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T NG HA SN XUT


Ging vin hng dn : TS. Nguyn Trng Doanh
Hc vin thc hin : Dng Vn Lc
Lp : 14BCT.KH
MSHV : CB140981
in thoi : 01675830459












H NI - 10/2014
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Hc Vin: Dng Vn Lc CB140981 C in T
1. Nhng mng t ng ha trong lnh vc c kh, v cc trang thit b phc v
cho t ng ha.

T ng ha sn xut trong c kh bao gm nhng mng sau

- T ng ha khu cp phi gia cng

Thit b cp phi ri l t hp cc c cu bo m s dch chuyn ca phi t
ni cha (tr) vo vng gia cng v y chi tit c gia cng xong ra ngoi n
vng lu tr mi.
Thit b cp phi ri c th c ch to thnh cm my c lp hoc cm gn
kt hu c vi my cng c cng nh vi g my. Ph thuc vo phng php lu
tr phi, cc loi thit b cp phi ri c chia thnh ba nhm: dng cha, dng
xp lp v dng phu. Trong cc thit b dng phi c sp xp thnh mt dy theo
trnh t v c nh hng. Thng thng ngi cng nhn t thc hin cng vic
ny. S khc bit ca cc thit b cp phi dng lp l phi c cha tr thnh mt
s lp k tip nhau. Trong cc thit b cp phi dng phu phi nm t do (khng theo
trt t no c) trong phu cha. a phi vo vng gia cng cn phi c thm c
cu nh hng.
Trong thc t sn xut cc thit b cp phi c chia thnh loi vn nng, vn
nng iu chnh v loi chuyn dng.
Cp, vn chuyn v lu gi phi t ng phi c gii quyt trn c s cc
qu trnh gia cng c th, trnh thit b v chnh xc yu cu. Qu trnh cp phi
phi c thc hin nhanh, tin cy. Trong thc t gia cng, tn ti nhiu loi phi khc
nhau, tuy nhin loi phi ri chim t l ln nht (trn 70%). Do nghin cu pht
trin thit b cp phi ri c ngha kinh t - k thut to ln. Cc phi ri rc c
phn loi theo s lng cc ng trc v cc mt i xng cng nh kt cu, hnh
dng hnh hc, trng lng v ln ca chng. Trong thc tin thng p dng ba
loi thit b cp phi ri: dng phu, dng v dng kt hp.

