NERVOUS SYSTEM

Ahmad aminuddin
NERVOUS SYSTEM
STRUCTURALLY
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
FUNCTIONALLY
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.
NERVOUS TISSUE
NEURON
CELL BODY WITH DENDRITE AND AXON.
SYNAPS.
NEUROGLIA
C.N.S
OLIGODENDROGLIA.
ASTROCYTE.
EPENDYMAL CELL.
MICROGLIA.
P.N.S.
SATELLITE CELL.
NEUROLEMMA ( SCHWANN ) CELL.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CONSIST OF
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.
NUCLEUS
TRACT
COMPOSED OF
GRAY MATTER - NERVE CELL BODIES.
WHITE MATTER - TRACT.
MENINGES
PIAMATER.
ARACHNOID.
DURAMATER.


PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL N
CRANIAL N
SPINAL N
SUPPORTED AND PROTECTED
ENDONEURIUM.
PERINEURIUM.
EPINEURIUM.













CRANIAL AND SPINAL P.N.
SOMATIC FIBERS
GENERAL SENSORY F. ( G.S.A.)
EXTEROCEPTIVE SENSATION.
PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSATION.
SOMATIC MOTOR FIBERS ( G.S.E.)
VISCERAL FIBERS
VISCERAL SENSORY FIBERS ( G.V.A.)
GENERAL MOTOR FIBERS ( G.V.E.)
PRESYNAPTIC FIBERS.
POSTSYNAPTIC FIBERS.


SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
CONSIST OF
SOMATIC PART OF THE C.N.S.
SOMATIC PART OF THE P.N.S.
INNERVATION TO
ALL PART OF THE BODY ,EXCEPT
VISCERA IN THE BODY CAVITY.
SMOOTH MUSCLES.
GLANDS.

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
PROVIDES
THE SOMATIC SENSORY SYSTEM
TRANSMITS SENSATION OF TOUCH, PAIN, TEMPERATURE
AND POSITION.
THE SOMATIC MOTOR SYSTEM
INNERVATES ONLY SKELETAL MUSCLES.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
DIVISION
SYMPATHETIC.
PARASYMPATHETIC.
THE ANATOMICAL DISTINCTION
THE LOCATION OF THE PRESYNAPTIC CELL BODIES.
WHICH NERVES CONDUCT THE PRESYNAPTIC FIBER
FROM THE C.N.S.
THE FUNCTIONAL DISTINCTION
THE POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON LIBERATE
-NOREPINEPHRINE - SYMPATHETIC.
-ACETYLCHOLINE - PARASYMPATHETIC.
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
THE CELL BODIES OF THE PRESYNAPTIC
NEURON ARE FOUND IN THE INTERMEDI
OLATERAL CELL COLUMNS.
THE CELL BODIES OF THE POSTSYNAP -
TIC NEURON OCCUR IN
PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLIA.
PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA.





PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION
PRESYNAPTIC NEURON CELL BODIES ARE
LOCATED
IN THE GRAY MATTER OF THE BRAIN STEM, THE
FIBERS EXIT THE C.N.S. WITHIN THE CRANIAL N.
III, VII, IX AND X - CRANIAL PARASYMPATHETIC
OUTFLOW
IN THE GRAY MATTER OF THE SACRAL SEG- MEN ( S
2-4 ) THE FIBERS EXIT THE C.N.S THROUGH THE
ANTERIR ROOTS OF SACRAL SPINAL N S 2-4 AND
THE PELVIC SPLANCHNIC N THA T ARISE FROM
THEIR ANTERIOR RAMI SACRAL PARASYMPATHE-
TIC OUTFLOW




CRANIAL NERVES.
C.N. CARRY ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING
FIVE MAIN FUNCTION ;
MOTOR ( EFFERENT ) FIBERS.
MOTOR FIBERS TO VOLUNTARY (STRIATED) MUSCLE
SOMATIC MOTOR.
BRANCHIAL MOTOR.
MOTOR FIBERS INVOLVED IN INNERVATING INVO LUNTARY
(SMOOTH) MUSCLES OR GLANDS
SENSORY ( AFFERENT ) FIBERS
FIBERS CONVEYING SENSATION FROM THE VSCR
FIBERS TRANSMITTING GENERAL SENSATION
FIBERS TRANSMITTING UNIQUE SENSATION






STRUCTURE OF THE SCALP
SKIN.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
APONEUROSIS.
LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE.
PERICRANIUM.
CLINICAL ASPECT
SCALP WOUND
SUPERFICIAL S.W.
DEEP S.W.
SCALP INFECTIONS
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE IS THE DANGER AREA.
EMISSARY VEIN.
ECHYMOSIS.
SEBACEOUS CYSTS
CEPHALHEMATOMA

