Veekshanam 06 June 2014

P~ ^ * PHOH O
ÒQ} ~+O
Pq~= O^~OQ HOH
ÒQ} * PHOH
XH ~+ Ò H~ =`" H^
ÒQ} [
P`Q~=O H~
a=#O H~
=O|# H~
YO` ÒQ} H~
aH"# ÒQ} H~
ÒQ} P`Q~= "kH

gH}O d E< 2014
Advt.
P PHOH WOH <~"~= LOk

D " P Ô #Ô
155
ISSN 2231-6892
E< 2014
O\ : 12
~[HiH, =lH =uH
OzH : 6
Z_\i HH" : a.Z. ~A, Z. #iO~ _, a. ~=H$+, ZO. #iO, ". ~, ". ~=KO^
O , Z<. "}Q

==H O^:
O^:
H~O_O\ / ~+< "<[~:
HOlOQ:
q. #=O`~=
Z<. "}Q
". ~=KOÔ
. ~[Y~
~ gH}O
O^HO
O^H "Y
H` H / ._.
D<
=~=#O

gH}O
^jO
qZK H"
^jO
^jO
JO`~fO
^jO
OfO
=HO
=lHOO
=lHOO
x"kH
q^#q=~
q^~OQO
q^~OQO
==~OQO
=lHOO
q^#q=~
O~}
=lHOO
=lHOO
gH}O ^Q~ J=HxH L# H
W~Q~Q
QO
J[ =~}
^xH UO H#Ok?
~O_ `Q ~ * =
Z_@~ : P JO\ :
Z. =
Z. "OH>+
4
5
6
7
8
9
12
14
16
18
19
20
22
26
29
30
31
33
34
36
40
42
44
45
47
48
50
53
57
61
63
64
65
66
=~, ZOQ ~K# Z=i P?
ZxH =y~ - g qy~

=O^ ^x |# HOQ
ZxH UO K|`<~?
ZxH e` q+}
"_r, Q= #Oz eOKO_!
`H^y# q+
"_ q[O Ja=$k^, q^x^?
< *=xH QÒ
< HOQ [ <`~
~ x~OÔ q+` K#
L#` qÔ x~OÒ
q=< L^y# uQ`
Pk"# Jx q^Q P^H"e
qY =#O w<O\ ^_
"xOQ = zO`~ ô` ~@O
H~~@ "H ~} =
^ `~Qu sHZ(_) Q_ e`
q^ == zH` K^#_?
[#=i_ O@ [#O HO H^
H f~O H Q~O
b ==H~*
D `| ~
[#`# ~~ * "Ô
= =i J=Q# XH <\ 3
OpH~} Qg} =$`
Z. =
Z. #iO~_
@OH JH
a.~=H$+
a.Z. ~A
q. #=O`~=
~" xh
W~< J^
#iO
q. H_e
~[=~O ~~k
Hqx
_. W=<x Ò^~O
H~ *u
= "OH\"
= ~=N
H. H~
~= ~*O
ZO. <Q=}
WH ZOl
z" *< |~
qO
#\
~q
^ O, _. H. S
". ~=KOÔ
. g~|Ki
". ~=KOÔ, Z. =
J[ =~} z l H~O_O@
Pk^ .ZK. N=<~} =i ^~^ _. q[~ HsO#Q~ ^=~ ~}H Y=O .ZK. yi[
"^H ZO. ~*O^~~_ =|#Q~ ==^ WH x*=^ ZO. #~ ~OQ~_ q. OH~
=~OQ Z.=~ J#O`~ H. <Q~Ki z`~ =<~ l H~ l.q. ^H~ ~_
<~ Q~= qY@O .q. ~=} NHO P~. N`
'gH}O JK=`# ~K# =H"# Jax\` O^ UH=O LO_#=~O ^. 'gH}O# x["# *H ~[HiH,
=lH q+} "kHQ fik^_O Jx~H Ja, a<a K #O HeOKx O^H =~O qOk.
O@~
_H< /
Ki` WO+<
gH}O
P*=^, ^~^
< : 040 - 27678411 "f ~_h, 36394,
_|@~
P#O^ U[h
^~^
< : 98484 28516
92468 26191
gH}O KO^ q=~
'gH}O i@ ZO.F., K,
_._ Oe# z~<=
\ <O. 3, =`#Q~,
^~^ 500 029.
H, < : 04066843495
Email : veekshanam2003@gmail.com
www.veekshanam.wordpress.com
q_ u
O=`~O
=_ O=`~
S^ O=`~
k O=`~
O / |s
~. 20
~. 240
~. 600
~. 1000
~. 2000
=
~. 20
~. 200
~. 540
~. 900
~. 1700
gH}O JHO\ <O|~ 013911011002175

POÔH, QQ<= OK, ^~^
W`~ O ""~ ANDB 000/0139 <O|~ ~ "=K.
gH}O d E< 2014
~ gH}O

gH}O K# H$+ kH @ H#Q< PHOH` O`+ "= (J"iH) ~. 10,000 q~O O, 'tOK "_ H`
*=xH J~O ^. gH}O U O H"< J_QO_ Jx ~~.
q. #=O`~= (^~^) = xk U~@H ~. 1000 WK~.
eOQ# (#QO_), Q_ ^H~ ~_ (k@), Y=i ~q (=~OQ) qiqQ KO^ KiOK~. JOîH H$`[`. O.
H}O ~K~` ="O XH =xk U~@ Kx

UHw=OQ ~K~ Ò^~ H~Q O^ `# L<O "O@<
OkOKH~< J@=O\ xk J=~x QOz XH =xkx
U~@ Kx x~~OK_O =^=O. ""xH Wk=~H [iy#
~K~` ="O =~}O ~=H$+ WO\ K# K,
`# XH "~ ~ WK~. <# _ J^ "`x H\ O z#
Q~. POQ<< J@=O\ xk U~@# O^ H\ O K~.
nxH "O@< OkOKeOk ~. HO` =Ok ~K~` K~=
fHx ^ OY gH}O uH KO^ Z H\ =K~,
J^ X~=_ "iH iK O L# = #Oz D =xkH q~
HiOKe. gH}O uH Z@=O\ PiH û LO^ O^
uH H\ =z# <^ O D xk ZO` J=~" "~ Ke#
x^ . D xkH =K q~# XH ` H OH JHO\ [=K,
^x x~} J[=~+H HO`=Ok ~ Q~ ~K~ `, ~ ,
a+` WO_O_O\Q ==iOK XH Hq\ U~@ K e.
q. #=O`~=
^~^
H} O PO^ ^ , ÒQ} =`" iq`" LO^? g~
` Q + JK " < ~ . H|\ JO` = ~ H i q` "
LO^#O\O. gH} O JK" q+ ~`^ xH, q^
O|OkOz#q _ LO@<~. H|\ =YOQ g è*
q+ O U=O> D uH On, WOy+ JK" |_Ò^? On,
WOy+ JK"# @~` XH PO^ ^ , ÒQ}H iqÒ HO_
W`~ ~ L# [, "^= JO^~ K^=`~. JC_
D uH WOH =O^ "o K ~ M` O^Q uH
J=Ò^x = LÔ.
=`, =, =}HO~~=
<Q~ O\ *
H}O " OzH Kk"#. =~=~~= ~# HOuHi [#`#
~~ "O QOk. ` == x q^, "^ ~OQx xf~,
Jqhu, J=~` QiOz K q=~OQ ~~. Hx `=OQ
K# [#`# ~~ ~OQ [~Q`# H$+H O|OkOz#
q=~ K `=Q L<~. "O x_q iy< "\ QiOz
=iHx q=~ ~ =iO` QO_k. WH Q |Ok@ "O
^~ K q=~ JOkOz#O^ ^#"^.
#\
(gH}O Q)
H}O " 2014 OzHx ' =, =i J=Q#
QiOz ~O_ =@:
= Li` JO= H^ J< "< =O^
~ H ~# 'LiÒ Jx J#=kOK_O `Q < J#k `H"e.
(P^~O) # ~K~` '<k Jx f#C_ <k g^ xeK
H@_ x H@_ = #O_ Li`=x ZO^HO@#@? LiÒ JO>
~ Jx J~O H^? J~` H@_O QO =`"<? Lù
O|O^# f qQ` =[O JO` H="#^? J W@x
=~ ZH_< K_? O^ ^~x ="^xH, nxH

JO` `_ L#@ JxOK^, " "O~O |^ WH_ <kx
H\ #@Ok.
~H~ : D ` ""x QOK Ò
_ ~H =`". "\x "= x~}x J#O>
~>. Q=xOK^Q q+ O: =i ÔÒ 'LiÒ Q" !
<k QiOz# J=Q# 'Li` JO"# =*O< Ô.
Wk =~ <i# ~O . H@e Lù O|O^ 'Li` JO#
H#<, =*O O\ ~ H KHO H#Q=. J
K_` Li` JO D '<k'H ~H, "~O\ `.
~ O_ ~O\: U XH JO" < (XH =[O) HOîH (L^:
ô`) <k JOO, W`~ 'Li` JOO Z J=Òk?
Wk J~~ Ò. WC_Q H@e q= O *~Q gOk. #~O^
"_ Q JO^ Q". HkHO< =# =[O O~
H@e =[OQ =~ K# Hx < ~. Wk =Oz J=HO,
20= à s H=x[O =^=iÒ O_ =m =~#
K^=H=_xH.
- =^=
(gH}O D"~ =z#k)
H} O PyÒÔ> qK~O HQÒk. ^~^ è#
"iH uH O K=x J_y`, K=Ok, ="~ s
uH QiOz #"O^ ^_`= Jx "MxOK~. "=H,
J^"^ _ L=_ O `= Q` J#" P^~OQ
uH# K#@ H#|_Òk. HO` Ò K gi H~O
O^=K. [ K# K# QiOz PzOKe. ~K# q+ xH
= ~K# " O\=<, " H=< x~
O g# O` `~Q è*
=Ozk. Ò P~, U_ < Q_z< uH x~ x~O
è_O ^.
#~O^"<
Pe
H} O U 2014 O^H
O D ^ ~" O@s ~[H
H@ `x, |@H`x P~ ^ Q [~Q`# *ux^
Ò`# ZxH O^~zÒQ KHQ q=iOz ~~. J D
ZxH == `~# ^` * sH J=HO x^< #Q`x
è*~. XH x["# * `=x J<+OKe#
`H}=~O D ^x^x è*~. D Ôx H ^~~
H#èQ ~ `K# HOQ s QiOz, =` q^ ~KQ\
|O Q_# ~f [#`s <HÒx Z<_Z @q,
W`~ s _`<x, H@`x O^HO KHQ q=iOz
#O^, `=O " PzO* O^H
O ~#O^
^# "^. gH} O XH J`^`" # ~[H iH, =lH = uH
Jx Kkq# u"iH J~"`k. u QOÔ< HH, ~,
H q^~ JO^@H uH# `"e.
Q_ ^H~ ~_
k@, "^H
(qQ` 28= r...)
gH}O d E< 2014
O^HO
^xH UO H#Ok?
Z=~ JOwHiOz<, JOwHiOKH~< 2014 ~uH
ZxH ~f [#` s <H` Ox <+# _" H\H
J< @q # q[O kOz H O^ ` JkH~x
K\ O k. "Ò ~# "@ Z<_Z @qH =z# "@
=_ =O`H# `= Jh, JO^= Wk J`kH OMH
[ ux^ Ò H^h _ "^# qx<~.
Hx D ZxH <Ô KiOK=# q+ D JOH
H# `~#q.
~"O@s ~[H H Jx\Hh *=u~H
H=~ =~ ux^#h, U XH>< *# s
H^h +"# J=Q# L#"~ _ D ZxH ~f
[#` s Ò ~Q_^x H~<~. [#, Z<_Z
# =u~HOz#"~O^~ HOQ, Z# =iOK "~
_ H^. Ôx H ^~~ H#è HOQ Jx,
Z # Ô |*u O W~[OQ
=i~O^x qOz# "~ _ [ JkH~OH
~Q_^# <~. ZxH ~[H =~H `=O
x û x, ZxH ~[H \ `=O ^~OQ
LO__x XH Jx"~ x uQ K~. k
O=`~Q HOQ - Z #x Jqhu, JH=,
*=u~H q^< ^"OQ |"# JkH~ =u~H
=<# $+O K~. [ - Z<_Z P q^< =u~HO
H^x W\H ~A"#\H, P JkH~ =u~H =<#
"_ H=_ O Jq q[ O k O K~. ^^ k
O=`~ Oi"~O K# K~, x~}, û
H~O #~O^ "_ u+# OK_xH [iy# `,
, =` gH~}, q^# ~KQ@_O ^~ [iy#
gH~}, qs`"# K~^< =^` Jh He "_
- [ - Z<_Z q[xH îf~.
x*xH ~f [#` s Ò JkH~OH ~=_O
Wk "^\ i H^. J@ as "* ~ ^# =OuQ
=_~ ("^\ i 13 ~A, ~O_i 13 <,
=_i S^ O=`~) [ @q JkH~O K\ O k.
Hx Di ` H` D [ `xH Q[~` =~}HO_
#~O`_Q ~ `K# #~O^ ^"^~ ^ "_
^#=Ou JiQ =O^ #OK K~", JO^=<
QeK=x J#O@ LO__O. W" ~` ^# =OuQ
L# =HH ~` ~*OQ "t H x *=O, HH" Ô
J< =@ g^ Z@=O\ Q~=O H=_O. Q[~`
=~}HO_ =O `kH~O LO_ P =~}HO_
# P_xH U K~ fHH=_O, '~Q^ JfÒQ
[Oîh =#OQ K#x K# =}x \OKH
gH}O
=_O K OQ J\ ^#=Ou "*~ _

"_ ~[^~ x \OK^ x "MxOK_. W" JkH~O
L# ^#=Ou ~*OQ P^~, [ < `
=u~HO H=_O =`" H^, P# ~O_ HH qH
g^ JkH~x H#yOK#<~. Jq XH\ P# <Q
^Q tH} Ok# =`<^ O i"~ ~[H ,
~ O_ H~~\ qKq_ ^_x Ja=$kQ #=E_O .
D ~O_ _ =[ qz<xH, q^, O,
x~``xH, x~^QxH, PHeH ^MxH îf". #
q[O kOz JkH~xH =K=x O i"~O O|~_
Ò_=K Qx ^x q^< = Jy~ÒQ =~##,
## Jy~` JkH~x K\~.
Oi"~ qz#H~, O`H q^< q+`
J==`~ Jx *O K "zK__O _ H^, Ò
=} H~O K H=O^ ZxH e ` =z# <\#OK
P K# "^~. Wk ~# =xH "@" ^\
=Ou=~ ="O [iy, =Ou=~ U~@#, =O`
H@## P q^< K# H#|_`<~.
+ g_ #~O^ "_H =u~H "Y K~<
~` H [iy# J~, Q" J~ Ò, H,
~## ~A =H@< K g^ Z@=O\ ^_
[~ Q # < K ` <~. WH Ju` = =OkH
JO^@ LO_ + g_ a<a< OKx
O i"~O g^ |~OQ a<a H@##
~x J#HO. JO^ L^~}Q, =Ou=~ =}
H~xH ~O_ ~A =O^ \ _. l.Z<. ~
J~# x~ U~@~# g^ Jd ~f qî
i+` H~H~ ^_ K [~QO_ K~. XH"
_b =Ou=~ =} H~O [~QÒ_Q J^^
O i"~ ^#HO_ _~. =OQ~
O^ [#*Q$u qu H~H~ WH#Oz =^ [~
J^<# x+kOKx H~` T~yO [i~. "_H g_
Q[~` # ~==Ok~ x~} =#
~=_O =`" H^, HH ` =} H~ L`=O
* N~O x<^ K~Q~. JkH~}O 370 `y=x
JkH~O K\ # "O@< XH =Ou H\ OK_. W=h
XH^xHH\ O|OÔ x q_q_ @# H=. q+`
K#, KiH. D Ô x["# *=h,
HH``h, =O|## H~< Quj h `=
q^# H#\, =`<^xH, H~~\ OpH~}
=u~HOQ "# SH`# kOKh, * =
SH ~\ =O^ Qh Ki` x~t#k. g
gH}O d E< 2014
O^H "Y
~O_ `Q ~ * =
~ Wk Kk" =xH `Q [ ~O_
~ U~_ LO\~. Q` ZxH e` `~` ~O_
"~ Q xsH} =y, ~O_ ~# `
U~_ LO\~. ÒQ} H. KO^Y~ ~= =Y=OuQ
ÒQ} ~+ qu Ò, PO^^ Z<. KO^|
<_ =Y=OuQ `Q Ô s q[ <#O`~ =
#Oz ~# Q>HOK_xH u~, H` =
`z_`~ q+` KÒk. ÒQ} L^= H=O
=H"# * PHOH# L^=x x~Oz# ~[H
H"`< =OQ <~"~Q^x [ qOK_O P~O
^. J~` qsÒQ iy# * PHOH# D ==
i q` x K H = ~ ` O < ~ " ~ Q ^
J#=#". Jk H=O ZxH }oH# J= K_=,
KH=_= J< = H^. ZxH }oHH J
ZHx *=<~. ZH< D H=~ HO^ PK~}
ÔHx =<~. PK~} ^"< D
W+ O x i ~<~. 'Ja = $k = *xH
=~ OKO, |*u O T_QO
K *=u~H q^< "> =Ô LOk. g\H
`_ P~ ^ L=_ ~+O ~~# =,
xt`" # #gH ^~ ` i~O Hx = L<~.
XH=@ KO> ÒQ} q+` = =OQ,

XHH i~x J<+, PK~}H ` Q=#
H+i` }OQ LO@Ok. J@ PO^^ q+` _
JO` H+iÒQ LO_Ò^#_O OÔ ^. H`
~[^x x~}O ^Qi#Oz i+iOK=# *=<
L<~. Hx JH_ JkH~OH =z# `QÔ Ò,
^xH HiOK## [ ^ #=Ou W^~ _ H~~\
J# *=u~H Ja=$k #=< "#QQ ~_#
"~. W^~ =Y=O`Q P q^<# J= K#"~.
JO^= PO^^ ~+O WH=O^ _ OKO
q^ < Q Q = ~ J=H O LOk. ~+
#~ =H ~ } K@" qY@O - K< iqH @|_
Hi_~ =# KO k Q#H H` Ò "~ H.g. =^
f~h | *u O HOH~O K Hk ~`#,
=`H~# x~` # K =Ô LOk. W\H ^~ ,
J} q^` *, 1/70 K\x LO Q`#
H \ `=H, "<H =O\ *=u~H ^H#,
q^<# x~ ~_`# [ =ix =
~#<~. =ix ~\ ^ _ = LOk. ~@ i
OKH=_" ~O_ `Q ~ [ H~=O.
g
=~, ZOQ ~K# Z=i P?

WO@~\ g^ =i WO@~\ P~"Q http://
J< =Q"# "\ XH@Ok. ^x
^^ J~" + =~ ZOQ ~K# ` @ =O^k
=Ok =i ~K~` H, " Hk r
=K~O, q+} L<~. JO^~ KOÔQ xK
=H Q ^ H~H~` 2000 ~O"# D "
\ u ~E U^ XH H` ~K## (` ~K# `#)
HO@ < HhO W~" H =Ok K# |~OQ,
Lz` \ Q LOk. D \ g^ L# =~ ZOQ =Q
~K# g^ H~ \ `=H LO^x, JO^= "\x D |~OQ,
Lz` \ gk #Oz U 30 Q `yOKx a\+
K~} O ~< JO_ q~ \ x~ <\
WzOk. ` ^ L# Hi#`~"# H~\ K\
H~O P <\ H~O \ x~ ~< JO_ q~
x W`~ ~K## =`" Z=~< K_=K#x, P
L# O\# K~}H~ #Oz H#H=O^#x
XH q=~} ~\~ . P qÔ Q =~ ZOQ =Q ~K#
50 O\ LzÒQ, |~OQOQ Z=~< K, Kkq,
_< _ KHQ u #Oz ~< JO_ q~ J< O
=HQ ` P J~~. O` P H =u~HOQ rqÒÒ
~_#, O` P x =*x HQ# =~ ~K# W_
XH K~}H~ O` P J~~. P K~} O
H=x s P Q\ a@< H~O` U~_, H=x
www.marxists.org
s P q\ x<, Q a+~ H~O`<

D =~ ZOQ =Q ~K# ~H # OKOk.
H#H P ~K# g^ `= L#^x, J#"^
`= i`+HO KeOK= LO^x, *^#O` #_K
qq^ J=_O ^~ D QO^# |~OQOQ<
LOK`<=x, W@=O\ "^# QiOKH`
`==O\ 'q= K~}H~ =#QeQk Z\ Jx ~<
JO_ q~ K "^# K#k. J "^# XH
=HH KOk#kQ QiOK=K< ^ Jx XH" K~
[~QÒ> ^x K ~}H~ W==K< J<k . `Q
"^ OKO H~@ QiOz èOn, \#n `=
Qx JO`~fOQ, =YOQ WOy+ ~K< O KO H~ @
q"^ K ^q. XH ~K# XH =H O`=h, P ~K#
K#O^ J =HH uO ^Hh, JO> P ~K##
Kk""~O^~ ~K~` "^# Q~qOz, uO
W"h "k @|_^s =HP =^~ ~OaOz#
K~ Wk. ^xH J#Q}OQ< H~ \ , >O\ K\ ~Ok,
Hi#`~O _ J~. Hx WO@~\ =z# `~` U "^
Lùx J~< O Q H K, K~O K _xH J=HO
=zOk. W_ H~\ H^, H Jh, H\" H=<
Jh H` PK# =<~. D <Ô =~ ~K#
g^ D q"Ô K~ Q_O Ô, @|_^s ^~~xH
=~H x^~#O.
g
gH}O d E< 2014
H`H / _
O H#~ Y~ H~# =
K~} 62 r, 1/4 H<, ~. 175,
`: 211/5, #O@, ^~^
500 044
t"~_ iH O^: < t=~=H$+,

Q_\ @ |H 500 r, 1/8 _g,
~. 400, `: @ |H, 403, q[~
~_h, 161120/7/1/1, bO#Q~ Hh,
=H \ , ^ ~ ^ 500036 <
04027678430 email: palapittabooks@gmail.com
=Hq ^~k ` =K# O^:

_. QO\ [O^~ ~_ `Q O $uH =O_e
753 r, 1/8 _g, q_ u ~. 500, `: _.
QO\ [O^~ ~_, W.<O. 1213336, \ <O. 465,
\ <O. 2, `~H, HO^~^ 500 017 :
98482 92715 email: jalanderreddy@gmail.com Jx
=Y H ^H}
UH Hh H f< ~OQ XH H^ =_ ~OQ
(< H^) | '# H` ~ 40
r, 1/8 _g, ~. 30, `: l QO, ZO/X.
|, H~[e Q. #QO_ 508202 Jx
=Y H ^H} eBook:www.kinige.com
=[~#Q~ =~}HO_ x+^ "H = `

Jx\ ~l`, O_~ q[ *qH
~K~` "kH 64 r, 1/8 _g, ~. 50,
`: Jx\ ~l`, 31260, =~e,
#=HO_ 506 001 : 98494 82462
O _~ q[ , ZK . S.l. H 1, \ 10,
QeOQOe, ^~^ 44 : 88019 10908
JytY ~" O^# O^=~O: H. +},
_. #ox, HO__ x~, Jx\ ~l`, t=H
*qH ~K~` "kH 132 r, 1/8 _g,
~. 80, `: Jx H HO^ / H. +},
subhashini.gprec@gmail.com9440254730
JH ~ = ~ O H q ` O \ ` O
N~==i =` K~} 68 r, 1/8
_g, ~. 60, `: Ò N~==i,
9957/2, =` xO, *Q"x O, H`
QA"H, qY@}O 530 026 <: 0891
2516192, : 9440260280
hQ XH_O_"_! #O^H~ HqÒ 178

r, 1/8 _g, ~. 80, `: qO^
*H #"^ @ Jx =Y H
HO^
<@HO <\H * H=O_e K~}

67 r, 1/8 _g, ~. 20, `: L#O
<Q~~=, =_ e () , `# e (=O), QO@~
k H HOÔ K~ |H =~
|O * O $uH^= u^x `=H

uH 52 r, Z4 _g, q_ u ~. 15,
"iH KO^ ~. 60, `: *<, W.<O. 630,
~ <O. 5/347, "<~= Hh, r#Q~,
~OQ~_ 57 <: 83414 72895 email:
shabdampkm@gmail.com
<~[O K KH [O "~ _ "}Q

H$u aH+< 164 r, 1/8 _g, ~. 50,
`: "~_ "}Q, a2, >eHO H~~,
H` \, ^~^ 500 060 : 90005 28717
email: vasireddy.venugopal@gmail.com
H^ 2013 O^: "~_ #g<, <x

t=OH~ Hû K~} 197 r, 1/8
_g, ~. 60, ` : qO^ |H #"^
|H ` Q |H =
eBook:www.kinige.com
i @ * <@=O_e 367 r,
1/8 _g, ~. 200, `: *H |H Jx
Op
ÒQ} *`` (O\Ô) O\ KH}

= K~} 314 r, 1/8 _g,
~. 200, `: 211/5, #O@, ^~^
500 044
[Q<^ ~^KH NN QiOz q=~"

(19501986) H.q.P~. ~" O^# ~:
OQOe JH=~ NN ` xk 100
r, 1/8 _g, ~. 50
NNH [ Jê ~="#~= ~:

OQOe JH=~ NN ` xk 64
r, 1/8 _g, ~. 30
~O_ `: NN ` xk, 305, Qu @=~,
g~ gk, =~u#Q~, q["_ 520 004 <:
08666617375 : 98485 04649, 92462 77375
email : srisri_sahityanidhi@yahoo.com
gH}O d E< 2014
D <
~Ru # _yO
~R JOcx ~^K, ~Ru # H#yOK#

HO^ =Ou=~ x~xH ~Ru } =Ys P"^ =^
"~. D "~ ~Ru H~O U 28# L`~
*sKOk. ~R q[# <Ô =Y=Ou H~}=~
~_ ~r<= K_O` =~ XH\ #Oz JOcx
K`<= LOz, ~Ru # qkOK~. P Q_=
U 30` =y #Ok. ^x P~ < @
H#yOKO^ J=HO L#\H, ZxH H~}OQ
="# x~OK J=HO ^. JO^ Q# HO^
Ò U 25# ="" JOcx ~^ K, ~Ru
# H#yOKx H`Q x~O fOk.
=r =Y=Ou =$u
=r =Y=Ou, HOQ x~ < <^~=e

[<~< ~ _( 80) Q` HO`HO #Oz H "k` ^ _ `
" 9# ^~^x x" @ Kx~. P#
1935 |=i 20# <~ l "H_ Q=O [xOK~.
1990 #Oz 1992 =~ PO^^ =Y=OuQ ^`
x~OK~. 1998 ZOQ _ QeK~.
=k |= =$u
=Y "^ ~K~u =k |= (90) " 15

^~^x XH "\ @ Kx~Ok. P"
QO@~ l, ~ =O_O, `~OH Q=O 1924
PQ 2# [xOK~. ~RO [iy# ~ =u~H L^=xH
P" <HÒ =OK~. K, qHO =O\ uH
O^HÒ =OK~. pH\ "Q, D Ô <^<,
HOu H~}` @ J<H ~K# K~.
H~x Y~ =$u
PO^*u H~x Y~ (HOe KO^Y~) (49)

Q` HO`HO #Oz H#~ "k` ^_` " 19#
^~^x XH "\ @ Kx~. P#
#O_ l ~@ 1965 E 16# [xOK~. P#
H~< = On, WOy+, Q[~`, O*c "^#
uH K ~} J~. P# H H#~, yn ÒQ},
OH |, Y~ @<, ~ ~ "^# ~K#
~zOK~.
=x ZxH e`
ÒQ}, PO^^ U 6# =x ZxH

[iQ~. D ZxH e ` " 12# "=_~. ÒQ}
"Ò =xb 53, H~~+# 3 L<~. JO^ HOQ
- 20 =xb, H~~+< -1, \P~Z - 10 =xb,
H~~+< - 1, \_ - 7 =xb, a* - 2 =xb
, W`~ - 14 =xb, H~~+< - 1 QeK~. JQ
PO^^ "Ò 92 =xb, 7 H~~+# L<~,

JO^ \_ - 65 =xb, H~~+# - 5, "Z P~
- 17 =xb, H~~+# -2 , W`~ 10 =xb
QeK~.
=O_, l i+` e`
ÒQ}, PO^^ U 6# xH ZxH

[iQ~. ÒQ} "Ò 444 *_\ < L<~.
D e` " 13# "=_~. WO^ 441 <
ZxH [~QQ, \P~Z -183, HOQ - 161, \_ 50, "ZP~ - 5, a* - 4, "=H - 7, W`~ 3 QeK~. ~O_ < <q<+# ^Y H^. XH
#O H~ P^` O_OQ L#k. ÒQ} 6480
ZO\ <Q# WO^ 6392 < Zx
[iQ~. \P~Z -1828, HOQ - 2233, \_ - 996,
a* - 269, "ZP~ - 106, ZOSZO - 18, "=H
- 203, W`~ - 555 < QeK~. 69 <
UH w=OQ Z#H_ ~ . 19 < <q< + #
^YH^.
JQ PO^ ^ "Ò 652 *_ \ < L<~.
WO^ 651 < Zx U 6< [iQ~. WO^
\_ - 302, "ZP~ - 210, HOQ -1, W`~ - 3
QeK~. XH #O UHw=OQ Z#H|_Ok. JQ 10109
ZO\ < L<~. WO^ 9822 < Zx
[iQ~. \_ - 5017, "ZP~ - 3977, HOQ 139, W`~ - 421 < Q eK~. 287 < UHw=OQ
Z#H_~.
\P~Z `
\P~Z ~R <, =r #H\ H#i ~=#

" 11# #O_ l, =#yi Q~ èx =
KO"~. =#yix XH q"xH "Q D O@#
[iyOk. QÒ `# J# J~# =r #H\ O|t=_x
2011 =~ 26# =eQO_ =O_O, OQO ÔÔ
H~H=O x =O _Q Q~` e x = KO" ~.
gik #O_ l, =eQO_ =O_O. ^~_Q_O Q=O.
JOc ZxH e`
ÒQ}, PO^ ^ U 30, " 7 `n #

ZxH [iQ~. u` " 16# "=_~. ÒQ}
"Ò # < 119 L<~. WO^ \P~Z 63, HOQ - 21, \_ - 15, a* - 5, ZOSZO - 7,
"ZP~ - 3, ZO - 1, S - 1 aZ - 2, W`~
- 1 QeK~. JQ PO^^ "Ò # <
175 L<~. WO^ \_ - 102, "ZP~ - 67, a*
- 4, W`~ -2 QeK~. D ZxH HOQ XH #O
_ Q=^.
g
gH}O d E< 2014
=~=#O
ZxH =y~ - g qy~

D ZxH g_, H~~\ , ^#O, =Ô ^# ` +OKh, WH qyeOk JkH~O
HO ~[H s Wz# g#h JO@<~ Z. #iO~_
E< 2# U~_ PO^^, ÒQ} ~

# [iy# ZxH ÒQ} 119 < 63
< \P~Z, PO^^ 175 < 102 <
\_H ^H~. OH PO^^ ~+O ~O_ ~
# [iy# ZxH# ijeOz#@~` ÒQ},
PO^^ [ ~ `< H~<~x +"Ok.
D ZxH# OQ q+ + g_, =lH
"^= *ax =eKO^ K# K~O, H~~@
~OQO `H`, ^# "O H\z#@ Hx~. Ô
"Ò g^ ~.300 H@ @|_` =# ~+O< ~.153
H@ @|_#@ ZxH Hq+< èOk. D ZxH ^#
"x Q=x q+` H~~@, HO\H~, q^
"^ "~, i~ `k`~ = H\~ Ku
*=O |On J=Ò^< PO^# HQH=#^.
W@=O\ i`, xÒ =# [ H# ~\
K * ==~ \ K ZxH Q>H~.
D ZxH =O^ P~H~"# i}= K@
K <~. Di ZxH *=` U =Ò O|OÔ
x = <~ Ki`Q = K K@ J ~ Q =K~.
H`" ~=_O =Oz^, Hh =z# H`" P O|Ok`
s H~H~ H^. Q _|#"~, H~~\ ~OQxH
KOk# "~ H` =MQ sH =K~. JQ
<q<+# =O^ ~A# s ~~OK~. J\ =~
Z_" YO _" YOQ L#"~ He~. \_ H , HOQ
sH =^ KQ_ " Q=<k. Hx =O^ K
=Ok x~ HOQ <` \_H =K~. =iHO^~
<q<+# "_xH =O^ ~A =~ HO^ =O`Q
L#"~, `~ iH "_ =~ a* H [O_
HC <~. WH ÒQ} \_ ZOZZQ LO_, z=i
xq+O \P~ZH K~~. ÒQ} L^=O L~=
~= ``# O^~O L^= =u~Q L#"~
\P~Z ^H~. J\ =~ "H"^Q L#"~
xQQ \P~Z J~<~. "=Hx KC< S
HOQ`, Z O "Z P~ ` J=Q# ~=_O [iyOk.
~` *=x K O K ^ x"~`<~.
~` *= q=e <@ H@` ` Kx
^ "~. Di [iy# ~uH ZxH J~,

s q= u^HeK~. z=iH @
_ _| WK~O> =# *=O ZO` AQH~OQ
=iO^ J~==Òk. F@ |~OQOQ "H\ H#Q
K~. XH F@ 500 #Oz 1000 ~ =~ WK~.
WH =Ô U~ iOk. H\k ~ #^# O `^ # OQ
=iOk. QHO ZO`H< `yOK~. Qe K ^KH
=K# PHOH` F@~# @_O \ _~. F@~
=Ò XHsu F@ "~. =x, l, =O_ i+`
ZxH JOc, ~" O\ ZxH F\OQ `_ K~.
HOQ \P~Z qb#O H`#^x K HO #O_
=Ô` =K~. z=iH qb#O H^ H^, ZxH `
_ ^~H^. H~}"< \P~Z HOQ qb#O
HH=_O, ZxH ` ^~HH=_O i}=O.
nO` ÒQ}<< Ti xH"x uOz#
HOQ f="# ^| `yeOk. ÒQ} WzOk ""#x
HOQ KC < [ PîOK^ . L^= HO HOQ
=O`, ZOZZ ==iOz# ~o, HOÔ Jk#O
J#iOz# z"` "Yi ÒQ} [e kOzOk. 1200
=Ok P` |e^< K H=e =zOk. P` `
[~Q`< KeOKH=_O, ~[Y~~_, H~}=~
=O LO__O =O\=h [ =~=^. [
L^= KO> HOQ =O` ^= J#q,
L^=H~ H \OK_O, b` H\OK_O
ÒQ} [ =~z^. =~" ÒQ} HOQ
~ HO~#~ H~`, ZxH [~QH=O^ #Q~
=O` =Y=Ou ^q PtOK_O _ [ #K^ .
Q HOQ s< XHix F_OK_xH =~H~ @
K_O ^~}"# q+OQ =iOk. "ÒQ K
ÒQ} HOQ F@q OH$Ò.
HOQ, \P~Z O QO H=_O =Oz ~[H
i}=O J~`, \_ a* @q U~__O =^H~
~[H i}=O. \_ Jk<` KO^|<_ \_
a* x Ki`H J=~OQ K~O K_. Jk Ki`H
J=~O H^. ~O_ ~ `QÔ s K# f=
JK~O. `QÔ sH P`` ^$O. ~+O
gH}O d E< 2014
=~=#O
|_x ^ #Oz a*, Oi"~ K#
` W\ =~ [Ô H^. "\H q`
_ ^~H ^ . `QÔ * <kx, x~} Hx H|oOz
a* ~_ iu =zOk. Oz L# D =^x HH
Q=xOKH` ÒQ}, PO^^ ~ HH
q+` =Ô _Òk. ÒQ} "_ =O
K^. JO^ H~}O ÒQ} [ K`#".
ÒQ} H` ~+OQ U~_`# `~}O ~+ ^<
Q~"x Z=~ ^HOKH"#^ ^# K~ JOOQ
=iOk. ÒQ} WzOk "= H|\ ==e QeOKO_
Jx HOQ, "O XCHH` HOQ Z WKk? H|\
ÒQ} ~+ ^# "" HH=x a*, = ~@"
H ` ÒQ} ~+O =K^ H^x, JO^H ÒQ} ^#
JQ#O =^#x \P~Z, WH `H ~+ U~@
#OQ L`~O Wz# ==e qiOK_O ^~^x
ÒQ} \_ =\_Ok. `H ~+O HO L^=O
[iy#O` HO =Y` x~Oz# O, O,
Hq\, =Y ` ^^ H#=~Q ~Ok.
JOu=OQ f=OQ L^qOz# [#, * O# D
ZxH #Oz Jx s èqQ ^~O \~.
ÒQ} H~ L^qOz# \P~Z, Wz# sQ HOQ
=^ Q\ \Q ~O"# ZxH "`=~}O z=~
\P~Z J#OQ =iOk. KHO^ h~ J#
F@ _Ok. \P~Z, ^x <_ H.KO^Y~~=
Z=~ U q^"# "Y, q=~ K< ÒQ} L^=
<xQ [ P# QiOK~. ^~^ |~OQ
"_, =< H}, KO^| K# "He "Y
ÒQ} "^xH |O K ~~. '=# ~+O , =# Ò
Jx HP~ Wz# x<Ô, ZxH =x \P~Z
aOzOk. H` ~+O Ja=$k "Q= OÒ H"O> \P~Z
s JkH~xH ~"x *ax \P~Z _Q@ _ O
bH$`"Ok. J~` =O^ s# z`Q F_OKx
P# F@~ q[ K#\H, =YOQ \_H
` OQ} Q \ <^ # s Q ZxH e `
x~OK~. "Z P~ sH XH ZO, =_ ZOZZ <
^H~. \_ , a* @qH HOQ` =#OQ 20 <
^H~. S, ZO XH #O ^HOk. ZOSZO 6
< ^H~.
ÒQ} Wz# "iH, `z#"iH, =ûz# "iH
W^qÒQ Z=iH F>~ Q@x q+ OQ U~_
Ò^# JOK<# `K` ÒQ} [ez# f~
HP~ <`$Òx `~# q+ q*`Q x\ Ok. J^
=O HOQ s =Y < Ò F@q
KqK~.
\P~Z s JkH~xH = ÒQ} ^~ #
10
=O ^x qye# s ^"u ~. Hh "= O Uq@O>

^~ `<x ~HOK_O U s f^. ÒQ}
^~ `# O JOÒ HO_ "^\ #O_ J_ #k HOQ
s. <*O #"| =u~HOQ [iy# ÒQ} ~ÒQ
^ ~@O ^~O^~ Q_# =ke i`,
q@sx kOz, P~+< ~` ÒQ} [
OHO_ yOz, i~# ^~# =m Q=
fHzOk HOQ. P `~` ~ #~==H ~ }
Hq\
~ a#OQ, ÒQ} *axH a#OQ
ÒQ} l# PO^ qb#O KOk HOQ. P `~"`
~x ieOz# HOQ Hh, `QÔ s Hh
ÒQ} Q== = == J=#, ^~
`<x H_`< =K~. _ ^~< =u~HOQ
J<H O` ^~ `<x [ ZkiOz#_ O
=u~H # ~HOz, #H@ ~` |@H Z<HO@~
K ^~ ~H}Q xezOk D ~O_ s. P s #OK
L^qOz# \P~Z _ ^~ JfÒQ LO@O^#
H"e# J=~O ^ . ^~ `< x |#O K Q==
*qH "`=~}x <H_xH J=~"#
O~} QiOz D ZxH O^~O U s =\_^.
=lH ÒQ} H"x J<H =Ok "^=, O
H~`<~. =lH ÒQ} JO> Uq\, ^x ~~ Y
Z LO\ Z=~ +OQ K_O ^. Hh H s
|#=~# PHiOK_xH =lH <x ^=
O} JOxH k<~. ÒQ} ~xH ax
=Y=Ou K#x KO^| H\ OK~. `#k HH`
Z=iH< ^#O K K J#@ KO^| PO^ ^ ~+O
a x =Y=Ou K # # O_ ` OQ} K = x
H\ OK_O< H@Ò H#|_Òk. ô`} =Y=Oux
K=x H\ Oz# \P~Z ^x QiOz ^Q =\_^.
D sx F@ HO |# =~O QiOz HOQ[O K _O
` "\ x<^ x*~f ^. a #Oz Qx, Z
#Oz Qx, = #Oz Qx, "<i\ #Oz Qx
=Y=O`` PxOKeO^. J~` P `~Q` #Oz
= =Y=O`#O` =`# [H^ XiyÒk
J#H=_O =\ =. W\H Ô, J<H ~ H
s #Oz |#=~, = =Y=O` J<H =Ok
ieOK~. WC_ JkH~O L<~. J~< "~
H=~ [<# H_~, H s q^<#
J= [i~ ` |#=~ KOk Ug^.
|#=~ F@ HO W@=O\ KH~ K~# =Ò
K _O ZxHC_ H s P#"~f J~~Ok.
WC_ J^ [iyOk.
#= ÒQ} x~}O H"O> WC_ H"eOk
gH}O d E< 2014
=~=#O
~mH~} q^< H^. OpH~} Ja=$k #=<
`= q^< H"e. Qg} [ r=# iu
"~Q^ q = HHOQ LOk. ^ q
OKO_ îHO x~eOKO. =Qa=$k, =lH
<O, =~O, qHOnH~}, * OH=O, H` ~+
q+` H=e# HHOx JkH~OH =z# \P~Z
s QiOKe. ZxH K~O O^~ O Q H P~ Wz# g
<~"~_O q"` [ =O^ ^+Q x|_=
=Ok. W\ =~ Ja=$k JO` ^~^ HOÔQ<
yOk. ÒQ} =QOQ Ja=$k KOÔ> ^~^
^~OQ L# O` Hx s iqH H O^# Ja=$k
K e. =eH ^ U~@ _ qHOnH~} [~Qe.
=YOQ h\ =#~ qxQO }oH H"e.
K~=, ~, * D =_O\h =#O` xiOz
x~Oz#C_ ÒQ} Qg} O`, H~ = O`
h\ x JOkOK Q O. ` OQ} ^ o ` , yi[#,
"<i\, =$u^~# HO> [< QxH Q
LO\~. Jx ~OQ# D `~Q` "#H@ ÒQ}
~+ "#H@ XH =YH~}O. q^, Lk, "Ô
|_\ =#~ H\~O [< x+uH J#Q}OQ [i D
` ~ Q ` ` H } O ^ \ # _ =lH < O
^==Òk.
`~ x#\=~ L^= s. `#, s# qq^
JO xnk. ÒQ} J<O [~QÒÔ@
P s Jk<` HP~ J@ `x, W@ ~[H s#
xQn J_y# O^~ Z<. J~` W_ iu =iOk.
L^= <`Q qq^ = i~xH K# _=O_. ZxH
=O Wz# g# <~" ~ ^ ` P# <`$ Òx
`x^. J^ =O Ja=$k < ^$+ \e. W=h
HP~ "Q x=#<~. ZO^HO> \P~Z s
Qez# "i J<H=Ok i Z\ "~, H~~\
H, @ #_"~, ^# =O`, O^ "
Hey#"~ L<~. [#, *=~# qiOz =@
` ` HOQ \# Q` @H ` ^. ÒQ} #=x~}xH
`H}O K=e# #, xs` H==k KQeQ #,
n~HO }oH |ÔQ K=# #<~.
JO^=# Ja=$k =x Ò L^=i` J=
~K e =Ok. ~ ` ~. XH H ~} =, ^
~. 3 H` ~O_ _H Q^ W, qx Z, Z\
@O 3 ZH~ Q q, J=~g~ @O
~. 10 H K# PiH O, @OxH L^QO,
x[H=~xH H ZH~ Qh~, =$^, qÒ`=
~. "~, qHOQ ~. 1500 K# OK#. ~+ `
L^Q ÒQ} + WOH"O@, HO^ `
L^Q` =#OQ "`<, ô` Ja=$kH S^ ~.
50" H@ Y~ WO\ J<H g J= Ke

