., !#p., !*, !.pp.,
.,, /3p., 0', 0*, 0!, #$3, ##3, ##/p.,
#'#, #',, #3'p., #3!, #,'pp., #,.p., #/*
Production..........................................',
ProGect..........!, '$, ,#, !/, .,pp., /$pp.,
/0pp., ###, #'0pp., #*$, #*', #,#pp.,
#,0, #!3pp., #.*, #.., #0/
Pyramid +ity.....................................#$.
Reciprocal altruism......................#, #*3
Robotics.......................#'#pp., #',, #**
%cience.../, #$p., '$, 3!, *!, 0#, 00, ###,
##!, #*#, #,,p., #,0, #!#, #!!p., #.',
#/', #/., #0.
%9y city.................................#$., #$0pp.
%ocial side.............................................,
%ociety. .#, 3pp., /pp., #*pp., 3!, ,$, !#,
!,, .#, /$, 0'p., 0!, #$*, ##*, ##., #'$,
#'!, #3*p., #3., #*#pp., #*,p., #!$p.,
#!., #.#pp., #/'pp., #0!
%ocioeconomic.....#pp., ,p., /p., #., *!,
*/, ,$p., ,/, #'!, #*#, #*3p., #*., #*0,
#!#
%oddy, 1rederic9................................*0
%pirituality............................................,
#01
%ustainability#, *, '', '0, 3#, 33pp., *3,
,', #$'p., ##,, #*,p., #.!, #/'
%ustainable. #pp., /pp., ',p., '/, 3#pp.,
*3, *!, ,', ,.p., /$, #$'pp., #$0pp.,
##/, #'$, #',p., #'/, #*#, #*3, #,/, #!$,
#.#, #.3, #.!, #/', #/*
%weden...!*, 03, ###, ##,, #*,, #!/, #/'
Ta9ena9a +orporation.....................#$.
Technate...........#, /p., #*pp., 3/, *#pp.,
,'pp., !., .$p., .*pp., /$p., /,pp.,
/0pp., 0/p., #$'p., #$0, ##*, #'$, #'*,
#'!pp., #3$, #3*p., #3/p., #*'pp.,
#*.p., #,#pp., #!#pp., #.#pp., #.!p.,
#/,pp.
Technical side...................', ,, #*$, #/.
Technocracy....#*p., 3/, /$, #'!, #3#p.,
#3*, #,#, #,,pp., #!$p., #!3p., #.3, #/'
Technology#p., /, 3#, 33, **, ./, /', /*,
0$, ##*, ##.p., #'$p., #'!, #3,, #.#, #/3
Thermodynamics......................*!p., *0
Transport......0, 3., ,#p., ,., ,0, !*, ./,
/!pp., 0', 0,, #$!p., ##$p., ##3p., ##.,
##0p., #',, #3$, #,*p.
Tribus, ;yron.....................................*0
Urbanate......../!p., 0*, #$#pp., #$,pp.,
###pp., ##., ##0, #!.
Utopia.........................................3p., ##,
:orld3, !, #$, #,p., '/, 3,p., *#, **, !*,
.#p., //, 0#, #$0, ##0p., #'*, #'., #*3,
#*,, #,3, #!$, #0!
...........................................................#$/
#0#