CRANIAL MENINGES
PROTECT THE BRAIN.
FORM THE SUPPORTING FRAMEWORK
FOR ARTERIES, VEINS AND VENOUS SINU
SES.
ENCLOSE A FLUID-FILLED CAVITY, THE
SUBARACHNOID SPACE, WICH IS VITAL
TO THE NORMAL FUNCTION OF THE
BRAIN
MENINGES
DURA MATER.
ARACHNOID MATER.
SUBARACHNOID SPACE WITH C.F.S.
PIA MATER.
DURA MATER
DURAL INFOLDINGS
CEREBRAL FALX.
CEREBELLAR TENTORIUM.
CEREBELLAR FALX.
SELLAR DIAPHRAGM


CLINICAL ASPECT
BLUNT TRAUMA TO THE HEAD
FRACTURE OF THE CRANIAL BASE USUALLY TEARS THE DURA
AND RESULTS IN LEAKAGE OF C.F.F.
TENTORIAL HERNIATION
TENTORIAL HERNIATION, THE TEMPORAL LOBE MAY BE
LACERATED BY THE TOUGH CEREBELLAR TENTORIUM AND
THE OCULOMOTOR N. MAY BE STRECHED, COMPRESSED
PARALYSIS OF THE EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES.
BULGING OF THE SELLAR DIAPHRAGM
PITUITARY TUMOR SUPERIOR EXTENSION MAY CAUSE
PRESSURE ON THE OPTIC CHIASM VISUAL SYMPTOM.
DURAL VENOUS SINUSES
SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS.
INFERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS.
TRANSVERSE SINUS.
OCCIPITAL SINUS.
CAVERNOUS SINUS.
SUPERIOR PETROSAL SINUSES.
INFERIOR PETROSAL SINUSES.
EMISSARY VEINS
FRONTAL E.V.
PARIETAL E.V.
MASTOID E.V.
POSTERIOR CONDYLAR E.V.
VASCULATURE OF THE DURA
MATER
ARTERIAL SUPPLY
ANTERIOR BRANCH AND
POSTERIOR BRANCH OF THE MIDDLE
MENINGEAL ARTERY.
VENOUS DRAINAGE
ACCOMPANY THE MENINGEAL A.,THE
MIDDLE MENINGEAL V.- PTERYGOID PLEXUS



LEPTO MENUNGITIS
USUALLY CONFINED TO SUBARACHNOID
SPACE AND ARACHNOID-PIA.
THE BACTERIA FROM
AN INFECTIOUS OF THE HEART, LUNG AND
OTHER VISCERA.
NASAL SINUS.


BRAIN
THE CEREBRUM
FRONTAL LOBES.
THE PARIETAL LOBES.
THE TEMPORAL LOBES.
THE OCCIPITAL LOBES.
THE DIENCEPHALON
EPITHALAMUS.
DORSALTHALAMUS.
HYPOTHALAMUS.
THE MIDBRAIN
THE PONS
THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA
THE CEREBELLUM
THE BRAINSTEM
THE MIDBRAIN
LIE AT THE JUNCTION OF THE MIDDLE AND ANTERIOR
CRANIAL FOSSA.
C.N. III, C.N. IV.
THE PONS
LIE IN THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL
FOSSA.
C.N. V.
THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA
LIES IN THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA.
C.N. IX, C.N.X, C.N.XII
- C.N.VI C.N.VIII AT THE JUNCTION OF PONS AND MEDULLA.


CEREBRAL INJURIES
CEREBRAL CONCUSSION
CONSCIOUSNESS MAY BE LOST FOR ONLY 8 10 SEC., IN
MORE SEVERE INJURIES CONS SCIOUSNESS MAY BE LOST
FOR HOURS AND EVEN DAYS.
CEREBRAL CONTUSION
THE PIA IS STRIPPED FRON THE INJURED SURFACE OF THE
BRAIN AND MAY BE TORN, ALLOWING BLOOD TO ENTER THE
SUBARACHNOID SPACE, MAY RESULT IN AN EXTENDED LOST
OF CONSCIOUSNESS
CEREBRAL LACERATION
DEPRESSED CRANIAL FRCT RUPTURE BLOOD VESSEL BLEE
DING INTO THE BRAIN AND SUBARACHNOID SPACE, CAUSING
INCREASE INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE AND CEREBRAL COMPRE
SSION.