Tips for Collecting, Reviewing, and

Analyzing Secondary Data

WHAT IS SECONDARY DATA REVIEW
AND ANALYSIS?
Secondary data analysis can be literally defined
as second-hand analysis. It is the analysis of
data or information that was either gathered by
someone else (e.g., researchers, institutions,
other NGOs, etc. or for some other !ur!ose
than the one currently being considered, or often
a combination of the two ("nossen #$$%.
If secondary research and data analysis is
underta&en with care and diligence, it can
!ro'ide a cost-effecti'e way of gaining a broad
understanding of research (uestions.
Secondary data are also hel!ful in designing
subse(uent !rimary research and, as well, can
!ro'ide a baseline with which to com!are your
!rimary data collection results. )herefore, it is
always wise to begin any research acti'ity with a
re'iew of the secondary data (No'a& #$$*.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND PURPOSE
Secondary data analysis and re'iew in'ol'es
collecting and analy+ing a 'ast array of
information. )o hel! you stay focused, your first
ste! should be to de'elo! a statement of !ur!ose
, a detailed definition of the !ur!ose of your
research , and a research design.
Statement of Purpose: -a'ing a well-defined
!ur!ose , a clear understanding of why you are
collecting the data and of what &ind of data you
want to collect, analy+e, and better understand ,
will hel! you remain focused and !re'ent you
from becoming o'erwhelmed with the 'olume of
data.
Research Design: . research design is a ste!-
by-ste! !lan that guides data collection and
analysis. In the case of secondary data re'iews it
might sim!ly be an outline of what you want the
final re!ort to loo& li&e, a list of the ty!es of data
that you need to collect, and a !reliminary list of
data sources.
WHAT TYPES OF DATA AND/OR
INFORMATION ARE NEEDED?
)he s!ecific ty!es of information and/or data
needed to conduct a secondary analysis will
de!end, ob'iously, on the focus of your study.
0or ".12 !ur!oses, secondary data analysis is
usually conducted to gain a more in-de!th
understanding of the causes of !o'erty in the
'arious countries and/or regions where ".12
wor&s. Secondary data re'iew and analysis
in'ol'es collecting information, statistics, and
other rele'ant data at 'arious le'els of
aggregation in order to conduct a situational
analysis of the area (see 3ata 4 Indicator 5ist in
.!!endi6 #7 refer to the 51S8 Guidelines,
.nne6 9, :uly #$$%. )he following is a
sam!ling of the ty!es of secondary data and
information commonly associated with !o'erty
analysis;
3emogra!hic (!o!ulation, !o!ulation
growth rate, rural/urban, gender, ethnic
grou!s, migration trends, etc.,
3iscrimination (by gender, ethinicity,
age, etc
Gender e(uality (by age, ethnicity, etc
8olicy en'ironment
2conomic en'ironment (growth, debt
ratio, terms of trade
8o'erty le'els (!o'erty and absolute,
2m!loyment and wages (formal and
informal7 access 'ariables,
5i'elihood systems (rural, urban, on-
farm, off-farm, informal, etc,
.gricultural 'ariables and !ractices
(rainfall, cro!s, soil ty!es, and uses,
irrigation, etc.,
-ealth (malnutrition, infant mortality,
immuni+ation rate, fertility rate,
contrace!ti'e !re'alence rate, etc.,
-ealth ser'ices (</le'el, ser'ices by
le'el, facility-to-!o!ulation ratio7
access by gender, ethnicity. etc.,
2ducation (adult literacy rate, school
enrollment, dro!-out rates, male-to-
female ratio, ethnic ratio, etc,
Schools (</le'el, school-to-!o!ulation
ratio, access by gender, ethnicity, etc.,
Infrastructure (roads, electricity,
communication, water, sanitation, etc.,
2n'ironmental status and !roblems
-armful cultural !ractices
S!ecial attention should be gi'en to collecting
disaggregated data. )hat is, data that is bro&en
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down in the following ways; gender, age,
ethnicity, location, etc..