- T ng ha khu lp rp

Lp rp l khu cui cng ca qu trnh sn xut. Trong qu trnh lp rp
ngi ta thc hin lin kt cc chi tit vi nhau to ra sn phm yu cu. Trong
nhng nm gn y, lng sn phm x hi tng mnh, mc phc tp v cht
lng ca chng ngy cng cao, do vy, khi lng cc cng vic c lin quan n lp
rp sn phm ngy cng tng, nhu cu v lp rp t ng cng ht sc cp bch. Tuy
vy, lp rp t ng l mt vn rt phc tp. Khi p dng lp rp t ng, phi gii
quyt mt lot cc vn nh nh v, hiu chnh v tr tng i ca cc chi tit v
cm chi tit, vn chuyn, kim tra, th nghim sn phm... Cng nh qu trnh gia
cng c, qu trnh lp rp c nh hng trc tip n cht lng v tui th ca sn
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Hc Vin: Dng Vn Lc CB140981 C in T
phm. Chnh trong qu trnh lp rp, cc thng s k thut thit k s c m bo.
c th thc hin qu trnh lp rp t ng, bn thn cc chi tit v cm chi tit tham
gia vo qu trnh lp rp phi c tnh cng ngh cao, khng cn n cc nguyn cng
gia cng c v sa ngui khi lp rp, d nh v v vn chuyn, cho php s dng cc
qu trnh cng ngh v thit b lp rp tin tin, hin i.
Hin nay, vic p dng lp rp t ng cn b hn ch bi mt lot cc kh
khn sau y:
+ Tn ti mt s nguyn cng v mt s bc rt kh TH hoc TH chng
khng mang li hiu qu kinh t cao.
+ Mc tp trung nguyn cng trn mt v tr lp rp b hn ch do yu cu
v khng gian (hay din tch) lm vic ca cc c cu chc nng ln.
+ Mt s bc lp rp cn cc trang b k thut chuyn dng i khi rt phc
tp, gi thnh cao.
+ S lng cc chi tit lp rp rt ln v a dng. lp rp chng, nhiu khi
phi thit k cc my lp rp t ng chuyn dng, hiu qu s dng khng
cao.
+ L thuyt v lp rp t ng cho n nay vn cha hon thin.
+ Yu cu v nh hng, vn chuyn v nh v cc chi tit c kt cu, vt
liu v tnh cht khc nhau vi vn tc v chnh xc cao s lm cho cc
thit b lp rp t ng tr nn phc tp, t tin v km hiu qu.
+ Do cc chi tit cu thnh sn phm c ch to ti nhiu ni, cc thi
im khc nhau, nn d xy ra s khng tng thch v vt liu, chnh
xc, thi gian cung ng v nhiu vn khc lm cho qu trnh lp rp b
gin on.
hn ch v loi b cc vn trn, p dng c hiu qu lp rp t ng,
phi gii quyt mt s vn v t chc, cng ngh v k thut tng hp sau:
+ Bo m cht lng ch to n nh.
+ Gim s cm chi tit cu thnh trn c s p dng nguyn tc thit k theo
mun.
+ Nng cao mc tiu chun ho ca chi tit, cm chi tit.
+ Chuyn mn ho v tp trung ho sn xut.
+ S dng rng ri cc qu trnh cng ngh in hnh v cng ngh nhm c
mc TH cao.
+ Nng cao tnh cng ngh ca chi tit khi lp rp t ng.
+ Nghin cu p dng cc phng php lp rp mi tin tin.
+ Nghin cu p dng cc phng php m hnh ho v m phng cc qu
trnh cng ngh lp rp vi mc ch ti u ho qu trnh.
+ S dng cng ngh thng tin trong thit k v t chc cc qu trnh lp rp
t ng.
+ Nghin cu, d on nhu cu v xu hng pht trin ca lp rp t ng.
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Hc Vin: Dng Vn Lc CB140981 C in T
+ Nghin cu ch to cc thit b lp rp iu khin theo chng trnh c kh
nng iu chnh nhanh khi i tng lp rp thay i.
+ o to i ng cng nhn vin lnh ngh.

- T ng ha khu kim tra sn phm

Nguyn cng kim tra cht lng ca chi tit chim mt t l ln trong qui
trnh cng ngh. Trong mt s lnh vc sn xut, nguyn cng kim tra chim t 25
50% thi gian ca chu k cng ngh (thi gian thc hin qui trnh cng ngh). V d,
trong cng nghip ch to vng bi, thi gian thc hin cc nguyn cng kim tra
chim khong 25 30% thi gian thc hin ton b qui trnh cng ngh. Vi mc
c kh v TH qui trnh cng ngh th cc nguyn cng kim tra ngy cng chim mt
t trng ln.
Nh vy, nguyn cng kim tra c nh hng rt ln n nng sut cht lng
ca sn phm. Kinh nghim TH cc nguyn cng kim tra, v d nh cc thit b
kim tra tch cc v cc my t ng kim tra phn loi gp phn ng k nng cao
cht lng sn phm v nng sut lao ng. Thiu TH qu trnh kim tra khng th
thnh lp c dy chuyn t ng, phn xng t ng v nh my t ng vi chu
k hot ng hon ton t ng.
Chc nng ca kim tra th hin qua s di y:







V mt t chc, kim tra c th c tin hnh ti phn xng hoc ti cc
phng kim nh (KCS) T cc thng tin m kim tra cung cp ta c th a ra gii
php cng ngh tip theo hoc phn loi, phn nhm chi tit.
Kim tra nhm nh gi cht lng ca chi tit qua cc thng s:
- Kim tra chnh xc.
- Kim tra hnh dng hnh hc.
- Kim tra v tr tng quan.
- Kim tra khuyt tt.
- Kim tra bo him (v tr ca chi tit,s c mt ca l, kim tra v tr, tnh
trng dng c, ).
H thng kim tra bo him lm vic khi no hot ng ca my hay h thng
my (ng dy t ng) khng tun theo nhng qui nh sn. Trn ng dy t
Gia cng Kim tra X l Gii php
Sn phm
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Hc Vin: Dng Vn Lc CB140981 C in T
ng, ngoi nhng c cu bo him cho tng my, ngi ta thng s dng nhng c
cu bo him kim tra: v tr ca chi tit sau khi vn chuyn n v tr gia cng; v
tr ca dng c so vi chi tit v ti trng ca chng; hot ng ca h thng bi trn,
lm mt, thi phoi...
Kim tra v tr ca chi tit rt quan trng, nu chi tit khng nm ng v tr,
dng c gia cng v thit b s b h hng. Thng thng s dng cng tc in hay
sensor kim tra v tr ca mt hay mt s im ca chi tit so vi v tr chun, dng
kh nn kim tra tip xc ca b mt t (nh v) trn bn my...
Kim tra v tr v trng thi ca dng c ct l cn thit bo m dng c
hot ng bnh thng. Nhiu lc phi kim tra chi tit dng c c th lm vic
c, v d phi kim tra l trc khi ct ren, kim tra l tm trc khi chng tm...
Khi dng c mn, lc ct ln hay khi phoi cun vo dng c, gy ra mmen ln... th
phi c c cu dng qu trnh v cnh bo cho cng nhn vn hnh.
S hot ng ca h thng bi trn, lm mt phi c kim tra cht ch bng
cch s dng cm bin p sut, cm bin nhit , phao ni... Trong mt s trng
hp c th phi kim tra nhit ca trc.
Phi kim tra bo m h thng thu dn phoi lm vic bnh thng v u
n.
Kim tra bo him l hnh thc phng nga, th ng, ch s dng ch no
tht cn thit, thc s gim c lao ng v th gi ca cng nhn. im chnh l lc
thit k phi suy tnh nhm gim tnh trng c th xy ra h hng.

Trang thit b phc v cho t ng ha

Mt h thng sn xut t ng (my t ng, dy chuyn sn xut t ng, h
thng sn xut linh hot...) ngoi my cng c v ngi vn hnh (cng nhn) cn c
cc b phn khc tham gia vo qu trnh hot ng ca h thng . Cc b phn ny
gi l cc thit b c bn ca h thng sn xut t ng. Cc thit b c bn ca t
ng ho c chia thnh bn nhm chnh sau:
- Cm bin.
- B phn tch-x l.
- Thit b chp hnh.
- Thit b dn ng.
Mi quan h ca bn nhm thit b ny trong h thng sn xut t ng c
th hin trn hnh 2-1.
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Hc Vin: Dng Vn Lc CB140981 C in T

Hnh 1. Mi quan h ca cc phn t t ng trong h thng sn xut.
1. Cm bin; 2. B phn tch-x l; 3. Thit b chp hnh; 4. Thit b dn ng;
5. My cng c; 6. Chi tit; 7. Ngi vn hnh.

Trong h thng ny con ngi ch khng phi robot cng nghip ng v tr
vn hnh. Robot cng nghip l mt phn ca h thng t ng (pha trn ca hnh 2-
1). Thc t, bn thn robot cng nghip cng l h thng tch hp y ton b bn
nhm phn t c bn: cm bin, b phn tch-x l, thit b chp hnh v thit b dn
ng.

