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Density Based Traffic Light Control System
Density Based Traffic Light Control System
Density Based Traffic Light Control System
on
DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT
CONTROL SYSTEM
Submitted BY
1. PRABHAKAR SINGH
(T8!!"11#
!. ROSHAN K$MAR
(T8!!"11%#
". SHAILENDER SINGH
(T8!!"1!&#
Under the Guidance Of
P'(). *I+AY KARRA
For the partial fulfllment of
DEPARTMENT OF ELETRON!" #
TELEOMMUN!AT!ON
ARM$ !N"T!TUTE OF TE%NOLOG$
D!G%! %!LL"& PUNE'())*)+
,*)- ',*)(
Under
Uni.er/it0 of Pune
ertifcate
Thi/ i/ to certif0 that
1. PRABHAKAR SINGH (T8!!"11#
!. ROSHAN K$MAR (T8!!"11%#
". SHAILENDER SINGH (T8!!"1!&#
ha.e /ucce//full0 /u1mitted the report on 2 DENSITY
BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM 3 durin4 the
academic 0ear ,*)-',*)( in the partial fulfllment of Third
0ear in Electronic/ # Telecommunication under Uni.er/it0 of
Pune5
He,d () De-,'tme.t
P'(/e0t Guide
2
(Dr. B P PATIL) (Prof. VIJAY KARRA)
ACKNO1LEDGEMENT
6efore 4ettin4 into the thic7 of the thin4/& 8e 8ould li7e
to e9pre// our deep 4ratitude to the people 8ho helped u/
durin4 the cour/e of thi/ project5 :e are 4rateful to our
project 4uide P'(). *I+AY KARRA for hi/ 4uidance
throu4hout thi/ project re/earch and 8or75
:e al/o 8i/h to than7 all the facult0 mem1er/ of
Electronic/ # Telecommunication and our re/pecta1le %ead
of Department P'(). B P PATIL for their con/tant help and
e;cient teachin4 procedure/5
N,me2 () 2tude.t23
3
PRA6%A<AR "!NG%
"%A!LENDER "!NG%
RO"%AN <UMAR
INDE4
Topic/
Pa4e
Abstract 5
Introduction 6
Aim 7
Methodology 8
Literature review 1
!loc" diagram 11
#ardware com$onents 12
Arduino 1%
I& 'ensors 1(
7 segment dis$lay 22
%
L)*+s 27
,uture sco$e 2(
-onclusion 31
!ibliogra$hy 32
ABSTRACT
=ehicular tra;c at inter/ectin4 /treet/ i/ t0picall0
controlled 10 tra;c control li4ht/5 The function of tra;c
li4ht/ re>uire/ /ophi/ticated control and coordination to
en/ure that tra;c mo.e/ a/ /moothl0 and /afel0 a/ po//i1le5
!n recent da0/ electro'mechanical controller/ are replaced
10 electronic circuit/5 The accurac0 # fault tolerant dri.e
to8ard/ electronic circuit/5
Thi/ project i/ de.eloped to meet the re>uirement/ of
/olid /tate tra;c li4ht controller 10 adoptin4 microcontroller
a/ the main controllin4 element& and led?/ a/ the indication
5
of li4ht5 A micro controller i/ interfaced to led?/ pro.ide for
centrali@ed control of the tra;c /i4nal/5 Microcontroller i/
pro4rammed in /uch a 8a0 to adju/t their timin4 and
pha/in4 to meet chan4in4 tra;c condition/5 The circuit
1e/ide/ 1ein4 relia1le and compact i/ al/o co/t eAecti.e5
INTROD$CTION
Tra;c con4e/tion i/ a /e.ere pro1lem in man0 modern citie/
around the 8orld5 Tra;c con4e/tion ha/ 1een cau/in4 man0
critical pro1lem/ and challen4e/ in the major and mo/t
populated citie/5 To tra.el to diAerent place/ 8ithin the cit0
