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Biofuels
Renewable, liquid, but also solid (e.g. wood) or gaseous fuels (e.g.
biogas) made from recent, nonfossil biological plant matter (e.g. crops),
Biodiesel and bioethanol are widely known biofuels
Feedstock biofuels are oil and tree seeds, grain, beets and roots, leaves
grasses, wood, but also waste materials such as manure, waste water,
fermentation residues, slurries, abattoir and food waste.
The EU Directive 2009/28/EC (Renewable Energy Directive or RED for
short) defines the term biofuels in its' own way in Article 2i where it
says: ''Article 2 (i): biofuels means liquid or gaseous fuel for transport
produced from biomass''.
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Biomass
Biomass is a term given to biological matter that either grew
naturally without human interference, or in a cultured
environment (e.g. monocultures), and made use of
photosynthesis. This includes grown materials such as
trees, shrubs, reeds, wood
a multitude of crops and plants, containing oils and hydrocarbons
aquatic plants such as algae, water plants and weeds
organic wastes such as slurries, farm residues, food waste, forestry
residues

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1
st
generation Biofuels
1st generation biofuels employ proven technologies available
today. Classic 1st generation biofuels together with their feedstock
include
Biodiesel
Bioethanol (ethyl alcolhol)
Biogas
Biobutanol
Wood and BTL (Biomass to Liquid)
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1
st
generation Biofuels
Bioethanol
Sugarcane
Maize
Wheat
Biodiesel
Vegetable oils
Palm oils
Rape seed oil
Sunflower oil
Biogas
Energy crops
Maize
Sugar beet

BTL
Thermochemical process with
pyrolysis and gasification
Produces syngas
Edible feed
stock
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st
land use and land use change
potentially increased carbon emissions
potentially increased nitrogen oxide emissions
indirect fossil fuel
crop residues stabilise soil organic
water use from irrigation
soil erosion

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nd
The answer may be a more advanced class of biofuels known
as 2
nd
generation biofuels.
What separates them from first generation biofuels the fact
that feedstock used in producing second generation biofuels
are generally not food crops.
The only time the food crops can act as second generation
biofuels is if they have already fulfilled their food purpose

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nd
Non-food feedstocks
Food waste
Farm slurries
Chicken litter
Waste wood
Improved
conversion
technology
More complete
conversion
Grown on marginal
land
Improved
performance
Compared to 1
st

generation fuels
low GHG
emmision
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Advanced biofuels were defined by the Final Rule from the United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Renewable Fuel
Standard (RFS) Program as being renewable fuels from algae, other
than ethanol derived from corn starch, for which lifecycle
greenhouse gas emissions are at least 50% less than the gasoline or
diesel fuel it displaces
directly substituted for petro-fuels without any alterations to
pipelines and infrastructure
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Energy Content
The energy content of biodiesel is about 90% that of petroleum
diesel.
The energy content of ethanol is about 50% that of gasoline.
The energy content of butanol is about 80% that of gasoline.
Most biofuels are at least as energy dense as coal, but produce less
carbon dioxide when burned.
The lower energy content of biofuels means vehicles travel shorter
distances on the same amount of fuel. This has to be taken into
account when considering emissions.
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Substitutability of biofuels with common
petroleum-derived fuels
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Terrestrial feed stock
Rich in sugar and lipids
Cellulosic Biomass
Aquatic feed stock
Aquatic
Photosynthetic algae
Cynobacteria
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Rich sugar or
lipids
Corn grain
Sugar cane
Soybean oil
Cellulosic Biomass
Agricultural
residues
Forest
residues
Energy crops
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Biofuels
Ethanol and other alcohols
Biodiesel (FAME)
Advanced Hydrocarbons
Intermediates
Sugar or carbohydrates derivatives
Lipids
Syngas
Bio oils
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Gasification of biomass to syngas (CO + H2) and further
conversion of syngas to liquid fuels,
fast pyrolysis or liquefaction of biomass to produce bio-oils
followed by upgrading or blending for use as fuels, and
hydrolysis of biomass into sugar and lignin monomer units
for conversion to targeted products
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Biomass resources
Lignin
Cellulose
hemicellulose
Thermochemical
conversion
Pyrolysis
Gas/ Oil/
Charcoal
Gasificati
on
Syngas
Biochemical
conversion
Microbial
fermentati
on
Ethanol /
Butanol
Anaerobic
digestion
Biogas
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Potential benefits and challenges
Benefits
Challenges
Energy Security
Domestic energy source
Locally distributed
Well connected supply-demand
chain
Higher reliability
Economic stability
Price stability
Employment generation
Rural development
Reduce inter-fuels comptition
Reduce demand-supply gap
Open new industrial dimentions
Control on monopoly of fossil
rich states
Environmental gains
Better waste utilization
Reduce local pollution
Reduce GHGs emission
from energy consumption
Reduction in landfill sites
Feed stock
Collection network
Storage facilities
Food-fuel competition
Technology
Pretreatment
Enzyme production
Efficiency improvement
Technology cost
Production of value added co-products
Policy
Land use change
Fund for research and development
Pilot scale demonstration
Commercial scale deployment
Policy for biofuels
Procurement of subcidies
on biofuels production
Tax credits on production
and utilization of biofuels