2'en when highly disaggregated7 howe'er, these
raw data !oints alone are often only static or
indirect measures of the situation or !roblems
that e6ist in countries and regions , !artial or
im!erfect reflections of reality (=N38 #$$%. It
is through re'iewing, inter!reting, and cross-
analy+ing the secondary that these !ieces of
information allow us to gain a better
understanding of a s!ecific situation, !o!ulation,
sector, etc. .nalysis of data gi'es you the
information that you need to ma&e >udgements,
recommend areas of inter'ention, and/or design
follow-u! studies. "ross-analy+ing data will also
hel! you understand not only what is ha!!ing in
a !articular area but also ?-@ it is ha!!ening.
SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA
Official Statistics: Official statistics are
statistics collected by go'ernments and their
'arious agencies, bureaus, and de!artments.
)hese statistics can be useful to researchers
because they are an easily obtainable and
com!rehensi'e source of information that
usually co'ers long !eriods of time.
-owe'er, because official statistics are often
characteri+ed by unreliability, data ga!s, o'er-
aggregation, inaccuracies, mutual
inconsistencies, and lac& of timely re!orting
(Gill #$$A, it is im!ortant to critically analy+e
official statistics for accuracy and 'alidity. )here
are se'eral reasons why these !roblems e6ist;
#. )he scale of official sur'eys generally
re(uires large numbers of enumerators
(inter'iewers and, in order to reach those
numbers enumerators contracted are often
under-s&illed7
B. )he si+e of the sur'ey area and research
team usually !rohibits ade(uate su!er'ision
of enumerators and the research !rocess7
and
A. 1esource limitations (human and technical
often !re'ent timely and accurate re!orting
of results.
Technical Reports: )echnical re!orts are
accounts of wor& done on research !ro>ects.
)hey are written to !ro'ide research results to
colleagues, research institutions, go'ernments,
and other interested researchers. . re!ort may
emanate from com!leted research or on-going
research !ro>ects.
Scholarly Journals: Scholarly >ournals
generally contain re!orts of original research or
e6!erimentation written by e6!erts in s!ecific
fields. .rticles in scholarly >ournals usually
undergo a !eer re'iew where other e6!erts in the
same field re'iew the content of the article for
accuracy, originality, and rele'ance.
Literature Review Articles: 5iterature re'iew
articles assemble and re'iew original research
dealing with a s!ecific to!ic. 1e'iews are
usually written by e6!erts in the field and may
be the first written o'er'iew of a to!ic area.
1e'iew articles discuss and list all the rele'ant
!ublications from which the information is
deri'ed.
Trade Journals: )rade >ournals contain articles
that discuss !ractical information concerning
'arious fields. )hese >ournals !ro'ide !eo!le in
these fields with information !ertaining to that
field or trade.
Reference oo!s: 1eference boo&s !ro'ide
secondary source material. In many cases,
s!ecific facts or a summary of a to!ic is all that
is included. -andboo&s, manuals,
encyclo!edias, and dictionaries are considered
reference boo&s (=ni'ersity of "incinnati
5ibrary #$$*7 8ritchard and Scott #$$*.
WHERE TO FIND SECONDARY DATA
)here are numerous sources of secondary data
and information. )he first ste! in collecting
secondary data is to determine which
institutions conduct research on the to!ic area or
country in (uestion.
5arge sur'eys and country-wide studies are
e6!ensi'e and time-consuming to conduct7
therefore, they are usually done by go'ernments
or large institutions with a research orientation.
)hus, go'ernment documents and official
statistics are a good starting !lace for gathering
secondary data7 howe'er, as !re'iously stated,
the (uality of the documents will 'ary de!ending
on the country of study and the amount of
resources dedicated to data collection.
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Make Use of Local Eperts
When searching for secondary data
or questioning the quality of a
source that you have already
collected, seek advice from sector
specialists and other experts in your
country ofce. Your colleagues are
valuable sources of information and
expertise.
Other ma>or sources of international
de'elo!ment data are the ?orld Can&, the
=nited States .gency for International
3e'elo!ment (=S.I3, the =nited Nations
3e'elo!ment 8rogramme (=N38, the 0ood and
.griculture Organi+ation of the =nited Nations
(0.O, the International 0und for .gricultural
3e'elo!ment (I0.3, the ?orld -ealth
Organi+ation (?-O, International "enter for
1esearch on ?omen (I"1?, the "hronic
8o'erty 1esearch "enter ("81", the "enter for
1esearch on 8o'erty ("1O8, O'erseas
3e'elo!ment Institute (O3I, and Institute of
3e'elo!ment Studies (I3S to name a few.