LO@Ok.
sh }oH q_^ K~. JqQx g,
z`k x "Q<` Wq xO_ L<~. == `=e#
=eH =~ #Oz [ ^$+x H =oOKO^ PK~}
Ô Hx g, J=~O x g, J^"# g,
|_\ qOz# g` `~H< `" Qx, `"
ÒQ}# =O^ fH=x "Q< OM#
OMQ K~.
=~" KO^| =O^# OQ~Q ~Ok#x,
PO^ ^ # ` ~O Q =~#<_. ^^ Ja=$k
<< K#x, JO`HO > L#`" # Ja=$k =O^ k#x
\_ <` KO^| T^~Q\_. x*xH ^^ Ja=$k
qÔH~"#k, H~~\ J#"#k. ~=~}xH
q Ò HeyOKk. JO\ Ja=$kH #~O^" _ ^ x J~`
=# H=e# x^ =x, eÒQ i= iy
=` Lk ^~Ò^x K~O K~. L=_ ~xH
`qk O=`~ =Y=OuQ L# KO^| O pH~}
O~} J= [i OKO O Ok# =H.
= =~#` Hey=O_ ~ÒQ =eH =
i~O " U<_ uOK^. Q ==O Ô_Q
Jx =\ _ _ . =["^ `, @ | _ ^ ~ `
qY`~# s \_. HOQ a#"# q^< Uq
|| =^ = . 2002 "_ PO^ ^ = J~ K##
=H ZQ# JkH~OH ~"# `#` uiy "_`<
[`H\_.
PO^^ [ KO^| <H`x PxOK~.
H` ~x Ja=$k K Q ^H` , i< J#= O P#H
LO^x qOK~. #~O^" _, =<H } [` H=_O \_ H
He =zOk. [Q< "ZP~ 67 @` i@H=e
=zOk. "=H XH @ ^H^. a* 4 @
kOzOk. JO^= ` , "Q< Z L#\H [
# F@` \_H UHH "*i\ WK~. ^=O`
[ Jqhux =u~H# "`=~}O, k O=`~
Z * =u~H #, J<H JaQ Z^~O@#
"ZP~ HOQ Jk<` [Q<"<~_H u"Ok.
|"# uH ` P# ^H Ok. =O^ HOQ M`
`~=^. ~x =m SHO K#x * "HO^ s
<He# =r =Y=Ou H~}=~~_ r~ J~<~.
P## Òz# Q_ \ ~[Q, |Oi, LO_=e
J~}=~ =^< `<~. `=} \ K~Oz#
O` x[H=~O ~ _ H~} ^H^. "Ò g^
~+ q[# =O D ZxH U =Ò K^.
ÒQ} \P~Z, PO^^ \_ JkH~xH
=z< O pH~} q^< a#OQ ie~x J#HO.
~ m H ~ } q^ <# HO Q ~ O a O zOk. a*
gH}O d E< 2014
11
=~=#O
=O^ ^x |# HOQ
=O^#, ÒQ}# HOQ ~ ~[xH P s < ~~ [< H~}=h, =YOQ
=O^ @|_^s < H" HOQ sx |eK~h JO@<~ @OH JH
D ji J~O W`~` HOQ Q^x H^. =O^

^x J< =~O#@~` QQ ieOK^x, Di
ZxH Qez LO_^x H^. ` K~ H=O PO^^
q[#, HOQ F@q J< O^~xH iq`"#k.
K~ ~Ox =O^Q Hk =@ KÔ. 1956
ÒQ}, =O^ qb#O [iyOk =O^ ^x
[< HO, "i ` =. J\ #Oz "^Hx
qq^ L O #h [iyOk "i [< H O .
LO # ÒQ} ù # x~# # LHO K_O , J}z
"_O, =@_O [iyOk "i [< HO. z=~
PO^^# qlOKH `x i` U~_Ok "i
[< =. WO` [iy# `~`, W" =~, q[ <#O`~
`= [< ~H` O Q H#QO^ \_ , a* s
"O@ K~~. ^ "ZP~ "O@. "\ Uk Qez<
`= [< =Ô ^. D H=O W_
"O "~ =Ò è L<~. HOQ =xy~Ok.
WO^ =~H q+O LOk. HOQ D '=#Q_
=Ô =O^<QH ÒQ}# Z^~Ok. JH_
| =~ `= | ==~} H~}OQ ~RO p

u x $+O z HOQ# =OK~. ÒQ}x | =~
`= [< HO =O^ ^x 'T_Q =~Q
"i` H_~ ==iOz, [ L^= ^\ H~}OQ
q[ # ~H H~ ~. J~`, =O^ ZHO^
"~ _= î îH~. HOQ =xy< "~ è L<~.
JO^ a#OQ ÒQ}x D T_Q =~ "~ _"n
^ . JO^= `= [=k O^_O ~ i HQ, HOQ
_=# WH_ =# "~OK~.
JOu= ^$O Z\ LOk? HOQ ~O_ K@_ ^xH
- | =~ |Ok. =O^ |=~O 1956 #Oz
2014 =~ `# [<# <~" ~ Ok. J" [<
H~}OQ PO^^ pe#\H, 2014 E< #Oz `#
[< ~H`= U~@ KOk. ÒQ}
|=~O "^@ =O^ ^x T_Q `~Q u Q, `~`
= `~Q u Q =i WH W_q qQx `~Q u Q qyeOk.
~[H kH~O ^ . H` _= g ` ~ K H^ . K^ ~
=^~Q ` XH `~QuQ \P~Z ^ a* _=<H
H#yOzOk. Q` 10 U O~} "Q= OÒ K _O,

q $Ò K _O HOQ q "O ^x, `# = O~}
WOH *~Q, =~=OÒQ J= K#x a* K#k.
`QÔ s D ~+O O~}# ~OaOz# s.
\P~Z HOQ` He Ò LO_ O~} J=
Qq J~Ok. WC_ _ P s a#"#,
*#"# `= q^<# J#i=x K ^ .
PO^^ Ja=$kH KO^| `__`_x [ Z<
= @<~. KO^| ` ^` uiy H#y
[ u~~x Kq K_= =Ok. H|\ q^<
=~Hx =#~ =~Hx ~^~HOQ #
yOK= LO@Ok.
H`Q U~_`# D ~O_ ~# QOk#
s [ P , P" ^ # # Q = #O @ x
J~=O`"# Ja=$k HO, =Q ^$HÔ` $^=
~HOQ ==ix PtÔ. ÒQ} #i~}xH
<HÒ =Oz# \P~Z, ~O^ x~}O `= =<

^ =O@# KO^| <_ [ LOz# qxH
J#Q}OQ i# yOK_O J=~O . a*` Keq s`
HH` ` i~H}
_ XH HH H~= ==Òk. O},
Hh "`< J=, z# #H~ ~ ` ~}, =,
"<i\ ~H} HeOK_O ^~ * OH=xH <O
K=K. [ =^ =~x qz#O K JOH
@, q^# ~KQ> =``` @ Hi#OQ
==iOz =~x H_#C_ H` ~a= $kH J#"#
"`=~}O U~_Òk. [ f~ JOîH t~^~"# \H
=r=, ^, JH` =~ HO, HO
L^= KH `^. W\ =~ [iy# ZxH K#
g QO J= K# [ WC_# H LO_q
H=. JO^=# *qH"^ [# *Q$`~
J=ÒQ LO__O J=~O.
(~K~` L^ L^=<, ~[hu qî) g
12
gH}O d E< 2014
=~=#O
^. P iu qyeOk H` JkH~ s =^ c~OQ
KH=_O.
WkQH =~H û _ LOk. ^ ~O_<~. Jq
HO` HO` P~Q LO\~. J"q\ "iH èxq
H^Qx, J~< =#O qOKH=K. "\ "^\ k,
=O^ HO@H~ , W`~ @|_^~ ÒQ} a<g
HO\^~Q =~_O, ~~ q" O|O^
=O\=#=@. D ~ O_ W\H L<~ Q^, H`Q K^q\
Jx Z=~< J#=K. x[", Wq W\H L<~. Hx "\x
WOH OKH=# JQÒ W_ U~_`#k Q#H, P
x K=K#x K_=#=@.
WH ~O_=k '^xH H` PQ =i# a* K~_O.
[ KO^ J^H =Oz 'l\" ukH J=Òk.
WH_ a*H |O `" Mm K LO__O J#=Q
LO@Ok. HOÔ a* JkH~O H~}OQ `= #
[~Q`~. *f ~ HOQ ^|u# f~#, 2019
<\H x P~QO - Hj` UqÔQ LO_n
~QOn Z^Q^ UqÔQ LO_Q^ èx iux
K_Q q+` O|OkOz Wk '=Oz è"# ZOH
J=Òk.
= U=O>, ÒQ}x ^xH =~ 1948 =~
x*O _O_O\ HQ |uH, 1956 `~` #Oz =O^
^xH =~ ~[H - PiH _O_O\ HQ |uH~
`, Ò`"# <^` WO_O_O\ HQ D S^
^# Z^Q^. H#H, =O^ | =~x `=
O` [< HO ZkiOz x=^ . *f `x,
JkH~ H x =O^ ^x xnQey#@ `= _
xnH "H =Oy'|uq@ L^=O =`"
yOK~.
z=~ "~ =xQ~, "i s =xyOk. [ qx
H~#_ [iQk J^ H^.
n#O`\ <~O PO^^ ~ROx | =~k
=`" #x, *f ~x HOQ <H`xk Ug ^x
J#_O ^ . Ô ZH_ Uq [~Q `#^ Q=xOz k^ @
K~ fH=# ^` *f HOQ <HÒ#,
*f Ò# LO\~. Jk "i ^` =`" H^.
OQ "iH J=~O _. P x K< , â=$k =OQ
Q_O =@ J@Oz `= JkH~O H#Q^ XH g
U~_Òk.
Hx HOQ sQx, ÒQx P x "^\ #OK
K^. 1956# ÒQ} [ ~k# <, qq^ ~r
`# ~k# WOk~QOn, `~` ~r"QOnQH
OQ ÒQ} KOk# q #~O~= U XH~
_ qq^ XO^, K\ LO# ÒQ} [
x~## H K^. JOî< =O^ ^xH =~
O^ |O, ~"O\ OMkH` | =O

K~. WO^ z=i ^ =~ x QOn, ~
QOn, =<<OQ Ò q#~OH^.
"iH _ ~ e ~*OQ ` (PiH 3 ) @ ^ .
XH _` O` [ P"^# HH ~^. _b ~
`= [< HO. PO^^ ^x=~. "*i\
ZO ZH_"~#" ~O J~. PiH"`, O~}
H~, Ja=$k "k J~# =<<OQ =Ò WO^
J^#OQ, 'q_` J Ja=$k U==Òk? ^~^
O_ W"* U==Òk? J< [O HeyOk.
"`xH HOQ <H` O, `# _= # =Oz# =O^
^xH =~ `_Q `# _ XH K~ " =OK#k.
H## _b ^ #u Ug JH~^.
z=~Q, =O^ ^xH=~ Q_`<x H K_e.
HOQ q^xH 1956 #Oz 2014 =~ J H~
"~. Hx D q^" # `= `#O` ^z\, JO^ e `x
=Ò H O^ <H` O `" < ~. q[ # 'J
OQ
[iyO^@. J#Q WO`HO XO^ LO#, W`~
~H~H ^_ `= 'ZO` OQ yOK=x,
q[# 2009 HOÔ x~Oz#\ #Oz P x~x
'ZO` OQ J_<=x, z=~ ~"O\ a
K~ =z#_ 'ZO` OQ =iOK=x, J~<
z=~ q[# H =Ò JOQ [iy~O^x
"i "^#. `= ^_x H#Qx=#O^ `=
<H` O` @ ÒQ} [, JH_ s, *O
"iH ^~~Q HxOK_O [" =i.
@|_^~, "~ $+Oz# PiH ==, =~@
Ki` Hx =Oz # _ K~. P^xH *`,
*f"^ ~k^H=_O "\ XH\ JO\~.
Hx =O^ @|_^~ PO^, ÒQ} =^
ql`" LO_# `Q*ux XH\ Q =~ l\" `
|^, "~ pH `x <Q\" `# qH$`"# su
+OK~. *u x~} ÒQ} =O\ O`# JO`~`
=Q =~H# E#_ [~Q`? =O^ ^xH
=~ [< q#, *u x~} QiOz J@=O\
^$HÔ Qx, H Qx J_< LO> H^ P
Ò Kk? z=~ JH_ H "^q =~, ZO
=O\ H=x s _ P =~ ^_H, HO Ke#
"^#` =O`x `#O K~. Jk L^~HO
H^#H=_O H+O.
~O_ O`x | =~# kHiOz, HO^
JkH~x OQn, ÒQ} [ QoHOQ< J~<
~RO kOKH=_=#k K q=~OQ, `Q J^ #O
K=# q+O.
g
(~K~` x~ [~e)
gH}O d E< 2014
13
=~=#O
ZxH UO K|`<~?
ZxH [ =eH = i~O HO HO_ O^# kH~` K~_xH [~Q`<#_xH
P s ZxH \# " H@ Y~# |\ J~O KH=Kx JO@<~ a.~=H$+
^"OQ 16= H ZxH, ÒQ}, PO^^

O` J^#OQ JOc ZxH [qeQ [iQ~. e `
=K~. ÒQ}, PO^^ ~ =Y=O`, ^
^x Z=~ è~Ok. JkH~x J#qOK s,
= O` =xy ``<~. Z#_ #O`Q
H, JOc ZxH eOQ #"^ J~#@Q ZxH
Hq+< KOk. QÒ JkHOQ 1984 63.56 Ò
~` <\ ZxH 66.38 Ò H ZxH
~O^x ~#k. PO^^ ~RO 2009 ZxH`
K#C_ <_ 2.74 Ò =`" eOQ iyO^x
Q}OH ``<~.
Di ZxH F\OQ# OK_xH ` OÒQO
f=OQ< H$+ KOk. (ZqWW) J< ~` 2011
#O_ nx ^$+\ Q\ ` K~. F@~ #"^
H~H=x ^Q q $` K~O K\~. D
H~H=x ~`~O K~. QÒ F@~ #"^
^~M# \ |O, W`~ K@ _ \
"\ "~OK_O K~. WO\O\H =z \ f F@~
H~# WK~. W\=e HO WO@~\ ^~ P<<
#"^ K< g HeOK~. Z\HC_ ZZOZ
^~ g\ =K~O JOkOK_O K~. `= ~ #"^#
F@~ e K<O^ gQ JO^ `C#
=iOK<O^ gQ WO@~\ H~O HeOK~.
u "_ O|OkOz ^xH ^Q~x ` ~,
H=x\ , `k`~ K@ F@~ #"^ ^~M#
=iOz JQ F@~ QiO H~# O^ J=H#
HeOK~. ^Q~x g= _ q=~ez F@~ QiO
H~# O^ H~O HeOK~. ZxH [~Q`# `n
10, 15 ~A =O^ =~ _ F@~Q #"^ K<
J=Hx WK~.
J ZxH OÒQO F@~ #"^# OK H~H=x
q $ÒQ K\ O k. ~[H =~ `=H#=x qOz#
"i F@~ #"^# K~OK~. J_ ^ QiO H O
H~ F@~ QiO H~ J=~==`#k. JO^= _
F@~Q #"^ KH=_O J=~OQ =iOk.
F@ H=O`"#^x, q`"#^x, rq`< =i
" O ^x, ~ S^ q +`# x~~ O ^x, ` x iQ
14
"@ # qxyOKH"x ^ Z`< K~O

yOK~. >eq[<, x= k@~, "~ uH, ~,
ZZOZ "^Q "\ ^~ K~O H#yOK~. Di
H`Q \ F@~ # |` = JkH~ (aZX)
^~ WO\O\H OK U~@ K~. D J<q F@~#
QiOK JkHiH H O. Wk LO> =~ W`~ QiO `
J=~O ^. aZX < #O|~ ZZOZ ^~, ~
^~ K~O K~. ZxH ~A aZX# eOQ + <
^Q~ JO^@ LO_ U~@ K~. Hx O`<`
F@ " |O~ |=< W=x HH~ H\ OK~.
F>#@Q " WOH Q~# K P~A \ `=
^~ ~=x K~. "^H l HH~ ZxHH
_ f F># "iH H~# |=uQ WK~.
ZxH |+~} xK q= s x~
x `
OÒQO =u~HOk. J~` ZxH x==o<
"@# u~iOK HeOK|_O^< q+x H"<
^z_Ò\~. JO` HO_ "@ " f~=eO^#x
K~O K O \~. W\=e O H~ f~ e ÒQ F>=iH
"^#O> <\ "=#O@ ZHxH F\OQ q+<
(WqZO) <\ |@<# " \~ . <\ _ =^# O>
"@ "O_ u~iOz "=K.
ZO`Q "@ QiOz K~O K#\H ~RO Q`
ZxH HO> 2.74 Ò =`" iyOk. H ZxH
66.38 Ò F\OQ [iyOk. Di SH =z# F@HO>
<\ JkHOQ =K~. "ÒQ F\OQ KCH^Q
~Q^ HxOK^. D =Ò ~Q^ _ [
PH`, z`k`, "iH #z#"iH "< "~ Jx
PzOKe.
Di ZxH Z#_ #O`Q _|, =Ô, =`
=O^ qxyOK|_~. ~"O@ \ KO^
70 H =~ Y~ KKx ZxH Hq+< KOk. D
iqux ^\ ^xH Z<~@ JkHOQ ^# J~#|_
"~ H\k ~# Y~_`<~.
JkHiHOQ< ZxH Hq+< ^ "OQ 313 H@
z ^<x n#O K#k. H`~ " H@
~ F@~# @_xH OK|_~. `HOQ
OK_O XH Z`~`, K~xH, g\OQ, "< ^
gH}O d E< 2014
=~=#O
Z`# Y~ K|_~. =~" =Ô =OzOk. 2.25
H@ b@~ =^x JkH~ n#O K<~. WO`
Z< ~ @ J#kHiHOQ H ` ~ [# @_xH
qKq_Q =Ô JOkOK|_<k Q=, |
U HOKO qKiOz< è q+".
^^Q u WO\H _|, =Ô# ^# J~#
|_"~ J@ W@Q JO^~ ~~ K~<k "=O. 1.85
H H =` =O^# Ò @#@Q ZxH
JkH~ K|`<~. 543 H < 75,306 ZxH
H #"^~.
ZxH O^~OQ F@~# @_xH qKq_Q
_|, =Ô, =` =O^ OK|__O ^xH zH? W"
HO_ qs`"# K~ Y~, JkH OY ZxH
H ^x z<~? D s, P s Jx HO_ Jx
^# J~, s D k=e# # K#". ZQ
ZxH `~` g~=~ `= X~Q>k Ug ^x HhO
ZxH =O<< "iK "\x =^#H=_O ^xH Jx
J#H=_O [~Q`#k. Wq JO^x HxK@ "\HO Z^~
K__O, g` J_Q_O [~Q`#Ô> P~ "eO^q
^.
OK "OQ ZxH Z= Y~ K# ^#
ije 2012 J"iH J^H ZxHHO \# Y~
"^\ #O LO>, ~`^ O ~ O_= <x ^H OKOk.
WO`Q qs`"# _|, =Ô, =` =O^ OK_xH
_H_Ô> JÔ` JH="#^#x `H=_O ".
WO`Q _| ZO^ Y~ _`#@, ZO^HO`Q
Q=_xH `` _`#@? J~O KH=_O H+"q
H^. JkH~ Ô_O =*O Jk. JkH~~"H ~##
HO `= Ò \# Y~ (@|_) K#x
~@ JkHOQ ~|@H=_O H~H. ^ `= K#, K#,
K JH= H~H, O^# JkH~=<
~H} H"#x `H=K. F JOK< H~O s,
J~ 30" H@ Q ZxH "Ò 543 <
Y~ K~. ^^Q XH H #O 55 H@ Q
Y~ K~. *=O Q=x KCH|_`# ZxH
"~=~.
* = = Q ^ # =O ~[" _xH
kH~`# kOK_xH D ZxH "@Q =~~.
g@xO\` @Q "Q< , =@ Q~_, z`
qz` ZxH K~, z=~ a\, h#@ LO_
KH~ ""# = K< ` [iQ~.
nx|\ KK ZxH _`# "q\, ^x = O KO
Uq\, "Hi `#"q\, Q`"q\.
WO` K< ^~^ 53.02 Ò, ~OQ~_ 59.85
Ò =`" eOQ J~Ok. Hj~ ==O` =`"
"@ #"^~. KfQ_ Hx O` eOQ
|`H U XH F@~ ~HiH, eOQ |Ok
P~|@ `= F\OQ q+< @x F@~ HO Z^~

K__x O^ uH =O\q i~ K~.
ZxH @ [ x~H`, xi`, nx= XiQ^q
^< =<` =zOk. ZxH# JO` iQ [
K__O ^. U^ F `xi Ò`Q< K<~. g\=
U^ T~@ aO^## "iH x~ qQ`<~.
=eH = i~xH =~OQ ZxH# K__O ^.
F@C_ =`" Hx~. =~C_ HxOK~< J#O,
PQO, JÒ [ ~ ^~}OQ HxOk.
ZxH @ ~[H s< PH HxOk. giH
ZxH J #O, JO`$ H H^. ZO` _| Y~\
F_` "i J#O [ JO` WO`H^. F_~#
"~ JkH~OH =z# "i` ZO` O Q HeQ~,
He`~ _. ZO^HO> gi "^g x~@OHOQ
[~QO> Wk `xi J=Òk _.
Di ZxH g_ ` JkHOQ HxOzOk. XH
~[H HO "Q qsÒQ "Q K_" HO_ ^x
Q HO [ Jax =oOK, H_Hi OK (Xx<
aeOQ) Ò iQ [iyOk. "_ , ="
, =@ ` H q=xz, ` H H^< ~O K~.
^x "#H "~ =~, |_ @|_^~ [<
+OQ L<~. =Oz`~}O qOz# ^~H^ J#@Q
~_ "~, H^<, " KiOK~. ZHxH
g_ _ Z=~= _|e "i K~, ,
=", WO@~ H=~ l Z=Q PH~ }
OQ WK~.
=# ~, gH WO\ (~_ S>")
H~~ "~# g_ `@ ij#Q J#< qÔQ
LO\~. Hx "\ "# L# g_ "~O Ò>
P~O HQÒk. ^ WÔ` == J< F "^ i#
u H K~ O\~. D i` ZxH [ HO HO_
|_ @|_^~, Pk` =~ [< HO
[iy#@Q `KH =#^. g\H J#"# s, =
^ OQ g~ JkH~OH K\, # =`
"i [< J#Q}OQ ~kÔ\~. JQ
JkH~O x"ix `= J#OQ LOKH=_xH, P
s , = O _ ~ O q s ` O Q _ |
JO^*O\~.
"ÒQ Z=~ Qez< =eHOQ =K =~q =.
Z<_Z, Zx U ~[H s =< XH>.
Jq J#iOK PiH q^< XH>. U" Hx `_ `
"\ =^ Y`, ^ LO_< LO\~. tOK
QO`H, =eH =~HO, `= Ja=$k O^#
=O^ `K ~[H Jh HQ J}z"`#
yOK". JkH~O O^_O HO XHi XH~ ^+},
q=~ KO\~ ` [ x["# Ja=$k OH=O
HO =Ò H^<k Q`, <\ ZxH Jh ~A= K < ~.
g
(~K~` L^, _\ Z )
gH}O d E< 2014
15
=~=#O
ZxH e` q+}
2014 ~uH ZxH ~f [#` sh, #~O^"_h QeOK UHH HO` @|_^s =~,
H~~\ g_ xKh, D e` ^xH #+^H=h JO@<~ a.Z. ~A
J=`~ ~+ Ô =# ~` Ô. WH_ [

J=`~# Q\ Q, |OQ #=`~. =*x =~_xH,
i~xH ^ J=`~ ~+ L^qOz kQ*i#
=lH i`# KHk^`~h, `=# Lî~h "i
Q_ #qH. D #qH K ^$_"#k, JKOK"#k. "_
O[<xH =O J@=O\ #qH.
D #qH `, q $u H=~ è#O`Q e`
è^. `= #qH `= K # K_ #, xx e`
JOK< H> u H WOH K~ H^# O\! e` =~ @
"_ `# D #qH# = K H=_O ~` H=~
Piì~<~. ^~Q, ky[OQ D ^Q #O_
O_< H~H=O x~@OQ H#yOKH=_xH
JOk =z# J^` P^ ZxH.
2014 H [iy# ZxH "_ O[#O QiOK,
a*- Z<_Z , \P~Z, \_ H [ - ==` # q[O
QiOK Z- HOQ ~~[O QiOK H
~"O@s H=x, ~ s=x KC< Z,
aZ, qq^ [#`^ =Q~ =\ H~=_O QiOK, "\
@, F@ "\ QiOK UH~= @_O D " H O
H^. P xx Jx k#uH, \q K# xÒ K<
L<~. T^~Q_`< L<~.
~` =[O JKQk# ^j ^s H~~\ @|_
P`, JO`~f =["^ _H ~# ,
O^` ~[H O" O $u HQe =@Q
[~`#, [~ ^_, * =#~ ^~H=}, Jk
$+OK |@H Ja=$k q+ i}= QiOz ^xx
Z^~_, x=iOz, ~_ F_OK F `= gH$`
qHH ~ k^H"e# JÒ` P=H` QiOz,
J@=O\ Hx _Q@_O iQ q"# "=H
|# ~[H QiOz q+OK_" D " H O.
2014 ZxH P@
~"O\ =@ "^=_xH ZQ~ <}O <|_
=<, ~< îOk. D ^ ~"O@s <}
J ~O H OnH$` @|_. @|_ <}xH = ~
16
XH>. = _, ~ _, P_ ZxH P@ 'F@ - @

= E^". D ~"O@s 'F@-@ ~[H "~
E^x Z=~ èqQ, Z``, l``, ^#, K~ |O`
x~~ "~ q[O k~. = HO^, ~ <<
~ HO^, = << D < ~"O@s *=
ZxH q[O ZC_ @|_^. H OnH$` @|_ [#
=_`, *H_` Ja=$k `~ îOK ~"O@s
q<^ H_, F P WO_ [#` ~.
D _l@ '"~-"~ QO 'F@ H~~\ ZOye
"` Q`` @|_ ^xH H=e HQ, ~"O\
|O^ ^_ Qk|O_ `yeOK|_ =Q, +~O`
J=H ~Q ZC_ =i~Ok. JO^K` WC_
[iQ, WH =O^ [~Q iH` ~"O@s q<h
Ja=$k ~ *=OK#H @|_ îOK iH` lQ"Q QH z` =`".
2014 ZxH - `H`
2014 ^~} ZxH, u J~^ [iQ F@ *`~
a#"#"g HH~<, @|_ $+Oz# iH` K~
~o , "_ O [# + D ZxH# ` H`. D Ô ,
D ZxH "@"^\ Q " @|_ H` H_.
PO^ ^ # ~ O_ ~Q q_Q\# O^~ O D ZxH
[~Q_=#k WOHH `H`.
#~ O` H~~\ `_Q `_Q_ O , O`H K~
Ja=$k O@ eq WkQ gHO F =#` H
J=ìOzO^x K~O K_O, =@ #y+ KH x#\
~HtH # QOQ [O`, h`, , Qc
h~` H_y K_O_ D K` ZO`Q Qo< #x
[ "# KOK_O K~ =*O` O`
iH` ~OQk, "HC K H~~\ g_, H~~\
^# =Ô @|_ ^s ^#`# *u q=H ~Q,
Ja=$k PO[<Q, u~Qx qH=~Q zuOK_O
D 2014 ZxH =~ `H`.
HOÔ x - =<< <HÒ Z-1,
Z-2 ` F ^| HOQ ^ i##
gH}O d E< 2014
=~=#O
x~ JO`x Jqhu` Q` @|_ O , ^~,
HO\H~ ^ [ = =#~# ^HOÒ K~.
WO`K < D J# JyO` K^h, ~m H~}
"QO K
=O^H_Q LO^h, D "Qx _Qe, L# =i
@|_ *\_ K~@ P@OHQ LO@# ^ [
u@##, L^=# =OQ `_z\ "x
=["^ J"iH @q, ^x ~` ^s Q` H~~\
O QQ _`# O^~O XH H, D c` #
L^~"^ Ja=$k "`|_ qq_`# qq^ qH *
= =~H H. D ~O_ qa# ^~} =^Q
@|_ ^^ =#`x XO@ |\OK# K^=~,
^s "<[~, Z<lX QO `@ =O ~`^ =[
K<x qÒ K_O Q=xOKe# JOO. g\ =^
Hz`"# "~^#\H XH ^HOQ HOQ
<HÒx Z ^_ ^#` Jqhu= #
D =_ = U XH =x _ O`$ ~ H
~Ok.
^# uH ^ L# a* @|_H ZH_ <
`Q O_ Z\H C _ Z `xH JO_Q x< ,
Q[~` @|_ K~@ Q@ ~ ìzOk. W
@|_H Q@ ~ `~=_" Jqhu ~` =~ #Q,
Q[~` Ja=$k #=<Q =O^ <\ O k. @|_H J
|O@Q ~ O~OKOk. O^` ~[H
O" O $ux ~Oz, H~~\ O H~O`,
"_ =~ Ja=$k #=<# iH` ^` H~~\
g_ # Q@ |\ }oke|Ô Q K~O x~OzOk.
"_, P~ZZ JK #O_ =z# x _ H|\ H=tH} `,
H~nH` xK `# =`$ O `# JK # H~H=x,
H# <~"~ =K_. J QiO# OkOK_.
JO`QH 2002, Q[~` "_ ^~HÒ, =O
"<i\ [ [iOz# TKH` "#H XH n~HeH
=O LOk. =[O L# ^ ^xH =`#,
"~ ^# O^` ~[H Z*O_` H K F \ + " #
}oH LOk. D K~ Q[~` =[O#, Ôx W`~
O`# x=OK O^ = "_x XH ~Q
x\O k. D ~ u+ Ja=$k <=[O *_Oz, __
|ye`# HOQ `=OQ, H~~\ ~OQO "_x
KOH<`x =`HOQ >H K~xH ^~ "Ok.
QÔQ =|_ L`~ =^ ~`=x, t=# |OQ
L# =~+#, HOQ ^~Q LO@ =z# JO,
W`~ D# ~# * q[ Ôâ "yOzOk.
D OÒ q#~O eb\ u~ =`". WH
Q[~` QiOz K^=Ok, Jk "[r L H> H^!
J=H ~Q =i~# F@ H=O _| =`"
=~HO J=Òk Jx J#H=_O iH^. =`xH, xH,

u@ ~} K`~xH, F@~# T H ZHOz T~yOK
QeQ "Q< [_"# _ F@ =~H==`#k.
QÔ QOHx ^q_ = [ e`, |OQ ==`,
X_ #g< \H [ F@ O~OK_O
`=`= O` K`~O îOz P O` J=`~
=~Q `= F@ O# x@<~. JH_ "_
=~ O[#O x K^.
~O_Q p|_, q_q_ ~Q U~_`# ÒQ},
=O^ `Q [ \P~Z, \_ @O Q\~.
HOQ =OK< txH, k"H~ ~[H ZO`Q<
HOQ #+ ~Ok. WH_ "_ *~ xK ^ . =<H },
KO^| "_` K` H_O = H HO
M` `~=QeyOk.
~[Y~~_ Jqhu =iH =^xH "~_# [Q<~_
`# qH$` PH= O^#` Q# #_| "@
#yOKx PO^ ~x ieOK< ^~`
_# =O@= x J`x * H_O `
"~ =~O H~Ok. WH_ "^# x H*~_
HOQ# J^ ÒxH *~Ok. F@ @ ~"O@s
~[H E^" " K*i~ = =xH
HOQ-Z @qx <\" O k. WH "~ `~ Hx û
K@=\ "i i `<xH î fOk.
~O_ H H|iK =OK< ÔÒ KO^| Qe
fOk. J =#|_ | x< }O Ok.
J`# UHHO W@ `Q [ ~[H ~Q#
[Q<, HOQ Jqhux ^#=_ OQ ~# xiOK =O`
J=`~ ~+xQ A \_. PO^ KO^x P@
~HQ\ <, ÒQ} a =Y=Ou `~=H ` =x
eÒ ^H^. ZO^HO> J\H 'HP~ ÒQ} J=`~
~+xQ ~_ _.
HP~ ÒQ} ^< UHH ÒQ Kx, `#^#
~[H K`~x, q[`# îOz, H PO^# u>
q^# Hq K_# =iOK qÔQ ~HH\ Oz ÒQ}
F@~# "OKQeQ_. J ÒQ} [ =#
~ #O O~OK<_. H"## `H
ÒQ}# kOz, Q@ \ x, HOQ k=uiQ
` H\_. ZQ`<q, ÒQ} Z^~x ~Q
`__.
a*H HOKH@Q LO_, JQ=~ KCK` LO@
=z# L`~^ ô`, a = `= J`x
x@x H` gH~}`#, a*x =u~HOK
O^H =O F@ O# `=" ~|@x,
JkH~OH ~Qe# Z, aZ Ju `= HO<
gH}O d E< 2014
17
^jO
"_r, Q= #Oz eOKO_!

JOH Q~_` JkH~OH =z# J= K# q^< [ =eH =# i+iOKO_, qq^
~OQ [ JO^@H ~O_ Z <i`< q=i<~ q. #=O`~=
^x ^q # H^. = Hs@O. WO` =~

^x eOz# HOQ = ~x "_ "_
"~Ok. _# u #~ "@ 31 Ò "@ =`"
"_H _< P< JYO_" # , u~Qx "*i\` Q ez#@,
=~Q uHh, "~ K#h "_x PHxH` < ~.
(D ~RO KO^| H "# @) _# "@ =Y=,
Qez# "@ =Y= D ~O_O\H =^## JQ^x
Q}#H fH=_O ^ . "@ <k, @ ^x g^ xiOz#
=#O, q`x^ "H "O^? J~< K =Ok
O^ "_ QeK_K Jx H`y# Hu QO`
<~. D JO|^ iuH =# "\OQ q^# x^
H~}O Jx XH uH J~< O^HOQ "MxOz#
#^. J=#=i, H~~\ O, ~_ #
KiOz = K< ` [=< uH W
[# `î \ OK [O H#Q`< LO@Ok.
^= û# ZxH [iy# <_ D û JOìOz u
XH "@~ K@ uxÔ aOk.
"_ Qez# <\ #Oz (QezOk [ H^) P#
`Q =z_`<~. D ez#
"i H~~@, "i `^~# PiH A

=Q~
=~O i<~. gi , Wk =~ HOQ s
O Wz# , O =_~@ `yOKe.
@|_ OKe. HiH K\# _eOKe. q^j
@|_# PxOKe. O# "\ HiOKe ^
` ~OQ O ` "\# 49 `xH `yOKe.
W=x HOQ # LO@ =z#". Hx P" Pn QiOz,
=#} îHO #Oz |@ _x zOz#
uH #\H, H\H XH\ =`". "O` "@ "
QeOK~ H^, WH "` <=Ok?
==O QiOz (~` QiOz H^) Z=~< q
==`` P^~OQ i=# U~@ K _O ^~,
L^Q J=H HeOK< ^$H}O #OK Qx ~`#,
J`# Z^~O@# = #Oz ~HOK< H}O #Oz
H^. JO> ==x iqHH~} K< ^$H^"
QKiO k. ~ ` # ~} q=} K xQx (q=H K##
KO^| z __ ) O@ J=~" # L`` ~ ~
QiOz Z=i "# H#~^.
HOQ Ò, =YOQ PiHM =`_ zÔ|~O
[ KH KOK~. JQ s# HOQ,
a* # H \ D H` s# <uH ` # [
Z, aZ Jqhu`#, ~_=~ ~[HO`# qy
"i uiy H`k K# O^~O 2014 ZxH
=K. D iu P~ZZ x~HÒ "_-Jq`
Q[~` [O@ x# =O eOzOk.
Q[~` ~+ "# gi~=~ Z@=O\ =O` D
=~# L`~^ f~QeQ~ J#k J^#O
Ke# JO". =[~#Q~# Q[~` `~< XH
QQ =~x =O [# O`
QiK, kiOz "ix Z, aZ ^~OK _O, O^
F@# gH$Ò K a* F@ OQ =~H=_O J<
k=Y =O xKOk. WkQH W`~` H~}<
J< =K~O HiOK= LOk.
D "Ò ZxH ~[H zÒ z`~# ^h
u "=Hk. @|_ ^_ =~ OY=k, ^
Ò` ~@ HO< [ `~# ~[H ~@OH

ky ^ Q_z#\H, "~ ^+ ^_ @|_x
W=O`< x=iOKH~ iH^- D ~A J^
@|_ q~O ê `_ K~, gO " LO>,
xK+ KuH|_# 'KK- K Ki`# qQ<~.
XHC_ "=H "O@ #_z# kQ}H$` *=h
q`"^ ta~xH Ki. @|_ Hx "_xH
^" . |~"` H ~xH kQ*i#,
"i=O^ K` KK D k"H~ qH *=u~H
^` ~=#" W\ "_ H <g. "=H
H=O _ _ =@` KOH=_O = XiQ^g ^.
W\H < "Ò "=H ta~O `# , ="# , =Q" #
P` q=~ Kx \ + "# L^= }oH` [ "
x|_e. #>` "=HO H#=~Q qH [ P~
PO|< Pq~Òk.
(~K~` qH <O uH O^)
g
18
gH}O d E< 2014
^jO
"H =# "_ `xH JO@Q\ "o_.
JC Q iy~. O "O_|H~
_ ~~. ^ K_O `y~Ok. ^qH
=eH H~ HeOK_O ~O" < x^ H~` =OQ
xH@ f<~. q^~ Lf~=`< <}`
H#~=_O ^ . ` OÒQO Zx i< O~}
O xqOz<, "\ ~ ^=H@ O@<~.
|~H =O`` @ Jqhu =xy~Ok. ^~
`Q_O ^. ^=@, ~"# @, H~O\ JHO\ @
O\q "O\_`< L<~. PiH ==, =lH
O~} Jq<= O|O^x =~z H=O "^\
q+xH ^#`h_O`, =lH OHxH î
fOk. "_ `# H~~\ J#|O^x Ja=$k [O K@#
HKH=_xH u<_. D @ _ HOQ
_Ok. Ja=$k JO> ~_ "_O, ~, Pu
=< xiOK_O, |\ >~# #_#H=_O H^.
KO^| _ ~ D > Z`H O\_. JO`\ ` PQ O_
'JC Kx^ Ja=$k Ô H^ Jx P# eOz#
HOx @ Z`H x, =m O K OH ~ Q u< P~O
^. J Ja=$k JO> Uq\, P# JC `KH#
OK OH 'Ja=$k x"kH 2000 O=`~O U
x~zOzO^ K_O_:
'~Q^ JO> @@Q Ja=$k e` [
K~_ O H^. [ J=~# <~ Q kOKe. U XH q^#O
`#O`@`< kOK*^. =Q "Y ix J=OaOKe. P~
^`, h\ H~` f~_O, = =o# "i ^`, O $uH
~H}, ~=~} kQ*~_# x~kOK_O, g\x kOKe.
D =xO\H i~" Ja=$kH, =#= OH=xH
^Ô KOk. L^~} ~ =# x~}"
fHO_. JO\ x~}O ~OO =`" . q^~ J<H
q+ g^ P^~_ LO@Ok. L^ tH}, "i
ZOH, "i r`` H ~~, W`~ J=~#
K~_O _ =# x~}O JO` J=~O.
"_, g~ =\_ Ja=$k JO> W^<? [g =_,
=< J_Q_O ^. M<, <, =H< =`" J_Q
`<~. 'WO_ Q ezOk JO@<~. = x aOK WO_
Pq+~} [iy#_ WO_ Qez#@ qOKe.
g~ ^ ^ * =O^, " H@ Y~> }oH
~zOK#H~^. =#Ô Q= Hk K~=<~.
qQ` ~ OQ`" Qx, PO^ ^ , ÒQ} "k
K~ = JH=} Q~ ~. K~ = =" = <
K~. ~` h\ P^~" J_QO\Ok. XH _" \
Qg} [ ~ Wz, P K ~ = PH = }
`yOKO_. Q= = h~ a O k. ~ ` O@
O_~. "i PiH u "~Q=Òk. "Ò PiH ==
"~Q=Òk. Q=# QK O_, Ô aH= =Òk.
g
(~K~` ==H O^)
qZK H"
`H^y# q+
~` ` H H~O 20102011 =^ =# PiH

== x O \` ~OQO xH~O Q iy# J^# L^Q
11 H =`" . W^ HO `qk H@ =Ok H`Q L^Q
q} "t OK~. Ô J`k i= xK # "~
HO\ Hi, Q$x~}O iH", Q$=.
PiH q+, Q}OH uH=~. Jq =#
J~O H= Jx =kO. ^"}O ~Q^ QiOz# "~
uH =O\~. P Jx =kO. Hx P ^"}".
JO> ^~ ~Q^ HOQ HO=OzOk.
'<\ _# F@ 59 H
=`QOnx He KOOk P~ZZ H~H~. a*
"_ ~ =u~H` Z^~=Ò>, ^ Jx "_x x\x
P^tOzOk P~ZZ.
u #~ =Ok F@"# "i 69 =Ok "_H F@
"^. "Ò F@~ Q@# 70 Ò =O^ F@
qxyOK<~O>, qQ` 30 Ò =Ok U H~}=<
Qx F@ qxyOKH=_xH ~^. WC_ "Ò
F@~ "_H ZO` =Ok J#~, =u~ H " HO_.
"_ KO^| _ =< =<
H " WO@~+# i~ O i^# H~O
=#Ô q^ #Oz qe@s ~"~ H#Q q= 12.7
ae< _~ (50 O=`~)
=#^ O Q$ ^K# _|q= =~ 2013
<\H ~. 71,46,000 H@. "Ò _l@ Wk 60= =O`
=i <<< x H~~\ O _l@ Ò 12.4 Ò
=`".
i= Hi r` 90= ^HO 25 Ò LO_Q,
P Ò 201112 <\H 11.3 `xH `yOk.
~RO ^qH P~Q HO^ OY 2000 O=`~O
1389. P O=`~O 188 H` HO^ =OE~ HQ
~OaOz#q 86 =`" . ~R "O Q LO_e# H O^H<
26 Ò `=x HQ èKOk.
SH~[ qu 2015 <\H =#^xH x~~Oz# H
1) î^x, PHex x~eOK_O, 2) ~uH q^q^#O,
3) O yH =#`x kOK_O , 4) kH~`# kOK_O ,
5) t =~} `yO, 6) ` P~Qx "~Q~K_O,
7) Z~_, =i O\ "^ x~#, 8) ~=~}
i~H} g, 9) Ja=$k ~OQO OK Q=x
OK_O. W=h =K O=`~xH kOKe.
Ô "Ò g^ Q@# 48.6 Ò ~` ~}Q
LO_Q =# ~RO 82 =Ok Jx 2003 *f O
~ H\ OzOk. W\H ZO` =Ok ~}Q~? g
gH}O d E< 2014
19
^jO
"_ q[O Ja=$k^, q^x^?