i/ 1ecomin4 more di;cult for the tra.eler/ in tra;c5 Due to
the/e con4e/tion pro1lem/& people lo/e time& MAN$ T!ME"
T%E!R L!=E" TOO mi// opportunitie/& and 4et fru/trated5
Tra;c con4e/tion directl0 impact/ the companie/5 Due to
tra;c con4e/tion/ there i/ a lo// in producti.it0 from
8or7er/& trade opportunitie/ are lo/t& deli.er0 4et/ dela0ed&
and there10 the co/t/ 4oe/ on increa/in45
The heart of our project i/ the microcontroller 8hich 8ill
pro.ide the controllin4 of the tra;c dependin4 upon the
den/it0 in each junction5 !n thi/ project 8e u/e !R
communication to anal0@e tra;c den/it05 The !R ra0/ are
continuou/l0 tran/mitted and recei.ed 10 the !R tran/mitter
and !R recei.er re/pecti.el05
6
:hene.er di/continuit0 occur/ in thi/ proce//& the
microcontroller /en/e/ the re/ult& compare/ it 8ith all the
four junction/ and /ho8/ the 4reen /i4nal for lon4er time
period B8here the tra;c den/it0 i/ hea.0C 8hile the red
/i4nal i/ /ho8n to the other three road/5
AIM OF THE PRO+ECT 3
The main aim of the project i/ to reduce and in
fact eliminate the tra;c den/it0 pro1lem/
e/peciall0 in metropolitan citie/ durin4 1u/0
hour/5
The pre/ent da0 /i4nalin4 proce// i/ a timed
proce// i5e5 the /i4nalin4 of the junction/ i/ for
/ame amount of time in all the four junction/
irre/pecti.e of tra;c den/it05 :ith thi/& the
junction ha.in4 more tra;c i/ 4i.en 4reen
/i4nal for the /ame time 8hich i/ 1ein4 4i.en
7
to the junction ha.in4 le// tra;c or no tra;c5
Thu/ the den/it0 in one junction 7eep/ on
increa/in4 8hile the other junction i/ clear 8ith
no .ehicle/5
METHODOLOGY 3
!n our project& 8e ha.e u/ed !R /en/or/ on each /ide of road5
8e ha.e placed - !R /en/or/ on each /ide of the road Beach
/en/or i/ place +m appro9imatel0 from each otherC5No8
dependin4 on the output of /en/or/ microcontroller /en/e/
the hea.0 den/it0 and ma7e/ the 4reen li4ht B/i4nalin4
hea.0 den/it0C 4lo8 for more amount of time and red li4ht
on other three road/ thu/ reducin4 hea.0 tra;c den/it0
pro1lem at the junction5 !n our project 8e ha.e /ho8n thi/
tra;c li4ht control /0/tem for , 8a0/ and there i/ a
pede/trian cro//in4 in 1et8een5
"en/or/ are 4oin4 to detect the den/it0 of .ehicle/ on the
road a/ follo8/ D
8
let /)&/,&/- are for one /ide of road and /(&/+&/E are for
/econd /ide of road& then if
/)F/,F/-F)
and
/(F/+F) # /EF*
then it mean/ that tra;c i/ hi4h one /ide and tra;c i/
medium on other /ide of the road5 no8 accordin4l0 arduino
1oard i/ 4oin4 to 4i.e 4reen li4ht for more period of time to
the road 8hich i/ ha.in4 la4 den/it0B)+ /econd/C a/
compared to the road ha.in4 medium den/it0 B)*
/econd/C5"imilarl0 there are lar4e num1er of condition/ for
controllin4 the tra;c li4ht accordin4 to the /en/or output5
:e ha.e a//umedD
8a0) 8a0, 4reen) # red, 0ello8) # 0ello8, red) #
4reen,
lo8 lo8 + ,
+
lo8 med + ,
)*
lo8 hi4h + ,
)+
med lo8 )* ,
+
med med )* ,
)*
med hi4h )* ,
)+
(