International de'elo!ment institutes commonly
share information sources and ha'e libraries for
archi'ing these materials. )hus, a data-
gathering 'isit to one office might yield
numerous sources of information on the to!ic
area of interest.
=ni'ersity libraries are good sources of
information and should be consulted. .lso, it
would be beneficial to establish contact with
e6!erts at local uni'ersity de!artments that are
dedicated to research on the to!ic areas that you
are interested in (e.g., 3e!artments of
.gricultural Sciences, 8ublic -ealth,
2conomics, .nthro!ology, Sociology. )hese
e6!erts can be im!ortant sources of information
on on-going research !ro>ects as well as for
guiding you toward other sources of to!ic area
information or indi'iduals that can be contacted.
5ocal NGOs also often conduct em!irical
research and can be 'aluable sources of
information. )his in !articularly true when you
are searching for local-le'el information and
data. In some cases, NGOs might also ha'e
small libraries that !ro'ide additional
information.
EVALUATING THE 8UALITY OF YOUR
INFORMATION SOURCES
One of the ad'antages of secondary data re'iew
and analysis is that indi'iduals with limited
research training or technical e6!ertise can be
trained to conduct this ty!e of analysis. Dey to
the !rocess, howe'er, is the ability to >udge the
(uality of the data or information that has been
gathered. )he following ti!s will hel! you
assess the (uality of the data.
Determine the Original Purpose of the Data
"ollection; "onsider the !ur!ose of the data or
!ublication. Is it a go'ernment document or
statistic, data collected for cor!orate and/or
mar&eting !ur!oses, or the out!ut of a source
whose business is to !ublish secondary data
(e.g., research institutions. Dnowing the
!ur!ose of data collection will hel! to e'aluate
the (uality of the data and discern the !otential
le'el of bias (No'a& #$$*.
Attempt to Ascertain the "redentials of the
Source#s$ or Author#s$ of the %nformation
?hat are the authorEs or sourceEs credentials --
educational bac&ground, !ast wor&s/writings, or
e6!erience -- in this areaF 0or e6am!le, the
following sources are generally considered
reliable sources of data and information;
research re!orts documenting findings from
agricultural research !ublished by the 0.O or
I0.37 socioeconomic data re!orted by the ?orld
Can&7 and sur'ey health data re!orted in
=S.I3Es 3emogra!hic -ealth Sur'eys.
Does it include a methods section and are the
methods sound? 3oes the article ha'e a section
that discusses the methods used to conduct the
studyF If it does not, you can assume that it is a
!o!ular audience !ublication and should loo&
for additional su!!orting information or data. If
the research methods are discussed, re'iew them
to ascertain the (uality of the study. If you are
not a research methods e6!ert, ha'e someone
else in your "ounty Office re'iew the methods
section with you.
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Secondary Data So!rces
Government Documents
fcial !tatistics
"echnical #eports
!cholarly $ournals
"rade $ournals
#evie% &rticles
#eference 'ooks
#esearch (nstitutions
)niversities
*ibraries, *ibrary !earch +ngines
,omputeri-ed Databases
"he World Wide Web
.!hell /0012
&hat's the Date of Pu(lication) ?hen was the
source !ublishedF Is the source current or out-
of-dateF )o!ic areas of continuing or ra!id
de'elo!ment, such as the sciences, demand more
current information.
&ho is the %ntended Audience) Is the
!ublication aimed at a s!eciali+ed or a general
audienceF Is the source too elementary -- aimed
at the general !ublicF
&hat is the "overage of the Report or
Document) 3oes the wor& u!date other
sources, substantiate other materials/re!orts that
you ha'e read, or add new information to the
to!ic areaF
%s it a Primary or Secondary Source) 8rimary
sources are the raw material of the research
!rocess, they re!resent the records of research or
e'ents as first described. Secondary sources are
based on !rimary sources. )hese sources
analy+e, describe, and synthesi+e the !rimary or
original source. If the source is secondary, does
it accurately relate information from !rimary
sourcesF
%mportantly* %s the Document or Report &ell+
Referenced) ?hen data and/or figures are
gi'en, are they followed by a footnote, endnote
-- which !ro'ides a full reference for the
information at the end of the !age or document
-- or the name and date of the source (e.g.,
Cur&e #$$%F ?ithout !ro!er reference to the
source of the information, it is im!ossible to
>udge the (uality and 'alidity of the information
re!orted.
