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GAS
DYNAMICS
Ethirajan Rathakrishnan
` 425.00
GAS DYNAMICS, Fourth Edition
Ethirajan Rathakrishnan
2012 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this
book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
ISBN-978-81-203-4605-5
The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.
Eleventh Printing (Fourth Edition)
June, 2012
Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Rajkamal Electric Press, Plot No. 2, Phase IV,
HSIDC, Kundli-131028, Sonepat, Haryana.
Contents
Preface ................................................................................................ xi
Preface to the Third Edition ................................................................ xiii
Preface to the Second Edition ............................................................... xv
Preface to the First Edition ................................................................ xvii
Introduction ..............................................................................
Wave Propagation ....................................................................
Velocity of Sound ....................................................................
Subsonic and Supersonic Flows ..............................................
Summary ...................................................................................
43
43
44
44
45
Introduction ..............................................................................
The Fundamental Equations ...................................................
Discharge from a Reservoir ....................................................
Streamtube AreaVelocity Relation .......................................
vii
47
47
51
61
viii
Contents
Contents
ix
Contents
Appendix A
Table A1
Table A2
Table A3
Table A4
Table A5
........................................................... 427495
Isentropic Flow of Perfect Gas (g = 1.4) ................... 427
Normal Shock in Perfect Gas (g = 1.4) ..................... 440
Oblique Shock in Perfect Gas (g = 1.4) .................... 450
One-Dimensional Flow with Friction ( g = 1.4) .......... 484
One-Dimensional Frictionless Flow with
Change in Stagnation Temperature (g = 1.4) ............ 490
1
1.1
Until the nineteenth century very little knowledge of gas dynamics had been
assimilated by man. The motion of air, its effects and power were felt by human
beings only through storms or from the disturbances created for lighting fires
and other similar natural phenomena. Only those who were gifted with
imagination beyond their times observed the flying of birds and dreamt of flying
machines. Many efforts were made in those directions, costing priceless human
lives. The early manned flights like those of Icarus and Bladud were not based
on any aerodynamic concept.
The theory of air resistance was first proposed by Sir Isaac Newton in 1726.
According to him, aerodynamic forces depend on the density and velocity of the
fluid, and the shape and size of the displacing object. Newtons theory was soon
followed by other theoretical solutions to fluid motion problems. Fluid motion
was assumed to occur under idealized conditions, i.e. air was assumed to
possess constant density and to move in response to pressure and inertia.
Interest in gaining a deep understanding of dynamics of air motion arose
because of its application to hot air balloon, windmill, ballistic devices (guns
and cannons), and so on. Knowledge was mostly derived by trial and error, and
codes of practice did not exist. The experimental techniques introduced for
measurement during the eighteenth century provided a breakthrough in the
study of aerodynamics. Benjamin Robins in the UK constructed a whirling arm
to determine the air resistance of bodies, and a ballistic pendulum to find the
velocity of a bullet or shell. In the former experiment, a horizontal arm was
rotated about a vertical axis by the tension of a string holding a falling weight.
After a few rotations the speed of the end of the whirling arm was constant, at
approximately 7.6 m/s. Test objects were mounted at the end of the arm and
their air resistance altered the speed of rotation. This device was used to
compare the resistance of different shapes, and to show how the resistance of
1
18
Gas Dynamics
2
2.1
Basic Equations of
Compressible Flow
GAS DYNAMICS
RATHAKRISHNAN, E.
EDITION: FOURTH EDITION
ISBN: 978-81-2034605-5
Pages: 536
Price: R 425.00