hi4h lo8 )+ ,
+
hi4h med )+ ,
)*
hi4h hi4h )+ ,
)+
:hen no .ehicle i/ detected Bdurin4 the late ni4ht hour/C&
then 0ello8 li4ht 8ill 1lin7 on 1oth 8a0/5
"imilarl0 there can 1e man0 more condition/ for 8hich the
codin4 i/ done 5
LITERAT$RE RE*IE1 3
1
The pa/t tra;c controllin4 /0/tem i/ a human 1a/ed /0/tem
8herein the tra;c at the junction/ i/ monitored and
controlled 10 tra;c police 8hich al8a0/ re/ult/ in a1normal
tra;c condition/ due to man0 rea/on/ and /ometime/ ma0
1e 1ecau/e of the ine;cienc0 of the tra;c police in
controllin4 the tra;c5
%o8e.er 8ith the de.elopment in technolo40 the pa/t tra;c
controllin4 /0/tem i/ replaced no8 8ith a timed /i4nalin4
/0/tem 8herein the tra;c police i/ replaced 8ith the
automatic /i4nalin4 /0/tem5 The onl0 di/ad.anta4e 8ith thi/
i/ it 4i.e/ /i4nalin4 for con/tant f9ed amount of time in all
junction/ irre/pecti.e of tra;c in that particular junction and
8ith thi/ the hea.0 tra;c on one road 4oe/ on increa/in4
and e.en thou4h there i/ no tra;c on the other /ide the
4reen li4ht i/ /ho8n for the /ame amount of time a/ that on
the hea.0 road5
:e o.ercome thi/ pro1lem throu4h our project 8here the
/i4nalin4 depend/ on the den/it0 on the road i5e5 the road
ha.in4 hea.0 tra;c i/ 4i.en 4reen li4ht for more amount of
time 8hen compared to remainin4 road/& thu/ reducin4 the
tra;c5
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PRO+ECT 3
11
12
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 3
The main o1jecti.e of thi/ project i/ to control the tra;c
dependin4 upon the den/it05 A/ there i/ much time 8a/ta4e
8ith the tra;c li4ht/ 8hich in.ol.e/ the time& 8e are
de/i4nin4 the ne8 /0/tem 8hich control/ the tra;c
dependin4 upon the den/it05
%ere 8e place !R /en/or/ at 1oth end/ of the road/5
:hene.er the .ehicle/ pa// in'1et8een them the continuit0
8ill 1e lo/t5 %ence the microcontroller /en/e/ the den/it0 i/
hi4h5
Then the microcontroller 8ill 1e ma7in4 the li4ht B4reenC to
1e 4lo8 much time at the junction 8here the tra;c i/ hi4h5
The /ame procedure 8ill 1e follo8ed in all the four junction/5
The /i4nalin4 from the four junction/ 8ill 1e ta7en into
con/ideration and dependin4 upon the den/it0
microcontroller 8ill ma7e the deci/ion5
"imilarl0 the count i/ di/pla0ed on G /e4ment di/pla0
8hich in turn i/ deri.ed 10 the arduino duomalino.e5
H,'d5,'e C(m-(.e.t2 3
13
HArduino 6road
H!R "en/or
HLED/
HG "e4ment Di/pla0
HP6 6oard
HRe/i/tor/
S()t5,'e T((62 3
HArduino !DE
ARD$INO D$EMILONO* 3
The Arduino Duemilano.e BI,**JIC i/ a microcontroller 1oard
1a/ed on the ATme4a)EK or ATme4a-,K 5 !t ha/ )( di4ital
1%
inputLoutput pin/ Bof 8hich E can 1e u/ed a/ P:M output/C&
E analo4 input/& a )E M%@ cr0/tal o/cillator& a U"6
connection& a po8er jac7& an !"P header& and a re/et
1utton5 !t contain/ e.er0thin4 needed to /upport the
microcontrollerM /impl0 connect it to a computer 8ith a U"6