DO THE NUM:ERS DO NOT MAKE
SENSE?
3ata re!orting characteristics 'ary according to
what the data is being collected for and the stage
of re!orting. 0or e6am!le, health clinics might
re!ort (uarterly the number of cases of diarrhea,
u!!er res!iratory infection, or malnutrition that
they ha'e been treated at a clinic.
)his information is useful for healthcare
!rofessionals who will later analy+e the
information to ascertain the !ercentage of the
!o!ulation in a munici!ality or !ro'ince that
were diagnosed with these !roblems o'er a
gi'en !eriod of time. 0or the !ur!ose of
secondary data analysis, the aggregated
!ercentage figure, rather than the number of
cases re!orted, should be used.
.nother area of data analysis that re(uires a
s&e!tical eye is em!loyment-related data. It is
difficult to count the em!loyed accurately,
es!ecially in de'elo!ing countries. 2m!loyment
data often do not ta&e into account the number
of !eo!le in'ol'ed in informal or unrecorded
acti'ities, seasonal agricultural laborers,
womenEs agricultural labor, or child labor.
)hus, official em!loyment statistics should be
'iewed in light of these inade(uacies. 5abor
force data that !ro'ides a list of the categories
used (e.g., em!loyed, unem!loyed,
underem!loyed, own-account wor&ers, un!aid
family wor&ers will hel! you determine the
(uality of the measure (?orldban& #$$%.
?hen you feel that the em!loyment data is
unreliable, loo&ing at other economic indicators
will hel! you de'elo! a clearer understanding of
the situation. 0or e6am!le, if your em!loyment
data state that only B9 !ercent of the !o!ulation
is economically acti'e. -owe'er, data from a
recent !o'erty sur'ey state that only 9 !ercent of
the !o!ulation li'e below the absolute !o'erty
line, you can conclude that the em!loyment data
is not a good measure to use.
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"!estions for Eval!ating
Data "!ality
What are your source3s
credentials4
What methods %ere used4
(s the information current or
out5of5date4
(s the intended audience other
researchers or the general
public4
(s the document3s coverage of
the topic area broad or too
narro%4
(s it a primary or secondary
source4 (f it is a secondary
source, does it accurately cover
and report on the primary
sources4
Does the author provide
references for the data and
information reported4
Do the numbers make sense4
&re they the numbers you %ant
6 cases versus percentages4
When compared to related data
are the measures some%hat
consistent4
WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN DATA
SOURCES DISAGREE?
?hen conducting secondary data analysis, it is
not uncommon to come across data sources that
disagree or conflict with each other. )o hel!
o'ercome this !roblem you should;
#. 3ecide if the source of the data is a !rimary
or a secondary source. In other words, loo&
for a citation. If the source is sim!ly
(uoting a number or statistic, it may not be
accurate, and should be ta&en cautiously.
B. If you cannot find the original source of the
data in (uestion, loo& for more data sources
co'ering the to!ic and determine the most
widely held conclusion. If two inde!endent
secondary data sources agree, the
information is !robably more belie'able.
A. "onsult a local e6!ert in the to!ic area.
Ga&e use of the 'aluable resources around
you. Gore than li&ely, there are colleagues
at your country office, in local go'ernment
offices, or other institutions that can easily
hel! resol'e an issue, answer your
(uestions, or direct you to the answers.
THE IMPORTANCE OF DATA
DISAGGREGATION
)he le'el of data aggregation or disaggregation
sim!ly refers the e6tent to which the
information or data is bro&en down.
Aggregate Data; .ggregate data are data that
describe a grou! of obser'ations, with the
grou!ing made on a defined criterion. 0or
e6am!le, geogra!hic data are often grou!ed by
s!atial units such as region, state, census tract,
etc. .ggregate data can also be defined by time
inter'al, for e6am!le; the number of !ersons
that migrated to urban areas in the last fi'e
years.