2014 ~uH ZxH #~O^ "_ ^x JiQ ~f [#` s q[ H~}#, q+`
zH# q+<~ ~" xh
~"O@s ZxH e` PHH~OQ L<~. "Ò

"@ H=O 31 Ò OkOz ~f [#` s
"_ 282 ~"O@ @ QK<~. HOQ 19 Ò
"@` 44 @ QKHQ, |[# =* sH 4.1 Ò
"@ =z< XH @ _ ~^. `$}= HOQ 3.8
Ò "@` 34 @, =* "k s 3.4 Ò "@ `
S^Q~ ZO#, ZSZ_ZOH 3.3 Ò "@` 37 @#,
S (ZO) 3.3 Ò "@` `qk @# QK<~.
D i HOQ 19.3 Ò "@` 44 @# QKHQ,
2009 ZxH ~f [#` s 18.5 Ò "@`<
116 @# QK#^x Q=xOKe. JÔ` XH `H"#
H^. W@=O\ ^~}"# "" |@_` =#
~" O@ ux^ "x "HO K O _Q ^Q
<#`# ZxH O~} J=~ H^. ZO` =Ok
=lH H~ H ~ ZxH O ~ } [~ x
J_Q`#\H U HêH ^.
Wk "_ HO H#|_`#k. P# 'Ja=$k x<Ô
, =` q^# ^\ "@~# PHiOzO^x JO@<~.
Jk ZO`=~ x[O? "_x H~~\ `=#HQ
=iOK< "" x H #\< , D ZxH _| =~^
=OzOk. ^xH J^#OQ H k P~ZZ O =
L K@O ~f [#` sH H` ~ ZxH K~O
K\Ok. JO> "_ ~O_ |"# O g^ x|__.
XH\ H~~\ OO =~H\ P~ZZ OO.
`# ÒÒ HO KxH ~<, Ò` ~Ò
HO |uH LO\#x "_ K < _. [ ^$+ `# u+#
OK< ^H O P# K `# J<H J|^ Wk XH\ .
P# P~ZZ O^` ~[H =*xH, ~[H
=OuH KOk#"_x JOîH `. P ~[H =*=,
~[H =Of Z#_ Ò`^=O QO H^.
P~ZZ ~f [#`s O^` K *f"Ô
Ò`^= *f"^xH a#"#k. QOn Qx,
Ò`^=O Qx K *f"Ô ~` *f"Ô
HQ, "_ i"~ K *f"Ô O^ *f"Ô.
Jk XH =` *f"Ô. Jk l<, =ObQ K#
=O *f"Ô =O\k, ^xx =O`~" # k. P~ZZ,
^x `|@= H # x|_ Ò`^=x q=iOK~.
Jk JOîh H# ~` *f"^=x, "_ =*
20
~ J~# P~ Z Z k O^ *f "^ = x
H\ O K~. JO^= ^ ÒÒ HO P#Qx, P#
s Qx } |e> ``^.
` i H# XH "@ Z= =z< Q eK û P##
P #O @_xH LQ_# H~} Z< L<~.
P# ^~#i` e, HOQ |#`# =
KH=_O q[O, *hHO` O+OKQ =~O
=O\ H~} x~"# HOQ K~O, J"iH J^H
`~ ZxH K~O `_~ "_ q[xH îf~.
Jqhu, |#"# Ò J< `# HOQ =@
Q@H=_O ~i. x*xH HOQ J=~"#^xH#
Z=Q JMu HeyOK_O P~ZZ =^` ` #_z# J<
*~ L^=O` "Ôk. `~` P L^=x =O^
f"o# J~qO^ Hr" HOQ q[O QiOz
PzOK# O`Q ^|H@_O K ^Ô K_. ~f
[#` s Jqhu QiOz Hr" POQ "H<_.
J\H ZO` OHz< P q+ O Z`_< k J~O K Hx
q+O.
'~O_ QOnQ ~ `K # J< *~ HkHO @
HH` =Oz P `~` H#|_O_ ^. JqhuH
=u~HOQ Hr" ~OaOz# H~H=O OhOQ<
LO_#\H, `# =lH L^=x XH ~[H sQ
=~ H=O J =lH L^= =O g^
H =~ g^ Z< ~ H ` K_. H r" O z#
P" Pn s `xiQ "_ =u~H "@# pÔ
# 'q[O kOzOk. P" Pn s 400 =Ok J ~ #
x@Q "i K =Ok `= _l@ H~. "i
K=Ok =lH = HO xK_O =Oz
~#"~, ZO` H$+ K#"~. =lH i=~#
O|OkOz# =# K\ #"~. ZxH ~}~OQO D
F@q J#=O `~` "~ =m "#H "o L^= ^~,
K~ ^~ =lH =~ i=~# J< H~H=x
H#yOKQ~ K_= LOk.
ZO` =Ok "M`, < J< *~ # ~O_
QOnQ Ja=iOK_O J~H, W_ ~" ^", "_
=O\ " ix = ` QOn ` QOn ~ #
îxQ~<~. XH "_ [#~_` QOnH# "_
"~Q#"_x _ J<_! *ux UHO K# XH =`_
gH}O d E< 2014
^jO
~# Oz` *f"^ qz#H~ =* <^
g^ xez# =H` _O ZO` QK@!
WH 'Ja=$k H~H=O ^Qi H =, Q[~` =~}HO_
`# ` x~Oz# `~` "_ "O@< Q[~` 'Ja=$k
kOK H~"x ZOK#=@ x[". Hx Q[~` Ja=$k
QiOz #=|eH D q^K~O ""xH H~~\
@ ~+ Ò J#iOz# B^~~H"# ^~} `
=~g H^. JO^ uOQ P H~~\ 2007
#OK "_ ^ x H"< K~xH OHOK<~. XHH
Q[~` =`"<i\# ~O_ `~Qu ~`xH `
"O_Q, =~HH Q[~` Ja=$k =*O H@H^Q
=~_O "^~Ok. D H@H^# W`~ ~[H H
Qh, Ja=$k g^ J^#O K i^ Qh "
K O_ K HO Q _ z ~Ok. Q [~` #Oz
"=_`# =K~x q=~<`HOQ q+Oz#Hn D
Ja=$k q^ #QOQ |@__O "^~Ok. Hx D
Ja = $k J|^ O Q iOz ` x ^ ~ f ~ [
q=iOK_xH J\H K P"~Ok. J~`, D XH
Ja=$k H~H=O g^< "_ K~O y#@ H K__xH
H#|_Òk Qx Jk ZO`=`= x[O H^.
"_ ^ ^ =` =##, =## "_<_.
P x P# K OQ, èqQ K_. Q=OO
ZQ=ux Qc q= O Jx q=i P# K #~Q~ O Q
Q=OxH =O "< i\ O|O^x zOK_. JO>
XH PiH =# =``` =Q =~QeQ_. JO
Ò |OQ^ K~@^~ O HeOK_xH Y_= $Q
# Oi#^x JO@ OQb =\_ =O
=u~HOQ Z<~ =\__. " 16# `# ~` ^x
HQ< "#H "o=_xH "~ `\|\ ~x ÔQ
LO_x _ J<_. D =@x =``` OÔ +O
Q<, aQ~Q< LOk. "i OQb =\_ O^=
~}
~ h, OQb =\_ =O K~@^~h ~f
[#` s JkH~ uxk +OQ< H\ OK~.
~f [#` s QK# <#, O`#
*Q`Q ije K =^H~"# x"O =#
`_Òk. # Ja=$k x<^x^ K~ J~#@
Hx#\H, =``` q[# ^x HH `# `xiQ
+OzOk. =``` O ^~ Qx, LQ"^ O ^~
Qx W\H =``` q[ # [iy# O` ~f [#`
s Z=Q q[O kOzOk. =~+, Q[~`,
L`~^, =^^, c~, JO ~h QÒ ^
Z`# =``` O# KqK~. ~f [#` s

"_ QeH Qi Hx ~h HHOQ =``` O
JO`Q xq. ` HOz `q<_, OQ, H ~. g\H Xi
XH> q#~O. JH^ HO^= =Ò [iy#\H
#g< \H s JkH~O LOk. O`H K~
P~ZZ [ "_ q[xH =^ `# O|O^
<< =lH ~[H q=~}# =QOQ J~O
KH"e. =``` LQ"^ O =*x qlOK
` L#^< JOx `Q ijeOKe. H K__xH
Ja=$k =*" "@~ Z==Okx PHiOz#\H,
Q ` O O K ~ y# O`< Jk x K O k.
OHO_ Ò`# #_#k =``` O#x Z<
qK~} Hq+< x"kH K`<~.
HH#|_@@Q x "_#\H OH QOn
LyOz# hK"# ~[hu J< =@# "_ hK"# O
Jx `Q L@OHOz, `# =# `K_. W`~
O^~ _ P# `# Op =# `z,
ukH# q[# uOK_.
"_ q[O U OH`x W#k? =O~, Q[~`,
=[~ #Q~, J@=O\ H #x OK~ =# =[O
Hx =~ `# J ^` "x HeOK OH Ò WK~.
"_ Q\ Q H\"#\H, =lH H~H~ ZO`Q
~_`#\H, k` <O ^H^, ^H< K
POQ ^Òk. <~ `= J==h, `=
'H< z\ îHO^h JO@<~. "_ JkH~OH ~=_O
Z< ~HQ "@"^\ i H=KQx, J@=O\
#` XH^x QiOz Z=~ =\__O ^. XH
^~}=~} HO_ ^ XH~Q <~~} L# =HH
= JkH~ Q KlH_O W^ "^\ i. =i QOn
< ~`^ q +` Z LO_Òk? ~` ~*OQ
q= q+` Z LO_Òk? "_ `# =eH
H~H==, `# ~[H <k =*= J~# O^
*f"^x =Ô\_? H O^ ^x ` ~K
`# + Ku _`_? TOK=# J=~" ^.
~K~ ` O~x WO_ < W< @ \ P >Hr
|"_H WO[hiOQ ~ Q xK 2004
KO^ ^g q~=} K, =`=~O HO iHO
xK H~H~Q =~~. =`` O g^ _[# Q H ,
=O^k " ~~.
D " O ZxH e ` ` ~ ` =_ ~A (http://
g
www.countercurrents.org/puniyani210514.htm) g^ "=_Ok.
gH}O =K ~K# Hx l~H H =<~. l~H <}` iQ LO__O^.

Hx\ Ku ~` _ H+OQ LO@<~. JO^= J~O KHx > K_O K
W|O^, = Z^~=`<~. JH~ J~= ~O_. l~H g~ LOKx
Xil# = O HiOKO_. O.
gH}O d E< 2014
21
^jO
< *=xH QÒ

#~O^ "_ <HÒ ~f [#` s q[ Q@ q K Jk O i"~ q^+
~[H, < *=xH q[=x èÒ^x JO@<~ W~< J^
" 16# ~f [#` s # q[O O^~OQ

"_ i}=x ^qHOQ q+ <Q u^#
KxOk.
"^\ k, D i}=x J@ =~, W@ HO^~
q=~ _ "_ J< =H g^ HOnHiOz =HQ`
i}=OQ K<~ Qx J K__O =<e.
~O_=k, "_ i}=O J<k XH q"# =*
L^= q[O. P L^=xH HO^ #O L#k ~+
O=H O P~ZZ. ~f [#` sH
P~ZZ =^ U^ "# `_ L#^x qOK_O
J=H` O. P~ZZ =O L# ZO` =Ok ~[H
< P~ZZ O|OÔx s LO__O, JQ
P~ZZ ` O|OÔ x s ~[H < P~ZZ
[ K~_x |\ P~ZZ =O ZO`Q
qiOzO^ J~==Òk.
=_=k, [ q[O Ja=$k x<Ô =<, Jqhu
=u~H` =< H^. Jk H=O O^` Ja=$k =Q
", ~ O\h ~^Q KOz# e Ò. ~f [#`
s q[O 'W`~, JO> =O =u~HOQ [i#
O`H gH~} e`"#x <# "kOK^K#.
<Q=k, [ q[O *= q[O H^, Jk
*= J[O. w + P Ô Z \iyO^
K`, [ q[O Z < *="
"kOK^K#.
`~ K, ^\ Oz, >eq[< `~HHOz# "H H
ZxH z=i~A# XH OQ~ >eq[< K# K#
WO@~ 'K " H HQ =H Q, PiH =$kh, O}h
nOz# =HQ "_ g^ < Ja"q@x J_Q~.
"_ "H H *f i^ ^\ ~O^<k +".
XH O_ Q "H _< Q Jk _ JO`~f O_
Q ` ~~Ok. "_ Qe ^ " H H WO` q $ÒQ
L#Ô> J "H H JO> Uq\ =m J~O
K H= LOk. XH <_H Q = O`x ^ = J^~}
H} L<x J#K~ #=_" "HH Jx
=["` =H "|~ J<_. J~` J "@"^@
XH =x+x J#K~ <_Q Z Qi~? P `~`
P <_H "H H L#^x Z #=`~?
22
Z=i# JO`~ÒQ "H H LO_^. HzÒQ

2014 ZxH Jk ^. P "H Hx W@H W@H
i#@ ~~. H~~@ |Ok@ ÔQ`<x, ~=~}
qÔx, ~[ H## [iy# =~}HO_# Ja=$k
Jx eK~. J=ux J}z" =u L`" [i~.
s <~ g^ =iO` s Q~=` [i~. "H
<_ `# ì ~[H H =`" Jqhux
K_, [ KOK_. `# s L# |OQ~
H } QiOp, aZ _~ QiOp, J@=O\ =~O^~
QiOp \ H ~^. `# se Jqhu |~OQ K~
q+" H^. JO> D "H H \ Jqhux K_O
=, e Jqhux ^K_O = ~Ok#k. J=#, 2002
[iy# ~[O =u~HOQ =\_# "# qz#H~Q,
Ja=$k =u~Q K_xH "HH J=~" =i.
"H <_" `# J\H q_^ K# q+`
'Ja=$k ~[=~O g^ '~QqOKx H~O@O>, P
'Ja=$k x~^ =Ò Q`xH "_x uO \~.
XH=@ KO>, "H "_ <HÒ
~[H qH$``x = Ja=$k J=HOQ =~_xH K
=, $[<`H`, =#O, =#=H, JO`~f tH}
Ok# x} Q=O, "_ =HQ` rq` H^`
z## "=~OKQ = H^ H Lù, s
"Ò _| J=~==`~. XH JOK< H~O H=O
"~H@# g^ =`" ~. 5000 H@ Y~ \~.
J~` W=h L#\H K~^< g\x qÔQ
K~O KH` eÒ ^Q LO_k H^. JO>, "_
" HH J<k >eq[<, QQ, + g_ , @
J< ~HH ^ Jx K_O JuH H^.
=H "#H ~"` =O
Ò` ~` Ki` JÒ` " H H J~# q<
" P " H Hx OìOz#k XH<H PiH K@O,
[=~ <` q $` ~[H OÒQO Jx
\ H T"< q+OK~. =i "H H J<k =x+e
JO`~` H} O H#@~` "_ " HH x q=iOK ~[H
=O Uq\? ^xH ["| K z#k. P x K#k
P~ZZ ~`^x O^~+OQ, =O ^x
gH}O d E< 2014
^jO
^#`=Q K_" P~ZZ |~OQ H O. 2014
ZxHF H@=z#@ H#|_# JO"=O> P~ZZ
KOk# H#x O, Jx ="i#, #
~+#, u r=#~OQO#, ~`^ u
=# ~OQOH kQ~. |~OQOQ H"~ =O^
D x [iyOk. QÒQ HO_ D i P~ZZ
~f [#` s ~O_ |~OQOQ, Q~OQ `= ~~
O|O^# K<~. P~ZZ ~[H O H^h,
H=O XH O $uH O#h H# =Q `y
~Ok. H#H [ `x <Q~ HO^ H~O
#Oz P~ZZ i"\ HO\` #_Ò^ J<k
H^. q[O kOz# =~<_ [ x~ <~
L=~u Z<_\ q ` W J<~:
'P~ZZ = hu x~ ~ Jx K H=_O Z@=O\
OHKO J=~O ^. "~ = <i#k = ~HO He
~Ok. JO^= = "~g Q~ K=# J=~O
_ ^. i"\ HO\ J=~" ^. "i ^~ "O
OtH} OÔ. "~ PzOz#@Q< PzOK_O
<~<O. JO^= i"\ HO\ J=~O ^. W_
^[ "i g^ P"^=^ "~. P~ZZ O
=_, ^x K~_ W" ^xH ^#=Ou
H#<_... = =*x [ JOwHiOK~.
D q+x WOH q=iOK=# J=~O ^. WH_
<H K=# q+"=O> O^` =O P~ZZ
i"~xH =`" iq`" # k H^, Jk WOH q $ÒQ#
`Q# LOk. O^` O^=`xH `_ LOk.
O^ =Ò JO> O^q^ `xH =O^ LO_# =`
O^. O^` =*O "~. P =*x
#""~ +OQ O^``~ s, O _
LO__= <k n~ Ki`. H ZO =h (1887-1971) 1929
~` *f HOQ K~_. `## `# QO^"kQ
K<_. HOQ LO@< P# O^ =`
ZO` x` O|O^ <~_O>, O^ = =r
J^_ ~ OKO^` ZO` =Ok =h "
'iQ O^ = " =O\" Jx H\ OK~. '=#
(O^) *uH ~H} H tH} WKO^ U~@
K# "= _ P# K~_. P# ^~# "Y ix
K HOQ =ke=x P# WK~. J_H
P< JYO_ O^< H#~< J< O Oz
J^__.
O^ ""x #OK^z# O^ *f"kQ
=h `# ~K# =O# 'QO_Q, q^jQ,
^~H=}^~Q, ~` Ki` WOk pH\ JÔQ
~_. O^` Ô`H~# q_ =~~ a Z =O*,
=^ =Ys ` =h O HxHO` è#^.
J~< =hx uiy HOQ K~=x 1946 OQ
ZO H QOn PxOK_.
=#O`~ HxH ~ =O^ =~H =_

L^~} W=x=O_. [u ~ (1865-1928)
1925 HOQ #Oz ~r<= K O^ =
J^_~. O^ = =r J^_, ~f
[#` sH ~~"# [#O _ = ^
=Ys (1901-53) OQ [=~ < P#O
"~ q[<#O`~O < ~OkOz# =Ou=~O
K~_. HOQ 1909#, 1918# ~O_ ~
J^_# O_` =^#"# =g (1861-1946)
1923 O^ = J^__. =g O
`< |<~ O^ qqÔ P~ZZ `# Y
~OaOzOk.
P~ZZ =*xH/i"~xH P~ZZ ` O|OÔ
x ~[H H ~~ P^#^< 1947 `~`
_ Z H#Q \ H KÒk. x*xH D \ H
=Q"#n H^, H=O gQÒx = g^ P^~
_#k =`".
P~ZZ =* ta~xH, P~ZZ Hx s =^
J@ W@ K< Z_ XHi [iy#q H=, Z_
[~Q`#q. ^$zH O@# H=, x~O`~ H=.
~[H uu OkOK_xH H=|Ô Q yOz# =*
H`H$+ = Wk [~Q`#k.
HOQ
J[ ~
KQ< *|
P #~O^ (>Q~ #~O^)
OH~OQ "
" "HK~
a* +} (Z)
O`+ =~ i
(*_)
~+
J"h+ =~ (*_)
O=H
"< ~= (Z<)
P#O^ H ~<[
O i"~O
(Z<)
~ #~H (Z<)
~=HO` ^" (Z) "^" <~} ^"
~"H$ ^" (P~*_) (H^, [#`s, [#`^)
O[ HH \ (Z<) |~#O^ <" (Zl)
+=~ OQ (*_) KO^"< \s (Zl)
O`< (*_)
HOQ
ZO.*. JH~
~" WO^~l` OQ
~"+KO^~
H <~"
_. ~O^~i
\ H K# qÔQ J[ ~ [ #Oz =*
"k sH JH_ #Oz HOQ =i, z=iH "~}
HOQ J iQ "_ g^ \ K~. ~ [<, "_<
q=iOz# O^~ K J~^. "_ g^, J~qO^ H r"
g^ P# UHH x<Ô "i^~ "~}H \ #Oz =z
\ K#~x, `# x_#x =`". "_H g_
K_xH " 21# U~@~# Q[~` # `H
="O uH HOQ <_ OH~ OQ "
gH}O d E< 2014
23
=~=#O
"_x Q__O =`" H^, J^ ~==Ok~O
xiOK = x _ J_ Q _ (c = ^ J< k J
K~hO" H^). P# =~< q"^^ JO
"_h, [# =iOK_. '~[H s ~ Z_
iQ LO_= Jx _iH ZOQ J#=@ x[O.
~[H uu QiOz < "^# H=O P~ZZ
\ #Oz Pk#k =`" H^, OQ P~ZZ
_ ^x JOwHi#k. ~[H s P~ZZ
L# P^~} QiOz J_y#_ P~ZZ JkH~ uxk
~O=^" 2009 W J<~:
'HOQ` Z< ~[H s = <~.
"O "i` x~O`~O O|OÔ LO\O... =*O...
~f [#` s = JÒ` x`"#k. HO^~
= k J_Q ^~O LO_=K. =iHO^~ XH
Hg@~ ^~O LO_=K. `_ J^.
J@=O\ H ["| K` P~ZZ H` ~
OKH "< Q=` =ix q=~eK~:
'~f [#` s HO_ W`~ s K~_O
O=_ =HQ ` PK## |\ LO@Ok. O =
Z< s L<~. <# JO`=~H KQ#. g~ PO^
(^) >Q~ #~O^ QiOz q<~?... "^@ P#
[ LO_"~. W_ ~ (`~` 1999 P#
HOQ #Oz ZO J~. 2004 ÒQ} ~+ qu
#Oz ZO J~)... <# "~} "# JH_ #Q~ "~
OO J^_ =* "k s L<~. Hx JH_ =
Y @<_ P<. PQ =ta~O |[#
=* s l ~ H~H~O^s <~...Z=~ U
s, ^ U O J<k = JH~^... "O "~Oîh
O^=Q< qO.
Ja=$kH O^` ~O
Ja=$k x<Ô g^< D q[O ^ =~O^x ~f
[#` s, K~ ^< K # K~ Q@# D OQ`
OÒQO, =* ^#=y J< q ~~OQO<
q K_= LOk. "@"^@, W" D Ja=$kx
=u~H # s XH\ _ ^ . u s _ `= Ja=$k
H" L<#O@#k. =i J@=O@_ Ja=$k, [
~^Q Z =~~? WH [` He c~
OH~ Ò U~@ K# xf+ =~ OQu K_O_.
" H~H L#O`HO Q[~` `~` Ja=$k #=<Q
c~ # K LO_"~. Hx E< 2103 " H~H
_H\#`~` c~ Ja=$k Py~O^x =`"
H^, HOkH *~`#^x K`<~. =~ 2014 >"
P WO_ =z# XH "~ H~O c~ 201213 15.05 ÒQ L# ~+ Lù 2013-14
8.82 `xH _~O^@. <H` J~O è^ Qx,
P O=`~" ` q^< U^ ^ =~ =zO^x
K`< W@=O\ `< x J~O K HQQÒ. WH_ >"
24
P WO_ W=^z# OÔ +". [ =`"

Ja=$kH g W=Q^x, [` ` QO HQ< c~
Ja=$k ^Z`# _~O^x Jk K^zOk. P "~
~[HiH O H^. Jk PiH == H# Z=Q
~[H QiOz K#k.
xf+ =~ [ ` H=OQ L#_,
c~ Ou ^` q+O ~# # yO^h, Jk
i# Jh, Jk Q[~` J_Q*_ #_#^h _
K~. P H~H JOìOKQ< c~ P@qH~[OQ
=i~O^@. c~ [ HH <_ yi~* OQ
=@ '(xf+ =~ [ =^) OH~ Ò
~^~ Q<, Ò J#|_^ ^ ... Ou ^` <" =.
JQ Ja=$k x<^" q[ `=< `~xH _ J~O
^. ZO^HO> [ 100 H# Z= < QK#
c~, L`~ ^ P~ZZ [ ^HO H~O
=O =u~H q[ ## ` ~K 'O^ "@# O \Ò
K ~. L` ~ ^ Jk =[ ~ # Q ~ H `
"^~Ok. PQ 2013 H= J< Q=O [iy# XH
O @#` ~OaOz# P H 50,000 =Ok =O #
qa# ta~ ~}~Q =~~. [#=i 2014
è~A, Hk=Ok [~e`, q^"`` He <# P
ta~# OîOK#. HH J< Q=x, JH_ b
+< H< L# ta~x _ "O KO. JH_ Q=,
b JkH~, HH Q= ^< JO^~ K# H^<
XHQ< L<~. ~+ Ò #Oz #+i~O
OkOKO^ =O `= W `" `Q@<~h,
Q=O #Oz `= W+~HOQ< i~ ta~ `^K
O@<~h " K~. =O 'J`` D x
K<~x "<~. D K~O ZO` ^ Z`# Q`#
Ô>, Ò W=E# #+i~O =O Q@#
q, P q= H# K `= J< == "=O
_ JH_ Z=iH @ ^ . \H, ^_H, q^ OxH H~ #
<~# @H=_xH `= Zx ` K< "~
^~H^x b = K~. Hx P <~ x~OQ
Q=O u~QÒ_Q "O KO. `=# =@H=_xH
b ^= ^x P <~ XH~ J<~. [
QOk# 2014 ZxH =O^=@ =[~#Q~
=~}HO_.
~O_ < `~`, "_ OyOK= LO_# \
O| ` 2013 JH|~ c~ _ =O
=u~H K~O ~O=~Ok. P [iy# "O@<
# 24 =O\ >eq[< K# P ^_ OH*
J< =H Jh, b J`} J~ K~h K~.
~=<~} OQ, qH OQ, =<OQ J< J#=x`
QiOz "~ WzOk. Hx Hx QO@< D H^#O
=i~O^h, J#=x` ~ _ =ih
aO_ _< #"^ KOk. W_# J#=x`
gH}O d E< 2014
=~=#O
*a`H =O =K~. "i ~ >eq[< `~ g^
K~O H=_O "^~Ok. <+# W<Q +< U*h =[~
~ #Oz J PO J< =Hx J~ KO k. < è^ O _
P @}O< LO\~. J PO# Hk ~A `~`
=k#\H K~ ^<x\# WO, LQ"^xH
=^ O|OÔ QiOp, P ~O_ ~`^xH =u~HOQ
LO__O QiOp "~ xO_~. PO x=OK HhH
xH On K~ ^<, '~ =[O x K =Ok
_ 'qh H# Jx ~ \~ . =[~ ~x =O
ZO` `Ò =xy~O> q_^ `~` PO
Z^~_` HiOKO_ `=_O "^~Ok. <#
PO# H^=##_ < |O^=O^~ P x
K=^x WK~. <# J`} He##HO_.
\ `~` #Op ~[H~OQO ^HO H~O
=` ukH g^ q[# Q~Ok. ^x eÒQ [,
=[~ #Q~ = L`~^ ZO` O HeyO^, c~
_ ZxH ~OQ JO` O HeyOk. iQ ZxH
=O^ `HOQ ZxH [<# ^$+ @x
W@=O\ ~[H `` q[# ~Y w#O^=< "_,
'*=O `Ò Ug ^ . \ =`" LOk J<_.
D => `= K# x Uq\ K_O ^?
Ja=$k QiOz L=~u H@# XH^x _ K_O_.
"_ O^` ^#` W~, Ja=$kH ^#` W~
J< ["a P", 'O^` ~`^xH }O...
Uk U"< }O ^x #O Jk LO@Ok.... }x
x~OK_O HO K` H H , =~ =@ KO>
Ja=$k H"e.
< *= =M: ^ ^~ `Ò
ZxH XH~A =O^ >" P WO_ K`<
Q` `# Q XH "O ~_. '=O =[O ^^
|+iOz#\H 'Z\HO> Z=Q O^ JkH~O`
~f [#` s q[O k O ^x *O K `, P#
Hx ", "\H W ["| K_:
'D H` O^ JkH~O` [ Qx, ~` ^
J`kH OM Qx UO K~? =O` H
`H=_xH D JkH~x "_O\=? "<i\#
'J}z LOK J`kH OMH, J# ~*x =?
W`~ g^ `#O K, '~` Ô O^=^ O\
=@ JO\=? O^ =`xH J#"# K\
K=? x[O KO>, g\ Hx # KO^
=#H_ JkH~O =z LO_=K. P # K_O =#
[< HOîH ~zOK=K _. Hx XH KiH K e.
D JkH~x W "__O ^~}"# , ~" # x J=Òk.
n~HO J@=O\ PK< ^~} =## Oz`,
u~Q=#"^, ~H}x, ^ ÔQ =~Ok. J [iy`
=#^Q~ "~O Kx U XH~ H~H~.
Q` "# +"#" Qx P# ["| JO`

+"#q H=. P# XH *a` Wz, ["|
=Ò 'g\ Hx J<_. 'U Hx J<k ~ H =k_.
J~` +OQ L#^=O> JkH~x ZO` ^~}OQ
LyOK=K#<^. P ^~} =^x J#_O P#
=#= *`"# q=#, Q~"x K_O HH, P
x K "~xH Z=~ ~~ J< KiH K<_.
=O J< =#=` Z ==iOK<k O , @|_
H ` HeK W@=O\ qH" # HOH | =
_ Jk LO_^" O^ =Ò` U =`x
\OK"H< Q~=Ô H^. Q` O^= `~#
=\_`<##O@<_. Q` ^*xH =
=Ò `= Q#, Pk` *f"Ô #, J`kH
OMH *=O # L<~. Jq "^ HOx =#
s _ JOwH~O Hx JO. '~f J`kH
OM J< =@# P# O^= =#OQ
"_`<_, Jk ` J~< K=Ok *==O>
J^ J#O@<~. Q ` PK< ^~}x ` >" _
O^ J`kH OM J< =## JOwHi~. JO^H
`= J`kH OMH O^= uxÔ =<=x
[ J#_ D q=~ =_O@ ~O_ =O` =Ok
"iH "@ "^x Zu K`<~. OM`HOQ Jk
~#^ H=K. Hx ùHOQ K#_ Jk ~#k H^.
ZO^HO> Jk J`kH OMH =" *=xH
HO^=x JOwHiOz#>.
W\^H JO^~ JOwHiOz# q"HxH a#OQ ~[hu
"` * X~ W\=< w + _"H\
J< ^xH =eH J~"q@x K~ K~. ^x J~O
'==~ x~OKQ =~`, J`kH OM #
Jx H^ Jx P# JO@<~. "<i ("#: XH~ ),
PeQi (~ PeQ~: Hk=Ok) J< =@ OY
=# L#@Q _"H\ OY =# ^x P#
JO@<~. Jk XH *=x L^tOz# =@. ZH_<
*=O UHt^$ OQ LO_^ Q#H, xK =~ O
"qîÒQ, |OQ LO_H `^. O $uH H,
~[H x<^ _ JQ a#OQ LO_H`^.
*=O J< =@ J`kH OMH # J< =@
=^ O|O^x w *= q=~ xO^~O
"_~. Q` =O\ J`kH OMH # =Hb#
=~, p# *= =u~ XH "^# K
LO__O P~H~O H^? iQ W *=h, J`kH
OM ## =#O K _O =<, J`kH OM
XH ` H |$O^xH KOk#"~x qOK_O =< Q=O`
OH~"# O [iyOk. 'Pk" x~# JOu=OQ
ZO` Jx"~" JO` \Q èOk Jx k_~ ~*
" K# "Y *=O QiOz# D ~HH J=Q#
XH zO.
gH}O d E< 2014
25
JO`~fO
< HOQ [ <`~

u == `sH Yx* H"x, P Yx[ `=H =# ~=~}O, H$u qÔO, Qg},
Pk" x~`Ò, TKH` [~Q`<x HOQ ^ L^~}` q=i<~ #iO
< è# XH ` L^_ ZxH tH}

L#_ P l HH~ tH} =z# "ix L^tOz
=\_`, 'u XH~ ~< H#H"e. JO` H^,
^x u ~O_ O=`~ HHi =~` =iO` >
"_ H<e Jx J<_@. WO` XH L^_,
'~< Ys^#q H^ ~ Jx JO> 'g =K "`<
~ < H#H=_O = H^ Jx JO@ ` L^Q
`= "`< # ^x QiOz (qxQ == ) Y~ K x
Ò H~O@#^ KH< K_.
SZZ J~# "~ K è"# =x XH (`_)
JaO K =Ok LOk. HhO HH~ ~ J#=O
H =H~< u JOx O~ (360 _w) H}O
K_H `<~O> Jk D == L# OQ` ".
WO_ J=_=`# < 90 Ò =~
q^ #O_ kQ=u K<~. qy` 10 Ò #
q_ Q q^ #O_ kQ=u K H =O "\x JOaOQ
K < ~. == # `~ KQ =~< O $u JO@H@_ O
=# Hx (D O $ux ~" X< JO\~) ^
"\ ~ Ò^~Q K_@ K_O =# Hx (nx
< X< JO\~) u U\ ~`^ O JkHiHOQ
^ Q J~# # ^^ ~O_ H@ < J=_=

`<~. XH ~`Ô< D ~ J=_=`
OKOx Jx ^ iu TOKO_.
D ~ ## kQ=u KH=_xH HOh
u U\ H\k _~ J=~O. ~`Ô ZQ=` ^~
Ok# _~ K ` =Q L#O^#, kQ=uH i_
_~ #O^#, "\ HOh "~ [< H~
Ò _~# JQ `z i[~ O =^ kQ=u
KO@# HOh H~ LOK`#k. _~ JeK
O (SZOZ, OK OH `k`~) qkOK JÒ`
* =u~H +~`# (L^~} a_ Zu"_O,
OH= ^H# P"_O, ` O# "\ H~}
K_O O\ =O^k ~H) +~`Q ~` Ò
XO@, kQ=u K< "\ HOh H~ _~#
=~#k. JOu=OQ kQ=` u eÒ ^,
=^ `~Qu [< LO@Ok. XH HH~ ~ JkHiH
_ D i*#O ^.
~O_=k, u U\ ~`Ô H@< #
K_=_O =# Jq ZHxH - =~Q =i "\ #O_
JÒ` =^H~, H#~ H~H ~ q_^ q
2014 ZxH Hk~A =O^ P* `H ` =\_`

L=~u, 'O^` < =`" =O ~H Q#,
"i ^` g Q# LO_Q~. "O =`" =O
=#` O qO xOQ O,
x ~^QO J<~.
*Q`Q ije D s "Q#O "#H s =Ô, KiH
^y L<x QiOK_O H+O H^. ``= ^
He L#@Q< ^`, P ^` =^= He LO\~.
Jq XH HxH =YzÒ, "#H J@ O\q. '^#~<,
Z=i<< ÔO KQ#< `# i ^~#"^ =~x
H\ OK H =O ^` g W=Q#< 'J~"#
^ QiOz =\_Q^x "* l*H J#=@# Q~
`KH=K. T^~Q> *=O [ #
HQ\ "ix ~H} HeOK=# =# == HO> Z=
H^#@ =i"O^?
272 < OkOK_O HO J_Q L# u^h
`yOK, x|O K, `_z", OQn< ^ # H O`
[iy# D LkH gH~}, L`~^ H# Z=,
=~H K@ =~H JOH H# Z= k#x Ô x#

