of the Great Divide Deborah Ramsey September 18, 2014 The Clues to Solving the Case: Why is there diversity? Overview of meiosis Meiosis I Meiosis II Video Review Summary 1 2 3 4 5 6 END Why is there diversity? Genetic diversity is easy to see Skin tone, hair color, eye color Members of the same family can show genetic diversity Height, curly or straight hair Some diseases run in families Sickle cell anemia, breast cancer END Why is there diversity? Diversity is measured by the U.S. Census data See this link for diversity data from the state of Alabama (2010) How is genetic diversity achieved at the cellular level? What cellular processes are involved that make diversity possible? END Overview of Meiosis END Definition Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces daughter cells with one half of the number of chromosomes as the parent or somatic cell. 2N N Overview of Meiosis END Meiosis divides the number of chromosomes in half Human cells have 2 sets of chromosomes (diploid; 2N) 23 from mom + 23 from dad = 46 chromosomes The gametes (sperm or egg) have 1 set of chromosomes (haploid; N) For humans, N = 23 Overview of Meiosis END 1 interphase + 2 cell divisions 1. Interphase before meiosis 2. Meiosis I 3. Meiosis I 2 1 3 Meiosis I Goals: Homologous chromosomes come together Human genomes are made up of chromosomes from both the father and the mother: homologous chromosomes Each parent contributes one chromosome to their offspring END Meiosis I Goals: Homologous chromosomes are similar (contain the same types genes), but there are slight differences between the chromosomes Example: Fathers chromosome encodes for blue eyes, whereas the mothers chromosome encodes for brown eyes END Meiosis I Goals: Homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad. An exchange of genetic material occurs between the homologous chromosomes in a process known as crossing over. END Meiosis I END Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes separate Sister chromatids Tetrad Sites of crossing over Spindle Prophase I Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange segments Cleavage furrow Telophase I and Cytokinesis Two haploid cells form: chromosomes are still double Microtubules attached to Chromosomes Centromere Metaphase I Tetrads line up Sister chromatids remain attached Anaphase I Pairs of homologous chromosomes split up Meiosis II Goals: Separation of sister chromatids Cell division and formation of haploid cells END END Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate Anaphase II Telophase II and Cytokinesis Sister chromatids separate Haploid daughter cells forming Prophase II Metaphase II Meiosis II During another round of cell division, the sister chromatids finally separate; four haploid daughter cells result, containing single chromosomes Video Review END Summary: Part 1 Genetic diversity is achieved at a cellular level through the process of meiosis. Meiosis produces haploid daughter cells or gametes, which contain half as many chromosomes as the somatic (parent) cell. END Summary: Part 2 END The goals of Meiosis I are to: Bring homologous chromosomes together in a tetrad Allow homologous recombination to occur Form daughter cells (2N) Summary: Part 3 END The goals of Meiosis II are to: Begin a second round of cell division Have sister chromatids separate Form haploid daughter cells or gametes (N)