2. Vai tr ca my CNC v Robot cng nghip

Vai tr ca my CNC

CNC vit tt ca cc t Computer Numerical Control, xut hin vo khong
u thp nin 1970 khi my tnh bt u c dng cc h iu khin my cng c
thay cho NC, Numerical Control (iu Khin S). Trc khong thi gian ny, cc
chng trnh NC thng phi c m ho v x l trn cc bng c l, h iu
khin phi c b c bng gii m cung cp tn hiu iu khin cc trc my
chuyn ng. Cch ny cho thy nhiu bt tin, chng hn khi sa cha, hiu chnh
chng trnh, bng chng mn, kh lu tr, truyn ti, dung lng b... H iu khin
CNC khc phc cc nhc im trn nh kh nng iu khin my bng cch c
hng ngn bt thng tin c lu trong b nh, cho php giao tip, truyn ti v x l,
iu khin cc qu trnh mt cch nhanh chng, chnh xc.
Cho n nay, cc my CNC c mt hu ht cc ngnh cng nghip. y c
th ni l mt lnh vc mi c s kt hp chc ch gia my tnh v my cng c, iu
khin cc hot ng gia cng trn my da vo vic khai thc cc thnh tu k thut
s hin i, m ra nhiu trin vng pht trin sn xut. Tuy mc ch v phm vi ng
dng ca tng loi my cng c CNC c th khc, cc li ch m cc my ny mang
li kh ging nhau.
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Hc Vin: Dng Vn Lc CB140981 C in T
Li ch u tin l nng cao mc t ng ha. S tham gia ca ngi trong
qu trnh ch to c gim bt hay loi tr. Nhiu my CNC c th hot ng sut c
chu trnh gia cng khng cn n s c mt ca ngi th, nh vy gip lm gim s
mt mi, t li sai st gy ra do ngi. Thi gian my cho mi sn phm hu nh xc
nh. My hot ng t ng theo chng trnh nn khng cn n bc th cao mi
khi gia cng cc chi tit phc tp trn my truyn thng.
Li ch th 2 ca cng ngh CNC l cung cp sn phm bo m, tin cy. Mt khi
chng trnh qua kim tra c a vo sn xut, hng lot cc chi tit cng loi c
th c to ra mt cch chnh xc v n nh.
Mt li ch na m cc my CNC mang li l tnh linh hot. Gia cng cc chi
tit khc nhau trn my ch cn thay i chng trnh. Cng c th lu, sa i v
dng chng trnh cho ln khc khi cn n, lm d thay i mt hng. Ngoi ra,
khng phi mt nhiu thi gian chun b gia cng trn cc my CNC, do vy rt ph
hp vi k thut sn xut hin i.
C th ni rng vi s xut hin ca cc my CNC, b mt ca cc ngnh sn
xut nhn chung thay i. i vi nc ta, nhng nm gn y cc my CNC
c tng bc trang b trong mt s nh my, vin nghin cu v cc cng ty lin
doanh. Hiu bit mt cch y v khai thc trit cc u th ca loi my ny l
mt nhim v thit thc trong vic ch to sn phm ni ring cng nh thc y v
pht trin sn xut ni chung.