<_ gH~} < *=O J#H` ^xH
=~~ \e? `= W+H~O "@ "#O^ JO
40 =Ok =O# TKH` H# ZxH# <
*=O J#H` U ~` "e? O $uH
"<x ~^, P "<x =u~HOK"ix =~H^
~Ò O^=x K K`< Q` =O\ ~K~` ~*x
< *=O Jx HH =~=x "e? "q ^ i `" # ,
H=~ a`"# JO^"# `@ J< L=#O |^
J^ W^ U^ XH> `H=< ~*x < *=O
Jx HH =~=x "e?
x KQ , kiO# ^`Q ,
=$`=# rqÒQ, #H"# #x =# `x `*
~*Q JO^* L=~u =O\ < ~[H ==#
< *=O Jx HH =~=x "e?
(~K~` "~ x Pe< HêH x=i\,
W<@\ ~ iel< JO_ H\ H WOH s J\
~. D "O http://kafila.org g^ "=_Ok) g
26
gH}O d E< 2014
JO`~fO
He =#O `Q`# h\, P~ O@ H<~.
WH @=~ ~_+< =# qq^ ~Q =<k
O \H Q x~OK|_# JOO. @=~ L# XH Hh
t= qq^ ~H "H` _`<~x _ èOk.
D q+@ _ XH HH~ ~ =HH i*#O ^.
D OKO =x+ `~ K, J=`# U ="<
`~ H=_xH Yx* J=~O. L^~}, Q_e
`~ K_xH H=O W#= J< Yx[O iÒk.
J^ ZHxH, HO@~, # O\ OH+ iH~
Z< ~H Yx* J=~O. D Yx*# "xOQ ^~
|@ fe. == ZO` Z=Q J=_=` JO`
Z=Q "x OQ K e. JO>, JO` Z=Q H$ u, ~=~}
q^ OO. P "x OQ OÒ x= # [# x~` #
K_O, "~ Zki * "_O, KO_O. "ÒQ r=#
qÔO. OK "OQ "xOQ J<k ^#OQ Qg},
J@g O`< [~Q`#k. D ^ K =~ P
^ Qg}, Pk" rq<~. "ÒQ g~O`
^ i Hx J# q # [ . J ^ i H O , P
@|_^~ HOh =`Q x|_# P ^
` (Ô\ ~` Ò _ LOk). "xOQ O`
[# JH_ #O_ U ~H"# #~Ò (H=O Hy`
=`" ~ LO@Ok) O_, `= ~H} |Q ^~
^ `= U~@ K# "\ #O ^~ KO "~OK_O,
J`K~ K_O, H " * "_O K,
Yx* `qf H#Q^~ OH~ #,
ZHxH, HO@~, W`~` `~ K<~. H$u ^
r=# qÔO [~QO_ U XH ==# _ @|_^s
== `~ Kx iuH "o~Ok.
W_ < QiOz KÔ. OK=O` u U\
J=_=`# H@ Hk # U XH\ _ H<
J< Yx[O O_ `~ H^. < `~ K_xH
WOH "~ ~H Yx* _ J=~" J~#\H H<
Ju =Y"#k. H< Yx*x Hx ~H ZHxH
iH~, ~H} ~OQ iH~ _ "_`~. D H<
Yx[O ^#OQ Pe Ô, PHx HOQ Ô
=`" ^~Òk. (PH YO_O HOQ ~Q ~O_
^<~. =#O KiOKk H< ~[^xQ L# _" H\H
iaH P HOQ. D HOQ# QÒ HO`HO @ *~
Jx _ eK~) Pe [ `= @,
~=~}O @ Z= K`#O Hey L#O^# P ^ Ò
Hx Hh =}<< \ H< "xOQ K_O =#,
Pe H< Z= ^~ J== =# k. Ô`, H<
"_ qq^ ~OQ H~~\ HOh Pe H< PH
KO_ JÒ` K=HQ ^~`# HOQ ^ H<
H#_xH ZQ|_`<~. ZO^HO>, HOQ ^ Ô , JO^<
U ~H"# J= Hx Ô. HOKO J@W@Q
~`Ô O\^.
^^ HOQ ^= O` J_=. 80 Ò [ J_=

x=OK, JÒ` îHO =Q`# Pk". P J_=
# |OQ~OQ =|_`# H< ZO`Q LOÔ> ^x
J=Q =z# ^<x P ^ [OîH Oz`, @~O_
Ô _ "i =O^ kQ^_ J=Òk. H=O H<
=`" H^ P ^ J_= |OQ~O, _=O_, H~
(OKOx Ju ^ H~ "< JH_ LOk), WOH W`~
JÒ` J~^# Yx* L<~. P~ _ L#@ èOk.
O=`~O _Q` K Q LO_ `` i`~}, JÒ`
~=O`"# O@ = L<~. J~< HOQ Ô
JÒ` ^ ^ XH\ . ZO^HO>, D Yx[ O^#O`
=["^ | *u HOh HQ@ `<~.
P J~"# O^# "~ OKO< JÒ` ^#=O`
H=_xH "_O@<~.
"*i\ [# ` îHOH <\O_ HO^~
=`" ^#=O` H~< ""x HOQ Ki` _
x~ # k. W^ =["^ `= Ki`H~ ^~ PH
YO_x 'pH\ YO_O Q ~ \, "~ îHO LO__xH
H =O "i ^ L# =lH, O $uH "#H@ `#O,
Jqhu O\ H~} K`, "i = "~
H~}=O@ J H~}"# =["^ ^ ^_x
H K`<~.
#OQ =i# HOQ
< O_ rqÒ ^# ~ =~\#
=["^ `~ K~. J~`, HOQ Ô O_
D ~A # =<k Ò. x*xH, <H }O
LO>, O KOx Jx # HOQ Ô H< Yx[O
"xOQ K_xH J_Q L# Pk"# TKH` H
Kx~# "i P`+ qx~. | # #O_
~HO _ H~^".
H< "x OQ H~ ZO` =Ok Pk"# HOQ Ô
KO"~ XHi TOKO_? g ["| 50 " ^ H
J~` Jk `. S^ H, k H J~` _ `
[". W~" H, = H J~` _ ` [".
SH~[qu OQ [i# i^# Hx+OQ "#
H H~" J~" H HOQ ^ Pk" KO|_~.
^^ W~" H (~O_ O=`~ = #O_ 80
U =~) K~K|_~. XH" =["^ ``# HOQ
H =~ #O, WOH " =["^ U~@ K~Oz#
(A_O O\) " \ ^ < D =~}=xH
_~. SH~[qu =["^ x O H|\
D =~}=xH =["^ ^ H~}=x K^.
J~`, HOQ [~Q`# J#kH~ H< "xOQ`
_ `#k, ^x "_`#k ` H~~\ HOh#x
~#k.
SH~[ qu ~ i~ bH H=_O, `~` ~O_,
gH}O d E< 2014
27
JO`~fO
=_ _"O@s HOQ Ô ~=_O` `
^ [ `= ^ `#, H~~\ HOh# YO_
K# L^= eÒQ, `` =OÒQ XH z#~ "\
# <_ JO`~f Hq# H~ H ", J`x
J~ K, qK~} K < ~. D =~}=xH Jx ~HQ
=^`Q x# J"iH, a@<, < =["^ ^
Jk` Hx, "iH ``Q LO_ H`~ J=
K# ~"O_, HOQ ^ Jk`, "\ PsH KOk#
^ <, JO^~ WOH H=OQ< L<~. [#
J}z" JH= "xOQ K< L<~.
HOQ Ô Pk" TKH` < KOk J"iH,
a@< =["^`, P < XH ^# Qx J=
KOk, HOQ H ^"# ~"O_ ^ku HQq, P
^ #O. =["^ Wz# < H~O J`# `=
Ô #O_ H k " \ < x HOQ Ô H O H k
[# TKH` H J_=# PHqOKHx, P " \ # O
~"H} H< "xOQ K, H<# `= Ô ^~
` ^ ZQ=u K<~. J~`, H< Yx[O U
=Ò x ~"O_ Ô #O_ JO` s ~ ZQ=u
Z [~ Q ` Ok? ^x H~ ~ \ H O h ZO^
`<~ Jx O "~ J_Q`<~.
HOQ [iy# TKH` HQqH L# ` P^~`
SH~[ qu K#\H J`x K~ fH=_xH J"iH
J__`, `# >_=~ Ô^hux \#k.
~"O_ #O_ =z# "\ #O Hk HOQ
Pk"# KO_O , # K~K _ O # =["^ g_
@, @\ J< ~ O_ ` Q =^ [iy# O Q
K<~. J^ x["`, "~ HOQ KOk# Pk"
=e KOO_ =ke, ^#OQ =e"ix, #,
# =`" ZO^ KO~? ZOÔ>, "<
xK_xH = H"e H|\. (HOQ L# "<#
Pi< "< JO\~. JO> H=O K``< fQey#q.
P ^@"# J_= ~_ #O^# U ~H"# "+##
f~ .) XH" `Q =^ [iy# O< J~` TKH`
H# `~ "` ~"O_ KOk# `Q uiy "i Ô "o "e
H^? "~ HOQ Ôx J_=# PHqOKHx, `=

^ ~ "H} , HOQ Pk"# J~ xQ "x OQ
xK~ WOH JH_ ZO^ L<~? ~` H=~
_ Kf Q _ "x OQ# =u~H # Pk"# J}K_xH
"i HOîx `= " \ # OH fHx, `\ Pk"
LQe, ^x ~O_ `Q =^ [~Q`# OQ K
Ò K~. Hx Pk" ~@ <HÒ P =#
i+iOz H=~ x[~x |@ \~.
OKO J"*< J_q (l Ô LOk) `~`
~ O_= Ju^ J_q HOQ < LOk. Q| "iOQ =iO`Q
~QO_ D ~O_ ^ J_= ZO`Q< LQ
_`<~. J~` D ~O_ ^ J_=# PiH
[< H~ qKq_Q #~` `<~.
=^ ~Ò |~ O` Pk" `= g~z`
~\ ^~ H~~\ "xOQ HOh# `= OÒH
~O_ xe "QQ_O, JH_ J_=# H__O ~`
[O^~ "iH ZO` Q< ~}_ LO_=# q+O.
HOQx Pk" D ~A JO\ ~@ <H`
ZO`Q< J=~O . J~`, ^~^$ += ` JH_ JO\
=.
OKOx uÔ _ =#~ ^_H =~}
= $+# =["^, "i xH `` P
^ L# îHO, x~^QO, J O\ =
H~}O. gi #O_ P ^x q=H K< [ x["#
ÒÒ, *=O a O k. JO^H , O K [O^~
=["^#, "i xH `` # `= ^= `=Q
iQ}OKH `^. "ix F_OKH `^. D =#=O`
= qxQx ZO` `= ~ KQey` JO`Q
=#O H$u, ~=~}, r=# qÔx `yOKQey#
"~==Ò.
(D "O ~_xH LQ_# qq^ "@,
_"O@s q_ eOH gH}O uH "\x
E< OzH HO^ LO_ H"O\ r @_O [iyOk.
PH L#"~ "\x K_=K)
(~K~` i^)
g
(...4= r `~"~)
"O L# `Q "O ^~O gH} O ~ Q~Q K^ =`<O.

Q_` JOîH< =O^ J~" <Q r Kk"_.
"x\H HOKi " P#H+O. Kkq <\ KHx
He# "Oî` KÒ\_... uH ~H~H " "
~O\~ Q^, JOî PK## J~O KHQQÒ. JO^~
XH ~[H KOk#" H"x Ug ^ H^. " "
J=Q#` ^#OQ Quj "` ~<~. JO^~
Ja#O^h. =O^ qHOKh, =O^ PK# =ih J<
i` K^=`<O.
XH\ ~O_ KO> =~ 2014 HOKi "O
28
"^\ ~ Qu`~ q~ÔQ LOk. K< ~< =, a_

q`< = Jx ZQ =" _x ^~OQ ~~. Hx ="
J~^ O@O ~< q=O QiOz K Q K_.
P "O< '=O^ ~H J<O\H " Jx ~~. =O^
~H J< q+}O J=~=? WH <Q=} "O "^\ r
~O_ ~ QO^~QOQ LOk. 'K^ x[O QiOKx =#O "
J#_O *#"<? |_\ QiOz QÒ gH}O< H
HxOKx ^ QiOz =Oz q=~} =zOk. D OzH qO
"O P JO# iQ}#H fO> QO_k.
ZO. Q
K<
gH}O d E< 2014
^jO
~ x~OÔ q+` K#
_b qq^ J^_, * L^= <` l.Z<. ~ JH= x~OÔ ~## ~A *
L^= =~ Z@=O\ ^=#HO_ Q##^ K#Q xOÔ@<~ q. H_e
_b qq^ ~O P#O^ Hl WOy+ J^ _,

~ =+#s _" H\ H O \ L ^ # H~î, ^" O Q
* L^=x\H K~_ l.Z<. ~# 2014,
" 9# _b @x =~+ Q_~e l Ji b
+ < K@ =u~H H~H (x~^H ) K@O HO^ #"^#
H xOk`_Q K~. J~ =O @O|
è* H=_O, 90 Ò qHOQ_# P# @ SH~[
qu X_O|_H H~O =iOK=# K@|^"# û
=iOKH=_O, <Q~ * XO@i x~OÔ LOz
J=~"# "^ H~ HeOKH=_O =O\ `H}
JH=` @ J ~ @ Z< O=`~Q
~[O =i# û ^~~OQ LOk.
~ x~O^ LÔÒ ^~}"# n, ~ " # n H^.
Jk Z< H} #Oz K_=#k. OH+"#k. ^xH
~ LO #, K@= u~H`, =#=` q= LO #,
~[H `~ g^ HH, =\_ Q# <H" J#
~[ =O, qq^ ~Q`# x~O ^~}
=O\ J<H H}<~.
Q` ~ O_ ^ Q `Q=#, ^" O Q#
Z< * L^= Hj H~H~Q, <_Q,
"^qQ L# ~ QiOz `Q =*xH `HOQ
K#H~^. ^~^ HOn qq^ qîQ
1980 z=~ =O_ Hq+< ~# J= Kx
[iy# qî L^=O`, ô`, |[#, q= qî
OK<` P# ~[H rqÒ ~O= ~Ok. P `~`
~[H Mn L^=O, ~" JQ< WOie
Q|*+<, P WO_ ~< ~", WO@~+#
bQ P Q, ~=+#s _"H\ H O\ =O\
J<H O ^~, *qH ÒQ} ^, *`
= JO`~f q<~, =O ~< 2004 =O\
H~H= ^~ * L^=# x~ OÔQ =iOK_xH,
K~O K_xH P# `# Qh, Hh Ly
=K~. Q` k# O=`~Q L^Qs` ^ ~[^x
_b LO@ LO__O =, P# * L^=x\H
^#"#, =j"# QOQ =~~. =s =YOQ
Ô_H~}Ox O#"# Yx[=#~# |*u
H~~\ O JyOK_O HO ~` Ò JH_
Pk" g^ Ô ~OaOz, "^@ A_O ~O,
P `~` P~+< w< O\ ~O H#y #_, P
^~~ ^x =u~H ^j, JO`~f "kH g^
*ax _Q_`# ~ ~` ~*xH
HO@yO J~. OQ ^ O=Ou Z< ~ P#

~ qOK~.
J\#Op P# Qx ="_xH ~` H
=~ J<H ^` Ò K<~. x*xH e
_` _Q, ~ O_ H xK x 90 Ò qHOQ_Q P#
KH s ` ZH_H "_. P ~HOQ [OQ<
P# HêH g^ iq`<~. P# =H@# g^
_ iq` qkOKx H=~ @ ~OaOK~.
_b qqÔ q^~ Ja=<x K~Q#
J^ _Q P# "~< Q LO_Q, JkH~ P##
P ^q #Oz `yOKx, H~~ #Oz Mm K~OKx
uOK~. <#O *HO`, qî PO^#` P
Ò Q"Ok.
P `~` [=~ < qq^ qî "
q K_< `C_ H O` ~ ="~ s
#u~_h, "i` =K~ O|O^ x~<_h
Ji b +< ik H #"^ K~. =~HH
Q_~e [iy# XH ÔQ`#O = P# ^Q~ LO^<
` 2013 O|~ P# WO\ ^_ K HO@~
~ _, H, < _" Z`~. `#
qHOQ_x H=_O = `## J~ K_xH, =~H_H<
f=_xH g^x K\ K `<x, H=e `##
`# WO\ qKiOKH=K#x ~ H\ OK~. 2014
[#=i b P## WO\< QO@ `~| _ WO@~Q+<
K~. ^Qx, WO@~Q+< Qx P# <~~}
J=HO Ug ^~H^ Q#H, `C_ P~}`, P##
W|O^ K, P# ix ^|f< \
Z`Q_`< Ò _b#Oz Z`=z, <Q~ *,
XO@i , U H~ = HeOK O_ x~OÔ LOK~.
H~~ #Oz `yOK_xH uOK_O, ^,
WO@~Q+<, JH= H, x~OÔ P# @ J=#+
=~# Jh _ ~## ~A Ô Ki##
# zHQ L<~. D ^=#hux W" u XH~
ZQu YO_OKH` Wk tOK u XHih x~OkOK
^QiH =Ok. JQ, e _`_Q, ~O_ H H,
=~H =x+ O O_ `#O`@ `# U h KHx
=Hx ~` *qH iaH `H}" Wx W|O^
@=#O`, Hi# x~OÔ LOK=#O` =^H~"#
=HQ q#Ô> D ~[ Hy` e =O _
|~`==`#k.
g
(~K~` uH~)
gH}O d E< 2014
29
OfO
L#` qÔ x~OÒ

~# qK~} _ [~O_ z# H~}O g^ q^~# `yOz# WOy+ JO_ i< OQ*
x=i\ x~O`xH z~<=Q =iOÔ@<~ ~[=~O ~~k
q^ JO>< , = O~}, = qx=O.

P^#^#O. qÔ z#^< ^^< *=xH,
K ` =H@ #, =O ~} "kH H"e. #
~# qÔ> J< <#_H J~O J^. Hx =~H JaO
LO__xH g^x, Z@=O\ x~ f<
LO_Q _^x , J<h, JH=h ZuK YO_OK q^~
= H@< K# J_O\=x ^~^ #__#
L# XH qÔ JkH~ q# @<~. P^ xH L#`
qÔ# XH =, x~O, O^, }
Q~OQ =~_xH P O " K#~, L#`kH~
HOH}O H@#@<~.
^^ ~O_ =_ O=`~Q U^ XH q"Ô`
xÒ K~O LO@# P O ~ WOy+ JO_ i<
OQ* x=i\ (ZZZ - W). Ô WOy+
J^ tH} WK O@ W<@\ P WOy+Q
1958 ~O"# D O 1970 O@ W<@\
P WOy+ JO_ i< OQ*Q =i _" x=i\
J~Ok. 2007 i ~ H On qqÔQ `
~ =iOk. =Oz =` , `y# x^ , L#` =}
L# D u`H O H=O JkH~=~ Ò^s`#O
= <<\H ==O J=`#k.
XH" q^~ = ~Ò_Q JkH~
q^~` =~ ~HOQ ==iOz =#
i+iOKH=_O`, q^~ <"# # Ou
^` =Q K, HO# b~[OQ
=~_O` LkH` WOH ~Q`<~. ` =
i~O HO_< H` = ```<~. x*xH
Q` =_ O=`~ W HO HhO P~ J[
=~} OqOK~. qq^ JkH~ ^`
fx qK~} [~_O Qx, J@=O\ @# #~=$Ò
HO_ =O^ *Q` K~ fH=_O Qx K^.
q^~ PO^# "i =`, q^H~ q+O
=`" HH, qq^ x~} "~Q~K_O QiOz
_ [~Q`<O> qqÔ Z@=O\ ^~}"#
u LO^ J~= =Òk. L^~} W HO\ g^
xq`# i\ Q~# JH=OQ `yOz#_
"ix "#H fH"x q^~ x~# H~H=
x~OK~. Wq W [~QÒ_Q< " K#~ _.
#< OQ, W`~ L#`kH~ Jqhu QiOz, x^
30
=oO QiOz _ q^~ PO^# K@= =zOk.

Q` PO^#h J LO_Q, ` PO^# K
qz`"#k. J\^H q^~ LO_# s_OQ ~O
H~x qq^ JkH~ =~ 3# ="~.
`= s_OQ ~O H~x H#yOKx _=O_ K
q^~ J<H ~ `= PO^# yOK~. P
PO^## i+iOKHQ, JkH~ =~ 11# |sx
_ ="~. q^~ è _=O_# _Kq# @_"
HH H` = `z@_O`, q^~ PO^# zeH zeH
Qe"# J~Ok. s_OQ ~O HO J_y# "i HO> |s
="` PO^# H\ Oz#"~ Z==Ok J~.
"~O` |s =O^ x~# kQ~. P x~# QÒ_Q<,
|s XHH ` `~=_O` |s `~<~#x
XHiQ Hx =O^ =Ok q^~ |sH *~|_~.
P Q_a_ |s ` JÔ ye~Ok. x*xH ZH_<
PO^< x~< H~H= W@=O\q [O. iu
JH_^H `z# JkH~k `Qx, <"# PO^##
=xH i+iOKH=_O `Qx, ~=#"# K~#
` J#_xH g^. XH" JO`Q Jk ` J#<,
P x Z=~ K~ x~OÔQ ~A"` "ix P Ys^
H@=#_" Ju ^ tH J=Òk. Hx < OKx W
JkH~=~O, =YOQ kH~=< `< J#@ =iOK
" K#~ XH `` =O` qK~} x~Oz, Z=ih
qKiOK O_<, "< ^~=`, f+ =~ << , +
=~ J< =Q~ q^~# ~H\ K (|+i)
L`~ eK~. gi "^\ W^~ ZK_ i^H q^~ .
"< ^~=` ô`, Pk", |[#, "<i\ _O\
J+< J^_. f+ =~ << ÒQ} _O\
J+< ^# H~î. qî O <Q
g~ x=i\ JkH~ JH=# tOK_O, "ix
xn_O, q^~# gHiOz ~\ #_Ò__O
JkH~ HO@yOQ =i#O^=< D Hi# tH "~.
D ~H+< L`~# LOiOKH"h, q^~
q+` x [~QO_ "ix "O@< "#H fH"h
q^~ [i# PO^## JkH~ M`~ K^.
q^~ =^` ``, PO^# # ~[H
<#, q^"`# _ " K#~ J==xOK~.
qs`"# |O^|`, <Q^ K@ KHOQ, ` Q@`
" K#~ H~O XH q^ O Jku H~O
gH}O d E< 2014
=HO
q=< L^y# uQ`

JO`~f =}` xiOK q=<x = L^Q xÒ HO\H HxOKx ^_,
=#H "kO [~Q`<x JO@<~ Hqx
Q` Hx ~AQ W@ ÒQ}, J@ PO^ O`

ZxH K~O K *~Q yOk. ZxH J~~.
F@~ =## PHiOK_xH Jx ^ # s ZO, ZOZZ
J~ Kx "Q< =, Kx J|^ =. WH
THÔ_ =@, T^~ Q@_ QiOz K#H~^.
^# uH s J~# `QÔ s Jk<` =r
=Y=Ou KO^|<_ ^~^# Ja=$k KOk
`<#x `## =Y=Oux K ^~^ O\ ~[^xx
=O^# xi#x "Q< g^ "Q< K_. `#
O [iy# Ja=$kx K` ^#OQ ^~^
>H \ , F=~, O^ Z~~ ~ x~}x
=YOQ KCHK_. JÒ` J^<`#OQ JO`~f
=}` xiOz# O^ q=< xH `= `"
<Ok eHO^x K_. O^ q=<x lZOP~
^~^ WO@~+# Z~~ ~ Jx JO\~. O^
q=<x lZOP~ ^~^ WO@~+# Z~~ ~
J#_xH Q H~}# XHi ijeÔ.
O^ q=<O aH, "\ Q=O`
xi`"Ok. XH O^ q=<" H^, WO_x
"\ e@< #Q~ L# Jx q=< x~}O
W^ qÔQ [iQ~. aH, "\ Q=O JO@<~
H^! Jk Z LO@O^ KÔ. WO^ U^< XH @|_
^s O Q=O 60 #O_ 70 Ò ^H LO@Ok.
W`~ ^ "\ HOh Q=O 10 #O_ 15 Ò
^H LO@Ok. 15 Ò ^H *~O\ "OK~ LO\~.
Z~~< , Z~~ WO_ O\ " \ HOh q=<
x~} HO_ \H\, q=#O O_OQ, >H O\q
KO\~. WH =# ~` ` Z~~ ~ Jî\
P WO_ (ZZS) Q=O H=O 10 #O_ 15 Ò
=`". J~` *~O\ "OK~ ZZZ (s =
Jy"O\) LO\~. JO> D q=< x~} "Ò
^^Q 85Ò ^H " \ HOh Q`k ` O< LOk.
<\ Ò O^ q=<x =O^ @|_

^s O H@\ Ok. ^^Q ~O_ #O_ =_" H@
~# "zOz, 5,500 ZH~ q~O qOQ
lZOP~ O O^ q=<x xiOzOk. JO^H
O^ q=<x lZOP~ ^~^ WO@~+#
Z~~ ~Q Qi<~. J~` D q=< x~}O
J<H Q= `= LxHx H~. <\ Ò H~
KHQ "k ZH~ qx Ju `= ^~ ~` #O_
H* "\ HOh ^~^Ò KO^#k H^#x Ò.
#H~ ~`, b, H^~ PiH iu ^hOQ
=iOk. QÒ XH "~Q |uH# |O|Ox =$^
=, eH KH =$u K |uH û U~_Ok.
=e Jq _Ok JuHk =Ok =`". bQ
=i @K` @Hx = `# " OY `"g
H^. =e ~ ` #O_ H*@C_ J<H q^Q P
K# Ò Z@=O\ Lkx [ HeOKH ~Ok.
~_ q~}, q=< x~}O =# _Ok =e
@Q K H Ô_# i~ , HO\H~ ` qye#
^~} [ XiyO^g ^# k [Q" iy# ` O. =O^
@|_^s O [< HO D =e `H@\~
` =# U=Ò O [~Q^.
" H@ ~# @|_Q \# HOh [
#O_ ~\O O^#O\~. q=<O
J" u == g^ |\ HO> JkHOQ ^~ LO\~.
Wk H#_ O. Hh [ èO_ HOh O^
J<HO L<~. L^~} } H< \H\
^~< [~ =K= < LO@Ok. Wk q=<
x~ KO^Òk. WO_< U =O~H, _bH
J~` 200 ~ #O_ 300 ~ ^H }
f< \H\ ^~< He LO@Ok. J^ W`~ ^ "
\H\ J~` 5000 #O_ 6000 ^H q=< x~H
O KO^Òk. Q` P~ O=`~Q O^
HH b H~O =i~Ok. q^~ `~ # q`

=\__xH =z# KH ~= =O\ =k_#, ZOî
Q~"< K~Q# q^"` J~O\"O\ W=O_
QO@ `~|_ xsHO*~. ÒQ} *Z <_
H^ O _ ~ O` 'Wk = WO\ == ~ O , g ~ =~ Jx
J==xOK~. D JOH~i` ^~}H =u~HOQ qî
PO^# =iO` Q = x, K W =O\ îfOk.

K W [~QO_ = HOK`, =O^k b`
J_x =O^k =Ok q^~#, =^` ``#
~# _ J~ K~. qî L^=O WOH
H#Q`< LOk.
(~K~` uH)
g
gH}O d E< 2014
31
=HO
q=< O f< u \H \ g^ .Z.Z LO@Ok.
Jk ` J#=u`<.
WH = L^y# q+ xH = ^^ Q
q=<xH O|OkOz# Jx =Y"# ## g
Q=O LO@Ok. = L^y# x ^` W
LO\~.
1) }# Q_ K_O. " HxeOQ W=_O.
H`Q q=< xH =z# } # Q _ K~ . \H \
fH=_O #O_ "^\ q=#O ZH^H =K =
O^# x=$u K~. " HxeOQ W~. W
HxeOQ WK " JkH Ò = L^y# LO\~.
2) _~~ ~O: ~O "<*"O\# K \O# ~H
\O JO\~. ^#OQ ~O g^ \H# xOuOK_O,
H_O\ [~QO_ K__O g x. D xx KOlOQ
=~Q fO\~. } # f=K "< ~O
g^ =_ xq HO> Z= LO_O_ H
KO\~. W@=O\ H+"# x _ = L^y#
Q=O `"O H^.
3) SZ : "H '>i# ZO@< (q=<
" ^~O) LO@Ok. JH_ SZ (O@ WO_
i\ ~) LO\~. } \H@# KH K~.
" S_ # _ KH K~. SZ ^#OQ
i\ x K LO@Ok. }` Z =iOK
" tH} W LO\~. P tH} WK " =
L^y# Z= `" LO\~.
4) "x@iOQ : "Hx[O Z@=O\ = =z< P
=# "x@iOQ K~. W "x@iOQ (~"H})
K _x '"x@iOQ "Hx[O JO\~. =e "x@iOQ
K_O _ = L^y# ` ^^.
5) i\ Ui: } `=` 5 #O_
10 H |~= =~ O_ Q fH=K. qye#
Q l ZH ~ xOQ " O k. } ` =
O_Q` i\ (^`) Ui "~. WH_
= Q# = L^y# =`" KH K~.
i\ UiH "H 'Z~~<, Z~~
WO_ O\ *~O\ "OK~ `\ } WO@~H<
(~~O) LO@Ok. JH_ " ZH=# q=#O =K^H
} ~O\~. K@ ~ , |@
W ~H~H O\~. q=< x~} U O
J~` KO^ P O D @H=_xH bA
WOk. H` O` a_ LO\~. WH WH_ ~@h
PH#O@`#_O Ju H ^ . D ~ "H}
_ = L^y# ` LO@Ok. WH_ ^H<
q=<x x~OK O ^` LO@Ok.
6) _iOQ [~ (|^~ q^#O) : Z<<"O\
Z~~< " K~. Z<< KH iOQ >O J~#C_
Q @ ^Q~ H~ O "~ . n< _iOQ [~ JO\~.
WH_ = L^y# LO\~.
32
} #O_ U^< HOO\ = \<* J~

(sHOK|_) P HOO\# f<k JkH Ò =
L^y#. P" XH aS P~Q W<Q\ (^~)
K q+O H#H"e. XH" } SZ "
iQ =iOK_O ^x HOO\ K~< J#OÔ. =
ZH_ LO^ H#x SZ JkHiH è~ ~ . JkHi
ijeOz }_ HOO\ ~#^` D = L^yx
P } 'WOHC_ W [~Q^x H=}
KC O@Ok. J~` WH_` D q+ O J~^. ~@
K~x XHiQ O SZ # f"^. |^Q
~@ K# tH} W~. H=~ i+<, aH
i+<, "^# JO g^ D tH} LO@Ok.
nx< P~ZO >xOQ JO\~.
q=< xK L^y# XH L^y#
=`" H^. "~ == _. JOHiOz#
=O^ x> JO^" # =O\ ". L^Q x~}`
@ K~ # PH@ < Jx OQ P" LO_eO^.
L^~} ==Q L# H# PHiOK^ H|\ JOÔQ
H@H` H#, H#~# kêO^. g HOh _
H_ LO@Ok. O* _ HO_ p~ "O> HOQ#
P~ C `x iQ \eO^. J LO>< P" p~
H@ PH~}OQ LO@O^#k HOh " JaO.
WH A@, ^, |~= W = =HH ~ } ^Q~ #O_ =~#
^H u^x g^ xO`} LO@Ok. ~+ L^Q @
_ LO@Ok. Hh = L^y# @ L#O`Q LO_^ .
= O=`~xH k ~A =`" @=K. ~
=`" Zxqk QO@ x Hh x Xu_ =Ò 20 QO@
LO@Ok. "`< q=< x~ x~x |\
LO\~. = L<~. P <O|~Q ^^
SZZ JkH~ _ L<~. Hh P ^H =e
~A=` f"_O JO`èH# q+O H^. i
fHH K =Ok = L^y# "kOe i~,
H` i*< K "oÒ\~. HO\H H#|_x = ^_,
J#=~ OQ, P~\, x Xu_, =#H Xu_,
"kO g\ =# L^QO Ki# Ju `= <<
i*< K "o L^Q Ò _ Z".
q=< x~} WO`\ =Y` =#
= L^Q Ò ZO` K P~O HQH=#^.
~`Ôx Jx q=< xK# =
L^y# "Ò 15 Ò HO> qOKÔ> JuH H^.
Jx ~OQ = =z` #O JO@<~ H^!
Jk ZO` =~ x["? XHi PzOKeO^! `
K`# =@, "" J O`< ^. =# ==
J=#` x"#C_ == =~O_ = ~
Ja=$k Z Ô? H =~ @|_^s HOh
`K "~ ==Q =e =~ W^ '=
kH~` Jx K_x qA# u XH~ YO_OKeO^.
g
(~K~` J^~)
gH}O d E< 2014
=lHOO
Pk"# Jx q^Q P^H"e

Ò Pk" Ja=$kH "i +< q^ <iOz, xH =#~ P^~OQ z#`~ i=#
Oz "iH Lk HeOKx JO@<~ _. W=<x Ò^~O
PiHa=$k Jx O`, Jx =~ JO^x

=# ~*OQO, OK=~ }oH H~O>, D H O =#O
W\H kOKHO. =YOQ, yi[# i`
PtOz# =~ ^. J<H ^H L#\H Jq LQ
__O =. ~*OQO s` Pk" J#"#
"`=~}O, H~ O HeOK=# ^ ` ~R Q=~~ LOk.
` iu
yi[# Jx^ n#u L#@ SH~[qu(S~)
è*Ok. =#^ ì PÔ ~Q`< yi[#
i` PtOz# =~^. WOH " "#H|_ L<~.
nxH =YH~}O Ja=$k Q= HH=_".
yi[<a=$kH XH =Q *f q^#O ^ . }oH O O
H H~O Ô =~ 2.75 H@ =Ok yi[# L<~.
^ *< =~ 8.2 Ò ^ q~ O yi[# O`
"\ 15 Ò. =#Ô `qk ~ yi[# Z=Q
L<~. gi 461 `Q<~. Ô JH~` Ò
64.8 LO>, yi[# Wk 47.10 =`".
q [=#~ Pk" ~*OQO
J~^= +_ +"# g WzOk. J~` J=#
Pk" J<H~HQ "yOK|_`<~. yi[#
O` q"# O^ LOk. H+_ OkOz# J@g
== ^s = ~ # ^~ aOK_O ^ . Q# `=H,
q^` * x~}O = g~ Lk H`<~.
K\< giH __O ^. =YOQ `
L^Q yi[# f= q=H ` Q ~ = ` <~ .
qq^, H L^Q gi Ò Q `=.
J~`Q J~ ~#_O || H^.
yi[# `H i` `= r=#O Q_Ò\~.
`= q K@ L# =#~` giH q_nx |OÔ
LOk. =~ 90 Ò yi[# J@g O` ==O
KO@<~. J@g L`` P^~_ r=#O Q_
`<~. XH q+ O Q=xOKe. J_= q~ O `y =_xH
yi[# H~}O H^. Pk" _ == q^#O
J_=# ^|fk H^. yi[# HiOK J@g L``
^~ U\ ~. 6000 H@ "}[ "^g [~Q`<~.
J~` yi[# KuHK PÔ uO_ yO[H i^.
=#~R Ò _O|~ 2003< yi[# O`
"i +< q^^# [~x L`~ *s KOk. nx

H~" =~, HO_, q, Pk" Xi, QO_, HO,
H, |O*~ J< Zxqk Pk" +# ^qH ~
q^^# [~_xH gQ XH\ , ~O_, =_ `~`
~ H ~OkOK~. J~` ^= `~Qu ~O
"KHO _ `Q< ~_O = "~ "^\ `Q
<~H=# iu U~_Ok.
Ò QiOz# 34 Pk" `Q + H}^
K~<~. H~}O ^qH q^^# "i =`$+
=Y` ^. Zxqk Pk" `Q H=O ~O_, =_
"KH `~< Jq `Q e< L<~. Pk"
`= + K^=H"O> ~+ P^~_=O^.
Q=x ` ~ `Q+< ^# LOk. D
i` z<~# =<"^# Qi K<~.([n~
u~=~= - Pk" + J^ `Q^. PO^q
k#uH, 23 |=i 2014)
yi[# ` = H \~Oz# = ^ ~ O Q
LO@<~. gi r=#u <<\H kQ*i`#k ^~"@
<, J Ta ~`<~. Q# `=H =#
yi[# `= x"< H`<~.
yi[<a=$k XH =Y =
yi[# O`x XH =Ou`Y Ku =. ~=~}
=Ou`Y, yi[# ==~ =Ou`Y, yi[# O`
J*=~+ K~<~. g\ =^ =#O ^.
Q= J#=u O_ J_=# iqH"` W=_x
~=~} =Ou`Y `\ Ok. J_= K\O H~O
J\g O^ J@g # OÒQO HO^ LOk. x
HO` ("Qey#O`) H`~ Lùx =`" `~eOKe.
J~` J@g K@O HO^ x z#`~ J@g
Lùx ZO`< fHx W`~ O` `~eOK=K. D
qÔQ XH K@O Wz# # "~H K@O fH=_O
[~QÒk. JO` H^, =Ou`Y `# H\~Oz#
iqu. x^# _ Y~ KH=_O ^.
~# =O
^ i= yi[# O` yi[# a
O^`~#k x[O H^. L^~} L Hs X_x
gH}O d E< 2014
33
=lHOO
qY =#O w<O\ ^_
qY =#Ox q"# Yx[ O^# =["^, H~~\ O H~KHQ
H@_`, qÔx $+ W^ Ja=$k Jx [# #q<~x JO@<~ H~ *u
qY =#O Q` S^ O=`~ #O_ P~+<

w<O\ ^_` Pk" O`# =H_ K<~.
qY =#O 11 =O_, 244 OK~f, 3574
Q=, 618500 =Ok yi`` LOk. U*h ^ #OQ
Pk" = r=#O y<~. D O` Pk"
_ ==O< P^~_ rq<~. U*h Q=,
Kx J_= [[ ~ ~ =^ LO\~. Hx
Pk" HO\`_ K~` i_`<~. D U*h
OÒ 2800 KH _O L<~. Hh U XH\ [
J=~# f~^ JO> P~_e# J=~" ^ . `Q
h~ JO^@ H 1500 Q= H+` [` r=#O
y<~. D H+` h~ `y, u O=`~O ^
OY Pk" =~} < ~. J~" P~ O=`~ #O_
~"O\s == J= L#\H, 244 OK~f
95 O K~f H ~ < n O _ K _ ^ JO>
P~_eO^. XH H =#Ô 2011-12 Q}OH H~O
Ja=$k zH =OÔ[ LOk JO@ ^ ^x
=<<OQ ^^ <~ < <H~. =~ H#
=# H=~ *hHxH h` KC`<~. Hh
PK~} =Ò JO^ i q~ÔQ =i<~.
[ O^ ~ = #=h ~ ` ~*OQ O x 14=

JkH~}O OîK~. Hh =# , Pk"#
Q~_ =@`< i_`<~. Ô ^#=O` =iO`
^#=O`Q ^ =iO` ^Q =~~ `, ^
^# =O`Q =iOk ^x KC H"e. qY U*h ^H O_
=O_ ik Pk" r=#O yO _Q D OÒ
H \, L, ~y, W#=, @~\, ~OQ~, K<H =O\
~H~H Yx[ O^ +OQ LOk.
zOè Q 4.707 qe< @# H \ (31262
H~ q~O q) Q~_ Q 5.649 qe< @#
H \ (3561.2 H~ q~O q) J~ Q 51.6
qe< @# H \# (255 H~ q~O q) "eH
f_xH #<~. D H# J~ #O_
`~Q^=i Q~ _ =~ 384 Hg@~ _=# 24 HO_
4,200 H~ ik 1000 qe< @# H \ xH #
"eH f <Q =O_ ik 247 Q=, 9,312
@O `HOQ x~` =x Z^~#<~. nx
^~ =K H+`" # h~, ^=, ^ o, H Pk" |`
Qe nO =~`~.
W" HO_ x~` OY ~Q#O^x qq^ ~K#
yi[# O`"# ~~ OK~. nx= P OÒ,

JH_ [ [#O O^`~x Ò qOzOk.
J [~Q^. ZO^HO> L HsH xH =#~
U=Ò O|OÔ ^. yi[# O` OK i=
z#q J~< xH =#~# LyOKH"e. Lk
J=H OKe. J@g =#~ O|OkOz# i=#
(L^~} ~ i= yi[# Z=Q
aO^`~) Z=Q OK~.
1996 K@O yi[# LQ_kQ LOk. D K@O
Q= OK~f, Q= =Y` xzOk. Q=
Ja=$k H~H=# P"kO k. î^ x~# H~H=
a^~# Qi O k. x^ îxQO HO_ KO k.
JO^=# Q= yi[# ZO`< _=K.
yi[<a=$kH Ò x^ OKO@ =O k. yi[#
L }oH H O^ ` H O LOk. Wk H OÔ ~
WK 100 Ò QO\. nxx =eH H~ H#,
P^xK ^H "_= LOk. yi[# a^~