Disaggregated Data: )hese are data on
indi'iduals or single entities, for e6am!le; age,
se6, le'el of education, income, occu!ation, etc.
)hese data are generally more informati'e and
useful than aggregate data.
)here ha'e been increasing efforts o'er the last
cou!le of decades to encourage more data
disaggregation, !articularly in the international
de'elo!ment arena. Strong em!hasis has been
!laced, for e6am!le, on data disaggregation by
gender, ethnicity, age, and location. )his ty!e of
data enables researchers and de'elo!ment
!ractitioners to obtain a more com!rehensi'e
understanding of how grou!s within a society
react differently to and/or are effected differently
by 'arious conditions or e'ents (e.g., structural
ad>ustment, other socioeconomic conditions,
en'ironmental degradation, go'ernment
!olicies, de'elo!ment !ro>ects, etc..
0or e6am!le, although women ha'e been found
to be the !rimary agriculturists in many
societies, until recently the ma>ority of data
related to farming was gathered from male
farmers and often did not re!resent the same
reality e6!erienced by women farmers. )hus the
lac& of gender-disaggregated agricultural data
has been a ma>or constraint for effecti'e
integration of women in the !lanning and
im!lementation of agriculture and rural
de'elo!ment !rograms (0.O #$$%.
?hen conducting analysis of !o'erty
determinants it is always ad'isable to gather
your data at the lowest !ossible le'el of
geogra!hic/!olitical unit aggregation (e.g.,
munici!ality, county. )his allows you to not
only ascertain what is ha!!ening at the
de!artment or state le'el but also within these
areas. In some situations, you might find that
the le'el of data disaggregation 'aries across or
between !olitical/geogra!hic unit.
@ou might ha'e nutritional data that are
disaggregated only at the de!artment le'el for
#H out of #I de!artments in a country, with only
four de!artments ha'ing both de!artment and
munici!al le'el data. In this case you would
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Aggregate vers!s
Disaggregate
(n a nutshell, you can say that
the more aggregated the data,
the more invisible the people.
!resent data at the de!artment le'el because it
re!resents the broadest le'el of consistent data
collection (i.e., you ha'e it for all de!artments in
the country.
If time !ermits, it is also ad'isable to briefly
discuss the munici!al le'el data for the four
de!artments as an e6am!le of what is ha!!ening
at the munici!al le'el. ?hile this information is
not generali+able at the country le'el, it will
enhance your &nowledge of the nutritional
situation in the s!ecific geogra!hic
areas/munici!alities. ?hen com!lemented with
other data (li'elihood systems, le'els of !o'erty,
agroecological +one, etc., these data can hel! us
further characteri+e and understand the local
situation and ma&e inferences to higher le'els of
data aggregation.
GETTING FROM &,AT AND &,-R- TO
&,.
Secondary data is generally referred to as
outcome data. )his is because secondary data
generally describe the condition or status of
!henomena or a grou!7 howe'er, these data
alone do not tell us why the condition or status
e6ists. )his limitation can be o'ercome in two
ways.
0irst, it can be o'ercome by using information
from case studies and other research to fill in the
ga!s. 0or e6am!le, data on child malnutrition
rates and womenEs le'el of education !ro'ide
information rele'ant for understanding why
some children are more li&ely to be
malnourished than others. )he child health
research literature tells us that children whose
mothers ha'e low le'els of education will li&ely
e6hibit higher malnutrition rates than children
of mothers with higher le'els of education.
)hus, consulting rele'ant literature can hel!
illuminate causal relationshi!s.
Second, analysis of additional &ey data and
indicators can hel! us ac(uire more e6!lanation
as to why a !roblem e6ists. 0or e6am!le, if low
farm income has been identified as a !roblem,
data on land tenure, land si+e, ty!es of cro!s,
!roduction 'alue, cost of in!uts, and so on, can
be com!ared to hel! identify who has this
!roblem and !ossible causes and solutions.

)herefore, cross-analy+ing &ey indicators and
using additional information sources hel! us
understand or ma&e reasonably sound inferences
about unmeasured conditions or situations7 thus
allowing us to better understand not only what is
happening and where it is happening but also
why it is happening.