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Bioethanol production
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World Scenario
Production (2009-10) : 100 Billion liters
Consumption:
Fuel : 68%
Industries : 21%
Potable : 11 %
Sold commercially in two forms
E15( 15% Ethanol + 85% Gasoline)
E85 (85% Ethanol + 15% Gasoline)
Raw material majorly used
Sugar cane (60%) : India, Brazil, Columbia
Corn (40%) : US, EU, China
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Protocol for preparation
Production and
gathering of
feed stock
Pretreatment
Fermentation
of sugar
Ethanol
recovery
Biological enzymes
Downstream processing
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Current challenges and areas of
research
Introduction of new feedstocks,
Production of second generation bioethanol from bagasse,
Selection of new yeast strains more adapted to stressing conditions of
industrial fermentations,
Bacterial and yeast contamination in the fermentation process with
cell recycling, and
Reduction of vinasse volume.
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Biodiesel production
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Different feed stock
Rapeseed oil, canola oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil and palm oil.
Beef and sheep tallow and poultry oil from animal sources
There are various other biodiesel sources ( research stage) :
almond, andiroba (Carapa guianensis), babassu (Orbignia sp.), barley,
camelina (Camelina sativa), coconut, copra, cumaru (Dipteryx odorata),
Cynara cardunculus, fish oil, groundnut, Jatropha curcas, karanja
(Pongamia glabra), laurel, Lesquerella fendleri, Madhuca indica,
microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris), oat, piqui (Caryocar sp.), poppy seed, rice,
rubber seed, sesame, sorghum, tobacco seed, and wheat
In India and southeast Asia, the Jatropha tree (Jatropha cursas) Karanja
(Pongamia pinnata)and Mahua (M. indica) is used as a significant fuel source.
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Protocol for production
Oil Crops
Extraction
Esterification
Biodiesel
Pretreatment
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Production method
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Transesterification
Transesterification is a chemical reaction between triglyceride and
alcohol in the presence of catalyst.
It consists of a sequence of three consecutive reversible reactions where
triglycerides are converted to diglycerides and then diglycerides are
converted to monoglycerides followed by the conversion of
monoglycerides to glycerol.
A catalyst is usually used to improve the reaction rate and yield.
Because the reaction is reversible, excess alcohol is used to shift the
equilibrium to the product side.
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Research prospects
Development of a Portable Biodiesel Production Facility
Development of Solid Catalysts for Biodiesel
Biodiesel Directly from Oilseeds: Reactive Extraction
The Rapeseed Biodiesel Biorefinery
Biodiesel from Algae in Extruded Polymer Microreactors
Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesels
Biodiesel from Non-edible Oilseeds
Development of Catalysts for Cracking of Vegetable Oils
High Temperature Heterogeneous Esterification Catalysts
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Third generation Biofuels
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The process
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Biofuels using Algal source
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Why Algae
Algae Biodiesel is a good replacement for standard crop
Biodiesels like soy and canola
Up to 70% of algae biomass is usable oils
Algae does not compete for land and space with other
agricultural crops
Algae can survive in water of high salt content and use water
that was previously deemed unusable
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World scenario
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Current scenario usage of different RM
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Commercial viability
Ballestra, Italy
BDT Biodiesel Technologies, Austria
Biodiesel Industries, U.S.
Biodiesel International, U.S
BiosourceFuels, LLC, U.S.
BIOX Corporation, Canada