`= =_~@H ~} a~. L }oH H\~Oz#
x^ W`~ J=~ "__^. HO^ |_\ 2013-14
yi[# L}oH ~. 24,598 H@ H \~OzOk. H~}
a 2013 _ yi[# iux "~Q~K_xH
`__Q^. W\= Ò yi[# HiOK ==
<O_O\H =^` ^~ OK~. yi[# P^ ~
OK_O D K~ =Y L^ O . J~` Lù =O P^~OQ
g\H Hh =^` ^~ x~~OK_O J<H W|O^<~.
Lk H#` @ yi[# `= H+_ HiOK
J@g == `Q ^~ aOK@@ K_e. H~
=~\OQ == ^~ =`" Wk ^_Òk.
yi[# Ja=$k H~H=# yi[# O` i`#,
yi[# O^# ^$+ LOKHx ~OkOKe. x^
îxQx JiH\e.
(~K~` PiH "`)
g
34
gH}O d E< 2014
=lHOO
^~ PO^# è K<~. J~< =#
W"q KqH ZH_O ^. =~H# HO^, ~R `
PiH ^= OH ~A~A =^~_O` ^ [
#~O "`<~. Wq i_H Ô L# q"#
J_=# =["^, H~~\ O J#OQ
H@_` qÔx $+ n< Ja=$kQ ^ [#
#=eH<~.
x[OQ g~ K# qÔx H# _`, ^xH
ÒÒ =z# `~"` ~[H < q^
_\ # _|` ^ [ XH O=`~ HO #~O
KeOKO_< ~x H_xO_ u#=K. W P#
OKO@< =~ H # =#^xH ="# Pk"
x=# J_=# ÔO K_xH HO^, ~R `
#<~. WO^ QOQ<, qY =#O 1998
#O_ H \ `=H [~ `<~. Pk" `= r=#~}
=# Z^~O@ 1998 #O_ PO^#, ~~H,
^~ x~# ~O è K =<~. J~<
` q#O_ `<~.
2004 HOQ Ò JkH~OH ~H=O^ H \
`=H# ~^ K#O@ gxz, JkH~x ^H OK<H
Pk" Wz# g# ÒQ `HOk. 2005 E<
P<~H HOh`#, 2007 E lO^ HOh`#
H \ `=H J#=` KOk. JO> |~" s
< "Yi F_ ^> =~ F_ =, F_ ^\` _
= J# KOÔQ LOk. ` f~# J~O K#
Pk" =~i HÔ `H~. `"# HOQ
s * ~\# s `\` J}z" Ò
KOk. J~< Pk" "#H `Q^. nO` HOQ
Ò HO\`_ K~Q 1/70, , S^= +_
J= HO K~ fO@#@Q Pk"# =~=~
"O KOk. K\# ~`H iqÒ KOk. Pk"
K\ J= HO =Ò ` [iyOk #O Jx
Ke. K\# J= K x J_y# Pk"#, |@H
Z<HO@~ ^~ 25 =OkH Q< He KOOk. =O^
=Okx * \Ok. 14 =Ok Pk" = =H
J`K~ X_Q\ Ok.
~O_ ^ JkH~OH =z# HOQ Ò Pk"
~\ (* L^=) 2009 O|~ P~+<
w<O\ ^_H #Ok. D ^_ `î ^ "OQ
^~} Pk" _` [ #O_ (q" ^= H~H~ =~ )
500 =Okx HOQ Ò @# @Ok. D P~+<
w<O\ ^_x Z^~=_O Pk" q"# P#,
}# H~. D ~H^ O i_H , =~ ^ P~ +<
w<O\ -2 ^# J= Kx HO^ Ò ~R
` O *s KOk. D ^_x J= K_xH
~R Ò HOÔ #O_ =iO` O fHx Pk"
O`# H~\ i\ O`Q =~, =_ H

g@~ ^~O XH HO kO, J_=# aOQ K,
Z^~_ Pk"# @Hx OOK_O, ` K_O,
= J`K~ K_O ~OaOzOk. WO^
QOQ< qY U*h 11 =O_ ik `qk e_
x~}O, 63 *\ x~}O (`H}O 8 J=\
i Kx) HO " H@ h Y~ K<~. W\H
<Q e_ x~}O (8 J=\ ) ^ =k
i KHx qQ` "\ HO # "^\Ok. D
J=\ x~}e =#O Pk" =u~H#\H
Pk" PO^## H KO_< "i x "~
KO@<~. JO^ QOQ< Q` O=`~O [iy#
xH ZxHe U*h Pk" |+iOKQ HOQ s
HO`=Ok =# (Pk" #O_ |+~} Q~#
=#) ZOH K UHw=O [iy#@ H\ OzOk. D
OÒ (OK~f) ~OK L<_ J< q+O xH
Pk"H èO_ LOk. JO> =#Ô [
O|OÔ O_< ZO` ^QH~ ~[H #_<
=#O J~O KH"e. Pk" Ja=$k JO> ~_,
>eH=xH+< == JO@ ~[O Pk"# #=
eHOk. x[OQ "~ KC`#@~` zOè =O_
O@~< (Jq H~ JO^@ LOk _) 72
ô` @O i_ uO_H Q_, Q_, =O^ =
("^ O) q^ î^~ Y# ZO^ |``<~? HO`=Ok
ô` =` K^=Hx, L^Q H ^^ @} \
Q (@) H< K ZO^ |`H= =Ok?
x[OQ KC`#@Q< ~_ ^~, >eH=
xH+< ^~ Ja=$k LO^? Wk ZO` =Ò x[O H^.
[ H=eOk ~_, >eH=xH+< H^. =x+ |`H_ xH
H=eOk ^#_xH q, h~, _, Q_, Q_, =O^
("^ O), q^ K, *=O H"e. D q+ e =Ò
[ K _xH x~Hi< ~. Pk" _` [
= |`H_xH [ - [OQ - [g<` @ K,
*=O H"O@<~. , giH J~<
J"iH =["^ 1980 fHz# |=Y ^_x
J= K, * ~\e J~ xH |Q# (P~Z,
aZZ, - 60, HH=O_, QO_) kO ~H
>~ `< =^#O K `<~. Ô Q}Ò` ~[O JO@
Ja=$k zH =OÔ[ LOk JO@ ~*OQO
HO, K\ HO D ^xH ="# Pk" _`
[# #=|eH<~. ~` Q}Ò` ~*OQO 66
O=`~ HO Pk" _` [H qyeOk Hh~
` Ug ^. Pk" _` [O` #`# *=x
xiOK#HO_.
g
(~K~` Pk" = OO H~H~)
gH}O d E< 2014
35
x"kH
"xOQ = zO`~ ô` ~@O

Ja=$k i@ , @|_^~ K# JH= Yx[ `=H = z^==`# `= rq`#
H_<O^ zO`~ ô` K# ~\x q=i<~ = "OH\"
Kx H$u X_ [# = =^ XH "xOQ
=K. =# H HO^ < ÒH "=K. [
=#~ =^f~< qOQK. =["^ ^
|*u HOh @ J<HO. [ <`\ `, K=@`,
D < `_Ok. r=#O HO [ J_`< L<~.
Ja=$k Ou HeOz ^s H=~ =iO`Q ^_
K<~. =~K`#O L#K@ [ u\<~. "iH
=^` H\ OK_" H^ "i` ="HO H"e# J=~x
Qi D i~.
`~ Q^=i l u_ K ^Q~ yi[# OÒ
#Oz F <H =zOk. zO`~ Q=O JH= "xOQ
`=H [~Q`<x, ô` q H J=Ò^x,
* OÒ Q< WH_ _ HOh `= [
=#~# HQ_`<~x ^x ~OO. x*xH Jk XH
OÔQ JxOK^. XH P^" Jk. | HH<_
* ~\` = L# J#|O^" H~}O J#O\#.
[#=i 2931 `n ^~^, HH<_, H#= #Oz
HO`=Ok ~, =lH H~H~ He K
K~ <O. î _Q< Q^=i l *, H Hi_~,
^~ q^` *, ~, SO_, H~ PH=}
=u~HOQ Q`# ~\# KiOKO. Jx
^xH, =^`~Qu, ^~` He ~\e H#y<~.
zO`~ "xOQ, `HOQ ô` [~`# ~@O
QiOz q=~OQ `H"< JH_H "O. ZO^HO>
JkH~ JO_Ô_` H#Q JH= "xOQ [=#O`
XO@iQ ô` `__ O JO> " . HO`=Ok xH
ô` < He~. XH H< [# O \` ~ _xH
u# XH <_ =Ò H=^. JH_#
S(ZOZ) H~H~ Hx q=~ WK~. "xOQ HO_
g^ Jx=~ H~H~ O_ " = H|\ H~H=x
=~<\H "~^ "<O.
î =^ HO`=Ok uH q` He~. "
K# q+, < K# "\H a#OQ< L<~.
"ÒQ ==~=O` HO` QO^~QOQ< JxOzOk.
J~< ~ Z=~ HiOKH~< HhO [# He
=\_ =K< x~xH =KO. < HO_ Ki
36
O`xH ~=_xH ^ _ ~ . u _ =O_O K #Oz

=~ # xq yi[# OÒ QO_ }
zO`~ =zOk.
P K \ OÒ QO_ " Ò> H$ ux qOz ^f~
=#+ Q_~ =^ 'J_q èH Ô_ J< Q^~ @
[H ~O_ LO_^. JOîx Hi T~ "^\ ##
Q_ Kq\ ~<O. u XHi H J#=# K
=# K W|Ok _O. =` L# < ==e
iKO K_xH Ò K<~. 'P '= JO@<~
` ZO\ =^#O "i #Oz ^. JC_ XH ~_
=K_ 'J g~ Z=~, ZO^ =K~, Uq\ J=~O
Jx xn_.
J_=O@O> ~u@ H#_ Z~x "Qr~ J`x H
H#|_Ok. JO`H^ ^s J~` ^Q" `~ J# =O
HxOzOk. = QiOz q=~ KO. #=Qey`<
=\_=x, L^=xH =^` èK_xH =K=x
KO. J`x Z~r~ ^Q_ =O^ *Q` L<~.
x[x~~}, =^` O i@ Z< Q =~. J"
Q (K =~ J`_ JaO H~O) "x OQ HOh
#O_ _| (^) fHx "oÒ\~. = O+}
=^< JH_H =z# XH \K~ ## Q~\~. g~
HH<_, *, H Hi_~ ~\ L<~ H^ Jx,
`x K_. = `x [ èK_. WH "=
^_^ ~ HO H^x è# `~ "` [ ZO` L^QO`
=` =\_~. P H ~Ô =" = =#+#
P` HxOzOk. K\ J_" H^, cH~ ~O
L# ~@ \ = " H KO. WH " =
=~^~Q ==e HO_ #_OK~. HOh "`
Z =\_, HÔ> Z KK" Piì# ^
kOK~.
"xOQ HO_ K@ ^~^"# Q_ =. H$u
qxH =O^ LO_ O`` Ò_qOk. U _=_
^ , =~Q ~ fi# s, ^ OY L# Hi
P Z~\ k| =O^ ==e PHiOK^. = =#<
`q#@ XH =# = H^_~k. J@H K\ OÒ,
W@H Z~\ Z_i =i# OÒ. [ K #> ==e
gH}O d E< 2014
x"kH
HOh" " =[OxH ~x=^. " Q=# JH= QiOz èx `Q ~_ _. "xOQ bA
Q~\~. "<[~ @ _. b, ~"[~ P HO Q= OK~f f~#O ^. x= x|O^#
Ti ". "~ HOh L^QQ ==e Z^~O@<~ ukH ^ . K\x = \ JkH~ OÒQx _|`
` x*xH ==e P# i< " ^. =~ KHx 2006 =_ HOh 200 ZH~ q~ O
ZO^HO> Lk HO bQ K~~ ` Q=Q P~ < J#=èK~. x~^ OK# r_=q_
HOhH =u~. q+O è "<[~ =KH J`_ `@# HeOz ^~#OQ JOQ|O`, ^#|O` [
q~ HÔ> Q= u~Q|_~. "= =#= =#~ ^KH=_O ~OaOK~.
D J<O, Jqhu ô` 2007 #O_ ~ "#, ~ ,
O #O_ =K=x Ô> H~ #Oz s+< fHx
==x KiOKO. Q= ~^ ~O, = KiH` "< JkH~`#, HH, K.P~. H~
[=#O HO_ g^ H^ Hx, k| g^H "_xH =O^k i~ `~K <O K=x q#qOK
<~. JH= `=H 2 E< 2013# HO^ Q# i~H}
~##k.
q=~H "o` `~Q^=i l u_ =O_Ox Hq\ ZO q.#=O`~= \. ~`~, =
zO`~, J@ "@ OÒQ ^ +_ OÒQ \ q H=~, lq ~ =~ |$OÔ ~ \Oz ô` =,
H\ OK^. JH_ ô` JkHÒ. O=`~O P~ Yx[ O^ [~Q`# ^_ QiOz P~ f~.
< HO W`~ l =`~. "i =@< KO> ~=~}O, "\ J#=` tOKQ "xOQ HOh
=. = rqÒ = H, K@ HO^, ~_ [=#O =i q#~ u H }~_, \. QOQ^~ ~ _
H LO@ b<b xKO@ ~# uO_, h~ H, <~ "\~. J#=u ` K=~ "xOQ H#Q
Hk\ OkOz# _|` uiy T~ K~ `~. OkOz# _^x JkH~ =dHOQ K~ ` ~` ~HOQ
H _| J\=~ K# JC, J<~QxH iÒk. Ug^. JO\=@ #@Q "~ H=~ ux^Q<
=m JC, JC f~_xH =m = W ZC_ XH ==iOK~Hx *hHxH, D ~@# =# XiyOk
q+ =O zH< LO\~. D = rqÒ Hh Ug^.
L# Lk H=_O` Z^~ uiy# u Q=x g^
` ^H# `b a_ O~H}, Qi} =O^,
e, ~+<, q^ =eH J=~, ^ HOh [=#O ^_H kyOk. U *, U "xOQ K<
O^H`~. "i _ Hi K@OH U=#k? JH= H kiO }O` ~O
H~ |`H_ O ` ! JkH~ OÒQO HH Q\# @ 'gHz#
Q|_`~.
Q` Hx ^Q zO`~ ô` ^ JO_ ~ "# = ~O J< J~#O` =`# g ô`
~O HO_. JH_ #Oz =O@ K~, WO\H H=# J=Ò^? = W+O ! =m "O Z=iH< WO. gHz#
HO` H, = "` =~O\~. H^, ZO*"O\ Ò O=`~~ ^ ~ O_ O=`~ =`"
=#} P HO_ F ^ k. =~^~xH D HO_. D KÒ^x `~, P~._.X HH~ "< JkH~
HO_ S^=O^ ZH~h, U_=O^ = ZH~x, H^ ki<~. `, "_, ~# U~ qx Ja=$k K
HO_ <#Hx L# J@g q` ~O_ " =_ OK# `@ O| OQ H~< ^~ =~
=O^ z ZH~ q Jx i~ L<~. 50 J_Q ` Q K<~x [ "`<~.
199697 Ò D qx "@~+_ q Ja=$k [ K # HxH, #=# qx, * f#
^HO HO^ ô` x~^ |_Q |# =~ OQ =#~ #+ i~h Lkx =eH ^#
^~ HO_# (" 4, 1997) |~OQ \ 217 @O HeOK# x= x|O^# `xH è#q H^.
238 ZH~ WK~. q` @ q
Q KH=_xH x=@, =q_, r_=q_, = (Ô) L#q J=~"#q (=#~RO) J=~"#q
>, He, *= "^Q K@ + ~
L#q
^~ WOz, r=<k HeOK~. D "Ò
1,37,311 1,48,303 12,283
12,522
qx O^_xH ô` <H` O =OK~. O@~
Z
K
22,842
24,717
1,624
2,004
XH ^|HO HO_x Q K O@ _
3,043
7,415
281
501
==O KO@# ô` q @|_ ZK
=~ H#_O k. @ "^~. q "< ZK =# ~+O "^ x}
99
281
=m=m uOK~. JC_ "< _.ZO.l _. ZK =# ~+O _H~
110
281
~[Q, WO_ H=~ H@s ". NH ZK "Ò +e
346
1,124
"xOQ = J#=ueK~. D P~
gH}O d E< 2014
37
x"kH
JO` HO_ @|_^~ `=Hz# q` @ ô`
Hey# qx `q~<~. ~ g^ q
^ XH\ K PK~} ^ ^\ i^
Ki" `=H+= =z# su ^_ K<~. ô`
H H~O 199798 Ò ^~ Wz# q
=~Q, \~=H, =s q#~ "~ 60 ZH~
# U_ ZH~ q, u H }~_ 108.15 ZH~
48 ZH~ q =~Q 97 ZH~ ô` =
JH= "x OQ [~QÒk. J "x OQ bA "Ò JH=OQ
fO> bA i@ ^ ^\ ô` =H
KKHx k|Q =~_O =~ "O.
"xOQ = |k K_O HO, `= =#
H_H=_O HO ô` K|@x ~@ ~O ^.
^~ , x~~ nH , =@_ H qOz K~. ô`,
= Ti =Hz# q "" "xOQ KO\=O@
"x OQM "iH J#=` HO Js @ <~. D H
~@ ~Ox Z`Q_Q< K~. [ qOz#>
J#=` W=_xH JkH~ OÒQO q~ JOk.
~OK_=~O S\_Z JkHi Wz# i~ H~O OH~
f~ '=` =~ PO^^# J#iOz K@ K=
`` L# O`x J_=x H\ O KH ~< P O`x
Z@=O\ "x OQ W=_^ H|\ ô` @ # "x OQ
b* J#=u x~HiOK =Kx `~Q^=i l HH~
~ K~. =i W" x|O^# , f~ W`~ ^x H =~xH
Wz#C_ Ue# "iH ZO^ ~} ~^ J~OHx
J= H~ [. `~`~Q "`# ô`H
H~} ` H=_O H+O H^. JO^H "~ =`HOQ<
"xOQ bA HO `xH Js @<~. D i~`
WH "x OQ =u~H ~@O =iO` ^ <H #Ok. [=#O
QO_ Q| \OKH=#^.
"xOQ ~"} =# ^=, ^|~, Z~|~^, H+~`
~=~}O ^|u#_" HO_ [ P~QO =O
KOk. J@g OÒ L# [O`=, =#=$Q Kx
`<~. H`, HO_=K, Q= ^_
K<~. [ =O@ K~, W x~}xH =#~
H~ =~. = HKH=_xH =#~ H =_O =#
"\x `Q #=O@<~. J_q ~_x P#Hx L# ". P~.
H= Z~ |~^` ~Òk. D q+@
L^qOz< [#O O_ ~O^x [ x[x~~}
Hq\H è*~. zO`~, Ou P=O, #s@O
g^Q, qY@O O@ =~ ^=, ^|~`,
|~^` h~ =Ok. D h~ =#=$Q, ,
=, =#+ `Q`<~. z=~ O\H D h~
K~Òk. =Q~ @|_^~ `= O HO u_
=O_Ox # Q= [, =#} rq``
P_O@< U K@O J_KH ~Ok. Q JH=OQ
38
`= = `=H [iy`<x Òu OH=

" qu ^~ H~ q#qOK< xH H~
`H=x Wz H H>Ok. =~" "xOQ HOh
[=#O ô` `= "xOQH J_ =<~x H~
J KHO>, ^xH =Ò OkOz# H~ ô`
~@ OxH <\ OOK~. Wk =#Ô
[~Q`# ~*OQ|^ <O!
""xH lXZOZ <O. 384, 1983 E< 10 H~O
q#~ ^~ 12 Ò Q= OK~fH x^ JOê.
D x^ H\~O` Q= Ja=$k Ke Hx U Ja=$k
# K@^. x^ U "~ Q= OK~fH |\_
J=`< [ è^. JO^H [, K@~OQ
<~OQ Hq+< " + P_\ ^~ W\ =~
=z# Yx[O^ q= H\ Oz x~^ Ja=$kH Y~
Kx _=O_ K<~. 199798 Wz# \
~îz `=OQ "~K@ \ W==K#x S\_S
* P~ ~OK_=~O 2004 |=i HH~ ~#
``~O ~< WO`=~ ZO\ K~ =. Q=
[ `èH == ~} =OE~ K =x ~
K< O H~Ok.
ô` Lk, O^# ^KO@# D ~O q
D<O q Jx "H q Jx `Q= #_< LOk.
[ Uq J_y< H~ Ò KOz `C ^= \ O k.
H~ L#\H "x OQ ZO\ J_ O_ [~Q`#C_
ô` #+ i~xH, bA _| Q=a=$kH qxyOK
_xH, "\ H [ è K_xH ZO\ J_OH
LO_#H~^. J~< H H H~ L# O_~Q
JOO ZC_ ô` <O K_xH J_OHQ<
HxOk. D H "Ò ~*OQ "xH JÔ
_Òk.
`= W`~ *Q W`~ O` "
Wz#@Q HhO #+ i~x, Lkx, `= qx
W"x bA ^~ =z# x^# Q=a=$kH qxyOK
x H~`<~. [ `= Q=a=$kH Uq H"
`xH q#qOK<~. W\H# JH= "xOQ
P"x `= 217 @O, qH |^ q
|ke Kx ^ ZH~ 3 H W"x, x~`
W H\ Oz W"x W\=~ #+~# `= O@
#+ i ~O H\O Kx, "x OQ ~"} =# _# `= ~_#
=m H`Q "~OKx, q^, "^ ^ HeOKx,
=$uH~ =$u O|Ok` x=@ W ~} HeOKx,
`Qh~, #"\H =eH ^ HeOKx
L^=O [~QÒk. L^=H~ *"[O HO^ H~#
P~OK#<~. `= ~=~} i~H}H <+# w<
\|# i~ K#<~.
Q` 20 UQ D O`x P#Hx L# Q[#_
gH}O d E< 2014
x"kH
HO_< W^ \~\ "xOQ HO `=H [~Q`<~.
W" HOh bA f<~. JH_ W^ Ò`. W\
=~ ZO\ #+i~ =. [ r=# qÔO
ZO\ K~ =. JH_ +~ * HO^ =~ 41
ZH~ qx 25 UH =O^ [ #O_ f<~.
q H~ LO^x #+i~O Ò k`
KeOK^. HhO =_O@ qx W H@H=_xH
W=x Ò H~ "* #_< JH= "xOQ
`=H WKOk. Jx q il+< xe"Ok.
x[x~ ~ } H q \ P ^ ~ \ O z# C _
J_Q_ Q< XH x+^ "`=~}O HxOzOk. \~ \ Yx[O
`" HO_ g^ #Oz K K@ K x OÒ JO`
O
Q\ aQ ~O^xOzOk. ^= ô` Z~\
=\k| Q =i# P O`x K H$ux qOK u
XHiH K\x `= K`H fH"# L^QO HQH
=#^. J#O`"# =$H O^ HeOK "xOQ [=#O
z# \ #~sx x~Ok. `~`~Q H$u Oz
+Oz# J_qx =\k |Q =i# [=#O =m J_qx
u$+ K~@ ! ZO`\ Ô ! "x OQ =u~H L^=xH
JH_ xK # qq^ ~[H s " O, =^` QiOz
tOKO. U s `= _=O_H =^` W=^x q=s
Jx KCO@# XH s <HÒ "xOQ HOh
[=<xH ^"O^x, J=_ ~O^x è
K~. ZO\ . JiQ ô` <~ |[# =[
s `~# \ KOk, e` Z L< `= H è
Ke J# LÔ`< ZO\ ZxH x|_O J<~.
~ JOc, ~"O\ ZxH x|_ J~ `=
"xOQ =u~H ~\xH =^` W"x JO\ "iH F@
"=x x HO `= F@# _ qxyOKH=x
K +OQ# è*~.
`=# x~`# K #~"O, |` `~=
KOKx U H<< tOK u ~xH LOk.
=#~ HQ@|__O` Uq [~QÒ^ [ èH
~< HhO P Q# `=H J#=uxz# ~*xH
_ èH=_O Hq OK~x <~O . D i~ ~# C_
J=~_ P~.Z. ~= 'J~}`~ (=~, " 2009)
` H =O_ gH q~O K ~} ~} HzOk. P#

=@< '=["^ @|_ WH_ @|_^~` He
KHQ îH =#~# ` "O H@|_ O_
q$OYOQ ==iOK_xH, q+` Ô LO_ PiH
Ja=$k U"< LO> JO^ ^ QO fH=_xH, XH
=@ KO> ~`Ô `~= qQ
q=# "\ g^ Pk`x OÒ KH"< Ja+
LO@Ok. D H=O _ =["^, ^ @|_
^~ XH H# LO> ^ ~ÒQO ~` b =~ H
f=OQ #+`~. WH_ @|_ ^~xH =#~ Ô
J~` "\ g^ P^~_ ^ bH J^ =#~ Ô
LO@Ok. XH\ @|_^~_H ^#Ô J~` =~ H
^ =~xH r=#~} = J=Òk. Uk Ja=$kH~O, Uk
H^ J<k K__xH XH qH=~O =O^ ^ J<k
w@~~. J~` ^ ~ ` , == b JO^ QO
HO_ XH O< J~ xQ W~`~
J<k ~O_= w@~~. JH= "xOQ =u~H` Jk XH
L^=O ~O ^_O, Ja=$k ^H Ja=$kx `K
#`# *qH L^=O =^ f= "~ ^ OQ< Hx O k.
D =@ "xOQ =u~H ~\xH _ i`x
<# `HOQ K#H~^.
QÒ *, H Hi_~, ^~ q^`, lO^, "xOQ
=u~H ~\Q D ~@O W`~ *qH
J^ q=H~ OKH=_O ^. xH ô`
<HÒ, JH_# Q" g_ HO`"~
H~ JOkOK~. Hh XH JH= "xOQ`
`__=O> ^~~ ~[O`, =["^`#
_H#_". D L^=xH lx, ~+Ox Jx L^=,
J^, =#=, ~ O JO_Q x|_#_
xH <HÒ =iO` n@Q L^=x =O^ fH
Q^. ~[O J}z"`# Z^~x q[O kOK Q~.
^_ ~*xH =u~HOQ L"`# Zy_`# qq^
O` L^= UHH~} [~Q=# O^~O =#O
L<O. JO^ =#O L^= O`H "=O^. XH SH
H~K~} H@=O^ !
g
(~K~` <"k)
~ OzH...

HH\ F q+ [~O *.P~. <Q+}O

Pk" |uH # i# ` ZO. <Q=}

* = i~O L^= a. =^^< ~_

qÒ #"@? ZO.H. =~

PiHa=$k H [ =#~ ^#` _. `_H= Y~
gH}O d E< 2014
39
q^#q=~
H~~@ "H ~} =
~` ~} = ^HO H=O ZxH x<Ô =`"#h, z#, #H~ ~` JO^`# ~}O <==`"#h,
D ^HO "~, H~~\ O a K~O^h JO@<~ = ~=N
PO^^, ÒQ} ~ [iy# JOc ZxH O@ ~Q< O JC f~ z#, #H~ ~ÒQO,

\_ <_ KO^| <_ K# ZxH "Q< # JC f~x i` "i P# O
=Y"#k, P# =Y=Ou J~` "^@ O`HO >k H~OQ [ K, J==< Qi K<~. WO\
~` ~}= < Jx ^ Z`# K~O K_. J~` i` P`Q~=O ^|u# ~` |=O` =~}
Q` H O^, ~+ ` ~ ` ~}= QiOz H\ O KQ, _`<~.
Jq PK~} ~` e@ OQ, iqH"` =~OQ
J#O> ~ÒQO JC P`` _
=i~# i}=# D O^~OQ ij# KH=_O Ò__O` JC ~^Kx ~ÒQO`@, ~`b
J=~O.
O, ~` H~ *Ò`"^ L^q<
Z Ò 2008 55 " H@ ~` ~} ~^ L<~. 1965, 1969 O=`~ =z# `#, 1977
K, Jk `= ` #`Q K~O KHO@< LOk. D =z# kq= L# W`~ [` @ ~ÒQx f=OQ
^HO J=, f~`## ije J~# ~` H<, #+iOk. D O^~OQ ~ÒQ Jx~H JC ~^
JO^ J~ Hx "~ Z= =Ok L<~x, J<H K < L^=O TO^HOk. J<H PO^# H#Q~.
J=H`= H, Jqhu K@ K H<< q+ "_ < ~. 1977 ZxH JkH~OH =z# [#` Ò "^\ iQ
<_ Ô K_xH @|_ HHOQ =iOk. ^x iq`"# û ~ÒQ JC ~^KOk.
=~H=_O z#, #H~ ~ÒQxH QQ#"`#k.
2002 #O_ PO^~+O#, Ôx J<H O`#
JkH =_ JC K<~. =_ "~ ^_H J<=$+, Ju=$+, p__ q[$OaOK~. ~ÒQO HHx
Q~=`<~. =_ "~ i#_ O_ `" OH qÔQ #+~. Q= H~= qÒ_=O KOk.
^~ ~} JO^KO^x H\ OK_O [iy<, U Qg} ^` ^, =^`~Qu ~ÒQO _ |`
O=`~O _ ~` H\~Oz# O@ ~} "`x `~= HO =@ \~. Ô Qx iu U~_~k.
O W=^. W\H 55 Ò ~ÒQxH =YOQ D i` ~ÒQO JC ~^ K< _=O_
^, =^`~Qu ~ÒQxH O #O_ ~} JO^_O f=~O êOk. ~} = =z# JkH~# Q=
^. Wz# ~}# _ H|b" Q _~z =s #O_ ìq"~. L^=O L^$`~O êOk.
= K<~.
ZxH gOz#C_ ==~OQO, ~ ` OQO =
` J#iOz#, J#i# q^< eÒQ Q~ =~. H~}O ~ ` OQO F@ HHO H=_" .
==~OQO f= OHO _~ k. ~m H~}
, " \ H ~ }
JC_ =Ò ~` ^xH "<=H, ~`x^ ~[O ^,

q^< J= eÒQ ^xH J=~"# q`<, O@ y@@ ^~, Qh~ =O\ =
Z~=, ~Q=O^ ^~ TOKx qÔ Q iy ^ <\"O @ =~. 2004 [iy# ^~} ZxH O^~ O Q
Y~ "x qÔQ iQ~. JO^ J#Q}OQ JkH~OH = ~ ` JC ~^ K=x ~+O HOQ
O@ <"# ^~ aOK_O ^. ^~, q~, s K~O KO k. JC ~^ ` @ ~ ` OQO Z^~O@#
O_H\ "~ ^_H ~ÒQO Q~=`<~. eÒQ W`~ =# _ i+i#x K ~+O JkH~OH
~ÒQxH Ô y@@ Hx iu U~_~k. nxH`_ =zOk. HOQ <HÒ< HOÔ# Z JkH~
u O=`~O U^ XH ~O H$u "s` =# Q K\ O k. ~ ` =u~H q^< e ÒQ ~+O \_
~ÒQO O@ H~, J~OQ #+=_O [~Q`< JkH~x H~Ok.
LOk. <"# ^~ aOKH, O@ #+~, ~ÒQO
HOQ s JkH~OH =z# <Q O=`~ =~
JC ~Òk. =_H~ L# ~` ~|_ ^~} JC ~^ x<ÔQ< qye~Ok. 2009 ^~}
OH Q= H< fH@Q LO^x "_~z# O* ZxH ^Q~ __O` uiy JkH~x x@<O^,
== Hq+< x"kH ~ÒQO iuH JÔ _Òk. ~ ` OQx `=" PHiOKO^ 2008 z#, #H~ ~ `
40
gH}O d E< 2014
q^#q=~
50 " O JC ~^K#@ H\ Oz |_\
#O_ 52,275 H@ ~ q_^ KOk. JC ~^
=# 3.45 H@ =Ok ~ÒQxH [#O K~Ò^x,
D #` Z `x^#x #OQ K~O KHOk.
P~QO H+_ ^ [ P~ ^< JOk#
~ÒQO P`` ZO^ KHO@<~# =
"O_ <==ÒQ JC ~^K ^< #OQ
KC HO@# Z Ò, "O_ |H~ ~\, |_
"~, H~~\ O H H@ ~}# ~^K,
uiy "iH JC W# q+x =~Q~#k. giH
~^ K# "Ò ~ÒQxH ~^ KOk <==`".
O Ki# [ =#, "O_|H~ #~
==H~} ~` |_| Ò ^z_`#k.
`~OQOx K O |_ i=k`,
H~~\ O JC# ~^ K
_" , #~ ==H i OK@"
[~QÒk. Q` ~O_ O=`~ HO =_ H H@
|_ "~ =~ ~}# O ~^K~. WO^
O|OkOz# O, = ~# `H< J=HO _
O_ KO k. Wk "_ ` "i Q@ |@_ Ò^<
O
JO^ H~}O. \ OH P WO_ <`$Òx `
~OQ O x~~H P ^~ iQ~. J<H |_
"~ O O ^~ [ =x ^K<~.
J`#` ~ ~O\OQ U[h 'H =K~O H~O
201314 PiH O=`~O =~< OH x~~H P
XH \e< (10" H@) #O_ 4 \e< ~
iQ J=HO LOk. 2001 <\ OH x~~H J ("O_
|H~) ` e Wk K ^k. D x~~H Ph |_
"~=~ ZQ<=O \#". D x~~H P Q`
O=`~O =~ 3.3 Ò HQ E< z=iH 3.7 `xH
iQ~. 2014 <\H Wq 4.4 ÒH ~Q=Kx H
~Ok. 2011 =~ <\H 71080 H@Q L# `~OQ
OH x~~H ("O_ |H~) P 1.55 H H@
iQ~. 2013 O |~ <\H 40 e_ OH "O_
|H~ 2.22 H H@ K~x PiH=Ou zÔ|~O
~[ ed` ~HOQ K~. U_k HO 37 Ò
D x~~H P iQO> OH Z=i [< HO
x K< J~==Òk. D x~~H P Z= QO
30 =Ok ^~ ~} ZQ"`^~ #O_ [iyO^x K#
PiH=Ou, "i ~# =Ò "_~K^. D 30 =Ok
|_ ZQ"`^~ Z=~#k, "i "~ "^g
Uq@#k |@\e LOk. Q` 18 < HO `
~OQ x~~H P Q}hOQ iy=_O PiH ==~
~"O@s O_~Q Hq\ _ f= PO^# =HO KOk.
|_ "~ =~ O ~}# ZQ_`<~x
K`# PiH=Ou "\x ~|>O^ K~ fHHQ,
"\x ~^ KO^ O J=HO He< _. ZC_
x qÔQ =Hx ~}# H<~. z=iH |_
ZQ"`^~ JCxO\h ~^ K<~. O, ~}

ZQ"`^~ <+@# `~=~ K_xH H~~\ ~}
#~ x~}O (_P~)x Ly<~. ^x `~K
îxQ~<~. H (~` i= "}[ O
=Y) x"kH H~O _P~ H HO^ 2.5 \e<
"`xH ~}# O uiy H < ~. J H OK_O
JO> "\x ~^ K
_" . WO^ Z=QO Hk< HÒ
Wz#". Q` O=`~O 75 " H@"~ ~}# O
#~ ==H i OK~. 2013 U E< =^ HO `
O 20 H@ 12 H O h " ` # #~
==HiOK~. WO^ Zx ` ~OQ O ~#
^`# J#iOK~ HxO\< "i\ û# Z
P"kOz "\ JC# ~^ KO n è^x, ~^# "\
Z= QO ^ "`# x i[~ OH P WO_ _ \
Q=~~ OQ H\ OK~. WO^ J<H J=H`=H
[iQx ~<~. P# W\= OH~ ="O
=\_` H~~@ Wz# "O_|H~ ~^K_O
^~ H H@ O `QO K# q^<x q=iOK~.
== ~}# = K#C_ |_ i=k`,
"i J`#` ~ O f= q=~ K# q+x
Q~K~. OH ^_ H<, ~} ZQ"` ~^H _
"ik JÒ` ^~}OQ LO^x K~. HOQ +~, _H<
HxH [=#O 28 OH, PiH O #O_ fH#
4.300 H@ ~ ~} KeOKH~<, Z@=O\
K~ fHO_ uiy ~} W<~. K~ Hs
|_ [=# =~O # L<~x, =_O_ `"
OH #O_ 6,700 H@ WOK_O [iyOk. g\x Q=x
OH Z=i= L< J~==Òk.
|_ iqH "`, H~~\ O OH ^~
[ ^< x H@ @ _ " HO_, ~ ` ~}=H H \~Oz#
^x _ JO^ J~ Hx"iH ^z_ `#k.
S^ ZH~ L# z#, #H~ ~` ~.50 "
OH JC# ~^ K # @ 2008 Ò H\ O zOk.
JO`HO_ WOH 60 H =Ok W`~ ~ ` =_ =O`
|H~ Ke qQ`k ~^K=x H\ OzOk. D ~^
[~QH =O^ O "kO iOKH P Jq,
JC C K JC H\ # z#, #H~ ~` =Ò
JC ~^ =iOK^. "~ JC Ta H@q\_`
LO_eO^. Z K~< xQOn, ^x ~` ~}
~^ q" `H K~ Q Ja=iOK_" ` , Jk H=OQ J=
[~^. ^HO ~OO #O_ J<H J=H`=H, JH=
H#Q~. D q+ x HO\~ JO_ P_@~ [#~ (HQ)
~Ok. 2011 #O_ 2012 =~ =~ 25 ~
H`~ ~ [i 90,578 =Ok ~` M` P~
f D ij# J<H JH= [iQx 'HQ "_ ~ zOk.
~ [i# ~` M` 20 " JH="#=x, ~` J~`
x~O q+O J<H JH= [iQx 20 H =Ok
gH}O d E< 2014
41
q^~OQO
^ `~Qu sHZ(_) Q_ e`
HH~, q^kH~, sH x~}kH~ J`kH Lf~`#, Q_# Pt<~ ` q=`
_# =}H q^HO H$+ K_O ^x JO@<~ H. H~
=~ [iy# ^= `~Qu sH ~R "OQ 88

Ò e ` kOK_O QiOK^Q JOO. 5,784 ~
#~ Ò e` kOK_O WOH O`+OK ^Q JOO.
H=O 77 ~ =`" < Ò e` ~=_xH
H~} J<+OKe. J\Q D e` H~}"# l
H H ~ " ^ , q^Mk H ~ , \ K ~ H $ + x
Ja#OkOKO_ LO_O. Hh D e` f~ O`#
|\, ~# |\ LO\#_xH F `H x^~#O.
96 Ò e`` ~RO J`#` <x PHqOz#
t= Q^=i l, J` 58 Ò kOz# Jk^
l =^ =Ò JÒ` [OQ LO__xH H~}O
_ O@`, QoHOQ QQ ~ Q^=i hoz# K \
O@ ` q `~ Q^=iH, `Q_xH =Ozh
^~H 'Ju~ "k` u "q =O^kQ =$`"`_

Jk^ J_q a_ =^ e` =Ò [O.
J\Q O=`~xH H ~ A
H\ H<, H~~\
Kk" K^=, =^ J# "`
HO |_HK J}Qi# , ` ~ Kkq =#
Q_ `K< P e` =#O H=.
J\Qx P "\ ~ Kkq# =^, ^
` ~ Kkq# q^~ =^ q^ =}
`_ |#_H, |=O`_H =^ =Ò Hx#k.
J~` W" H\ O z# ^ `~Q u e `, kOz# Q_,
UO K~ è^. _ J=~ _`~, e sH HO
`HOQ `~ K~Oz# H=< ~ ^~ _ "\i
|\O \~ J#=~O, =# l< ^= #O
`C_ ^$=` K ~}= O^~x, J~ # 13.46

Ò =Ok ~} J~` O^^x, J<H H ~} O
(" H < <) ~}= HO^ [#O O^x, Q=
~} = Ok#"i 55 Ò = L<~x
"_Ok. iH~ `C_ H` ^"Ò Q=
[iyOk. K K@ ~}= _| ~` |^ "H
<< O KiOk.
~} = Ok# "iH _ JO^ O|OkOz# `
W=_O# Jqhu ~["eOk. `=# O`+_`<
~}= ` JkH~ W=_O [~Q`#k. W\H
~}= Ok# 34 Ò =OkH JO^ O|OkOz#
iH@ W=H=_" JO^ x^~#O.
90 H M` ij#< WO` ^ "Ò JH=
[iy`, "Ò M`# ije ZO`\ Jqhu, JH=
|@_` H^! WOH 'HQ P kQ xOKH =_O
=~"q\ J# qQÒk.
U K\ K<, OH= ^H "\<,
PiH~"# x~ K<, `= uxÔ =OK =~
[#O Wq_ LO@Ok. ^ =, |_
@|_^~, =["^ ^_ [<# i~H
<~. JO^ J#Q}"# q^< J= ~<~.
|_ i=^~ OH Wz# ~}# "O_ |H~
~`, x~~H P Q H\ O z ~^ K
_O JO^ Q" .
nx H_`, ~` ~}# ~^ K_O, ^ PiH