ca1le or po8er it 8ith a A'to'D adapter or 1atter0 to 4et
/tarted5
IDuemilano.eI mean/ ,**J in !talian and i/ named after the
0ear of it/ relea/e5 The Duemilano.e i/ the late/t in a /erie/
of U"6 Arduino 1oard/5
S-e0i70,ti(.23
Microcontroller
ATme4a)EK
Operatin4 =olta4e
+=
!nput =olta4e BrecommendedC
G'),=
!nput =olta4e Blimit/C
E',*=
15
Di4ital !LO Pin/ )( Bof 8hich E pro.ide
P:M outputC
Analo4 !nput Pin/
E
D urrent per !LO Pin
(* mA
D urrent for -5-= Pin
+* mA
Fla/h Memor0 )E <6 BATme4a)EKC or -, <6 BATme4a-,KC of
8hich , <6 u/ed 10 1ootloader
"RAM ) <6 BATme4a)EKC
or , <6 BATme4a-,KC
EEPROM +), 10te/ BATme4a)EKC or ) <6
BATme4a-,KC
loc7 "peed
)E M%@
ATMEGA"!83
The ATme4a-,K i/ a /in4le chip micro'controller created 10
Atmel and 1elon4/ to the me4aA=R /erie/5
The hi4h'performance Atmel K'1it A=R R!"'1a/ed
microcontroller com1ine/ -, <6 !"P Na/h memor0 8ith read'
8hile'8rite capa1ilitie/& ) <6 EEPROM& , <6 "RAM& ,-
4eneral purpo/e !LO line/& -, 4eneral purpo/e 8or7in4
re4i/ter/& three Ne9i1le timerLcounter/ 8ith compare mode/&
internal and e9ternal interrupt/& /erial pro4ramma1le U"ART&
a 10te'oriented ,'8ire /erial interface& "P! /erial port& E'
channel )*'1it ALD con.erter BK'channel/ in TOFP and
16
OFNLMLF pac7a4e/C& pro4ramma1le 8atchdo4 timer 8ith
internal o/cillator& and f.e /oft8are /electa1le po8er /a.in4
mode/5 The de.ice operate/ 1et8een )5K'+5+ .olt/5 60
e9ecutin4 po8erful in/truction/ in a /in4le cloc7 c0cle& the
de.ice achie.e/ throu4hput/ approachin4 ) M!P" per M%@&
1alancin4 po8er con/umption and proce//in4 /peed5
PO1ER S$PPLY3
The Arduino can 1e po8ered .ia the U"6 connection or 8ith
an e9ternal po8er /uppl05 The po8er /ource i/ /elected
automaticall05
E9ternal Bnon'U"6C po8er can come either from an A'to'D
adapter B8all'8artC or 1atter05 The adapter can 1e connected
10 plu44in4 a ,5)mm center'po/iti.e plu4 into the 1oardP/
po8er jac75 Lead/ from a 1atter0 can 1e in/erted in the Gnd
and =in pin header/ of the PO:ER connector5
The 1oard can operate on an e9ternal /uppl0 of E to ,* .olt/5
!f /upplied 8ith le// than G=& ho8e.er& the += pin ma0
/uppl0 le// than f.e .olt/ and the 1oard ma0 1e un/ta1le5 !f
u/in4 more than ),=& the .olta4e re4ulator ma0 o.erheat
and dama4e the 1oard5 The recommended ran4e i/ G to ),
.olt/5
The po8er pin/ are a/ follo8/D
8 *IN.
The input .olta4e to the Arduino 1oard 8hen itP/ u/in4 an
e9ternal po8er /ource Ba/ oppo/ed to + .olt/ from the U"6
connection or other re4ulated po8er /ourceC5 $ou can /uppl0
.olta4e throu4h thi/ pin& or& if /uppl0in4 .olta4e .ia the
po8er jac7& acce// it throu4h thi/ pin5
8 9*.
17
The re4ulated po8er /uppl0 u/ed to po8er the
microcontroller and other component/ on the 1oard5 Thi/ can
come either from =!N .ia an on'1oard re4ulator& or 1e
/upplied 10 U"6 or another re4ulated += /uppl05
8"."*
A -5- .olt /uppl0 4enerated 10 the on'1oard re4ulator5
Ma9imum current dra8 i/ +* mA5
8GND.