USING SECONDARY INFORMATION TO
STRENGHTEN PRIMARY RESEARCH
Secondary information is also 'aluable for
generating hy!otheses and identifying critical
areas of interest that can be in'estigated during
!rimary data gathering acti'ities. 0or e6am!le,
secondary data analysis conducted !rior to the
)an+ania =rban 0ood and -ousehold 5i'elihood
Security .ssessment, identified &ey research
areas that should be closely studied during the
assessment (e.g., the influence of seasonality on
urban li'elihoods7 the im!act of increased
!ri'ati+ation7 gender differentiation in urban
land tenure !olicies7 and social cohesion and
locality. Juestions were then de'elo!ed and
included in the household, community grou!,
and &ey informant inter'iew (uestionnaires to
allow analysis of these &ey areas of interest.
?ithout thorough analysis of secondary data,
these &ey constraints to urban food and
li'elihood security !ossibly would not ha'e been
identified, thus the !roblem analysis , the why
of the !rimary research e6ercise , was
strengthened through secondary data and
information analysis.
THE ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA
REVIEW AND ANALYSIS
A%&ata<e"=
Secondary data analysis can be carried out
rather (uic&ly when com!ared to formal
!rimary data gathering and analysis
e6ercises.
?here good secondary data is a'ailable,
researchers sa'e time and money by ma&ing
good use of a'ailable data rather than
collecting !rimary data, thus a'oiding
du!lication of effort.
=sing secondary data !ro'ides a relati'ely
low-cost means of com!aring the le'el of
well-being of different !olitical units (e.g.,
states, de!artments, !ro'inces, counties.
-owe'er, &ee! in mind that data collection
methods 'ary (between researchers,
countries, de!artments, etc., which may
im!air the com!arability of the data.
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3e!ending on the le'el of data
disaggregation, secondary data analysis
lends itself to trend analysis as it offers a
relati'ely easy way to monitor change o'er
time.
It informs and com!lements !rimary data
collection, sa'ing time and resources often
associated with o'er-collecting !rimary
data.
8ersons with limited research training or
technical e6!ertise can be trained to conduct
a secondary data re'iew (Ceaulieu #$$B7
=ni'ersity of "incinnati #$$*.
Di"a%&ata<e"=
Secondary data hel!s us understand the
condition or status of a grou!, but com!ared
to !rimary data they are im!erfect
reflections of reality. ?ithout !ro!er
inter!retation and analysis they do not hel!
us understand why something is ha!!ening.
)he !erson re'iewing the secondary data
can easily become o'erwhelmed by the
'olume of secondary data a'ailable, if
selecti'ity is not e6ercised.
It is often difficult to determine the (uality
of some of the data in (uestion.
Sources may conflict with each other.
Cecause secondary data is usually not
collected for the same !ur!ose as the
original researcher had, the goals and
!ur!oses of the original researcher can
!otentially bias the study.
Cecause the data were collected by other
researchers, and they decide what to collect
and what to omit, all of the information
desired may not be a'ailable (Israel #$$A.
Guch of the data a'ailable are only indirect
measures of !roblems that e6ist in countries
and regions (=ni'ersity of "incinnati
#$$*.
Secondary data can not re'eal indi'idual or
grou! 'alues, beliefs, or reasons that may be
underlying current trends (Ceaulieu #$$B.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPERLY
REFERENCING YOUR SECONDARY
DATA REVIEW
Secondary data re'iew and analysis is a form of
research and data com!ilation that is demanding
and time-consuming7 howe'er, without !ro!er
citation (i.e., author, date, title of materials that
you used, your wor& will often be disregarded as
it will only ha'e limited use by those who wish
to follow in your footste!s.
. well-documented secondary data re'iew
and analysis allows for easier use of the
material by other interested !arties.
8ro!erly citing the !ublication date of the
sources you used will allow subse(uent
researchers to use your wor& to ma&e
com!arisons o'er time and between
countries, communities, towns, regions, etc.
8ro!er citation allow subse(uent researchers
to use your wor&, thus !re'enting
unnecessary du!lication of research efforts
(Jualidata #$$%
S=GG.1@
Secondary data can be a 'aluable source of
information for gaining &nowledge and insight
into a broad range of issues and !henomena.