Ja=$kH P@OHOQ#, ~OQ K`<, ~` [#O
HO JO\ ~x Ò HiO^x K~O
KHO@<~. J"iH `~ ~ ^ ~`
(H=O^) W# ~~f, ~}# ije =#
~ÒQO ~} = =Ô h\@ O\k. nx
HO_O`Q K~O K_O ~ÒQx, [#
=@_".
Z~=, q`<, ~Q=O^ ^~ `yOz, a_
Oz, Lù Y~ `yOz, Qh\ H~O` @, H$u
"s` ^~ OqOK ## `yOK q^< K\ ,
O@ <"# ^~ H\ U ~` O JC
^~_Q LO__ . J@=O\ q^< J=OaOKH
=_O =< JC# ~` O ~} KeOKH
`<~.
J#i# q^<# [ QOKe. |_
i=k`, O#=~ O KeOK=#
Hk H@# Ò "O@< "i #O_ = Kx,
J=~"` "i P [Kx, ## ~`
JC#, ^ Wz# Hk\ ~}# ~^Kx,
O@ <"# ^~ H\ O Kx ~ ` OQO, Qg} @}
^ î =u~HOQ L^qOKe.
(~K~` S(ZO.Z) ~+ Hq\ )
g
42
gH}O d E< 2014
q^~OQO
LO_# HiH HO`=Ok HH~, l q^ MkH~
sH x~} f~ D e` ~A= K#q.
#~ Ò e` kOK_O HO [#=i < #O_
\K~# `H `~Q` ^~ Xu_ K JkH~ OÒQO,
l HH~, ` sH x~}kH~, H=O J`kH
Ò e` Q_ HO ` Hh =}, q=`
_# q^# JOkOK_O =~z~.
^= `~Qu sH [iy# f~ P l Q=x D
< [iy# ZxH Ò` Hx#k. "\
[=< HO^~ q^MkH~ O` ZH_H _
O@~ ", Z=~ pQ, _~"O@ P~Q
Wxl @ ~ Q LO_ =O^ x~ ~ OK x s H
x~OK_O i\Q =iOk.
H x*~fQ O=`~O JO` ~ K q^~
x*~fQ sH ~x H~< \K~ sH x~}
Qx, Wxl+< Qx J=~O x "~Q x~HiOK|_`~.
J\Q sH #_`# f~, JkH~ OÒQ=O`
H=O ^`~Qu sH @ K# ^, ~ @ Qx,
~"H} @ Qx KH =_O = s =~ =K~.
O=`~=O` `= =HQ` =, ~ =,
|O^, PO^#, sH, q^~ J#u = [iQ
`~Q`, JO^ H=O '| i K# Xu_`
x K " HO^~`, ZQ_, Q_ U^`<O
H=_O =YO J## " O=`~=O` ^# x~H O
=Oz, `= J=~`#, =~Q ~O_#~ QO@ [iQ
sH = H~OQ __O K< O. W\O\ J=
J<uH ^è ÒK_O = J q^~ K^=O>
H =O 'Z< '< Q_ `K H=_O =`" J#@, JO^HO
z\ , H H@_O , a\ ~ _H \ K _O ~ ^~}"
~Ok.
W\O\ sH q^#O Xu_H Q~=`<~# =#`,
Xu_x `yO K_O ` @, *f q^ K@O (Z<Z ) (2005,
q^ K@O 2009 "~, 6, 7 `~Q`, 8, 9
`~Q` =K q^ O=`~O #O_ ^`~Qu ~
H# =OQ =i "Ok.
=i" # H x ~ O, H` H
Q<# O` JaO =H= =`<, ^< ^` ,
sH q^#O =~O_ J q^ ^# HH `
+OKe# L^ ^$HÔ =~ ~O_ H=O,
Za_ #"^ K JOOQ q^ == =i~O^#
_xH, <\ q^~OQO J#i# q^< +O
K<~.
^= `~Qu WO`HO H#y# 11 ~ #O 9
~ (=_ + { P~ ~ " # JOH)Q x~iOK_O
H=O Hx L^ O JaO "~ P<Q
q^~ Ja Qx, ^qHOQ x K#
L^ Ja "=OQ Q ~\ = ^H
^H QiOK O_ x~~ OK_O , PK~} J= @ z` k
H=_OQ Hx#k.
WC_ \K~Q, JkH~Q xK# "O` `=
qî ^ Kkq# ` ~, W" =}
x k" f# ^H} =i=_xH H~}#
J<tOK_O ^. JOîH =#"#, <}"# 'q^#
JOk=x K# q^ K@O "\ ~,
H~~\ >H H=O "<*"O@ ~~< JOOQ
=i~Ok. A, J_+<, \K~ x=H, =,
~O, =} Uq `= \OKe# J=~O ^#
n=# Hey#k. WO^ `* L^~}Q ^~^
#Q~O H#Q`# H~~\ [=<,
L^, q^~ "q = O_ =~
HO ~ J_+# "@ y#q.
J_+# HO W W u~Q`# F = \K~
"@ kQ` Q~=O H=_x " ~K~`Q <^$+H
`=_O, i JOOQ W\ q+ O "O@< K~ fHx
q^~ , \K~ = H\ O K=x ^~^ _WX Qix
Hi` P# '=HO O|OÔ Jx ^@"_O H~~\
[=< Pk`xH, q^ == JkH~ J`xH
x^~#OQ =iOk.
W\O\ "~~ [=< Hk ~ =
K H~~\, >H SX\ O_+< =O^ k "
~"H}, tH} H~"# ` ~ q^ =}
@ JO`~# QiOKO_ H=O H#, |#
=~_O ^~ =} "~Q H=x, =~ |^
Za_ Q_ #"^ K#O` =`# q^~ Xu_
`y ^x, Jk ` ~ < , " \ H~~\ J~<
` [=# q^<#, K\, *HOH
J#Q}OQ JOîH XH ~H"# q^ P <}"# q^#
JOkOK_O HO "^@Q x~OÔQ Ò Jx
[=<x ~ e XH Q_Q ( Ò) HO^H f
~"e. ` " \ [=<x \K~ , tH}
xq`
x QO@, sH Q_, =, x k< XHQ
LO_ K~ fH"e.
` [=#O =O^Q Z~__, "\,
~ _x , =x Z, Z\, a, " ~ , #"^ "_,
H Q HO_ Jx ~e J#O^#O Ke
LOk.
~"H} JkH~e OKe LOk. l q^ MkHi
#O_, =O_ q^ MkH~ H=O ~"H}, JH_qH
JO ^$+ iOKe LOk. \K~ "q "H +< |^Q
x~O`~ =$Ò`~ tH} H @ #`# "=#
JOkOKe. q^ ~OQO H#Q`# J= ^~},
JqhuH~ H~H=, OKQO_ q^<# xOuOKe.
gH}O d E< 2014
43
q^~OQO
q^ == zH` K^#_?
~ =eH ^ H=_O, L^ JÒ, q^~ "\ ~ "
"QK_xH, ` ~ q^ == `<xH H~}=x JO@<~ ~= ~*O
O \O Q =Of Q \OQ LO> iÒ^? q^~

K^= Ke# J=~O ^? JO_ a == `
L^ J"@ __O = q^ == h~ Hi~
q~` ~ ~~ ~O> P=_ ^~O ~Qu
`<~. Ò u< H\k ~ q^ ==H O
Y~ K< P x^x _ |_^ # h~ =
=~~. q^|^ K =Oz =~ O
fik^= # L^ ~ K _xH |^H ~
=O W`~ "H ^$+ ayOz L^ =$uH
=K ` < ~. ~+O x qq^ ^q H, ^q H#`, L#`
~xO\H ~"H} O = |_O` P_~^ P@,
_~^ @Q =iOk. HhO L^ ~# =xH
~ K~H=_O Qx, ~ " =y =~ |_
L# ^Y =. POQ =z# "ix =OêOz#"~
~. rÒ H` qkOz# O^~ =. Hx l
"~xHHi K@ KQ =z#\H Q~[~ QiOz
tOK <^_ _. Q_`# ==# xOuOK=#
^<^, =O_ q^kH~, L q^kH~,
q^Y JkH~ |_H _= H> O`` =H q^
== =K `<~.
xK Q=O x"O LO@#@ ÔQ ^$gH~}
`# =iOz ` Y[< QO_ _`#\H
\ OK< "~ ~. Hx UO_ HÒ qq^ l |_H
_= H\ ÔQ O`H @# WOKs QiOz

q^Y JkH~ ~^ "o< P# \ OKHÔ>
== ZO` \ ~O^ Òk. Hx Q=
~ K=# L^_, K~ = \K~
H# " O_ J_O> HOî L^ LÔ
q^^# H^x Òk. << @OK<Q ~~ r`x
O^` ~~ q^~ ~ KO_ "\
~ ~ KC` J^# r`x O^` =$uH
Ô WOHO^~ L^ K < ~. =iHO^~ ` i
U\, c= U*O\, " H#O\, |\ ~~ `k`~
al< i Hx H\~#, ~"H} JkH~
\ OKH=_O ^.
~+O K =Ok ` L^ a<g ~`
"\ [=#Q J=`~O Zu < `~|_ ~~
q^ ZQ<=O \ ^K Q , x|O^# q~Ô Q ~~
H= H#Q`<~, ~~ \K~ "\ ~#
x~<~. u U\ ~~ ~ q^~#
PHiOK_xH Ò "\# |_O|~ H~H=x
"|_Q x~OK~. Hx ~ q^~ K~ <
J|^ H@# K ^<^ P =`<~.
Z=~ ~ K~H = O^ H@
# K |_O |~ ~ =#
f~. W Jx O` |_@ H~H=O q"#k.
=iHO` =Ok ` L^ "\ ~ WK
l q^k H ~ 'Z a H @ | _ , " _ H

sO|~"O\ H, P~qZO, ZZZ xê H=O
KH=_O` JkH~ HO^~ ^<^, #Hb
iH\` "+<, ~g` |kb H#QO_ K~
fH"e.
~ xK# \K~ "~Q# q^ O^
O, ~[H <, JkH~, " " ~e
|\ P ~ K~ "@ O_, P O`
<_<, JkH~<, WO\ x=x+ a_< xHOQ
JO^@ LO_ ` ~ < Kkg '<| ~ _ q^
~ q^<x, JO^~ O =<, =Ò =<, [O_~
=< "~~ [=< HO_ ^, ^xH =Ò x
'H=< q^<x ~OkOz J= Ke. W\O\
q^#~"# x~` @ ~x\H =Ozh,

=~Q^_, `~QuH Qk, \K~, ^# , \<,
OÒ z~uO_` @ |_ ^`Q ÔQ,
~=~}O, P@, @, H^, Ò Jh Hey#
=*x fik^ =#~ H OÔQ ~ # =~e LOk.
J\ =i# ~ =i# ~O` =i# ^#
^`` =~e# ` q^<, O~} Jx\HO>
=YOQ `= Y^"# rq`xH H~}"# ~
q^~ q +`# ~OkOK_O ^= H~= OQ HiOKQ
L^ tH}` _# 'Q_ =`" x["# e`
~=_xH ^^_`~. O> Za_ Q_ q`~O
#ey`< LO@Ok.
(~K~` Hh#~, ÒQ} \K~ ~O)
g
44
gH}O d E< 2014
==~OQO
[#=i_ O@ [#O HO H^
[# =i_ O@ = Ô L# z#, #H~ ~ÒQO` @ J<H =Ok ~`b |`
~_#_ J=HO LO^x JO@<~ ZO. <Q=}
=Q"# xO`} ==x =# Ô [#

=i_ O@ J#=ux == ~OQxH, ^j q`#
LùH =$` O\H# yOzOk Z 2 Ò.
D ` ~ O @ H ` ~ Q# ^ @
x+kOKx ~#` <#O xqOz# x} O O
_ Ja_O k. "h=^ ^~^ [iy# O K
== ^ O^~ O Q ~ *qH , ==
~OQ x} [#=i_ O@ J#=u W=~^x
PO^# "|K~. Hh, Z 2 `xH WO\
`^# `H H^ . =iHx ~A `# JkH~O #Oz
"^QH `^x è JÒ` HH"# [# =i_ O@
q+O _=_ x~O fOk. P O@ H`~
Q J#=ux#@ H\ OzOk.
` P^~Ox [# OHuH J#=` OO
(lWZ) Q^=, =i, "H*#, u` 11 O@

H`~ Q K*O_ TOk. [Ou #@~[<#
Òz, ~=~} Y#, K=~Y =Ou g~"~bH
H@ \ # `~` H H@ ~ q"# 300 *
J#=` aOK~. P ~O~ Wk =~H\ . P `~
O@ Q Ôx "` =^ UHaO
^x, "\= K~Q^#< #x x~kOK_xH ^
HhO JOK< " _xH J=~" # \H WOH J=H
~^x, H#H J#=` Ô H^x [Ou #@~[<
J\ K~. JO`H^ OH~ =O^ O_OQ L#
* [# "[O OQu `H D q+O =O^_Q
"h x~~OK~.
~=~}Y =OuQ L# [Ou #@~[<# H^x
g~"~bx JyOz#O` =`# D i` =z#
Hg+# H i _ u=O`# ` q^~ # " \

~ O |_ O|~ H~H=x `@
_<~. ~O_ O=`~ HÒ HsO#Q~ l,
A~^ L q^kHi 14 =Ok ` L^
" \ ~ ~ k # O^ H* <\ *sK#
q+O JOîH è#^. Hx W\ =~ Z=i K~
f# ^Y =. Hx ` =^ [#
^HO iQ q"Ok. ` =^ [#
ax J=Hx x^ kQqOy# ^<^
~"# JkH~ qK~} [iOz x"kH# JkH~
O < ~ . =^ [# x~ # k iOz
L^ =^ [<x ~ uO@ q^~
< L#@Q [~ " < ~. =^ [# x~,
^<^, ZOW" =H ^ q^~
JO^=# |H_ J<x JOÔ_ K<~. x^
OH KiQO KC# fO@<~x P~}
L<~. ~ `~Qu Q^, =~Q^_, HO@~
, ~@s =O\ =eH ^ OK_O`
` ~ _|_# |` |OQ# `<~.
Ò q^~ Lz` H, Lz` ^, Lz`
=^ [#O `k`~ ^# He#\H Jk
U=Ò =O^ Q_O ^. ZO\ ~~f x "\

~ q^~ OY ~Q_ xH H~}O ~~ L^Q
~"H} OK_"#x K=K#.
i~ =~
` L^ xf~ Ò u =_ <
HHi ` H ~ "H} ^~ gHO z `y# K~ fH"e.
HO | i K x L^ `y# K~ fHx
"`#O H` _ qkOKe. ~ x " _= H>
L^ `H x ==# U~@ K `C K#
"ix Hi#OQ tH W`~ _ JO\ `C KO_
LO\~. ` L^ " \ ~ k J`x
s #O_ _ Ke. ` ~ L# JH~
# `yOz q^~ # ` ~ " PHiOK qÔ Q
}oH ~OkOKe. u ~ HO@~ ,
< U~@ Ke. u < H=O Ò_ ~`
s H x~ Oz e ` Z \ H C _ `xH
JO^*e. u"~O =O_ q^kHi ~# `xv
K \zOQ Kx \K~ Hi# K~ fH"e. Ò
q^~ JOk# Lz` H, [#O, ^ =Q~
i ~ q^~ JO^qÔQ q^kH~ K_e.
(~K~` L^)
g
gH}O d E< 2014
45
==~OQO
=eH"# =~q\? P" D x~O f<H `
~O Q f# K~ q\? H`Q ZO\ xO`} ==
J=H =K~? D "\ H Z 2 Ò
^Q~ =^< =. [#=i_ O@ J=~O QiOz
=\_"~ P~^` Jk JÒ` J=~=x "k~.
HqH@H^#, ~ H}`# `@< O@ = Lù
Q}hOQ ~QÒ^x K Lù =O ZO`Q<
`QÒ^x "~O\~.
=~ k< P~ J=~ ~\O H"K Q#H
[# =i_ O@ ` D Ô `=O ^#k
JO\"i "^#. Hh =#Ô P~ ^` U~_#
=Ô Ug^x Ò xqOz# J<H JkHiH Hq\
QÒ +O K~. Q =# ^Q~ U O@# Z
O_OK è* aeOQ == J= ^. JQ
r= OHuH xO`} == =. g@x\x qiOz
ZxH =O^ |*u HOh [< ~=~
=#@ Ò J_Q # k. HhO =# ~" O@s Hq\
KO^q\ K^=# PHx _ îOK_O ^.
~"O\ JO> *= PK# q^<xH uH.
[ O|OkOz# ~~H} HeyOK H=O`"# ==
Jk. Hh "=OQ H OQ ije W"q TOKxq,
TOKx"O H=. *==x, i# ~`H
~"O\ Q}Ò` ~*OQ == J< ~` =# A@O`
fHo |*u HOh Ku \H =#O ZC_
xO J~ O. XHi U~_H ^x ik #O_
ÒKHx Q`kH~ H@ \ # U == J~< WQ
=iOk.
Ô P~ Q == [#=i_ O@ q Ò
Hey~. Qg} r=<k =~ ^|uO\~. Wk
@O| P~ ^` ^^_^. [#=i_ O@e
XHi QK JO\ K@ uiy == Ô J
^ _^ . <# ~=OÒQ LOz, O@ " K
H\#H@ H r= [# =i_ q`< = =~} ~.
~=#OQ ~O H}Oz H< O@ kQ|_ _
`yÒk. Ôx ~ÒQO 80 Ò Q =Ok, #
z#H~ ~` [# =i_ O@ =OQ ~_#_
=Ô LOk. ~" O@s Hq\ x"kH "=iOz# q+ e
Qh, OH~ xqOz# x} OO =@ Qh,
Z 2 Ò _Kq# @_O P^xH ~[H
=eH =". [# q_n_O, XHix |zQ K
WOHHix K~n, XHi H\ WOHHiH \, P H=O Q@

KC_ HO_ HO` QO O`xH yOK_"
~[HO. [#=i_ O@ q+O _ Z 2
Ò "Yi< J=OaOzOk. =["^ HOh
[< D_~_O QOQ< [# =i_ O@
H`~ Q J#=u WzOk. D H=O ~`
~ÒQO U"~< `#Hq @#@ ==iOk.
Pk" == ^` K =~ ~"#q.
H HO, =~\ HO O@# O_OK~. "i r=#
q^#O, q= H$ uH J#OQ LO\~. J~` P^ xH
H_, [# =i_ O@ q`< =# H=O
== ^` _ =~ KO^`<~. J^ =O
JO^ J=~= =^` Ò #O_ ~#C_
Pk"`~ O` =kiQ ==O OH iÒQ
=~Òk. D H=O Z=Q == ~x "#
= J<H ~HQ =^` J=~==Òk.
[#=i_ O@ Q U_ HÒ J#=`
Wz#_ ~#` < #O K# KOk. r=
^`` JO q+O *Q` fH=x
KOk. Hh, PK~} J=h iQ J= H^. J
lWZ Q ^x, U HOh, P HOh Q
`~` `#`# HàK#k. "=O WkHQ WC_
11 O@ Q J#=ue lWZ Hx +~`
qk O zOk. Q =O^ P ~R `
J#=` fH"#k P +~` XH\ . lZO O@
Q ZH_ w< <, Q < [~Q=.
|~OQ == H`< D Q [~Q`~. H#H
~=~}O f= =O _Òk. ~ÒQ OùH,
P~Q x HeyOk. Qg} == ~OQx,
== b# P ~OQ P^~_ rq# ô`,
Pk"# f=OQ #+iK =Ô LOk. nxH`_ P
Q ~"H}, ~=~}O P Q K#
=O =O\ JO# J^#O KO^ J=~"#
U~>g =. [# =i_ O@ O|OkOz# *
[# "[O ~#` < #O =K < Z@
qK~} LOk. DQ< P^~ ^~Q lWZ D x~O
fH=_Ox JO`~"q\ J~O H^. =# [
J=~, =# ^#` HH, =["^ |*u O
[< =Y=#@ ==i<~.
(~K~` Pk" L^= H~H~)
g
~K~` K# : `H}, =Hb# JO ~K# K P OzH< ~"#H< ~K~`

20= `n Q OQey`< =~\ < OzH HO ijeOK_O ^==Òk. P `~"`
=z# ~K#, JOO ZO` =Y"#^< ijeOK_O, =^} Ô K_O J^==Òk.
~K~` QiOKQ~.
O.
46
gH}O d E< 2014
=lHOO
H f~O H Q~O
Ja=$k ~` H f~ OÒ =#, O^ #, [=#~# | *u HO h
^~^Ò K, JH_ [ r=<kx HQ_`<~x JO@<~ WH ZOl
OK =`H~ k<`=O O^~OQ =`H~

OH=x HOHOK_O Hh H~=O. J~` Ò <Hx
L# i` =`H~ |` OH <q
$+O K`<~. jHO "^ <~ =~ f~O "O|_
972 Hg@~ ik U~@ K`# H Hi_~
<q D OHxH `~fÒk. D Hi_~ @ f~
O` H~ <H# f= =u~H` H~}OQ# qY,
`~ Q^=i l< 603 K^~ Hg@~ ik 1.5
H ZH~ \HqH Hi_~ x~}xH `H`#
|*u ^# ^~^Ò K_xH Ò Jx
U~@ KO\Ok. JO^ =O^Q [# =O`"
Hi_~ Ja=$k. Ò `# J=~h f~^H f~ O`
H~, g Q= *hHxH Ò "# g^
"O@H f# u"`Q ^~# =@ PO`~O,
~=~O, "= i` a#"#k. J=~O fi# `~`
kÒ` _ = H#<~x =` f~ *hHO
QiOKe.
D Hi_~ <q eÒQ f~ O` *hHO q+`
JO^H~O H##^x =, [O^ iux |\
Òk. O `#M L# =Qx, WHx,
HO ~} KeOKH` P Hk\ @H Ò
=xy~#@Q <\, P [ _Ok.
JO\k `xH U=Ò PÔ H~<, H=O
`= ~ [< HO [ r=# =} "~Q^,
^` U=Ò LHiOKx `H PiH =O_ U~@
H ZH~ JÒ` q"# qx, [ =#~# ^j,
q^j Q` @|_^~ LzÒQ ^~^Ò K_xH
OHeOK_O ~=~O Uq\? Ja=$k Z=iH? [
KO^x, [ O|OÔ x Ja=$k Z=iHO? H
Hi_~ QOQ U~@H## 70 `H PiH =O_
HO 8,144 H~ <H ~ ~, ~#
i=, WO_ ~, ^~ ~, s q^`
HO^, ~, (F_~=) QO^ ^" i= =#
25 H L^Q a x T^~Q _`# Ô\
"=O ZO`? KO^| _ "~ HOh HO H\ #
>H \ ` iu Uq\? >H \ H
L^Q=H He=x K HhO " J~< L^Q

HeOKH~# iuH ["|^s Z=~? JQ <~
l =O|O@ Q=O K< U~@ K# Jp KC
HOh xqOK|_# 7 " =Ok Hi xHOQ
= H~# ~` Ok# L^Q H=O 250
=`". D "" "Q Ò K# H L^Q
K~O x["O`? [ P#, =lH O^#
(Q~, [=#~) J#OQ Q` @|_^~
H@ @
_ xH [~Q`# `# Hi_~ O` *hHO,
=`H~ "HOQ x=iOKe. x HO g
q+` OqOK qs` i}= H H
U=Ò ^` =OK=. JO` Q< LO@O^< XH
# "`=~}O $+OK_xH * J#OQ
uH HO` =Ok "^= Ki#@ K`<~.
JÔ` x[O H^. WOH KO>, ~"_ =O_O L#
Ok Z<\ H~Q~O #O_ "=_ iqH =~
= i_ ` =$u KOk# LÔÒ, 2004 2005 PiH
O=`~O ZQ=u K# K, ~ ~xH
J= L<# <O` u O# O^~x Q~
K O> =Ozk. #x ^xH H~}"# iqH "`
Hh, Ò Hh iOK^. "ix P^< Ò HhO
=ÒQ<< K^. JO> Uk [iy< iOKeOk [.
XH" "\x u<e= P~Q =^ i` ! Z_
_ J#=`` W+"z# su |_ iqH "`
H@> J="# Q~, [ =#~ H~}OQ [#r=#
z` z<a#"< @^. P^xH =``
JÒ` O^~"# ~î =# =^ Ja=$kH
z=x q# "iH ~`, =}, =}H, =#"# [#
=^ =lH, <uH, O^ r=# q=, J~O
H=. Z^@ H OH= ^H KH* H\ "#H
#Oz r=<_# O_`# "#O Z=iH J~O H=_O^.
WH ` z=~ Q z# L^ O ` O , Wk =#^ xH
O|OkOzOk HH=K. ` O^~xH ie#n
HH=K. g q+` OqOK Q L^=OQ _
qOK#H~ ^ . J~#\H, XHi i` K*i`, J^
gH}O d E< 2014
47
q^#q=~
b == H~ *
Ô ^^Q 70 Ò H k` == W=H<, ^ ~[H < "
O^_xH #"^ K# H J~ LO\x JO@<~ z" *< |~
~`Ô <<\H kQ*~`# =#= q=#,

~*OQ OÒQOx ^# Q# 1. # ==
2. H~x~H Y 3. <Y D =_O\ '~`
~_ U qÔQ D KH|OÔ W~Hx J=#g`#
Z^~O@<_ Ò #_# 'OpH~} q+
=O ijeÔ.
~` ~*OQOx PiH 14 #Oz 32 =~ '^q H
(~ ) QiOz qOQ q=iOzOk. J#Q
P OQO Hey` "\x UqÔQ i~HOKH"
_ q=iOzOk. PiH 32 ^~ O H~ 'i\
"_O ^~ ^ ~R H~ PiH 226 ^~ =#O
<O H~=K. J~` WH_ =z# = Uq@O>,
Ò L# 'b == J<OQ, J=#gOQ,
=~= Q=x =# [, ~ JH=
H |<~Oz, H~ ^~ "ix x~OkOz, *
=Q`# "i '~ # Z=~ H~#@? J#Q
D ~*OQ ikx 'b == JkH~O L# s
KC K` xK, Jx # LO, `=H+O
=z#@ ~# JH=OQ x~Ok , H #"^ K,
H~ fHz, H~ Z^~Q [~iz# =O,
WC_# <kH~ ("l\) K =Ok HhO
xOk`` 'q=e b OOK~? Zx ~A
HO^@ J~ K~? g ~H O|OkQh, `

Qh =K~qK~? g <"kx @<
LOk. _| H `, 'H~ <"kx xqO k JO@
(H J^` <"^ LO\~) Hh =#g H}O
D ~A U <kHi ==iOK_O ^. JO` HO_
b Uq ~ J^ 'H~H Jx q, ^x U"<
O>, g~ xK, b U=Ò K~
fHO_, ^ JkH~ ~ ^ K O_, b
=` `<~.
XH " b JkH~, =~" <kH~
J=#gOQ =i, [ ~, *qH #
J_Q_Q< H~<~. J#Q '=# ~_ D
J=#g`# UqÔ Q =HO K Q_? JO`HO_ H~
^~ 'i=O_ `~eOK|_# xOk` * =~ ~H"#
'=#H O# J#q<~. WC_ * JkH~,
xOk`` Jx ~H # K~, |O Q_ O@<~.
J#Q ^~} L H~Q~ (* x[H=~
~` `H ~ LO_) Ò xqOK '~
LO@#\Hh, "~ U=Ò x KO_, xOk``<
# K~, 'A_+ H_ < ~ #
H~<~. A_+ H_x xOk` H~ ~H}
HeOKe. Jx * 'l ^ # <=i Qh "^\
`` ZO\ i}= K@ KO\ D HOk

O@## L^~}OQ KCH=K.
H< f~O XH s K=~ <H i< ~# ~@
(=^ ÔQ) 2008 #=O|~ 13# *H K~. nx`
`~K Q Oq # D O @# "#H Z=~ L<~ P~f
è# x[O OKx <~ > KOk. =e Q`
~ O_ ^Q <H# ~[H J~ ` , ~[ PiH `< =,
x~^QO, Ô`@ f~ OÒ |*u =~_=
H~}OQ |`^~= H~# *~ JO^~ ~@Q
==i<~< q+O =` P^xH, ^xH OKx
x"~ iz<, Wk "=O. D i` xHOQ =^`
_ LO^ < k |_ | * u iqH ^
qOQ__x Ò. nxH`_ =^ [ x~@OHOQ

[iy`# yOQ, = =~ J~KH K`
g~O` x =@=`<~.
W" Ja=$k ~` KOH QÔ@# ~...!
^ , P O_ x H O ^ h Q O Q ` Q
`~eOK=Kx O|~_`# |*u HOh
Jk<` ~...! g~ $+O K Ja=$k ` i}=
~ O H~ @ K` @
x "o ~# "O ` Q` O`~O
x i` ~\ ~@Q =~ =^=Ok. *
H~}OQ P O, r=<^~O H~# "~O` g #
@x iux $+OK HO P#"Ok `` *Q`.
(~K~`)
g
48
gH}O d E< 2014
q^#q=~
J^# l <=i JkHiQ LO\~. =i gi HOk
~ L^Q # H~<~O>, g~ H~#>
H^! g~q K#@?
HhO * Hh =` He<~ g~ =#
~? `qK '"# H~O xOk` [#O
_`<~? * JkH~ u< JH=OQ ZO`
Ok<~? JH=OQ ~ U^< H W~O>
"~ Z^~< H JhWh H=. D Ô ^^Q
70 Ò H, b b +# '==
=iOKHH, "~_y #O` W=H ^ ~[H ^~O^~
"CHO ^ = `# O` b #"^ K# ".
^~~O Q, ~ *qH # H~#" Z= Ò.
=i g@xO\H Z=ix ^# Ke?J#Q [
"~^~O@# ~ 'J}z"` uQ '~@O
` =~H i~ =~O ^. H^@, WO` J=#g`
~*OQ|Ô Q H#Q`#C_, [ `=OQ,
D ==xO\h t == =~ HO ZO` HO`
Ò Ke# ^` LOk.
~*OQx i~HOKe# '== ~*OQ #
H~O> ~*OQ i~H} HO =iO` f="#
~\x H#yOK=# J=~O LOk. Z< ~\
^~ '# kOK# [, P
J_Q_Q< H~ |_Ò> Z\ K LO\~?
=["^ 'q+ OpH~} q+ =O <\
~*OQ ==h xK<~. D ~*OQ ==h,
J=#g`#, J*qHh, Jqhuh Oz +OK
H# H#y<~. '*=O J`#` ~O
OH= ~[O ("~ \) |^Q 'J~KHO kQ,
~`^ O *qH == ~H # KO^`<~.
Ô Wk XH ^ OHxH îf iu <HOk.
L^~} ~` ZxH O O 'O uu Q OQ
JOîH `. J~` Jk ZO`=~ D Ô [~Q`#
ZxH, ~[H s, J~ K# JH=,
=Ô, _| O}, Q$H~} O}, p~, *H@,
@= O}x JiH@QeyOk. ZxH x|O^## Z=~
\<~? x|O^## JuHq# "ix U qÔQ

tH<~? J SZZ, SZ ZxH i@iOQ
JkH~, `~ ZO` =Ok ~[H s
JfÒQ, xHzQ ==i<~? [ #Oz =z#
~ ^ @ 'ZxH O O fO@# K~ x? W\=
[iy# =x [_\ , ZO\ ZxH [iy#
JH= ZxH OO p ZH~ JkHi (WX),
~R Q=~~ U qÔQ OkOK~? =x ZxH
J~ =^, u =x "~# b JkH~
_| = K~J#Q eOQ ~A b H~O
P J iH LO@Ok. OQ Hx H ~ =x
JkH~, b JkH~ He = K # @ ~ ^
K#\H K~ =. eOQ HO^ =^, [ HhO
=Ozh = Hh, b JkH~ a~h \,
k K|_# h~ K|_Ok. =i WÔ` ZxH
x|O^# q~Ô H^? [ _ ~[H s
q+=O zHx, `= =eH = i~O HO
~@O K _xH, J*qH K~ #, J=#g`#
ZkiOKx ûxH <@|_~. D ~*OQ ==
[# =iO` Jqhu ~Q fik^_xH Lq~
`<~. JO^ Ò xK# ~[H Hh
H~}".
~*OQO K`# 'O uu OO _ D
Ô U<_ q"Ok. ZO^H#Q x|O^# Zx
L#\Hh, "\x iQ J= KQeQ JkH~,
\OK ~[H s LO_e H^! "~ z Jqhu
~Hx ~# "~~`, D == =~^\? H|\
ZC _ J=`` ` , D == =u~HOQ ~_ `
="H==`, J#xÒ, =## =#O i~HOKO@,
H`< * ~\# xiOKe. * ~\H D
== `Q` ~. JC_ JH_ L# Jx J=H}
#,
Jqhux, JH=#, J*qH`# ìqH@QO.
'ZH_ ~@O LO@O^JH_ `QO LO@OkJH_ K=
J<k XH ^~} O@# J<_ =".
g
(~K~` X_P~ ~R Hq\ )
= ""H rqÒ ~O" J~ à iK# O^~OQ

q`, a+OîH H$`[`
gH}O K# H$+H Ja#O^#` ~. 5000 q~O
^H~ ~ K#
gH}O d E< 2014
49
O~}
D `| ~
"M H+H" J#@ <_ ZH - 47 ~ f="^ Ku îxQO H=_O ^h, Jk <_
H =~ K`< îxQO J=Ò^h JO@<~ qO
~== `| ~ Q Mu QOz# 'ZH - 47 ~H~

J~# "M H+H" `# 94= U\ 2013, _O|~ 24#
H# =~. ZH 47 `~ H=_O, ^xx LyOK_O
20= `| kf~O< [iy#\H, P "` `|
#`# `< ^H OKOk. ZO_ "#< QH ^= ^ o
_ U J_O O_ Z@=O\ "`=~}O<< `=
Q =~x i, PHH ^_` ` QO_# Q
=x, ZO\ `H `s^ O_< Ju =Q P~\
J ^x x~} `# K, ^x P~\ K "i<
Q^, K"ix ` O =O` =Q # QqO k. H =
=C_ Jk îOK LQ~O QiOz U <\ q# ^ H`
K# "~=~< J|~ "O^H =#~. i~"# OHuH
i*#O` OKO< Mu QOz# qÔQ J ~#
~H # K# O^ x[OQ< H+H"# Ja#OkOKH ` ^.
JO^H ZH - 47 =~~Q H+H" ~ J< ~zOk.
1919 ~x ai OÒ [xOz# "Y
H+H" ~ O_= O K Ô P~O" # "^\ O=`~O<
JOîQ `# =`$^ ~H} HO Z~#O Ki ~O\Q
`# ^`# x~OK_. "^\ #O_ P^ @
Jq`H L# H+H" `# 28= U\ 'ZH - 47 J< P\"\H
~# OKxH JOkOK_. = =ki U |_ _
P^ @ PH U=Ò `Q^. `# 82= U\ _b
[iy# JO`~f z# P^ ^~# qK# O^~OQ
F uH ux^ ="O =\_` `# ZH-47
f="^ K` îxQ==`#^x ^x` J=H
[ `=`<~h, ZH-47 ~ # z# ` O P~ \
K_O JÒ` qK~H~"# q+=x `# f~x P"^##
"e|K_. _O|~ 24# H+H" =~}Oz# O^~OQ
=["^ JO@HQ g_ =m J^ K~x ~\Oz
K~O KOk. P^<q JkH~O L# H=~ ^Q~
` JO> +OK ~[O ^Q~ ` W`~=i ^Q~# Jk
<~" J=Ò^<k D K~ "#H L# J LÔ. ZH47 ~ ~Ok# HO <\ ~[H i`# Q=#OH
fHO_ =#O U x~xH =z# Jk `^" J=Òk.
~ Z~# O `# f= ##kQq Oz 1945 <\H ~ O_=
OK ^ JOu= k< @~ <# H
K= Hi, `~ ~ ^# q=H Qq [~hx
i< #Q~O =~ ~QqOz @}Ox Jx `
50
H~# `# n#OH fOk. q\ Z~#

~O@ J~# H+H" <H` |$OÔx HO^~
F H~ =<x n#O KHx ^xH xO\O_Q
H+H" "ix x=iOK~. P =#Ox `# xtÒQ
ijeOKQ P =#O z# P^# Ja=$k iK i^#
H~ =#OQ J~"Ok. "O@< P Hy`#xO\x
=@Q\ = fH o }OQ J^ #O K_. ij#
[~h XH q_~Ol J ~ (=^ ~Ol P\"\H ~)
`s HO ` K#@ J~"Ok. ` Qx
PHqOKO^Q# `=` `_ =M=dQ [iQ =~
^, ` QO ^ q=< ^~ ^ OY
O| =~O iOz `^~ s Z`# qÔx $+Oz,
P `~ "` ` QO qye~# XH\ J~ ` x #
J ~` ~_ iOQ ^~ J}Q^H "<k ^x
^HO. [~h q_ ~Ol ~# XH Z`Q_ PÔQ<
Òz ^xx `s K_xH #Ok. D q_ ~Ol
J ~# `~ K_O ^~ Ô û ^
`#, "\ #x `yOK_O ^x =Y LÔ. J~` [~h
F@q OK Ô =y_O` D ^HO "ÒQ
Hy`H iq`" ~Ok.
û ^` =~ ^xH kQO_< Z^\ Hx
JÒ` P^xH"# PÔ` ^ Z`# qÔxH QiK,
`^~ J ~` ^_ K U ^<< [~OK=K#<
K~ <_ =["^ ta~O H#QÒk. J"iH< =[
"^ <_ W@=O\ q^<< H#y# =O@ L^~}Q
W~H, Jx < ^_# ~O@, "\< #`# Z`Q _ Q
Ja=i < ~. ` Qx WOK qOKQ PHq û
^ ~QqOK_O HO_, P^xH"# ~ *\ ^
q=<` QQ# Ò #O_ O|#, q # ^ Z`#
*~q_z, Hx =Y"# @}# ^ _H~~# f=
qÔO =OKu, "\` qQ` O` =#x ^|
u< K, U^ Hk \Q qye# ` x# J
~ ^~ x~eOK_O ^~ P ^# n#OH
`KH=K#<k D "^#. WO^ s qÔH P^`
@ ~ J ~ =Y`# <HK`<~.
J~` @}# ^ _ H~~# |~H=_O ^~
HOÔ JkH~x Oz#\H, ^x O~ q[OQ
qOKO. JO\ q[O H"#k, `èH"#n#.
gH}O d E< 2014
O~}
ZO^HO>, P Ôx q~"# O` WOH qye~
^ KK^~ ~ L# P ^ x `= Ò
e~#\H, `= ^Q~ L# P^` ZH_HH_ `"
ÒÒQ ^~H=} ^~ =u~HOQ u@# kQ
J=H=Ok. WO^ W~H, Jx< [~Q`# Z_`Qx
u@# `* L^~}Q KH=K.
WH_ J ~ QiOz HO` KH"e. i^
[iQ =~ ^ Z^~|^~Q H [~_O HO
LyOK ~ ~Ol HhO =_ =O^ Q* =~
LO@Ok. J@=O\ ~# "~< \ ~ (O_~
~) JO\~. ~`Ôx u <\ f, ZZP~, Q`
~ <QO` ~ D H= KOk#". g\ ~Ol =_ =O^
#O_ =_ =O^ # Q* =~ LO@Ok. "~< \
~ H JkHO H|\, H [i#_ ^x iH~eOQ
_ JkHOQ< LO@Ok. `\ e# ui ~ ~
" H ^ H H `C Òk. =~ `\ H##_
~# =m Z~" K He LO@Ok. WO`\ H Q
~# x|_, *xH ^#Q @Hx ^ #_"`
~_Q H [~` J_< H=_O, =O^ ^
"_O Ô H^. \~\ ~ U =Ò x=H HO\
` TyÒk. JQH ~_Q H [~` PH=}
iÒQ =O^ ^HO> "~< \ ~ HO>
HO`H `= LO>< J ^==Òk. [~h îH#
` <^~O KHx H+H" ~ `\ Hx `yOz
(J - kOz) ^x ~Olx ~O_ Q* iq`=
~x _*< K_. J^ J - H+H" - 47 (ZH 47)
~Q ~ ~Ok. J JO> JO^~ J#O@#@Q
PH=} (^_) i`"# J< J~O HH kOK|_k H
J}K|_k Jx J~O. J~` 65 O=`~ ^x PH=}
i`"# PK~}# Q=x, J J< ^xH PH=}
i`"#k J< J~O ~=_O J"^g ^xOk. e<
Wz# J#=u` 1947 _*< XH J~, P "#"O@< ^x
Lùx "^@\~.
[~hx =\HiOz ~O_ OK Ô q[
`H<Q~ "# P<\ q\ x< i^ ^`
s` ^ JO`~` ^` s` Qx J ~ J=~O ^<
KH"e. J~# P<\ JO`~f q= iux ^$+
LOKHx e< "\ `sH J#=uxK_. ~O_ OK
Ô [~h, [< F_<, <, a@< Qez#\H
=["Ô Q |# _ ~Ok. ZH_HH _ [ ^_
_# =u~HOQ ~\H kQ~. = ^
Ò`^=, q=H ~\ aH~. x~O
, * =u~H ` [ ^ ~}
Ò kQ~. OK "OQ J<H ^ q"K# O,
^ Q, ~ O _ =O^ =K~.
*` K#, ^ Ò`x, [ q=HH ~_
Q~. D J^` iux ^$+ LOKHx, |"# `=`
`_ Qi, u~Q@ ^~ ZH-47 ~ PH=}
iÒQ "~ ^_ K qÔQ ZO` LQ_Ò^x

qOz, JO^ "\x ^ Z`# `~ K "iHOkOK_O
`= JO`~f ^ `Q, q=H O` H~= OQ `z "O@<
Lù "Ôk. J ~# [~h, J"iH =["^
^~H=} HO LyOK# O>, ^xH a#OQ e<
<H`# q\ x< =Ò _` [# q=H H OQ
^xx LyOKOk. XH =~O Ku Jk ^_,
J}z"` ^"` J^ =~Hi Ku q=HH ^#"Ok.
1917 ~ q[=O`"# JH|~ q=O, OK
+e q=O XH =O^_Q =`"#x, P =O^_#
~ ~KO^ `= JO`~f H~=OQ OK "OQ
[~Q`# Jx ~\ `# i =^` W"< x~xH
~+< HiH =~O =zOk. "^\ #O_ HiH =~ JO`~f
`# xHK# ~+< HiH=~O, OK +e q=
q[xH =~ O` (<) x~iOKe# H~"#
H#y =zOk. 1917 " @ " ^ @ Q Jk H ~x
KlHOK# ~+< HiH=~O OKOx _` [#OîH
JO_Q x, J~"# su `# H~#
"iH JOkOzOk. q\ PiH == WOH ~ _H~
#\H q= `x ^ Z`# KiOz _` [
K`#=O`, O\`= H$+ KOk. OK "OQ
L# q=H~#, H=x# =_= WO@~+# Oz
JO^ SH=, "iH ÔuH i*<x JOkOK_O
x< H$+ =~=xk. Jx ~H =^` x=_" QH Ô Q
` W`~ U ^` ^~ _ HiH=~O JkH~x KlHOK
H=_O Ô H^x, 1921 `+O\ ~` H=x s
#H ==H uxkQ qK# ~* =O^ `
x< OQ, ~` u~Q@# "y~~KO^H F ~
y xO_ P^# JOkOK~. JO`~f O==<k
H=O iq`"#k QH PK~} K x~OK~.
x< `~"` =~ O` q= H~"x e<
<HÒ q\ x< `# *H`Hx Z\
q#~O H#yOzOk. ~O_= OK ^xH =O^
#O_ O KOx J<H q"K# O , u~Q@^~,
q"^= `HOQ PiH, iH H~` @ @#
Hk q= `x =kOz OK _` *hHO O}
KOk. =YOQ q=H HO ~_`# O q=
q[xH K~=, JkH~x H=O KH< "\H ~H
=O K~O^ ^ Z`# P^ #OkOzOk.P<_
=" <HÒ H#Q`# K< q"^=xH "^\
#O_ i^ QO_ ^ Z`# P^# =O^QO_#
JOkOzOk. ~O_= ^ PYi k< q\ Z~#O
`~ " ~QqOz, [< =["^ <x
=\H i Oz, Oy~# [< x #O_ n#~ K#
~O_#~ H P^# =" <HÒx Z~<xH
JOkOz# q+O Ki` =iz xk. K< q=HH [iy#
JOu= Ô D P^ KOQH+<# F_OK_O HH
` =OK~. K< q= q[xH O|OkOz J#eOz#
gH}O d E< 2014
51
O~}
=Y"# JO K< *H` ^x O~ =^` _
LO__O XH\x =#O =iz_^.
~O_= OKÔ =y W@ `~ ~, J@
J#uHO< K< q=H kOz q"# +e ta~O
U~_#\H e< <HÒ q= q[xH =~ O`
H~"# x~iOK_O z=i =~ ^$_OQ< xez LOk.
JO^ QOQ< H+H" J ~# `~ K
OKOx u~Q@^~OîH JOkOK#<_..
H+H" `# ~# PH=} i`"#kQ `~ K,
e< ^xH _` [# q=H Hx x~tOK_. 1947 #O_
ZH - 47 ~ Lùx ~OaOz ^Z`# "\x OK
"O Q L# Q i "O@"O@< JOkOK~.W#=# èK
qeOQ q+<` Lù PO J=` LO__O` OQ
(JK) q+<` s Z`# Lùx "^\ =O^, "
H QH H@ OY Lù H#yOk. H=O J~^~
O=`~ =_ H@ ZH - 47 ~# `~ K
JO^ J`kH `x OKOx u~Q@ ^~OîH
LzÒQ JOkOK_O W OKO Jx =H D ~
H~Ok. JO`QH, =["^ ^x >O\
QO_ `= `" `~ KH< qÔQ ZH - 47 ~
OHuH i*<x +e ta~Ox Jx ^ JOkOK~.
H+H" ~# K< HO` =_ K ZH - 56 ~`
`~ K#k. e< =~}OK ^H, OK +e q=
H OQ ~+< HiH=~O _ `# =izxk.
20= `x, ^_ _# #O_ q=HH y# ~\
`|OQ< KH"e. D q=H ~\ U XH YO_xH,
^xH iq`"HH OK "OQ< H#Q~. ZH_`
~\ Ou` ^`# ^\ ^ O~}
îf, JH_ _ ZH ~ `H "Ok. 70= ^HO
|@H *=xH , J"iH< =["^ @` `#
JOQ~H `# JO`xH X_Q_`, Oy=_O HO> K=_O
"x, _H Wz# ZH - 47 ~# K|x z=i
=~ ~_ } q_z# zb ^^_# JO_ #O_
"^Hx J"iH< =["^ JOH~ i` ^~x
iOz# PM^ <_# X=a< _<` ,
^Q J@ + =["Ô`# W@ J"iH<
=["Ô`# Z_`Qx ~@O K# Ò` #
J< è# =~ ZH ~ ZO` u `"#k. Jk W~H
JO`~Ô Q"Ok.Ye<H ~ ^"O }_#
aO^<, DOH ~_# `q , Y~ HH
= Qi, =e PHe Q# , P*nH
~_`# Hjs _ ZH } ^" # ^. ZH x ~@O
Ô > J~ _eOk ^ . e< PtOz#@Q ZH ~\,
u~Q@ OH`"Ok. ZH ~x ~_ iOQ, Dr
"Hx[O (rx) =xH O\ Q} L^=H~#
PHi, P L^=H~, g~ `Q "i |e^< ZH
=<# `z\~. ZH `# `#Q ~ M` OkOK
^ . ^x# yOz# "i =< ^xH ~ M` =K<
52
q+O Q~OKH"e. ZH î `# PÔ H^. x[OQ