Ground pin/
MEMORY 3
The Atme4a-,K ha/ -, <6 of Na/h memor0 for /torin4 code
Bof 8hich *&+ <6 i/ u/ed for the 1ootloaderCM !t ha/ al/o , <6
of "RAM and ) <6 of EEPROM B8hich can 1e read and 8ritten
8ith the EEPROM li1rar0C input and output5
Each of the )( di4ital pin/ on the duomalino.e can 1e u/ed
a/ an input or output& u/in4 pinModeBC& di4ital:riteBC& and
di4italReadBC function/5 The0 operate at + .olt/5 Each pin can
pro.ide or recei.e a ma9imum of (* mA and ha/ an internal
pull'up re/i/tor Bdi/connected 10 defaultC of ,*'+* 7Ohm/5
!n addition& /ome pin/ ha.e /peciali@ed function/D
8 Se'i,63 (R4# ,.d 1 (T4#.
U/ed to recei.e BRQC and tran/mit BTQC TTL /erial data5
TThe/e pin/ are connected to the corre/pondin4 pin/ of the
ATme4aKU, U"6'to'TTL "erial chip 5
8 E:te'.,6 I.te''u-t23 ! ,.d ".
The/e pin/ can 1e conf4ured to tri44er an interrupt on a lo8
.alue& a ri/in4 or fallin4 ed4e& or a chan4e in .alue5
8 P1M3 "; 9; <; =; 1; ,.d 11.
18
Pro.ide K'1it P:M output 8ith the analo4:riteBC function5
8 SPI3 1 (SS#; 11 (MOSI#; 1! (MISO#; 1" (SCK#.
The/e pin/ /upport "P! communication& 8hich& althou4h
pro.ided 10 the underl0in4 hard8are& i/ not currentl0
included in the Arduino lan4ua4e5
8 LED3 1".There i/ a 1uilt'in LED connected to di4ital pin )-5
:hen the pin i/ %!G% .alue& the LED i/ on& 8hen the pin i/
LO:& itP/ oA5 The duomalino.e ha/ E analo4 input/& each of
8hich pro.ide )* 1it/ of re/olution Bi5e5 )*,( diAerent
.alue/C5 60 default the0 mea/ure from 4round to + .olt/&
thou4h i/ it po//i1le to chan4e the upper end of their ran4e
u/in4 the AREF pin and the analo4 ReferenceBC function5
Additi(.,66>; 2(me -i.2 ?,@e 2-e0i,6iAed )u.0ti(.,6it>3
8 I!C3 & (SDA# ,.d 9 (SCL#.
"upport !, BT:!C communication u/in4 the :ire li1rar05
T?e'e ,'e , 0(u-6e () (t?e' -i.2 (. t?e b(,'d3
8 AREF.
Reference .olta4e for the analo4 input/5 U/ed 8ith analo4
ReferenceBC5
8Re2et.
6rin4 thi/ line LO: to re/et the microcontroller5 T0picall0
u/ed to add a re/et 1utton to /hield/ 8hich 1loc7 the one on
the 1oard5 The Arduino duomalino.e ha/ a num1er of
facilitie/ for communicatin4 8ith a computer& another
Arduino& or other microcontroller/5 The ATme4a-,K pro.ide/
UART TTL B+=C /erial communication& 8hich i/ a.aila1le on
di4ital pin/ * BRQC and ) BTQC5 An ATme4aKU, on the 1oard
channel/ thi/ /erial communication o.er U"6 and appear/ a/
a .irtual com port to /oft8are on the computer5 The PKU,
frm8are u/e/ the /tandard U"6 OM dri.er/& and no
1(
e9ternal dri.er i/ needed5 %o8e.er& on :indo8/& an R5inf fle
i/ re>uired5
The Arduino /oft8are include/ a /erial monitor 8hich allo8/
/imple te9tual data to 1e /ent to and from the Arduino
1oard5 The RQ and TQ LED/ on the 1oard 8ill Na/h 8hen data
i/ 1ein4 tran/mitted .ia the U"6'to'/erial chip and U"6
connection to the computer B1ut not for /erial
communication on pin/ * and )C5
A "oft8are "erial li1rar0 allo8/ for /erial communication on
an0 of the duomalino.eP/ di4ital pin/5 The ATme4a-,K al/o
/upport !, BT:!C and "P! communication5
IR SENSORS 3
An infrared /en/or i/ an electronic in/trument that i/ u/ed to
/en/e certain characteri/tic/ of it/ /urroundin4/ 10 either
emittin4 andLor detectin4 infrared radiation5 !t i/ al/o
capa1le of mea/urin4 heat of an o1ject and detectin4
motion5 !nfrared 8a.e/ are not .i/i1le to the human e0e5
!n the electroma4netic /pectrum& infrared radiation i/ the