1e'iew and analysis of secondary data can
!ro'ide a cost-effecti'e way of addressing issues,
conducting cross-national com!arisons,
understanding country-s!ecific and local
conditions, determining the direction and
magnitude of change -- trends, and describing
the current situation. It com!lements, but does
not re!lace, !rimary data collection and should
be the starting !lace for any research
M. Katherie M!Ca"t#$ HLS A%&i"#r '(e )**+
U,%ate% -r#. M.Katherie M!Ca"t# /01123 4Parter"hi, 5 H#("eh#6% Li&e6ih##% Se!(rit7 Uit ?
Secondary vers!s #ri$ary
Data
!econdary data complements,
but does not replace, primary
data collection and should be
the starting place for any
research activity.
Originally 8re!ared by; G. Datherine
Gc"aston, 0ood Security .d'isor 4 3e!uty
-ousehold 5i'elihood Security "oordinator,
8-5S =nit, ".12, 0ebruary #$$K. =!dated by
same :une BHH9
Re-ere!e" Cite%
Ceaulieu, 5ionel :.
#$$B Identifying Needs =sing Secondary
3ata Sources, Institute of 0ood and
.gricultural Ser'ices, =ni'ersity of
0lorida.
"nossen, "hristine
#$$% Secondary 1eserach; 5earning 8a!er %,
School of 8ublic .dministration and
5aw, the 1obert Gordon =ni'ersity,
:anuary #$$%. .'ailable online (telnet;
>uraB.eee.rgu.ac.u&/ds&9/research/mater
ial/resmeth
0.O
#$$% =ser/8roducer ?or&sho! on Gender-
3isaggregated .gricultural Statistical
3ata, 0.O ?omen in 3e'elo!ment
Ser'ice and 0.O 1egional Office for
.frica, -arare, Limbabwe, Se!tember
#$$%.
Gill, Gerard :.
#$$A O.D., )he 3ataEs 5ousy, Cut ItEs .ll ?e
Got (Ceing a "riti(ue of "on'entional
Gethods. 5ondon; International
Institute for 2n'ironment and
3e'elo!ment.
Israel, Glenn 3.
#$$A =sing Secondary 3ata for Needs
.ssessment, 0act Sheet 82O3-#H,
8rogram 2'aluation and
Organi+ational 3e'elo!ment Series,
Institute of 0ood and .gricultural
Ser'ices, =ni'ersity of 0lorida.
No'a&, )homas 8.
#$$* Secondary 3ata .nalysis 5ecture
Notes. Gar&eting 1esearch, Manderbilt
=ni'ersity. .'ailable online
(telnet;wwwBHHH.ogsm.'anderbilt.edu/
mar&eting.research.s!ring.#$$*.
8ritchard, 2ileen and 8aula 1. Scott
#$$* 5iterature Searching in Science,
)echnology, and .griculture. ?est!ort,
"); Greenwood 8ress.
Jualidata
#$$% Guidelines for 3e!ositing Jualitati'e
3ata, 21S" Jualitati'e 3ata .rchi'al
1esource "entre. .'ailable online
(telnet; www.esse6.ac.u&/(ualidata
Shell, 5.?.
#$$% Secondary 3ata Sources; 5ibrary
Search 2ngines, Nicholls State
=ni'ersity.
)rochim, ?illiam
#$$% )he Dnowledge Case -ome!age;
1esearch Gethods, "ornell =ni'ersity.
.'ailable online (telnet;
trochim.human.cornell.edu/&b.
=ni'ersity of "incinnati
#$$* "ritically .naly+ing Information, the
1eference 5ibrary, =ni'ersity of
"incinnati. .'ailable online (telnet;
www.libraries.uc.edu/libinfo
=N38
#$$% Sustainable 5i'elihoods; "once!ts,
8rinci!les and .!!roaches to Indicator
3e'elo!ment (3raft 3iscussion 8a!er.
.'ailable online (telnet;
www.und!.org/se!ed/sl/indB.htm.
?orldban&
#$$% ?orld 3e'elo!ment Indicators.
?ashington, 3.".; ?orldban&.
M. Katherie M!Ca"t#$ HLS A%&i"#r '(e )**+
U,%ate% -r#. M.Katherie M!Ca"t# /01123 4Parter"hi, 5 H#("eh#6% Li&e6ih##% Se!(rit7 Uit 2