Jk u~Q@ PÔQ ~ OkOKOk.
U K Ò`, ~[H H, =# ^
Z ~, P ^ P = `Q#, "i
P`|e^<# _ H~`~. ^=O> `=#
x~eOK_O XH> H^. `# _ K= O^" LO__O.
PÔ "i H ^# XH x=@Qx ~O H^.
=~ } O =x+ K <xH PYi O\ k . q = H~ = ~
H#~@ OkOK Q}=# ZH ~ # q_z XH H} "<
LO_~. ~u `= H< _H\ K
~Q x^ `~. WO`\ Pf`# K q=H~#,
L^=H~# H+H" xOkOK_O KhO.
H+H" =@ L<, x[OQ< H+H" ~, `#
H ^# Q_ Ò^< KH"e. <_k ~OQ =i#
+ =["^ ^Z `# # K i > |OQ~
` Q_O\k. JO`~f P^ =~@ Q
_=O_ L# ~ `~Ok. @=x 20 " ~
Lù Y~ _ ~x ^x ^~, JO`~f =~\ <_k
H ~ `#k. WH H =~\ J~` k
H `"< ^~H_O ^. OKOx J<H ^,
`= ^ [~Q`# q"^=#, [ u~Q@#
J}z"_xH Q# ^Z`# ZH - 47, ZH - 56 ~#
kQ=u KO@<~. ~`Ô _ WO^ U=Ò
"#H|_ ^. 2008< 60H@ ~# zOz P~
" ZH ~# ~ #O_ H#Q KOk. 2012 =~
28" J ~ Hx, "\ #O_ 18" ZH `#,
="~# J}z"O^x H\~OzOk. =m W_
2017=~ ~` JO^ <Q H J~" ~O_ " J
~# ^HO_ " H@ ~` H#Q KO^
XO^ KOk. D J ~# #O ^~ H#Q
K~, g\ LQO i^ ~H}H#x |H~#k.
ZH# ~`^ " H^ O KO U Ô _ i^ ^
"_#@ ZH_ P^~ =. Wq i^ ^`H J#_O
z J|Ô . ~` x H |Q ^x J#|O^ ^ |Q,
~ ^ |Q, QO_, HO\ `H ^
|Q, P*n HO ~_`# Hj~ [ "^ q
H q=H H~, [ [OQ [g< H~ L^q# _`
[ J}z"` g\x Ly<~. x#QH "#
~<Q_, Z_"@ q`< O_Q ~A# [=Q_#
J=H Pk" *hHx, z<i # ZH ~`< He
KO# q+O WOH Z=~ =iz^. f="^ K`
H^ H^, <_k ` ^ |Q K`< îxQ
==Ò^<k +OQ è~Ok.
<_ OKO +e ta~O H~#\H, H+H"
~ Ku J}z"` HO ^#O LQ_
`#\H, L^=H~, q=H~ =Ò ^#=~O WOH
fi^x#k. D g^ ^ _ _##O` =~
^#=~O `^"? U^"< D q+x Ki` è.
(~K~` =lH H~H~)
g
gH}O d E< 2014
=lHOO
[#`# ~~ * "Ô
Ò Pk" Hh "^ O JOkOKH=_O = J[ =~} Q~=`<~h, "iH
[#`# ~~ "^ O JOk# f~# `= i^# ^~ `<=h JO@<~ #\
< z~H @} q`_H# <` K HOQ ~

_` LO_<_. J^q@O> '<HHi `HOQ '"#
K_h, =\_h LO^h H|\ "` He =\_
U~@ K=x <` ~. Q Dx KQey _
U~@ K_O ^x < P~}. ^"OQ 'P~+<
w<O\ ~` ~[O ~_ [, " *qH
PHOH ~= J< ~"# ^x H#y# <\
i` "` He U~@ KH=_O JO` "#
x H^h < q`_H _ è<, D=^ HO =^
~` =<Oz g# `= `=~ HOz
~ @=^x qH=~_ < "O@__O` ZQ
î îHOKx F =~# W^~O He Ô_H
=#OH #=O.
<<H [~e# H#H < [#O <Ok. ~_xH
F q+O ^~Ò^<k. < =$us` K O=`~Q
|~ OÒ x K LO__O` JH_ Pk" [
=\_ H+ =K Q#H ^ J=~O H~Ok.
= Ô_H~} ~@# q ~` OKH=_" D
" LÔ.
Ô_H~}OH " =O^ < q`_ QiOz HkQ
K_O J=~O J#O@<#. J`# F @}O =Oz
~# _H~. "^\ =* ~OQ W^~O |^=u~O.
= O~}OK "q^~O =Oz `=O. <
q`_ "^\ X\ ~~ rq. `# K^=, L^QO,
O^#, @O| +} W" ~ O. qQ` H=O` QOQ
He< `#H O @H k. <<" HO =h <=#x
QeH =h <<uH `yeOK<\x. [<,
* =<, * L^=< ` H<\x. J<H
O=`~ K~ O, = O ~} `~` q`_ < îH
~=_" HO_ <HO> ~O__Q =O^ #_=_xH
^__" < K O`x HeyOK q+O. W^~O
=O^ #O_ H ~QO H=_O _ ==e "=
W [ H # x KQ =KH=_xH K `__Ok.
D =^ <HO> ~O_ Z" K^=`#@<_. JO^H
Ô_H~}O ~_x ~ H$+_ Z^Q`#
'`= <x K__xH JH_ <HO@# #`#
== "^ ~OQO xf~# ijeOK_xH < q`_
f# x~
" = ~ @# ~}. J`x L_O> ==e
@}OOz Ô_H~}O J_=H HzOk.
_ HO_ "^\ L# H~O^ ~ ky ==e
eH fH e# Hi~` He }O "^ \O.
< '_ ^Q_# KO_ Jx a._.~ ~#
H O x q+ Q~ ~Q~. Kf Q _ ~+O U~_H
=O^ =^^ x L=_ |~ l a._.~ HH~Q
xK_. Pk" QiOz ~*OQO O^ iz#
e `" LO#^h, ^xH x~#Q `# ^qH
~r<= K Pk" H # K@| ^ ~@O K K =$^_
~<, K@O ~# q+ e =Ò Ò` J=
K~OKH _. Pz HOKO =O^H Q < Z<ZO_
J< ^H~ ~ H#|_Ok. J~= ^HO D `
~OQ O _ W# Q#e ~OaOz W\ =~
W~" S^ H KC# JQ= (K=H) ^~ =_
W#=# [< =["^ H@_`# =#
#` Q~ =zOk.
Ô J<H z#, =^ ~HO S~<, HOh =~\
=_ W#= H~`` =`|_ Ò_Q =# H~
KHQ q^j | ~+ HOh ~E =O^k @#
=_ W#=# K~"_x Z J~O KH"e? Jx
=# J#O@O_Q< = =O^ #O_ ` " O@
=_ W#=` xO_# KO`_O` _"# ~ qY "
~Q fOk. Q Q` Hk O=`~Q Z~ J< HOh
W# ~[## `= Y~` `~eOK ^HO` H~O^
#O_ qY =~ < xiOz }x Hz# #n h`
He "O ^~ W# ~[# `~e< ~. D HOh
~q ~ J< |_ @|_^~xk.
Z~ HOh ^@x He#_H# "# = _"
` u K _ HO_ W#=# `~e J^ xQ
Q#Q^ u~Q`# \ ~ Hx < ~.HO_e KO >
H<O_ HÒ D OÒx XH =# K# =@
Q~K~. D HO_ _ J< ~ ZO^ HzOk?
^x J~O UO\? ``# J_y` P# W ["aK_. D
HO_ ^~O #O_ K Z^~O Hx~. Z^
T~x On _ JO\~. J^ H=OQ "_H +
_Q ~_Ok. < z#`#O _ HO_ QO
gH}O d E< 2014
53
=lHOO
Z^~O H#|_k. WC_Ô` ìy ~Ok. <
=#=, =x =#= HO <\H D HO_ LO@O^!
P#" _ O_ =O K|_ Ò^! è^.
J< =@ Q~ ~Q< x[OQ< D HO_e =m
K_" " J< T K |~=Q `zOk. H~ P HO_
K H #= JH_ x|_ #. U"! H$ u
q_! U O^~ ^$O x#H_ HÔ_ H\ _O^
Qh Ò^~Q ~ =# P= =Ò^x < q`_
HH_O` JH_ #O_ | ^~O.
Hx QO@ #_KH Hk ^~O \ QQ KC _
q#|_Òk. ~Q H K` H_x H J@
f~x | ^~Kx `~`~Q #_z #kx K~<O.
f~ K h Z~ ~OQ` ~HO =<~. Jk K
P~O` < q`_ ==e fH # Hi~ # J_Q_.
Uq\k? J_q K" # Qe, h ^~Ò\~ Q^?
D #k h" iQ Z~ |~^Q<? Hi~ #q
J! Hx ^ HO^ g~#=@ JH~ x[O. ~qQOKx
K@ ^# @Q =["^ JH _Q HO_ Hx *QO@
O_ ~# <\ i` Jk J~`". ="~
L^=O |OQ L# Hx O` =`" ^= @|_
"tOKH ~Ok. Jk K~|_x K@ =`" H+Ò
Hx Qe, h~ qye LOk. _ W# Q# ~O
=H =~ ^~h D è~ #kH =^ Ò__O `
#n [ H+`" Jq "\ H xH ~O_ ~.
#kx =Ò^ ìy ~Ok. #k h `y#
~Q K<~. =#+ _ ~H~H
K~~Q =<~ Jx K_. Hi~ K^= #"_,
On + =z#"_, HO` ~[H i*#O L#"_
H=_O` < q`_H + = P@OHO H^. iH^
K\ H|~ =Oz J=HO îH#@~Ok. #k Ò^~Q
^> OÒ =~H Q@ HOk Q=xH K~x Hi~
K_O` #_H "QO OKO.
< KCiQ u~Q_O J"> Qx < q`_H #_H
J"@ ^. Q@ kQ`#C_ *i __O` "H
H@H~ ~HO H~`#k. q`_ "H @x
~<_. =#O Z~_ H "O@ `KH"e LO_
JO@O_Q Hi~ H"_ *HO Kx HOQ~ _HO_
~! Hk ^~O< T~Ok. JH_Ho` "Ô ^~Òk.
JH_ #O_ [#`# ~~ Pn#Ox OÒ "^=Òk.
D ~uH JH_ qOu fx `~u }O ~ "^
_Ô J#_O` q`_H ~# }O z=z#@~Ok.
Hi~ `# ~=` _H~ "HeH H@H\_. Hk
#_KH T~ K~<O. P ~uH XH WO\ = =u
U~@ K~. T~ z#^. # WO_<~. Jh Q_`
H# i Q_. "=# WO\ =O^ F =~ LOk.
JO^ =HO "^~` Je# ~O_ =OK~. J^
= ~u q_k O. WO\ K@ q"# P=~} ^x
54
K@ `_H` H\ # O_s LOk. WO\ =O^ ~O_ zO`

K@, F =q_ K@ =~ <Q^ rQ K@<~.
"`=~}O P^H~OQ LOk. Z=~ =# JeH_Ok. WO\
[=< T~H ~ =#@<_. J`x "#H Z~Q
^Q L# J=~ #=` O JO@ K~
JOkOzOk. "= O JO@ K~ HeO. D" D
Q= _H~. ~ H Jx Hi~ iKO K_ =
^xqk LO\". K~ Op WC` 'Uk ZH_ ^|
`yeOk! KOK JOk. ="_ O\ H =_z "H
KOK_. P" Qx O K P~O\"O\ \ H@
H\ Ok. F \.\ WO*H< _ WzOk. < `Q_xH ~O_
~A i_ Qb Wz Jq ZC_C_ qOQ K
"o~Ok.
UO~! W^ "^\ \\"O\ h, Wk =~HC_~<
K~OK<"? J<# <#. | "Ô KOk~ J=~
JO@ <# |îy# #O_ ZC_ U ~Q= ~^. W^
<# "~OK# "^\ k J<_. ="_ _H~ J<
OQu ZH_ K^#<O. P~A ~u Q= ^~
K q+ `<O. D T~ U l ik H =O k
Jx J_y` t= |~ Jx K~. KfQ_ = t=
|~ ~Q l ^ Q^? Jx < q`_ J_y` Jk
s ~~ #H. = ~~ H H~O =k t= |~
l J<~. q"^=O "` @ O` QoH
~~Ye _ =i"O^h Z=~ ZH_ ~Ok Kkq#
*HO =zOk.
Hk\ H U_xqk =Ok =f = =z
O K~. JO^~ ÔQ< L<~. HOî ^Q~
|~~O_Q =iHOî ^Q~ q }<~. JO^
XH# `# `# qb+ H=O_~Q iKO Kx
g ~H} ^` =k. g~ xtO`Q LO_O_. "O O\
_\H "<O. U^< =Ô LO> Q WO. T~
qye# H"_ q=e ~H` O`xH `~e~x K
"o~. A_O "^#\ #O_ Q=x `
^_ #O_ ~HO KH=_xH O\ K # @ K~. Q O`
XH K O\ K ~Ò` =~ K O\ K=x
K~. T~ Q= ~HH Ô, OH qb+, qb+
@ < J< =_ ~H x~}#@ K~. `= K@H
S^ Q= He `= 'OK~f [#`# ~~ #_O^h
f ~O_O_ HHi ~~# Z#O@#@ K~. Q`
U_xqk O=`~Q f="# ` ^_ =^ _ `=
~~ K K^~O_ #_#^h `= T~# `=
~O_~ H\ < [O` q+Q ~~ H~O`
Q=x #i~}O K<O Jx K~.
`= Q=O #O_ [#`# ~~ Hq\ XH uxk
L#@ K~. ~~ qQ u qQO `= Q=O
`~# XHH uxk L#@ K~. W"QH Q=O
Ô_H~} Pk" ~ ` e O O, HOuHi Pk" =
gH}O d E< 2014
=lHOO
OO, K`< <@=OK, OO "^# x~}h
L#@Q K~. " K# H~O K =s =
gi# =$ê =k qye# "O` U^ XH x~}O
O\`" L#>. P ~` Hk=Ok ^ = =e
"` =\_ U~@ K~OKx "` Q`H "Ô
uQè QiOz `<O. `= [=< ~Q
Z=Q =_ ( ` "^ ) g^< P^~ _ "= x K~.
ZC_< `xi i` K= |` =^ @
"e = ~yx =OKO _H\ =OK< H=_Q
H~ `yeOKx W^~ =#+ KC# " HO_H
H~O ^ fH =~ î< }O k. WC_ [#`#
~~ U~@ K#\ #O_ iu K =iO^x
K~. ^ =~ =\_ _H =O^ <
q`_HH OÔ =zOk. W=h q+ WO` YO
Y Z=iH |_` "iH K` #+O H^! Jx =# =
"YO èO_< Wx q+ K~ Q^ Z? Jh.
W^ q+x "= Hi~# J_QO. g~ =K q+O
" =O^ ` = [#` # ~ ~ ` e * O ^ h , U
q+_y< è# "~ KO_x =O^ K\~x
K_. O> D \H q=e S_Q J#=xOz
LO> J~K LO_"x K_. < _ g~ Z=ix
H=O> "# He U~@ K=x ^ =O^
K~. " W`~ # L#O^# u~Q }O<
q=e H=_O ^~Ò^x K=<~<_. JC_~
"Ok [#O ZO^ WO` Q Jx q+ K`<~.
ZO` OH L<~ H^ g J#<O = "= W^~ O .
^< x# "Ô K# H` He U~@ K<O.
P" K# q=~ H~O @O|O ^ `~ `<.
z#C_ =_= `~Qu KkqOk. WO\ =^ Q_ H_xH
Z=~ H =_O` èÔ_ K^= =xOK~.
OO, K`< <@=OK x KOk. Q` ~O_
O=`~Q T~ _H~ ^` x~#k. OKf
[#`# ~~ "^Y ~eQ `= Q=xH uxÔ
=#k. f ~O_ O=`~HHi Q= [i
JO^ [#`#~~# Z##C_ J=~x |\ U_
#O_ `qk qQ (Y) e _ Q=<
Z#O\~x KOk. = "^Y S^ Q= #O_
S^Q~O L<O. =Y J^_ ~~ Hq\ _Q
_ L<_. ~~ x~ = è* J=
[~_xH, = Y ^H ^H ~~ KiOz `y#
x~ K_xH gQ W LO__O =Oz ÔQ
LO^x `~` He# "^Y J^_ K_.
H `# * Qi #O Ki x Kx LO^h
~O_ O=`~ =O^ [#`# ~~ =O^ `# u^#
\O^@. J~` h = z#k. ~O_ O=`~ _H~
x K~ `~` ZlZH OÒ J<~@ ~~ ".
WC_ ~O_ O=`~ iH=#O^# Di ZQ<
Q= =~HiH _H~ ^èz ## ZlZH

O~x KOk. D =@ K#C_ P" "YO
O`+O` "ey~Ok. D ~O_O_ _H~ x HO`
J#=O =z LO@Ok Q^ h. #= ZlZH `
Dx Z=~ K~? P"~ g Q= [ #+" Q^?
Jx < q`__y# P" W ["azOk.
#+O Ug LO_^. < |^ =~H~ Dx K~ H^,
" J#=O =K =~ = "_H \O " O
K~.JOk n=Q.
h ZlZ K~x ZO^ JO` @^ ? Jx J_y`
^xH P" A_O ~` = Ui< =O^=OkH
Q [e P_, , = J< `_ O_
^~}OQ KO = T~h H\ = =e |`~
K = =<# ==e |`Hx =O_ K # D s ~~
` Ô KO_ = T~x, = [e "O Z
H_O\O? = [#`#~~, < "Ô x Q
#_"O> =O^ "O =iO` Q\ Q Ô Ke. Ô
O_ W"q = qQ=x = J#=O = <iOk.
JO@C_ <# ZlZ Ki Ô K# H=_O
Ò\?Jx Z^~ tOzOk. = UO ["a" `KH
=#OQ LO_ O. Hky ~! g "Ô x Z
#_O^ K"? Jx J_QO. P! = T~ Z=iH U [|
=z< < H|~ K~. <# "oO\H "o < è#
"~ "^ O K#. = = ~~ ~ O_, =_ <HHi
=O^ KOk. "~xHi = P~x _H~ x
K"O XH \OQ = ~~ ikx Q= uiy =O.
U T~#~< ^ [|# ~Q LO> = \O J#= O
L# " O` "^ O KO. JC_C _ Ui "_H
\O " _ =O\~. = J~OHx [| "
"^ O K~ . = JC_C _ >x OQ WO \~ Jx K Ok.
P"` =\_O =yOKx P T~< [#O K Hi~`
He =~ Q=xH |^~O. =#O `}H_`#
^x qÔ_ H =YOx O`+O, HO_ x "Q, KC
x "~@ê# ^, =@x @^ î _=<
=# "^` K< q=O ~\ (#Q ^)
_H~ QiOz Kkq# *H ~} HK~ ZO^H
JÒQ< g Ò_ U^ XH\ kOz f~`~<
qO W#=_OzOk.
=~<_ ~~ J^ _` @ =i HOî` =\_O.
" =ix PHH~"# q+ K~.^ = "#
=e " _ `= Z~H Z#_ s ~~ _H~
= Q= =z# ^Y =x K~. Q` H<O_Q
[#`# ~~ x K#O^# ~O_ ~~ =^ +"#
q[# HO ` ~~ QiOz Ke =z#C_ JOî
< 's ~~ J< '~H ~~ Jx J#_" HzÒQ
HxOzOk.
[#`# ~~ U~_H =O^=~ JC_C_ ^
gH}O d E< 2014
55
=lHOO
(Qi ^) Q= =z#C_ [` ="O [i
~[H K_O, [ = i+iOK_O` @
[ "Ô _ K ". JC_ ^ `=Q LO_
Ui ^Q LO_q. H|\ Ô XH Q=xH uiy
~=_xH ~O_ =_ < >k. Ô =z#C_ "Ô
îHk O> ^. JO\ u Hx QOc~"# [|
"O@< =O^ JOkOK_xH gQ ` HO JO>
[#`# ~~ U~_H =Oî HO ^ = F ûx
<~~. [~O = W"e# =O^ Qb XHi ^Q~,
q~K< W"e# =` WOHHi ^Q~, "O`
W"e# a =~Hi ^Q~ W ^~}OQ Q= =K
S^~ ~H [| O|OkOz# =O^ XH~HOq
XHHi ^Q~ LOz Jq ZC_C_ Z u< " K
". WH aH g\OQ< U [| K# " Z=i ^QiH
" H\ OK ". Ô` Ô #C_ _ U [|
K# " P =O^ îH =H ^QiHo "Ô O^ ".
W = K^= ~H ~< ^ K# û =Hx
[| HO =O^ îHq. WC_ [#`# ~~
U~_H K =~ =zOk. WC_ TiHH "_H H~H~
L<_. JC_C_ Ui _H~ \O =z "Ô KOk.
_q[< _H~ \O _ XHHi =O@Ok. Q` HO`
HOQ _.H _H~ \O ("_H \O) _ O=`~xH XH\
~O_ ~ = O` =<~. n~HeH [|, ^
[| LO> JO\ \O =z#C_ = ~~ =
H|~ K " =^ OÒk. " = J=~"#
"Ô K~ Jx K~. Ju =O^` @ =eH
(P~Ô) "^x _ `Q "`^< Ly#@
K~. [ "_H L# K@=O^ QiOz HiOz
QOÔ K~. Q=~ _H~ HO [ =`$+
'<># _H~ ~` z# "_H Q _ "~. JO^ Ju ,
P~ Ô ~ O_ ~H "^ O QiOz ~#@ K~. [
"Ô K#O^ ZO\ _| KeOKe# J=~O LO_^h,
Y~O` [#`# ~~ |iOk. WH_ #O Kx
QOc~" # "^ ~y PiH =` K ^Q LO> [#`#
~~ HO` _| O K |@ @
KOKH=_xH O K#k. [ Lz` "Ô
JOkOK_" [#`# ~~ H =x K~.
g =O^HO _| ZH_ #O_ =O^x? [#`#
~~ J^x J_QO. ^#OQ = Ja=$k H~H=h
[e gHiOz q+ =, = H~O g^< K
=~ P^~_ #_O. = K^# K_O, =_
x~}O, O@ _O, WO_ x~}O WO\=h
û< #_O. J~` "_<, = iH~, =O^
QO_ O\q \O K_O = K` = Q#H "\x =~\
#O_ H#Q K_xH _| J=~". JO^HO =
[ W, Q~ ~H, `xH H~} =O f
@O|O @OxHO` KC# = ~~ HO W~.
56
"\x J=Q =z# _| ~~ PÔ [= KO.

Hx Q= O@ L=_Q K OHO _ K < O.
JO^ =K O _ ~~ PÔ< [=KO.
WqQH Ui ~~ #O_ _ f O=`~xH HO`
|_\ W<~. W=h He Jx qQ HO` KC#
_| H \~< O. WO^ "_< Z" Y~ J=`#k.
A_O *~Q H#Q`# HO "O K W|O^
Z^~<O. ==e OQn_xH s ~~ =
r=<^~"# "~O` Oè |O^K = U ~H"#
=# JOÔ_ KOk. = ~H H+O` QK#
_|` =O^ #O_ "_< ` OK O@O> "\x
b [ K<~. = H "O x|_ = "Ô
"O KO\=O> î ^_^~ = =K =Oê
[K ^KH=_O UO <O? W\H w<O\ P~+<
=^< ~OQ J<H W|O^`< "_< ÒK
O@<O Jx K~.
z=~Q J^ P~.. ik #_# 'QO_^~
x K # \K~ # HeO. P# K # q+ = Wî x
P~xH, L`*xH Qi K~. P# ~ x. `#
"^@ ZlZ HO` HO xK_. WO\=^ ^qH
K^ = i K_. 2007 XH b + < ^_ x
Q__. be KO P^ n#O K<~.
P O^~OQ `#`@ =iHO^~ H"_ Q_~.
J`x Q =K KOK_. K ^ Q". =i Z
=xOk? ^xH "Ô Z K~? Jx < q`_ P``Q,
PHQ J_Q_.
=~ =_, <Q < = ZlZ, [ ~H}
HO =~ |~ "_H \O = "Ô KOk.
|@# `yOz @" ~E O K H@ =~
^, =O^ WK ". JC_ Q_ "i JO^~O
H<O. qQ` "O^~ uiy ZlZ Ki x
K<~. s < #_ ^` JyOzOk Jx
K_.
|~ "_H \O JO> Uq\? JO^ Z=~< J#= O
Q |\ _H~ L<~? Jx "= =m J_QO. ^
<Q ^qH q^ iK# Hk =Ok =, ~+
H"_` He P "_H \O x K#k. =_ _q[#
ikx |~ JO\~. |~ ik x K \O Q#H
^x |~ "_H \O JO\~. s tH}`< "
<~<~.
[ =K< `$+, ^<< kOK< @^,
f="# Ô =^ Q_ `# K~ e H_H"<
P~@O, ` x ~ # J=~O W" "# =Oz _H~ Q ` ~
K~.
P HO K =Ok Q_# Qie, [e =
"_H \O "Ô K H_~ Jx K_. P# K#
^x|\ "\x '" @ J<K#=@ J#<O
"q^~ O . ~ @# =yOKx u~Q }xH ^= O.
gH}O d E< 2014
=lHO
ÔuH K~O
= =i J=Q# XH <\ 3
~` =[O Ju =Y"#, H+"# =# =i ^$HÔ #Oz Z J~O KH"<
="~ ~[H Mn =^ [iy# K~# q=i<~ ~q
~O_= QO ô` L^=O H=x L^=O` ="HO
HH=_xH Ki`H H~}# J~O K H=_xH, JO^ ~
=i JOK< HO XH Ò K<O. WO^HO
OHOQ a\+ HO <\ #O_ K~y# =u~H
~\ Ki`# `_=_O J=~O. D ~\# ~O_
"=Q K_=K.
=u~H ~\ "^\ "=
^ == , =~ } =u~H ~\
D "=x ^# ~\. D "= ==
<HÒ =Oz W`~ ^ xO\h, XH "~
ô`# _ gHiOK~. 20= `| ^=~O<
H< [gO^s, = =u~H ~\ _ D
} =u~H ~\ `_~. JQ
(} W`~ kA) ^# Lù ^#"# q
L# UHK`k`x ^_O D ~\ ZO`
q[=O`"<~. Ô J<H O` q kA
xO`}# iQ ^ H=xH _ c*_~.
^ == = ~H ZkQ~. Ô`
Wq Qg} O` J<H K@ =~, J}z"` ^#
"HQ ZkQ~. O=~O =^ x` O|OÔ c@
"iOk. =Y" # q+ " =O> , WO^ ^ o `
UH~. "iH =~ ^_ #O_ Hh, J}z"`
#O_ Hh q=H aOK^. ^ #O_ #`#
b#Q Zky# " == =u~H ~\x `=

Z*O_ #O_ `yOK~. `= =~~ H ZQH#
^ JQ `= J\=~ L# kA J}z"`
#O_ q=H O^_O`< '=lH Z*O_# =k
~[HOQ HOQ <HÒx '*f L^=O`
="H=~. D L^=O J\H |} `k`~
JQ <H` " LO_Ok. D i}=x XH ÔQ<
ô` iQ}OK_x J~O KH=K. [gO^s, }
=u~H ~\ "#H @\ # `~` =O^ =z#
ô` L^=h ^~}OQ '*f ~@O #O_ ^~OQ
ZO^ LO_ J~O KH=_xH D ""x
QiOK_O J=~O. P HOx ^^ Jx ô` L^=
(JO^ ~ L^=O #" ^, Pk ^q_ L^= "^# q)
POQ` ~r, ~@ ZO^ K<~ J~O
KH=_xH _ Wk =YO. D =~O =`" `=
Hx ~~f, q#~O ^~`x qOK_"
WO^ H~ } O. q^ H ~ " # q+ " =O> P<\
H=x _ ô` J}z"` =# i+iOK kQ
=u~H ~\x =O^ fH K~ K@^.
^xH`_ ÔuHOQ =# OuHOQ Li`
=Q, <k =~ `~` P\"\HQ i~=
=Q K__O, UHHOQ '=["^ =u~H, '*f
~@ ^#`# <HK_O, D =# i+iOz#
`~` Jx =lH ~Q`# i+iOKQO J#_O =
*f <HÒ @ ô` L^=xH L# J#=HO
P~A L^" l ^ H=x H|~ K~. "O

" ~HHO Zki K F WO\ ^Q~ ~<O. UO\?
Uq Pz<"? hx <~< `< "<_?HOn
@ K> "ÒQ< W> LO_"< x~xH ~^
Q^ J<# q`_`.
H^~! O_O <x JO` O K#~
| J<_. JO> h LÔ '"O^~ O_O ,
@O x <#O@<"? J<#. h` "^#
<Q#~! < LÔ Jk H^. JO` ^ O K#
Qx L_` H ZO` HO` _Q#x =Ò
HzÒQ "Q#O KQ# J<_. = =@ =^<
^ =z He~. = }O QiOz, ~ @# QiOz#

_Q~. "O ijeOz# q+ " Ke#
K#, q=~ U=< xOHKOQ K=x J_Q~.
"O =Ò = ~@# O`$H~OQ< [iyO^x KO. <
q`_ [#`# ~~HO g#C_ LzÒQ "_<
O`#h, O=`~xHi F "~O ~A WH_Hz
J=~"# "_H >xOQ W#h, WH_ [HO
JC_C _ Lz` "^ ta~ x~#x ^ ` "Q#O
K_. O K g_ f<O. ==e |\H
H=OQ K~" ^`` Hi~ = "O> ^~_.
(~K~` < [~e)
g
(Q` OzH `~"~...)
' = =i J=Q# kQ XH '<\x
gH}O d E< 2014
57
ÔuH K~
H=x @ _ iyOk. D J#=HO, ^xH Q~ #
=O D<\H H#Q`<~. ô` L^=xH H=x
L^=O@ L# J#=HO "#H L# D Ki`H <^x
J~O KH=_O J=~O. JO^H =~O ^qH"#k J<,
O HO_s J<, =["^ =u~H ~@ ^#`
QiOz =\_< =u~H ~\x x~H O K<=<,
^x `~"# `<=< ô` L^=O qOk.
D "^\ "= }"^ =u~H JQ J}z"`
=u~H ~@O =Y"# q[ kOzOk. JxO\
HO> =Y"#k, [=#O JQ UH K`k
`x |^H@_O. J}z"` == Q}h "#
=~ Wk î fOk. [< J`k # ^
J}z"` c@ "~yOk. ^x`@ O =~O
=^## UHÒ, x` O|OÔ ^|ux, |
=~ Pq~"xH î fOk.
~O_= "=
`= Ò` u~Q@ =\ HO^ ù # ô` L^=O
=u ~ H ~@ " = ~ O_ = k. ^
<HÒx } =u~H, [gO^s =u~H L^=
"#H@ \ , P L^= <H`x '*f L^=O
Ob#O (HP) K# <Ô J}z"`
=u~HOQ D ô` L^= `` ~. P =O ù #
ô` L^= @ XH JOK< =K =O^ J\ =Q`
i ` HxO\ x Q = #O LOK H"e. ^
<HÒx } =u~H L^=O "<i\H =u~HOQ
"*i\ [ ~@O, Jx J}z"|_# SH
L^=O, '|[# L^=O. J~` = K@O
~H ZQH# ^ <HÒ =u~H ~\x
=ke" _O` z# "< i\ J~# ô` =`" XO@iQ
J}z"` =u~HOQ u~Q@ =\# Zu\
LOK~. `= O` |O =`" P^~_ J}z"`
=u~HOQ ~_=# K H+ i`# Z^~=_O`
J`kH ô` L^= Qg} O`x J}z"` i`
= |O^ #O_ |@__O ^~
J}z"` i~O kOKx ^ HhO J}z"` f=`#
`yOKH"< "Yix K\~. Ô` ô` L^= q^
^#, Qg} PiHxH "e =$`H "_xH, ^
= ~[ OÒQO QO H=_xH ^#`xK~.
nx= ô` L^= ~~f HO, ib HO =
~[O` ~~ K= ~=_O` POQ @
Ty_, ~r_ "Yix J=OaOK~. iQ}H
fH=# =~H JOO Uq@O>, *f L^=xH
JQ, #`#OQ q[ =O`"# ^
<H` O =OK_O . D H# =u~H ~@ Z*O_
@ Z@=O\ PH H =_" HH J}z"`# H#yOK
^$HÔ LO__O` a\+ "i` `_ "Yi #O_ ô`
L^= =iO` ^~O `y~.
58
H=x <HÒx H< |OQ L#

O` JQ = _# #O_ XH "~ q=H
O^_O` ^ H=x L^=O K~~.
H=x L^=O x~# Z*O_# ^$_O Q =O^
f=_xH D H~}O _ ^^_Ok. Wk=~H
KiOz# H=x `C_ ÔuH ^$HÔ _ WO^
`_~Ok.
H=x , =YOQ `~ "u HO #H@ ô``
="H" "ix ^ Z`# = =u~H =~ ~@OH
gHiOK~< ""x qiOK_^. J\Q H=x
L^=xH, ô` L^=xH ^~O ~Q_xH |~" ô`
<H`xH L# Oz` "Y i XO>` H_ , J=H"Ô
_ =Y"# H~}. J~` D '<\ ^#OQ
H=x L^=O |#` = U"~ H=x
OQ P ^~xH ^x KiOK_xH, H=x
ZH _ i k^ H " Q i O K _ O =` "
HOnHiOKO.
# ~# i`# Z^~# ô` L^=O
x~ < ~\xH i _ = O, Z` Q _ #
~OkOKH= LOk. JO^H `= q`#, `=#
iQ QiOKe LO_Ok. ô` `= x~< L^=x
q[=OÒQ =O^ f=_xH LO_# UHH =~O
ô` ^ x J}z"`, ^_ Q~=`# =~`
|"# SH` OOkOK_O ^~ =`". ^x` @
D ~\x *qH, =["^ =u~H L^=O
JO`~QO K= LO_Ok. ô` L^= <HÒ D
q+}#, H~"x K@QQ#H=_O J` J=Òk.
J~` =i
q+ }
iH~ Hey# H=x
D x K=Ok. Hh ^~^$+=` P<\ H=x
WO^ q"<~. P " eÒQ #`# *qH
q= H~=O Q< x~< H~=O _ JOiQ<
qye~Ok.
J~` x~< H~=O QOQ ô` L^=O
Hx Q}h"# q[# kOzOk. ô` L^=O
JO^~ `, J`x ÔuH u^# tY~=#
"#=<k xi"Ô. J}z"` ô` J}z"`
HH"^h, D =# WOH i+iOK= LO^h =[O
` QiO K_O, ô` J}z"`# ~ "OQ
YO_OK =[O Xu_ `=_O#, =#O`~O ~[O
JO@~x `<x x+kOK K_O#, ô`
J}z"` e`# XH"~H< `yOK Hx O~} #
K> K _O# JO^ ~^ =Y `. XH ÔÒQ
} "^x, ==# i#kQ x> Ô`x
ô` L^=O, JO^ ~ x~
`HOQ P`~H} _" ~.
}"Ô ( ÔÒ) r=O Q< L#\H =#\
|~OQOQ HH ~H~ H =Q HC Hx =`" J=
HQQÒk. `Ò =# =[O ZO` q $ÒQ,
gH}O d E< 2014
ÔuH K~
`Q `H~# O $u J<k QiOz#C_
q[ ZO` Q" QiOKQO.
~@ ~O_= "= J~# ô` L^=O WOH
H#QÒk. Hh D<\H Jk ^_, _# Q~=`#
H =~# _Q@_xH `__ q+}# Hh, JO^
i_ =O Z`Q_# Hh Ja=$k KH~Ok.
J@=O\ SH` ^~ =`" x~# J=~"#
|O =~Òk. =u~H L^=xH `==~, U
=lH , =~ =u~HOQ L^=x Z@ =
LO^< q+O _ ô` L^=O i# J=Q##
~OkOKHH ~Ok. OQ KO> `==~,
q`=~< q+x iQ QiOK_O Q` H =<
Z^~O@Ok. 1947 `~` ô` L^=O ~" O@s "Ô,
~*OQ"Ô, ^`^ ~[HH Wq_=_O, |~"
~[H `HQ =~_O =O\ n<= _ ~
~Ok. JC_C _ D = #O_ |@_ `
[~QH ^. (L^, 1970x ô` O^~ L^=O
=O\k.) Hh Jq n~HO H#Q^. Hx U Jq
` = Ta< ~~.
Q` ~ O_ ^ ^" O Q ô` L^=O JO^ i[O
=O =m OOkOk, "OzOk. JO` HÒ JO^ i[
|"# =O ^#OQ =~+ LO_Ok. XH"
L^=x =O^ fH _ O ô` L^= <H` " O,
=~" , |"# `=O HxOKH =_O = JO`x
x~ ô` "OK_O WO^ =Y H~}O. ^ "O Q
ô` L^~Oz# \ |~" H< = i~O
HO JOî*x P~OzOk. \ |~" H<
JOî*x HiOK_O ` H=OQ ô` * |O
^x =O =~+ " _ qiOzOk. Jd ~`
~ JOî[O #s=#O "#H H =~, ~[O Wz#
Ò L#=@ "=" J~< Jk HO_s JO".
^qH"# H~} =Ò ô` L^=x JO`~`
q+, # ~# H~}.
ô` L^= ^qH H "# x~# q[O
kOKO> Jk `# `=#, q`# iQ QiOKe.
JO> ~` H =~# ^s |_ |~", =
=~, "i ~[O =["Ô, == #`# [=
` W# h, L^=xH H# `=h
QOKe. J\Q ô` L^=O O` "O O_
Jx ^_, _# Q~=`# =~` SH` kOz#C_
x JOÒ KQ H, =~# =~HQ^x
QiOKe. D J=Q# OO^H` ô` L^=O
H#Q`< LO_=K. Hh Q#Q u~Q` WH_ ~~f,
JH_ ` O^Q^ ` x~< Hx Z\H
ÔK *^.
JO^~ JOî[O
~`Ô L^~Oz# |~" O O~x Ju
Q"i JO^ ~ X~ J<k xi"ÔO. x~<
H~=O J`x HO\|+< qye# JOîHO> ZO` q#

