2010-11

2
, , . Cayley-Hamilton
: 4/05/2011
: 104 4/05/2011 10.00-12.00.
. ,
klentzos@gmail.com .

1
3

22
1. A =

.
2 4
a. A . ,
P, Q
22 P 1 AP, Q 1 AQ
P 1 AP Q 1 AQ .
b. , , B
22 B 2 = A .
c. , , U
22 U 1 AU
.

3
1
V (1) = ,V (2) = .
2
1
a) 2 2 2 .
3 1
1 3
P =
,Q =
, P, Q
2 1
1 2
1 0 1
2 0
P 1 AP =
, Q AQ =
.
0 2
0 1
1
b) B B = P 1
0
. ,
2

0
P , P
2

1 0 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
B2 = P
P = P
P = P

P = A.
0

0
2
2
0
2

c) U
a c
22
U =

A
b d
. ,
3 1
1 1
22
1
U =

, U AU =
.
2 0
0 2

1 a b

2. A = 0 1 c
33 .
0 0 2

a. A ( a, b, c )
a, b, c A .
b. ( x)
[ x] 2,
A1 = ( A).
a. A ( x) = ( x 1)2 ( x 2) .

0 a b

2, a = 0
dim V (1) = 3 rank 0 0 c =
dim V (2) = 1 ( m(2) = 1 ).
1,
a

0 0 1

2.2.10 a = 0 (
b, c ).
b. 2 96.
3. a
, {v1 , v2 , v3 } 3

f : 3 3

f (v1 ) = av2 , f (v2 ) = v1 + v3 , f (v3 ) = av2 .

a. a f .
b. f 2 k k
a
.

0 1 0

a. f A = a 0 a .
0 1 0

2
f ( x) = A ( x) = x( x 2a).

a < 0 , f ( x)

[ x] ( 2.3.4).
a > 0 , A 3
( 2.2.9).
a = 0 , f ( x) = A ( x) = x3 (
2.3.4)
(;) , .
f a = 0.
b. . A ( A)

( x)
[ x] Ak k .
, 1.4.2 2
.
A2 k = ( A2 ) k ,
A2 .

a 0 a

A = 0 2a 0 A2 ( x) = x( x 2a) 2 .
a 0 a

2
A .
2

4. A
44 A ( x) = ( x 2)2 ( x 2 + x + 1) .
a. U
44 U 1 AU
.
b. U  44 U 1 AU
.
c. P  44 P 1 AP
rank ( A 2 I 4 ) = 2 .
d. Tr ( A2 ) .
e. k . U
44
U 1 AkU k
3 .
a. 2.3.4 x 2 + x + 1

[ x] .
b. 2.3.3.
1
3
c. A ( x) = ( x 2)2 ( x )( x ) , = + i
.
2
2
m( ) = m( ) = 1 dim V ( ) = dim V ( ) = 1 . 2.2.11
P  44 P 1 AP
dim V (2) = 2 4 rank ( A 2 I 4 ) = 2 rank ( A 2 I 4 ) = 2 .

d. A  44 90,
Tr ( A2 ) = 2 2 + 22 + 2 + ( ) 2 = 8 + ( + ) 2 2 = 8 + 1 2 = 7.
e. A  44 , 2k , 2 k , k , ( )k .
k 3. ,
2
2
2 k
2 k
= cos
+ i sin
k = cos
+ i sin
De
6
6
6
6
2 k
Moivre. sin
= 0 k 3. (:
6
k
k 3 . De
Moivre , 2 
, 3 = 1 k .)

5. A C22 , A .
a. , Ak =

( A I2 ) +

k
( A I 2 )

k .
b. = , Ak = k k 1 A (k 1) k I 2 k 2 .

a. 1 . X 1 , X 2 C21 A

, . { X 1 , X 2 } C21 A
.
k

k
Ak X i =
( A I2 ) +
( A I 2 ) X i , i = 1, 2. . i = 1

Ak X 1 = k X 1

k
k
k
(
A

I
)
+
(
A

I
)
X
=
(
AX

X
)
+
( AX 1 X 1 ) =

2
2 1
1
1

k
( X 1 X 1 ) +
( X 1 X 1 ) = k X 1 .


i = 1 .
i = 2.
2 , . k CayleyHamilton: A2 ( + ) A + I 2 = 0 .
b. . k Cayley-Hamilton:
A 2 2 A + 2 I 2 = 0 .
6. A F rankA = 1 . .
0  0 a1

0  0 a2

a. A
.

 

0  0 a
b. Tr ( A) 0 .
a b = 1 . 2 .
a. rankA = 1 < , , 0
. dim V (0) = rankA = 1. u1 ,..., u 1 V (0) .

rankA = 1 , u F 1 Au u F 1 = Au Au 0 .
u1 ,..., u 1 , u F 1 . ,
.
1u1 + .. + 1u 1 + u = 0 ,
1 Au1 + .. + 1 Au 1 + Au = 0 0 + ... + 0 + Au = 0 = 0 .
1u1 + .. + 1u 1 = 0 1 = ... = 1 = 0 u1 ,..., u 1
.
U u1 ,..., u 1 , u . U
u1 ,..., u 1 , u F 1 . U 1 AU

 0  0 a1

0  0 a2

 

0  0 a

A : F 1 F 1 , A (u ) = Au

(*)

{u1 ,..., u 1 , u } F 1 . A
(*).
b. ,
0  0 a1

0  0 a2 .

 

0  0 a
TrA = a A ( x) = (1) x 1 ( x a ) = (1) x 1 ( x TrA) .
TrA 0 . dim V (0) = rankA = 1 = m(0)
dim V (TrA) = m(TrA) = 1 ,
2.2.10).
TrA = 0 . ,
, rankA = 1 0 .