re4ion ha.in4 8a.elen4th/ lon4er than .i/i1le li4ht
8a.elen4th/& 1ut /horter than micro8a.e/5 The infrared
re4ion i/ appro9imatel0 demarcated from *5G+ to )***Sm5
The 8a.elen4th re4ion from *5G+ to -Sm i/ termed a/ near
infrared& the re4ion from - to ESm i/ termed mid'infrared&
and the re4ion hi4her than ESm i/ termed a/ far infrared5
2
!nfrared technolo40 i/ found in man0 of our e.er0da0
product/5 For e9ample& T= ha/ an !R detector for interpretin4
the /i4nal from the remote control5 <e0 1eneft/ of infrared
/en/or/ include lo8 po8er re>uirement/& /imple circuitr0&
and their porta1le feature5
21
1('Bi.C P'i.0i-6e 3
A t0pical /0/tem for detectin4 infrared radiation u/in4
infrared /en/or/ include/ the infrared /ource /uch a/
1lac71od0 radiator/& tun4/ten lamp/& and /ilicon car1ide5 !n
ca/e of acti.e !R /en/or/& the /ource/ are infrared la/er/ and
LED/ of /pecifc !R 8a.elen4th/5 Ne9t i/ the tran/mi//ion
medium u/ed for infrared tran/mi//ion& 8hich include/
.acuum& the atmo/phere& and optical f1er/5
Thirdl0& optical component/ /uch a/ optical len/e/ made
from >uart@& aF,& Ge and "i& pol0eth0lene Fre/nel len/e/&
and Al or Au mirror/& are u/ed to con.er4e or focu/ infrared
radiation5 Li7e8i/e& to limit /pectral re/pon/e& 1and'pa//
flter/ are ideal5
Finall0& the infrared detector complete/ the /0/tem for
detectin4 infrared radiation5 The output from the detector i/
u/uall0 .er0 /mall& and hence pre'amplifer/ coupled 8ith
circuitr0 are added to further proce// the recei.ed /i4nal/5
A--6i0,ti(.2 () IR 2e.2(' 3
The follo8in4 are the 7e0 application area/ of infrared
/en/or/D
22
Trac7in4 and art hi/tor0
limatolo40& meteorolo40& and a/tronom0
Thermo4raph0& communication/& and alcohol te/tin4
%eatin4& h0per /pectral ima4in4& and ni4ht .i/ion
6iolo4ical /0/tem/ and plant health
Ga/ detector/L4a/ lea7 detection
:ater and /teel anal0/i/& Name detection
Ane/the/iolo40 te/tin4 and /pectro/cop0
Petroleum e9ploration and under4round /olution
Rail /afet05
% SeCme.t di2-6,>3
A /e.en'/e4ment di/pla0 B""DC& or /e.en'/e4ment indicator&
i/ a form of electronic di/pla0 de.ice for di/pla0in4 decimal
numeral/ that i/ an alternati.e to the more comple9 dot
matri9 di/pla0/5
"e.en'/e4ment di/pla0/ are 8idel0 u/ed in di4ital cloc7/&
electronic meter/& and other electronic de.ice/ for di/pla0in4
numerical information5!n a /imple LED pac7a4e& t0picall0 all
of the cathode/ Bne4ati.e terminal/C or all of the anode/
Bpo/iti.e terminal/C of the /e4ment LED/ are connected and
1rou4ht out to a common pinM thi/ i/ referred to a/ a
Icommon cathodeI or Icommon anodeI de.ice5 %ence a G
/e4ment plu/ decimal point pac7a4e 8ill onl0 re>uire nine
pin/ Bthou4h commercial product/ t0picall0 contain more
pin/& andLor /pace/ 8here pin/ 8ould 4o& in order to match
/tandard ! /oc7et/5 !nte4rated di/pla0/ al/o e9i/t& 8ith
/in4le or multiple di4it/5
23
!n common cathode t0pe di/pla0 all the cathode/ of the
/e4ment/ are tied to4ether and connected to 4round5 The
/uppl0 8ill 1e 4i.en to the re>uired /e4ment from the
decoder or dri.er5
!n common anode t0pe di/pla0 the anode/ of all the
/e4ment/ are tied to4ether and connected to /uppl0 and the
re>uired /e4ment/ 8ill 1e connected to 4round from the
decoder or dri.er5
2%
H(5 t( de'i@e % 2eCme.t di2-6,> u2i.C
,'dui.(3
H,'d5,'e 'eDui'ed3
Arduino duomalino.e