J~#k. ÔuHOQ K J`x "Ô Quj |~"
L^~"Ô. `# ~[H q ~k^H =_O JÒ`
=O <~Ok a< +e J~# '*< _g Jx
OQ JO^ ~ H\ O K<_. W`~ a < +e
=kiQ< @|_^s q^<xH =u~HOQ J`x "Y i JO`
@|_^s q^# JÒ` ~ JO# `yOz, P
q^#O = ^_H Q~=`# =~ iu HO` "~Q^
k O K _ O @ < . JO> @ | _ ^ s q^ <x HO`
'=#gHiOK_O J#=@. JO^ Jx"~OQ< +e
L^=O K> x<^# _ D ^$HÔ HiO k. Hi
O#, O# U~@ KO^ JO^~ K#
`# D "=< J~O K H"e. a < +e
W`~ O` _ W\ HiH O# xiOK~.
JO^~ l\" HO\|+< QiOz D <\ `
QO#, D <\ "^\ QO# KO. "\x
xOOQ HiOKe. Ò JO^~ ^$HÔ L#
#, =# KiÔ.
JO^ ~ == @H =# =Ò O^
=Ò K_. Wk Z@=O\Ô>, L`^< O|O^
=# P O|O^# =iOK ÔÒ "`H_O
=O\k. Li` i}= <kH H~}O J#_O O\k.
D q+} = ==, ÔuH, O $uH JO
~__O ^~ =`" (^^Q) ==# x~eOK
=K< x~~} K~#n ^$HÔ. == Pq~"xH
H~}"# L`^< O|O^# =~ ^ # H~= O =~Q#
_~Ok. D ~+"# q+}= a\+ =[
"Ô, = =~` =H~O^h, JO^= ==
H#QO^ _ Ò^< q+ x Q OKH _.
== ÔÒ, O $` J`xH ^ #=~ H|\
POQ O #O_ Ò`h, ^ HhO O@
`@h J`# qOK_. J\Q ~` H =~ (|_
@|_^~, = =~O) "i f`H ~[O
J}z"`, ^_# H_, H#yOK ^# H Jx
QOKH_. JO^~ ~` H =~`, "i
~[O`, "i ^ # ~[H ux^ ` "~ ^, H\@
=^ =^ ù#\H P =~ ^# `=h
x~< L^=xH, Hh QOKH_. ==
=# Li` JO# ÔuH, O $uH JO
"uH "Yi D<\H _ JOî L^=O H#Q
Òk.
qz` " # q+ " q@O> O <k JO = x
JOîHO> Q\ Q QO` zOK< ", ==
=Q }"Ô =# $u, O^~[O =O\
Li` JO# "u K~. ô`, J}z"`
Q~=`# ^# `=Q ~` H =~#
H O K_#O_ g `CO\~, x~H O K~.
gH}O d E< 2014
59
ÔuH K~
JO^~, JOî L^=O ^# `^ Wk XH\ .
x~< L^=x xiOK H=O D `C ^$H^x
Z^~"e.
Li` JO# ÔuH, O $uH q+
=u~HOQ ~@O ZO` ^#` Hey# q+O. ^x
U=Ò x~H O K_xH g^. J~` D ~@=<k
JO`HO> ^#, ^qH H~="#@=O\ L`^<
O|O^# =OQ =~ H~"x, =~ J}z"`,
^_ ==#~# H=~, "i ~*xH =u~HOQ
~_ H~"x x~H O K, =~Q# iK H^.ÔuH,
O $uH ~OQ ~\x U=Ò h~ Q~O_<, èH
KO_< D x QiOz JO^~"^ "u
K=O^.
JO^~"^ =u~H L^=O H=~`, "i
~[O` =^=^ `_` LO@Ok. Hh D `__
=O` xi+"# = ~~f, O~} O^_xH
J=~" # K\xH |_ =`" . H=~#, "i ~*x
x~eOK LÔ` =`H ~, H~H= ~
=Ò ZC_ H^.
=["Ô @ gi ^$HÔ _ ~+"#k.
Wk=~H K#@ JO^~ =["Ô` O~}~`
"# "Yi #=OaOK_. J`x ~K# ="Ô @ HO`
q=~# KO. Hh, ~[H ~OQO ="Ô` ~ @
KH=_O J`xH Z@=O\ W|Ok ^. Z< ~
="^ HO _ =OK_. ~` @|_^s =~O,
==~ =["^ O ` K # X O^ O ,
=# K__O J`x "" WO^ H~}O. D
"Yi <\ H H#QÒk. JOî L^=O K Hk
=Okx q#~ qye# " ~`Ô =["^
Pk`xH =u~HOQ ~__xH L# ^#`# J~O
KHH`<~. ~` H =~ =["^`
xÒQ ="H" L<~x _ QOKH`<~.
=~H =`H q+O ~[H JkH~O @ gi
"Yi, JO^~ Hh, J`x J# J`k Hh
~[H JkH~O JO> JOu=OQ L`^< O|O^
u#" J< J=Q# ^. L`^H [=#O,
x O` } ~[H Jk H ~ O Q i }q h, P
[=#O xO`} O_ x["# ~[H JkH~O
LO_^h _ QO ^. =~=#O, JÒ L#
L`^# O|O^# ~^ K, `^~ ~[H JkH~x
K>O^ ^_, _# Q~=`# H =~# SHO
KQeQ ~[H ^$HÔ, =# Ja=$k KH
`<~. JO^~ Hh, J`x J# Hh =x`
"# ~[H JkH~x ~"O@s @, =Ou ^=
"uH~, "``<~. H|\ D q^kH~x O^_xH
H =~x H#`, "i ux^` ~@, ~r,
XO^ KH=_O ^~< ^=< "Yi K_`<~.
60
JO^~` XH qÔQ "^# D H ` ô`

\ |~" < K` JÒ` #"# #OQ
J=`~" uOk. aZ ~[H ` D `~ O, ^~} tY~xH
K~Ok. '+ WO[hiOQ ~` nx ÔfH i<~
_. # ~#q =Y"# `C _ ^~}, .......?
q`, `=# iQ QiOK_O. "= ~[HkH~O
Uq@< Q O =O\ =Y= L# `C _ J=Q<
W`~ a<a, q"^ =O.
D <\ =yOK =O^ =m XHi JO^~, =~=#
JO^~ "^ H=x L^=O` L# q^#
KÔ. ô` L^=O H=x L^=O` ^~O H=_xH
"#H ^ #OQ Ki` H=x K# ` ^ H~}=<k
OQ JOî =#, q=H~ H=x
L^=xH L# J=Q#. x~# `y# ^<x
W=H =_ O , O q+ O OuH " # <k
LiÒ q+} K_O, <k`@ LiÒ
P\"\HQ =~Ò^< OuH J=Q#` Ò
O K=# ~\x x~H O K_O, O
~\x =~ ~@O` \H xe UHHOQ =~ ~@
^#`# <H K_O, =~ ~@O QiOz# OuH
J=Q# Ki` H=x L^=O K# ^# `^.
J~` D `^ =`" ô` L^=O H=x
L^=O` ^~O H=_xH H~}O H^. ""xH ô`
L^=xH (=YOQ JO^ ~ ) HOQ` (QOn`#) L#
ÔuH, ~[H q^ Q}`HOQ< K ^q
J~#\H JO^~ Hh, <\ JO^~ "^ Hh
HOQ`#, `"` JÒ` f`H"# q`"^
`# ~[H ~@, XO^ KH=_O U W|On
HQ_O ^ . ~[H JkH~O @ "i# `C _ J=Q<
WO^ H~}O. ~[H JkH~O QiOz# D JÒ`
~+"# J=Q# J@=O\ XO^ P"^
Q"#" J=`~. J~` ~OO Jk J=H"^"
J<k xi"Ô. D H~}O =< H=x ` L# q^ #
`Ô K, W==# ^xHO> Z= ^#`x~.
H|\, D ^~x ~=O> H=x `=
Ki`H `^# Qi i^. ô` L^= <HÒ
~[H JkH~O QiOz L# JÒ` ~+"#
J=Q# @ QiO HQ_O, HQ*_O _ ZO`
J=~O. ô` L^=O _ ij# [~H=_O,
=~ ~@O ( ~@O` ) K =O^ Q`#
H=x q"^=O` SH` kOK_O, U^ XH H
=~ H<, s` XO^, HO "O~__O
=#H=_O JO` J=~O. JC_ x~# =~O
Q=O J=Òk.
(J~~Ok)
(~K~` ~[H Mn, `#\, H~ l, *~O_) g
gH}O d E< 2014
=lHOO
OpH~} Qg} =$`

OpH~} =O = Qg} O`x =$`, [ r=<k U qÔQ qÔO J=`<
q=i<~ ^ O, _.H. S
OpH~} <Ô <_ OKO Q=OQ =i,

G, OHuH ~Qa=$k =# OKO U =# UO
[iy# H} P "~ OK=O`@ "Ok. JQ
H@, @, JOH~}, "+^~}, P~ J"@, O $u
PK~, O^ # =~ OqOK~.
Q= Ò @}Q =i Qg} O $ux ^|
f<#_O ZO\ JuH ^. , OHuH
i*#O `=Q L# =O Z=HO |uH, Jx
~H J=H L# _ <_ h\ |_QO\ rq`#
H#y<O.
~O_ ^ HÒ Qg} O $u, <QiH` <_
H#=~Q J~O^#_O P~O ^. <_ 'a#Ò
UHÒ Jh "~ qa# O^, PK~
Hey L# ^~=O` He " O`~QOQ =#Q_
yOz <_ 'UHÒ a#ÒQ , =`, =~,
\, HH , D~ J` `#"i< \ OKHO_
'Z=iH "~ =< f~ J#@Q =i`<~.
OpH~} ~O
Q= LO_ O $u, O^, H@@,
PK~, qq^ =$`# <\ `~O H Kkq
TOK< J=~O U~_Òk. XHs <\ Q=#
ije, W\ `~xH P Q= rqÒ J~O H"O> JOîH
W+O LO_ '\_ Jx ~H O_` K# ~O
Jx KOk# @O "~, "i =$` # H#y
xO_O_ P#O^H~ "`=~}O KQ, P~QH~OQ
LO_k, WOH qOQ ije Q=xH Ju ^Q~
K~ =, O@, H= =^ `\ K@ " Q iQ '^$x
ÒK qÔ Q LO_q. "\ #O_ `\ =O[, `\O _,
`\Q Q, `\ H O\q aOKq. JQ P` i,
`\ "^` K# >, ^, `\ <~` ==
x=@ `~ K"~. JQ ~=} ~`,
Q=`#, Z< Ki`H QO^#(`\ P) `
` ~zOz JOkOz# Ki` "~kQ `\ K@ Hx
QQ =i`#k.
`\K@ J#Q< =O^Q Q~ =Kk Q_ .
"~ ~A =_~ `\K@ ZH H f"~. f#
H# `\ =# = OÒ \ J=_x H =O_=
J<"~. JQ JO^@ u#|O_~, "@Q

@Hz# L_`, HOA, He# K J~H\ H"~ `z
~zH~OQ =O_, J=Hx `= r=<kx H#yOK"~.
H =O_= ^Q~ < q" O|O^ ^~_ xH, q"#
x~ fH=_xH, j` Q\ __xH ^^_q.
'^<"xH q` @, ZH"x^ K@ x<Ô =O_=
h_< \O k. ~ ` , == b, =$u , OK~
*`, O $uH HH~ H =O_" ~K |O_. JH_
Q=Ox = =Oz, K_ QiOz K~ , i~ =~
[iQq. K" # H P~QxH ZO` =Ozk. "q =_^|
#O_ ~H O k. =` O|Ok` "^ ~O_ H L Q
_Òk. #~ |#`, ~H#`, =|^, H <C
O\ Z< "^ H =Oz B+ÔQ x KOk.
OpH~} `~`
OpH~} <Ô Q= `\ K@ <
HOO_ H `~ K O <H<~. JQ
"_ "_ ", qa# ~H =` h
aOz, Qg} [ =< x P~Q# _
KO@<~. <_ Q~=OQ r=#O H#yOz# Q_
=$`"~ <_ ZH_<~? Z J~#k? " PiH
i` H~}O OpH~} Jx KH `^.
~`Ô u xH, *uH XH `H"# O $u
LOk. PK~ ==~, O^ LO_q. WO^
^#OQ "#H|_# =~xH KOk# =k~* (=`~,
`#Q) O. g [ =#~ P^~_ rqOK"~.
K~=, O@ K @_O, Q@ ` `z
J=_O, =q_O_, ~Q O_, *=O_ W U [<
aOK O_# P [# J=Hx rqOK"~.
H$ u O^~xH x=Q# Ki``H" # Q@# <_
QQ\, "\x qq^ ~H A `~ K q^
ZQ=u K<~. ~xO, ~O, W# Yx[O WOH
~H~ H ~` Q@# `=`<~. [ =#~# <#O
K<~. "\ P^~_ rqOK"i iu =iO` #O
H=_xH H~}O OpH~}.
K<` ="# <`Hx =$u <_ U i` LO^
JOîH èO^. "~ <_ Q= #H, QQ <~`
<QeH J=~" # ", Z^ H=e# Q, =^,
gH}O d E< 2014
61
=lHOO
< W=_O, ~#~# =`H p~, ~+ =#
<_O, `~` =OKO #"~, [OM#, p~, ^=`
<_O, Jy> > p~# < =G x~}O `=
u# x~OK<~. T~~ uiy "\x J=Hx
r=#O yOK P =$u"~ <_ OfH~} Ja=$k [iy,
` = =O, ` = =Ok` Z= ~OQ~OQ =#
`~ K_O` "i =$u =~Q# _O^< Ke. <_
==O P^xH ^` J#iOz, O` P^~
__O =OQ Z^, P= H#=~Q=_O` "\H
=~"# `# LyOK J=~O O_ ~Ok. g\H
`_ qq^ b # K< "iH i_ x ^~HH
W`~ # KH"e# J=~O U~_Ok.
XHC_ H~ KC, *# QOQ_, Ku ~@ H_O
@H=_xH Qg} [ ZO` W+_"~. P<_
Q= Z=i *# K# QOQ_ HxOKk. Ke #Oz
"K^<x, ZO_ HCO> K^<x, =~O ~H}OQ
LO_k. W\ `~xH Jk ZQO@O^ _ èx iu .
QOQ_ <` ^ # =_~ # ^H < Q~ L# Q=
XHC _ =O^ =O^Q LO_ P Q~ H" } `y, WC_
q", =~}O\ , J H~ xH =K =OO
HO `~Q ZkQ OH~*u Q~# OK`<~.
~Q, <~ aOKO> Q ~= WO\ Q_ `HeO^.
Hx <_ Lù HO <_ qq^ =~"~ _s"
\ OH~*u Q^#, P=# OK_O [~QÒk.
~H <}`~` L``# K<~. =~@H
qq^ ~OQ` _# ~H~H# OH\ Ju `= ^~H
aOK_O =# QOQ# =iK~.
HHÒ` r=#O yOK J=e "i =$u _
~A ~A H#=~Q=Òk. <_ =~@ O``
`~ K qq^ ~H# _*< LO_ P~}H JkH
_=O_, WOH ~_"_ ==H y~H Z=x K=K.
Q= x=OK =i, =_Oy, HOe "i =$`
ZC_ =~Q# _~. "\ #O P^<`#"# ^`
LyOK_O [~QÒk. OpH~} <Ô Qg}
=$` H#=~Q~. JQ Qg} PiH i` # ^|f,
Q=# =^H~OQ `~ Kx K=K. <_
Qg} ~` ZO\ ~Qx~^H =O^ "_O_ [
Z~=# = _, r" Z~=# LyOz qa#
~H# P~ O@# O_OK"~.
<_ O`# LyOz qq^ ~H# H$u=
Z~=# LyOz Z=Q "}[ O@H ^#`
x=_O [~QÒk. JH_H _ P~ O@ O_Oz# H$u=
q`<, ~xH Z~= "_HO =# <}` H~,
+H ^~ `y =x+ rq`x `y<x K_O
JuH ^.
qq^ ~H O_Q Q= " gk<@H,
~, `~ x=, T~~ uiy K H^ U<_
H#=~Q ~. O pH~}
<^ O Q= Jx~H
62
=$` ^|u<~. Qg} PiH ==# ^|fOk. Qg}

O` LO_ [ =#~# ^|f Qg} O`#
H$u= r=#O H#yOK =^H~ i`H <\ O^x
K=K.
= [ i }= H = O Ja = $k J< k J= ~ O
J~#\H Jk Qg} =*xH #=CQ =~ _^ .
L^~} U Ja=$k #C_ =#= àHO @
rqOz, <_ ZO` Ja=$k kOz< J~`xH ZO^
iq`_=`<_ PzOKe# J=~O L#k. <_
Q= ~xH Z~= xk O@ O_=. O`
O O_ ==O K_O ^~_O ^. =#O
u< P~O U<_ +H# H~ ~<Q =i
H+`"Ok. G OHuH i*#O Ja=$k KO^_O =#
Q= x=OK u @O|O u XHiH XH "
^~}"Ok. QeQb< , >e< ~_+< =O`
H$u ~="# Hx *` H J^$"`<~. J^
qÔQ =#= _ f= i}= Z^~O@<~.
Q@ = =# Q~ [ J_QO\, O@
Z_iQ =~`<~. J_= #iH"`, J_=# `=_O
=OQ H+O i# _e=Ok. ~_"_ ==
=~@ qKq_Q a O > "\= J<~Q i# _e
=z# "\< L yOKO@<O. ^x =OQ Q=
LO_ =$` =" ~.
Q` ^|HO #O_ Qg} =` q^~OQO HO`
=O^Ho# ^~} q^#OK_O =OQ x~^QO`
^_e =Ok. ^xH `_ ^xH PiHOQ =O^
fHe# ~[H == K_~, ~ iÒQ `~
Qg} ~H "tOz D~ HH U~__xH =O
J=Òk.
D OpH~} <Ô Qg} [ `= =#
H~, =$` ~, b # aOKH, JC
PHe` J=\OKe# J=~O U~_Òk. OHuH
i*#O Ja=$k KOk# D OpH~} PiHOQ |OQ
L# @O, OHuH q^#Oz# J~ |_
iqH "`, "~H ^HOQ =iOk Hh,
Qg} OÒ x=OK "iH X~Q \ O ^q ^x K =K.
` `Q qÔQ PzOz Qg} [# J#
K~H"e# J=~O ZO`< LOk. OK ^
~`^xH a# O $uH \xx `H"< #O LOk.
^xH "#=H ~ ` O\~. J^ ~ ` "#=H q~Q O_
K_e# ^` `< LOk. # HeyOKx, U
=Ò J#~^H =O Kx x OHuH
Ja=$kx fH~=_xH H$+ Ke. =# `~A,
O $u, PK~, @@ uiy ~H~#, H+Ò
HO_ K_e# ^` u XHi LOk.
(~K~` HHf x=i\x +r qQO
g
i~ ~, JO\ ~)
gH}O d E< 2014
gH}O ^Q~ J=HxH L# H

PiH == =["Ô
XH ^s Ò
*< i<
~. 75
\[HO
< HO[~
40
Ja=$kx W KÔ
=^#i ~u
80
H`K
P~.Z. ~=
120
Ti î
Z<. "}Q
60
~|O^ "e# <
Z<. "}Q
180
==O OpH~}
H.P~. Kî
100
=lH q^ XHq^
Z. #iO~_
100
* Z*O_ x
~"O@s ~[H
Z. #iO~_
40
XH ``H H^
P~O^f ~
25
=kH =["Ô
_. ~=
200
H`H}O
Zx\ OH~
80
~<\ 451
Zx\ OH~
90
x`rqÒ +e[O
~O t=#
100
ÒQ}
zxez# ÒQ}
Z<. "}Q
120
u~Q|_ ÒQ}
W#HO_ u~=e
100
ÒQ} ~[H
^Q~ ~~, Q Q 80
H` =O`#
H. Nx"
120
q*#O
qO`~O
H_=\QO\ ~}^ 100
=#= i}=O
H_=\QO\ ~}^ 100
r=H} <_H}
H_=\QO\ ~}^
80
H$f ~=~}O
H_=\QO\ ~}^ 100
J}= H
H_=\QO\ ~}^ 100
r= q*#O =[O
H_=\QO\ ~}^ 100
=#+ K# ^=
H_=\QO\ ~}^ 100
q*# O =x+ q~}
*_ ~
80
O=Ò
^=~O Z \Ok
P~.Z. ~
80
O =~O
* `~HO
30
Z, Z\ x^, qkeO =oO * `~HO
40
Z, Z\ J`K~ * `~HO
50
M~Ol
P#O^ `Ò
100
QOyi
*u
40
x~#
JO^~
30
~=x H$+x ~
JO^~
20
ô` ~[O
JO^~
25
^ P~
JO^~
8
P^xH ~`Ô JO@~x`#O JO^~
25
^ q=H HO
JO^~
15
~`Ô *=O
JO^~
12
POQ JO@~x" JO^~
20
~ "<i\
JO^~
40
~=x H$+x ~
JO^~
20
=``Ò Q
H. Q
150
^=x ~[H`Ò
HOK S
70
<# O^= <@~`?
HOK S
80
` q=~ "
Q~*_ ^H
Z<. "}Q
20
=Ô
H.q.P~.
200
~=~
#i ~H}
80
Ò Q
H. Q
150
q~O ` q=~
q~O K~}
150
HqP~ ` "1
~Ô| ~H Hq\
300
HqP~ ` "2
~Ô| ~H Hq\
250
HqP~ ` "3
~Ô| ~H Hq\
250
` =K#
H$~
300
OkQ O^~O
.q. ~=
40
=lHO
q. KOK
30
"^ Ò
_. #ox
70
Ki`rq` Ki`
Hj~ XH x+^ ~u
|~` ~
~. 150
~` Ki` iK " _._. HOa
40
p# ~` ^ Ki`
H. Q
50
Ki` UO [iyOk?
Q~< K
80
`~`~ ~`^ Ki`
~q ^~
80
P^xH ~`^ Ki`
a< KO^
100
JO^~
a. q[~u
70
H#c~<
" OH#O
50
KQ"~
H`x
80
XH H =~~ P` H^
#oh [g
50
~~ ## ZkiOz# ~h
=`^q
150
x~# "~k
HO_e H>~=
100
WO\ "KO^
t=~} ^q
120
iK
Z<. "}Q
50
< *rqÒ
O_ ~=~=
50
P~.Z.~= $u
" OH#O
50
Kù =~*
H`x
40
\ iK "
<.q.Z. <Q+}K~ 30
#~ Hr
=~=~~=
60
P = ~K#
ÒQ} qî QO
40
`Ò
=i ` q=~
_. Nx"
100
=i `Ò
#q aH+<
80
=i[Oxx[O="~[O
#q aH+<
100
_ i K~} Jx
q"^=O
b J~ K
* `~HO
30
~` J~}`~
< q~
100
[OQ<=
`"
100
[#$Ô [<~<
~<x "#~=
60
H\ *H
q~O K~}
50
=O^~ Ô
q~O K~}
100
[y` [OQ=-1
q~O K~}
75
[y` [OQ=-2
q~O K~}
100
<\ ~=
q~O K~}
100
Ô_H~}O w<O\
q~O K~}
60
iq[x[O
q~O K~}
75
[#`# *``
q~O K~}
20
JO`~Ô Pk"
q~O K~}
20
P^~ r= P=~
q~O K~}
30
H^ #=
Ô_H~}O H^(2005-2012) q~O K~}
100
~ H^
"~< QO*e
20
qy\
`
50
HO` #O "<
^=i
20
QOQ#=
q[
15
U_`~
JH b
80
H^Q_
^=e H$+=i
60
^~ OKe
au+< |O^^ 100
KO^yi tY~O
au+< |O^^ 50
J~l`_
au+< |O^^ 100
< <Qe =_^
* `~HO
25
OKÒÒ
*`~HO
100
W` KQ~ H^
W` KQ~
100
~H
"~
80
~\ H
iK~ ~\
50
XO_=\
#i ~H}
170
_q_
gH}O (2003 2012)
200
$[# (19661992)
240
J~}`~ (1970-2013)
125
F ^HO_
100
gH}O d E< 2014
63
W~Q ~Q
K<
K< O@ ~ +< " 1# OQ~ #O_ Qu

"# ZH i[~+< w [O@ [iQ~. D
XH~ =~}OKQ, 14 =Ok Q_~. ^~}
ZxH# P@OHiz, [ `Ò $+OK_xH D
[i LO_=Kx x =~ q< ~. D
U O ^` =#@ H\ OK^.
="~, #Hs s H~H
~`Ô ~` `x =u~H #`#

*qH q=O HO ^ ~@O K# S
(="~), S (ZOZ) #H|s s " 1#
qb#=~. WH#O_ S (="~) ~` `=
H~H# H#y=x S (="~) H~î
Q}u, S (ZOZ) #H|s H~î Jl` " 1# uH
H@# q_^ K~.
=~R ~ =Ô
=~Rx ~Q_ lx HOH} ~ =~O "

4# k" =O`"_ O[~ ~ WO[<` <Q
w \ `_O` 20 =Ok } =~}OKQ,
145 =Ok Q_~ . H` Q `# <Q^<, ~x `
P` zH` JOk# @ b è~. D ^~@ #
~ Y ^~ P^tOzOk.
Jq` x~+?
W` [< |@H Z<HO@~ H Q[~` =r

O =Ou Jq` =~ =QiH aS H~ " 7# H<
z\ WzOk. Jq` =u~HOQ `y# P^~ #O^#
aS P# Ks+\ ^Y K^x aS `H H~
aS W<H~ =~ g< " 7# è~.
JO H
JOx HH~~, |H l [iy# qe>O@ ^_

" 7 <\H =$` OY 41H K~Ok. " 7# H #k
#Oz S^ =$`^# n#O K<~. ^_ "#H
Oy~# aZ\ qe>O@ O LO^x x
=Y=Ou `~} QQH è~. k` =Ò D
^_ HOQ q`H"# aZ " K~O@<~.
ZxH _`~ =HH F>#O^ fH~OQ< D
^_ _~x K~. `= O` _O_
^tH i< OÒ (a\Z_) ik #Oz "~ K x
k` _=O_ K<~.
~ ~ J~
_b qq^xH J#|OÔQ L# ~O P#O^

H PK~_Q xK# ~(47)# " 9#
K@ =u~H H~H (x~^H) K@O HO^ #"^# H
J~ K <Q~ O@ * x~OkOK~. ~
64
PK~_Q< HH, q= *Ò` "kH (P~_Z) L ^#

H~îQ *qH HO xK < ~. ~
="~` O|O^<< P~}` J~~#
~# O_ K x ~O P#O^ Hr ~ #
" K#~ " 15# P"kOK~.
=~R U_Q~ b =$u
=~Rx Q_~e l H<e J_= " 11#

="~ QeO HO "o# b #H e#
=O^`~ U_Q~ =$uKO^~. w<O\ QOQ
#H QeOHO "o# 60 b K"i #Oz
Q_~e uiy =O_Q =~=_ Q= i~x =O`#
HO^ J=i# =O^`~ _O` U_Q~ b
JH_HH _ =$uKO^~. f=Q# Wî x <Q ~ PuH
`~eOK~x b q=iOK~.
<Q ~ JOc ZxH e`
PO^^, X_, HO, J~}K^ JOc

< ZxH [iQ~. X_x 147 < Q#
117 <# aE [#` ^ QKx #g< \H
uiy =Y=OuQ ZxH ~. H Ox 32 JOc <
Q# 22 <# HO _"H\ H O\ Qez =<
K@OQ(63) Sî =Y=OuQ ZxH ~. PO^ ^
175 < Q# `QÔ s 102 < Qez `
U~@ ^" O k. ÒQ}x 119 < Q# ÒQ}
~R qu 63 < QKHx "*i\ kOz `
U~@ ^"Ok. J~}K ^ 60 JOc <
Q# HOQ 43 < QOk `x U~@ KOk.
=Y=O` =~
c~ =Y=Ou xf+=~ `# ^qH ~r<=

K~. " 10# [iy# *_ #HO ="O P
sH KOk# =Ou l`<~O =Oi(68) x =Y=OuQ
Z#Ok. Q[~` =Y=Ou ^qH, # `xH
#~O^ "_ ~r<= K~. P #O " 21# Q[~`
a* # H O ="O P#Ok<( 73)# =Y=OuQ
Z#<~.
~` ^# =OuQ "_
~` ~"O\ 9 ^Q [iy# ZxH e` "

16# "=_~. D e` a* <HÒx Z<_Z
@qH 340, Z @qH 58, W`~ 145 <
QO^~. # H=# "*i\x kOz# a*
~"O@s Hq\ ^#=Ou JiQ #~O^
^"^~^ "_x(67) Z#Ok. ~` 15= ^ #=OuQ
"_ K` ~Ru }=Ys " 26# ~Ru = < =}
H~O K~OK~. P `~"` Ha<\ =O`, Ò`
^ =O`, =O` =~Q =} H~O
K~. D H~H=xH ~^ JQ<`` @ =i+
g
^x #g< ~O Q" _ [~~.
gH}O d E< 2014
QO
Z DH_~ H\ x~#
"iH =["^ PHOH x~#Q `= Ôx

JO^~ J"iH xHkH~# U <Y~H Ô q_z
"=OkQ DH_~ J^_ ~ Hi U 24#
P^tOK~. WH #O_ ^ HH ^` H~ H~H=
xez`x H\ OK~.
@s Q Qx =Ô
s x =x q<x = =^ Q XH Q Qx
" 13# [iy# _ =Ô =_ =O^ =OkHQ
Hi =~}OK~. 1378 J_Q ` Q Qx [iy# D
_ = q+"= "=__O ` =$` OY sQ LOk.
_ [iy# =O ^^ Zxqk =O^ =Ok Hi
Qx xK<~. @s ^# =Ou i `~ Z~Q< D
=^x K èHQ iQ}Oz =\__O` x~#
""`~. ` x~H O =< D =Ô [iyO^x, D
O@# ^# Hi#OQ tHOKx PO^# K\~.
Hh "`# u^# F@q
P^ =`# `yOK# LÔ` Zla w<

+e s =^`` ukOz# J`#` Hh "`#O
QO@ 25 _~ u^## 77 Ò * F@~ x~HiOK~.
23 Ò =Ok =`" =^` è~.
K< qÒ
"^^ ^H} K< =Ô K=~ xH J<+}

"eHf` Q# K< iyOQ <H OÒQx kO#O^ x~# Q
qÒx =O^k =Ok [ `= Ô x K< H~Q~,
"~ O g^ PO^#@ K\~. nO` "k =Ok
K< ^ qÒ =ke_`<~. q` ^Q L# k
PQ ^ _ K< "Y i @ f= J O`~ è~.
^~O_ `èH ` ~}
NOH Z\\W
Jx< ZxH =~^
x < J^ H <xH [~Qe# ZxH "~^ _~.

J"iH xH ^ PO He# J< ` =~#
H OQ KHx è|< ^_ [~Q`# <Ô J^H
ZxH# E< 14# "~^ _~. U 5# [iy# ZxH
J| J| 45 Ò F@, J hH 31.6 Ò F@
=K~. U XHiH ` U~@ H=e# 50 Ò F@
aOKH=_O` ZxH =m x~OK= =zOk. Wk
LO_Q " 2# Jx< L`~ OÒ s =~, =~^
H~}OQ ~` *i Q=# =k K_O` Z#
=OkH Q =~}OK~. <Q =O^ =Ok *_ è^.
=Hx =^ O`~ ^ xQ xqOz ~*OQ O~} K\ x

JO@O_Q, =^` ^~ '~_ +~ ZOHQ x `x OKk
^x JO@<~. `~ ~r<= _=O_# |ÔQ~<
x~HiOK~. Jk ^` ~`=x J<~. " 20# xHku
` KH | =~ qkOK~.
` _O|~ <#O f~` J\ ^ #=Ou ~OQH

+<=`# P" `qk =Ok Ha<\ =O`# `yOz J^
s #O_ x"@"~OQ |ÔQ~<# `èH P^~
^ #=OuQ xqOK~. J~` ` =u~ nx YO_
D `x JOwHiOKk ^h, ^=h, "^@ ZOHQx
\ \ WH NOH `xH =^ [iy# Ô =yO

q[`"# " 16 #O_ 20 =^ Ò x~OKOk.
HQ =~}Oz# `= P ~H # x~OKHO_ *
qqÔ il~ qq^x, ` =
"_x x=i\ q*# J^H OO YO_OzOk.
J~< [~ `\# # b QO K~.
W~H ~"O@s ZxH Jxtu
30# [iy# ~"O@s ZxH ` ^#=Ou

=s J =bH 328 @ Q# 92 < Qez =HQÒQ
721,000 F@ kOK_. J~#\H ` U~@ H=e#
"*i\ @ =. W`~ ` i s =_=i J`_ JkH~O
LO__xH W+_H OH~xH q=YOQ L<~. HQ " "^\
"~O x~OK `\# l\ " ZxH <Ô U
28# eOQ |` g^ Pù ^_ [iy 27 =Ok
=~}OK~. " 26# ~[^xx + ~[H ~b g^
[iy# Pù ^_ 33 =Ok =~}O K~. =O^ ^H f=OQ
Q_~.
2014
J"iH QÒ
=^ O`~ ZxH [~Q## <^ O `= #O

ukOz# Hx+ "`# iqux 2.85 _~ #O_ 10.10 _~
OK a HO_ iaH < J_ <~. =~H =<
~\ "K J< XH Ò` J_H Q q_^ K# x"kH
J"iH Q `@ xK U_ O=`~ OQ
f= J<~Q = Z^~O@<~x èOk. ==O
z# # LyOK_x, Jn xq` x QO@ O_
J"iH HiH K@O J#=uOk. Wk LO_Q, _< LxHx
Q> Q_K~ QOQ SZ LyOz# |@H \H
H~H= Z`Q_# P ^ ~ P~Q ~ KOk# <O_
=Ok _< YO_ [#=i ~# Y O^#Q, `= WH
=O^ J@=O\ K~ _=x `=#O H@# KOk.
<ri H~"
Q` < U H~" O JiOz# q^~#

q_z >k ^x P O <_ J||H~ +H_ H@#
K_. J iOz# ~ O_ =O^ =OkH Q ~ q^~ #
=Ò =iOK=h, J~ K H~Q~O LOz# `= qe>O@#
q_^ K =~ =ke>k ^h, "# Jq "=h XH
~ ^ O #O_ zfHiOz# g_ =K~O ^~ J||H~
KiOK_. HQ J`x \ Oz# "iH Qh, ^ *_ è#
"iH Qx U_ qe< _~ |=ux J"iH Ò
H\ OzOk.
g
gH}O d E< 2014
65
66
OH#O :
".~=KOÔ, Z.=
=|#Q~ -
HsO#Q~
"^H
#O_
Y=O
gH}O d E< 2014
x*=^
=~OQ
J#O`~O
z`~
H~
NHO
qY@O
"Ò
22
^~^
(2) (3)
Pk^
(1)
16
11
10
12
14
11
16
22
13
17
7 109 183 57 56 27 31 42
16
43 63
14
53
12
17
19
25
22
25
32
25
18
19
37
14
43
32
31
26
51 368
22
172
15
19
10
25
28
17
20
(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19)
(20)
32
14
10
(21)
95
12
14
29
(22)
(1 U #O_ 30 U 2014 =~ l 14 J[ =~} # "i OY 1362)

zH` JO^H,
P``
Q~
=^
b H b, qOQ/
`
H$u
J<~QO
èx
l PHe == K<` W`~
H
#
O
xK
"
s`
L^= W`~
~OQO ~OQO . . . . . O H~O\ ~î W`~ H~
=~}
=~}O ZC_~< q^ KH". =$` |O^=, q` qK~H~" Hx JO^# =~}Oz# =x+ xO_ rqÒ Q_ =~O`< =~} ^x [ =~}OQ
JOwHiOz T~@ _=K. Q@ P =}O QO _ J#qOKH =O^ =~}<~. D J[ =~} H#x PiH, =lH, ~[H H~}<~. =# H< =#`< LO_
=#+ J~O`~OQ J[OQ JHOQ J^$"`<~. W@=O\ J[ =~} W\=e HO qsÒQ iy`<~. Wq =lH OHxH, =[O kQ*~_ XH zO.
=# ~+O b< D ~HOQ Kx`# "i OY "< LO@O^x JOK<. x*xH J[ =~}h J[ =~}Q #"^ H=_O ^ Q#H D OY "=O XH QO =`"
H=K. uH JK~# W@=O\ @#x\h XHK@ #"^ Kx q<O. D jiH u < LO@Ok. J~` ~+O u Q=O [~Q`# O@#h WH_ i~
HH=K. H#~< =#e PzO* , =#O =#K@ L# =#+HO WOH ^ `Q#, *Q`Q # ==i "Ò Q i~" "_ xH U=~< `__` D jiH q[=O`" # >.
J[ =~} z
J[ =~} z
With Best Compliments from
Dr. Satish Kumar K.
Flat No. 101, H.No. 3-2-844

Rajeshwari Gayatri Sadan
Kachiguda, Hyderabad - 500 027
Ph : 040 - 64590072
smp_hyd@yahoo.co.in
gH}O d E< 2014
67
Advt.
Swapna Medical Publishers
VEEKSHANAM Telugu Monthly Journal of Political Economy and Society - 155 - June 2014 ISSN 2231-6892
RNI Regn.No.APTEL/2003/11482
Published on 27/05/2014
Postal Regn. No. L II/RNP/HD/1100/2014-16
Advt.
68
gH}O d E< 2014
Edited, printed, published and owned by N. Venugopal Rao, Printed at Deccan Press for Charitha Impressions, Azamabad, Hyderabad - 500 020
and Published at 3-6-394, Mythri Residency, Street No. 3, Himayatnagar, Hyderabad 500 029. Editor : N. Venugopal Rao

Veekshanam 06 June 2014

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Veekshanam 06 June 2014

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Veekshanam 06 June 2014

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

P~ ^ * PHOH O

`OQ} P`Q~= "kH

P PHOH WOH <~"~= LOk

H~O_O\ / ~+< "<[~:

=~, ZOQ ~K# Z=i P?

ZxH =y~ - g qy~

gH}O KO^ q=~

gH}O JHO\ <O|~ 013911011002175

gH}O d E< 2014

H}O ~K~` ="O XH =xk U~@ Kx

=~ ZH_< K_? O^ ^~x ="^xH, nxH

gH}O d E< 2014

=_O K OQ J\ ^#=Ou "*~ _

gH}O d E< 2014

XH=@ KO> `OQ} q+` = =OQ,

=~, ZOQ ~K# Z=i P?

s P q\ x<, Q a+~ H~O`<

gH}O d E< 2014

t"~_ iH O^: < t=~=H$+,

=Hq ^~k ` =K# O^:

=[~#Q~ =~}HO_ x+^ "H = `

hQ XH_O_"_! #O^H~ Hq`O 178

<@HO <\H * H=O_e K~}

|O * O $uH^= u^x `=H

<~[O K KH [O "~ _ "}Q

H^ 2013 O^: "~_ #g<, <x

`OQ} *`` (O\^O) O\ KH}

[Q<^ ~^KH NN QiOz q=~"

NNH [ J^e ~="#~= ~:

gH}O d E< 2014

~R JOcx ~^K, ~Ru # H#yOK#

=r =Y=Ou, HOQ x~ < <^~=e

=Y "^ ~K~u =k |= (90) " 15

PO^*u H~x Y~ (HOe KO^Y~) (49)

`OQ}, PO^^ U 6# =x ZxH

PO^^ "`O 92 =xb, 7 H~~+# L<~,

`OQ}, PO^^ U 6# xH ZxH

\P~Z ~R <, =r #H\ H#i ~=#

`OQ}, PO^ ^ U 30, " 7 `n #

gH}O d E< 2014

ZxH =y~ - g qy~

E< 2# U~_ PO^^, `OQ} ~

^ "~. Di [iy# ~uH ZxH J~,

gH}O d E< 2014

=O ^x qye# s ^"u ~. Hh "= O Uq@O>

gH}O d E< 2014

50" H@ Y~ WO\ J<H g J= Ke

gH}O d E< 2014

D ji J~O W`~` HOQ Q^x H^. =O^

| =~ `= | ==~} H~}OQ ~RO p

H#yOzOk. Q` 10 U O~} "Q= O`O K _O,

<H`O =Oz# \P~Z, ~O^ x~}O `= =<

gH}O d E< 2014

O^ |O, ~"O\ OMkH` | =O

gH}O d E< 2014

^"OQ 16= H ZxH, `OQ}, PO^^

"@ # qxyOKH"x ^ Z`< K~O

gH}O d E< 2014

P~|@ `= F\OQ q+< @x F@~ HO Z^~