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In the name of ALLAH,
the most gracious, the
most merciful
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O my Lord! expand me my chest;
Ease my task for me; and
Remove the impediment from my speech,
So they may understand what I say.
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ELEMENTARY
STRESSES
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Definition of Stress
Stress is defined as the internally
distributed forces that resist a change
in the body.
It is measured in Pound Per Square Inch (Psi)
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OR
Stress is a measure of the internal
force per unit area generated when
some material is subjected to a load

In other words, its the intensity of
internal forces created when
external loads cause the material to
deform.
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Force basically starts from point of application
and runs through the whole body.

Effect of force on entire body is basic concern.

Did the failure occur due to applied force only
or some other reason as well?
Application of Force
F
F
A
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Cross Sectional Area
No of inner surfaces of the body
defines the cross sections of the
body.
Force is acting through the cross
sectional area.
Cross sections may lie
at different angles to the applied force
but we will restrict our discussion
to sections perpendicular and parallel
to the applied force.

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Free-Body Diagrams
Consider bar embedded in brick wall with axial force F applied at
its end.
F
F
Free-body diagram: pictorial representation used for analysis that
shows all forces acting on an object
F
If the bar is stationary,
the wall must produce
a reaction force equal
and opposite to the
applied force.
F F
F
F
Since bar is in equilibrium, every portion
of the bar is also in equilibrium
L
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Deformation Depends On How Force Is
Distributed!
S = F/A (Force/Area)

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AXIAL, BENDING,
SHEAR & TORSIONAL
STRESSES
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Axial Stresses
Forces which try to pull the
body apart are called tensile
forces, resulting in stresses
known as
tensile stresses (t).
It acts on a plane perpendicular
to the Load
t = F/ A
Tensile Stress (Pulling)
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If forces acting on a body are
pushing against each other, body
is said to be in compression.
It also acts perpendicular to the plane.
c = F / A
Compressive Stress (Pushing)
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If loads are acting parallel to the
plane of the structure, but not passing
through the same axis, they are known
as shear loads and resulting stresses
are called shear stresses.

Shear Stress(Slicing)
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If forces act on a piece of material in such a
way that it induces compressive stress over one
part of cross section and tensile stress over
the remaining part, the piece is said to be in
bending
Bending
(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning

is a trademark used herein under license.

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P P
Compression
Tension
Graphical Representation
Stress distribution
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The twisting action
of one section of a
body with respect to
a continuous section
is termed as torsion
Torsion
Stress distribution
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PROBLEMS
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SOLUTION
Effective length (A) = 20 Dia-------(D)

Diameter = radius x 2

Radius = 4 inch

Dia = 4X2 = 8 inch

Putting value of Dia in eqn. D

Effective length (A) = 20 8 = 12 inch


STRESS=P/A-----(C)

P=500 lbs


Area= ?

Side A = 20 inch

Side B = 5 inch

Radius = 4 inch
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SOLUTION (CONTD)
Area = 12 x 5

= 60 inch
2

Putting values of P and Area in eqn. C

# STRESS = P/A

= 500 / 60

= 8.3 psi
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SOLUTION
STRESS = P / A

P = 100 lbs

Area = (pi) r
2
Radius (r) = 2 inch

So,
Area = 3.14 x 4

= 12.56 inch
2

STRESS = 100 / 12.56

STRESS = 7.96 psi



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STRESS
CONCENTRATION
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What is Stress Concentration
A hole, cutout, weld flaw, nicks, cracks and
other discontinuities in a material known as
Stress Raisers result in an increase in the
average stress in the vicinity of that
discontinuity known as Stress Concentration.


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ASSUMPTIONS / LIMITATIONS
DISCUSSION REMAINS RESTRICTED TO :-
Circular and elliptical discontinuities
Member is 2-Dimensional
The effect of Stress Concentration factor (K)
is analyzed on the periphery of the
discontinuity and NOT on the body as a
whole

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Stress Concentrations in an Airframe
Fillets
Rivets
Holes
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Stress Concentration Factor

K =

K is the Stress Concentration Factor
(Max) is the Max Stress with discontinuity
(Avg) is the Stress without discontinuity

(Max)
(Avg)
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Flow over a cylinder in a wind tunnel
How Stress Concentration Occurs
Velocity increases around cylinder
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How Stress Concentration Occurs
P P
Stress Lines around a hole in a uniform plate
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How Stress Concentration Occurs
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Stress Concentration Under Polarized Light
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Stress Concentration Calculation
The stress concentration factor K is always
greater than 1. K>1
Determined on the basis of geometric shape.
Independent of the type of material.
K is independent of the size of the discontinuity.
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How to Calculate Stress Concentration
a
P
b
P
K = 1 + 2 (a/b)
a = side perpendicular to load
b = side parallel to load
Note: Formula is applicable for circular and oval discontinuities only
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a = 0 & b = 1
K = 1
a = 1 & b = 1
K = 3
Parallel Crack Perpendicular Crack Round Hole
a = 1 & b = 0
K =
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Conclusion
Stress concentrates locally around sharp
discontinuities in structurally loaded
member.
Sharper the discontinuity or stress raiser
greater the stress concentration.
Cracks in a material can be stopped by
drilling a hole.
Stress concentration factor reduces the
material strength by the ratio 1/K.
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Questions