A to 6 U"6 ca1le
)* Tumper 8ire/
6read 1oard
) /in4le G /e4ment
S()t5,'e 'eDui'ed3
Arduino !DE /oft8are
!n/ert the /in4le di4it G /e4ment into the 1read1oard B1e
/ure to allo8 room for 0our jumper 8ire/C5 "elect an0 di4ital
pin on 0our Arduino duomalino.e B8e choo/e di4ital pin , on
the 1oardC& and a//i4n it to P!N) BLetter EC on the /e4ment5
ontinue until all pin/ on the G /e4ment& are connected to
their re/pected pin/5 "ince 8e /tarted 8ith pin , on the
Arduino duo& 8e felt it 8ould 1e ea/0 to continue 8ith pin/ -
throu4h J re/pecti.el05
25
Remem1er pin/ - # K are 4round5 The re/t are control
/i4nal/ B+. /ince 8e ha.e a common cathode /e4mentC5
onnect the Arduino duomalino.e to the computer& u/in4 the
A to 6 U"6 ca1le and open the Arduino !DE /oft8are5
Go to Tool/ U "erial Port and ma7e /ure 0ou ha.e /elected
the proper /erial port5
Go to Tool/ U 6oard and ma7e /ure 0ou ha.e /elected the
Arduino5
26
After thi/ the codin4 i/ done accordin4 to the num1er to 1e
di/pla0ed5
27
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 3
LED De20'i-ti(. 3
!t i/ a /emiconductor diode ha.in4 radioacti.e
recom1ination5 !t re>uire/ a defnite amount of ener40 to
4enerate an electron'hole pair5 The /ame ener40 i/ relea/ed
8hen an electron recom1ine/ 8ith a hole5 Thi/ relea/ed
ener40 ma0 re/ult in the emi//ion of photon and /uch a
recom1ination5 %ere the amount of ener40 relea/ed 8hen
the electro re.ert/ from the conduction 1and to the .alence
1and appear/ in the form of radiation5 Alternati.el0 the
relea/ed ener40 ma0 re/ult in a /erie/ of phonon/ cau/in4
lattice .i1ration5
Finall0 the relea/ed ener40 ma0 1e tran/ferred to another
electron5 There com1ination radiation ma0 lie in the infra'red
and .i/i1le li4ht /pectrum5 !n for8ard it i/ pea7ed around the
1and 4ap ener40 and the phenomenon i/ called injection
lumine/cence5 !n a junction 1ia/ed& in the a.alanche
1rea7do8n re4ion& there re/ult/ a /pectrum of photon/
28
carr0in4 much hi4her ener4ie/& almo/t 8hite li4ht 4et/
emitted from micro'pla/ma 1rea7do8n re4ion in /ilicon
junction5 Diode/ ha.in4 radioacti.e recom1ination are
termed a/ Li4ht Emittin4 Diode& a11re.iated a/ LED5
Li4ht Emittin4 Diode
ircuit "0m1ol of LED
CONSTR$CTION D
LED/ are u/uall0 1uilt on an n't0pe /u1/trate& 8ith an
electrode attached to the p't0pe la0er depo/ited on it/
2(
/urface5 P't0pe /u1/trate/& 8hile le// common& occur a/ 8ell5
Man0 commercial LED/& e/peciall0 GaNL!nGaN& al/o u/e
/apphire /u1/trate5 Mo/t material/ u/ed for LED production
ha.e .er0 hi4h refracti.e indice/5 Li4ht e9traction in LED/ i/
an important a/pect of LED production5
T0pical LED u/e/ a for8ard .olta4e of a1out ,= and current
of + ' )*mA5GaA/ LED produce/ infra'red li4ht 8hile red&
4reen and oran4e li4ht/ are produced 10 4allium ar/enide
pho/phide BGaA/PC and 4allium pho/phide BGaPC5
F$T$RE SCOPE3
!n thi/ paper 8e ha.e /tudied the optimi@ation of tra;c li4ht
controller in a it0 u/in4 !R /en/or/ and ARDU!NO 6OARD5 60
u/in4 thi/ /0/tem conf4uration 8e trie/ to reduce the
po//i1ilitie/ of tra;c jam/& cau/ed 10 tra;c li4ht/& to an
e9tent and 8e ha.e /ucce//full0 4et/ the re/ult/5 No5 of
pa//in4 .ehicle in the f9ed time /lot on the road decide the
den/it0 ran4e of tra;c/ and on the 1a/i/ of .ehicle count
microcontroller decide the tra;c li4ht dela0/ for ne9t
recordin4 inter.al 5