Crown Iron Works Company, U.S.
EnergeaBiodiesel Technology, Austria
Imperial Western Products, Inc., U.S.
LurgiPSI, Inc.U.S.
Pacific Biodiesel, Inc.Hawaii.
Superior Process Technologies, U.S.

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Indian scenario
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Current scenario
Biomass based power is being promoted in India
Energy Conversion in Biomass based power is less efficient than BioFuels
1 ton of dry bagasse yields 800-1000 kWh of power
1 ton of dry bagasse is expected to yield 1300 kWh of energy content in ethanol
(30-60% higher)
Biomass power is subsidized in several states
Power Purchase Price is Rs 6 per kWh in some states
At Rs 27 per liter of ethanol, equivalent price for ethanol is Rs 4.50 per kWh
Biomass to Ethanol addresses a more important problem than Biomass to Power
Indias annual thermal coal imports are 60 Mn tons at $5 Bn
Indias Oil imports have crossed $100 Bn

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Policy
Target: 20% blending of biodiesel and bio-ethanol by 2017.
Effort to stimulate rural development and create employment opportunities
Environment protection
Derive bio-fuel from non-food sources
Mission New Energy, India A pilot plant of 0.07 ML/yr cellulosic ethanol
utilises agricultural waste (wheat/rice/corn/barley straw, and in the future
Jatropha Curcas, an oil-seed tree) using a novel hydrolysis process. Lignin is
separated from the cellulose and hemicellulose prior to hydrolysis, which is
conducted without the use of any enzymes. Yields of 500 L/t of feedstock are
reported which is 36% more efficient than competing cellulosic ethanol
technologies. A commercial scale plant is planned.
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Bioethanol production raw material
used
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Commercialization
The Government launched three pilot projects in 2001,
2 in Maharashtra
1 in Uttar Pradesh
These pilot projects have been supplying 5% ethanol blend (E5) only to
the retail outlets under their respective supply areas.
In total, 250 million tons of ethanol were produced for blending
purposes out of 2200 million tons.
The rest was used in industry and for alcohol consumption
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Future - challenges
Technology development to treat any undissolved pellets of KOH left in
alcohol
Technology development which would allow separation of glycerol and
reduction of formation of soap
Commercial, Viable Up Scaling of production of biodiesel treating the
average high content of FFA (>2%) in Indian Feedstocks for Biodiesel
production like Jatropha Oil, Pongamia Oil,Mahua,Pilu, Sal,Nahor,Kokam,
Kamala, Rubber Seed through a continuous process of transesterification
Complete removal of alcohol, catalyst, water, soaps, glycerine, unreacted and
partially reacted triglycerides and free fatty acids

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Future - challenges
Technology development for processing large variety of raw and refined
vegetable oils with low effluent generation and adaptable to large range of
production capacities
Heterogeneous Trans-esterification Process
Development of additives for Bio-diesel-Diesel blends
Development of Solid Acid Catalysis technique of transesterification
Development of Lipase Catalyzed (Enzyme Catalyzed) process
Continuous deglycerolization
Non Ionic Base Catalyzed Process


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