Vai tr ca Robot cng nghip
Thut ng Robot xut pht t ting Sec (Czech) Robota c ngha l cng
vic tp dch trong v kch Rossums Universal Robots ca Karel Capek, vo nm
1921. Trong v kch ny, Rossum v con trai ca ng ta ch to ra nhng chic
my gn ging vi con ngi phc v con ngi. C l l mt gi ban u cho
cc nh sng ch k thut v nhng c cu, my mc bt chc cc hot ng c bp
ca con ngi. u thp k 60, cng ty M AMF (American Machine and Foundry
Company) qung co mt loi my t ng vn nng v gi l Ngi my cng
nghip (Industrial Robot). Ngy nay ngi ta t tn ngi my cng nghip (hay
robot cng nghip) cho nhng loi thit b c dng dp v mt vi chc nng nh tay
ngi c iu khin t ng thc hin mt s thao tc sn xut.
V mt k thut, nhng robot cng nghip ngy nay, c ngun gc t hai lnh
vc k thut ra i sm hn l cc c cu iu khin t xa (Teleoperators) v cc
my cng c iu khin s (NC - Numerically Controlled machine tool). Cc c cu
iu khin t xa (hay cc thit b kiu ch-t) pht trin mnh trong chin tranh th
gii ln th hai nhm nghin cu cc vt liu phng x. Ngi thao tc c tch bit
khi khu vc phng x bi mt bc tng c mt hoc vi ca quan st c th nhn
thy c cng vic bn trong. Cc c cu iu khin t xa thay th cho cnh tay ca
ngi thao tc. N gm c mt b kp bn trong (t) v hai tay cm bn ngoi
(ch). C hai, tay cm v b kp, c ni vi nhau bng mt c cu su bc t do
to ra cc v tr v hng tu ca tay cm v b kp. C cu dng iu khin b
kp theo chuyn ng ca tay cm. Vo khong nm 1949, cc my cng c iu
khin s ra i, nhm p ng yu cu gia cng cc chi tit trong ngnh ch to my
bay. Nhng robot u tin thc cht l s ni kt gia cc khu c kh ca c cu iu
khin t xa vi kh nng lp trnh ca my cng c iu khin s.
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Hc Vin: Dng Vn Lc CB140981 C in T
Da theo ng dng c th ca Robot: Robot dng trong cng nghip, Robot
dng trong qun s, trong k thut thm him v tr, trong nghin cu khoa hc, y t,
gio dc.T khi mi ra i robot cng nghip c p dng trong nhiu lnh vc
di gc thay th sc ngi. Nh vy cc dy chuyn sn xut c t chc li,
nng sut v hiu qu tng ln r rt. Mc tiu ng dng robot cng nghip nhm gp
phn nng cao nng sut dy chuyn cng ngh, gim gi thnh, nng cao cht lng
v kh nng cnh tranh ca sn phm ng thi ci thin iu kin lao ng. t c
cc mc tiu trn l nh kh nng to ln ca robot nh: lm vic khng bit mt mi,
rt d chuyn ngh mt cch thnh tho, chu c phng x v cc mi trng c
hi, nhit cao, cm thy c c t trng, nghe c c siu mRobot c
dng thay th con ngi trong cc trng hp trn hoc thc hin thuy khng nng
nhc nhng n iu, d gy mt mi nhm ln.
Trong ngnh c kh, robot c s dng nhiu trong cng ngh c, cng ngh
hn, ct kim loi, sn, phun ph kim loi, tho lp vn chuyn phi, lp rp
sn phm . . .
Ngy nay xut hin nhiu dy chuyn sn xut t ng gm cc my CNC
vi Robot cng nghip, cc dy chuyn t mc t ng ho cao, mc linh hot
cao . . . y cc my v robot c iu khin bng cng mt h thng chng trnh.
Ngoi cc phn xng, nh my, k thut robot cng c s dng trong vic
khai thc thm lc a v i dng, trong y hc, s dng trong quc phng, trong
chinh phc v tr, trong cng nghip nguyn t, trong cc lnh vc x hi . . . R rng
l kh nng lm vic ca robot trong mt s iu kin vt hn kh nng ca
con ngi; do n l phng tin hu hiu t ng ho, nng cao nng sut lao
ng, gim nh cho con ngi nhng cng vic nng nhc v c hi. Nhc im ln
nht ca robot l cha linh hot nh con ngi, trong dy chuyn t ng, nu c mt
robot b hng c th lm ngng hot ng ca c dy chuyn, cho nn robot vn lun
hot ng di s gim st ca con ngi.