!n future thi/ /0/tem can 1e u/ed to inform people a1out
diAerent place/ tra;c condition5 data tran/fer 1et8een the
microcontroller and computer can al/o 1e done throu4h
telephone net8or7 & data call acti.ated "!M Thi/ techni>ue
allo8/ the operator to 4ather the recorded data from a far
end to hi/ home computer 8ithout 4oin4 there5 Tra;c li4ht/
can 1e increa/ed to N num1er and tra;c li4ht control can 1e
done for 8hole cit0 10 /ittin4 on a /in4le place5
3
Thi/ project can 1e enhanced in /uch a8a0 a/ to control
automaticall0 the /i4nal/ dependin4 on the tra;c den/it0 on
the road/ u/in4 /en/or/ li7e !R detectorLrecei.er module
e9tended 8ith automatic turn oA 8hen no .ehicle/ are
runnin4 on an0 /ide of the road 8hich help/ in po8er
con/umption /a.in45
Thi/ pro9imit0 detector u/in4 an infrared detector can
1e u/ed in .ariou/ e>uipment li7e automatic door opener/
and 1ur4lar alarm/5 The circuit primaril0 con/i/t/ of an
infrared tran/mitter and an infrared recei.er5 The tran/mitter
/ection con/i/t/ of a +++ timer ! functionin4 in a /ta1le
mode5 The output from a /ta1le i/ fed to an infrared LED .ia
re/i/tor R(& 8hich limit/ it/ operatin4 current5 Thi/ circuit
pro.ide/ a fre>uenc0 output of -K 7%@ at +* per cent dut0
c0cle& 8hich i/ re>uired for the infrared detectorLrecei.er
module5
The recei.er /ection compri/e/ an infrared recei.er module&
a +++ mono/ta1le multi.i1rator& and an LED indicator5 Upon
reception of infrared /i4nal/& +++ timer BmonoC turn/ on and
remain/ on a/ lon4 a/ infrared /i4nal/ are recei.ed5 :hen
the /i4nal/ are interrupted& the mono 4oe/ oA after a fe8
/econd/ BperiodF)5) RG9EC dependin4 upon the .alue of
RG'E com1ination5 Thu/ if RGF(G* 7ilo'ohm/ and
EF(5GVF& the mono period 8ill 1e around ,5+ /econd/5
6oth the tran/mitter and the recei.er part/ can 1e
mounted on a /in4le 1read1oard or P65 The infrared
recei.er mu/t 1e placed 1ehind the infrared LED to a.oid
fal/e indication due to infrared lea7a4e5 An o1ject mo.in4
31
near10 actuall0 reNect/ the infrared ra0/ emitted 10 the
infrared LED5 The infrared recei.er ha/ /en/iti.it0 an4le
Blo1eC of *'E* de4ree/& hence 8hen the reNected !R ra0 i/
/en/ed& the mono in the recei.er part i/ tri44ered5 The
output from the mono ma0 1e u/ed in an0 de/ired fa/hion5
For e9ample& it can 1e u/ed to turn on a li4ht 8hen a per/on
come/ near10 10 ener4i@in4 a rela05 The li4ht 8ould
automaticall0 turn oA after /ome time a/ the per/on mo.e/
a8a0 and the mono pul/e period i/ o.er5 The /en/iti.it0 of
the detector depend/ on current'limitin4 re/i/tor R( in /erie/
8ith the infrared LED5 Ran4e i/ appro9imatel0 (* cm5 For ,*'
ohm .alue of R( the o1ject at ,+ cm can 1e /en/ed& 8hile for
-*'ohm .alue of R( the /en/in4 ran4e reduce/ 10 ,,5+ cm5
CONCL$SION 3
The project 2 DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT
CONTROL SYSTEM E ha/ 1een /ucce//full0 de/i4ned
and te/ted5 !nte4ratin4 feature/ of all the hard8are
component/ u/ed ha.e de.eloped it5 Pre/ence of e.er0
modul e ha/ 1een rea/oned out and pl aced
careful l 0 thu/ contri 1uti n4 to the 1e/t 8or7i n4 of
the uni t5 "econdl 0& u/i n4 hi 4hl 0 ad.anced ! / and
32
8i th the hel p of 4ro8in4 technolo40 the project ha/ 1een
/ucce//full0 implemented5
BIBLIOGRAPHY 3
)5 88854oo4le5co5in
,5 en58i7ipedia5or4
33
-5 8885arduino5cc
(5 8885in/tructa1le/5com
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