Monday, August 18 2014 & Thursday, September 11 2014

First Industrial Revolution

(Mechanizing the Modern World)

I. Definition
a. Process of change from agrarian society (agriculture or farming)
and craftsmanship economy to an industrial mechanized one.
b. Began in the 18
th
century.
II. Products
a. Electricity
b. Imported goods
c. Out of season produce
d. Urban living
e. Modern transportation
III. Contexts
a. Historical
i. Exploration
1. Knowledge of other economies around the globe.
2. Discovery of new resources
3. Exchange of ideas
ii. Imperialism
1. Resources available to Imperial nations from
colonies
2. Colonial labor is inexpensive
3. Government ruling
4. Economic: taking resources through cheap labor.
b. Geographical
i. Origin Europe
1. Other countries showed potential for industrial
revolution.
2. Ultimately, the availability of resources in Europe
enabled their revolution to happen
ii. Globally Effective
1. Produces international, intercontinental, global
market/economy more efficient than ever before.
c. Social
i. Rationality
1. Logic, reason, practicality, efficiency
ii. Science and invention
1. Methods that replace human labor with machine
labor.
iii. Political freedom not hindering innovation
1. Separation of church and state
d. Economic: property rights as incentives. Double entry
bookkeeping. Banking, credit, and loans.
i. Incentive of Ownership
ii. Financial practices
e. Population
i. 80% farmers/laborers
ii. 20% other
Monday, August 18 2014 & Thursday, September 11 2014

f. Inventions and Innovations
i. Changed the way people lived and how the economy
worked.


Second Industrial Revolution

I. First Industrial Revolution
a. 1750 and 1850
b. Important development:
i. The enclosure of open filed villages by Acts of Parliament
c. Enclosures served to make the landowners richer but they caused
much harm to cottagers, small tenant farmers and small
landowners.
d. The mot important industries to develop during this period were
the textile industry, coal mining and the iron industry.
e. They all made greater use of natural resources and labor.

II. Second Industrial Revolution
a. 1850-1900
b. Result of the SIR (Second Industrial Revolution): people lived
longer, fewer children died as babies and many had better food,
better housing and better education than before.
c. The most important developments were in the areas of travel and
communications.
d. These helped to unify the world in form of amazing inventions
such as the steamboat, the motorcar, the telegraph and the
telephone.
e. Groundbreaking work in the areas of medicine and health also
improved the quality of peoples lives.
f. Despite these better living conditions, a great gap still existed
between the rich and the poor.
g. Socioeconomic distribution (vocabulary)
h. Socio: social. Economic: financial resources
i. The word to describe the rich and the poor is socioeconomic gap.
i. The gap between the poorest to the richest.
j. Bessemer invented his 'tilting converter' in 1856. The entire
process lasted only 30 minutes. The Bessemer process produced
'mild steel'. It is much stronger than wrought iron, but almost as
easy to work. It is also very hard wearing.
k. Soon, steel replaced iron in areas like bridges, metal-framed
building and cannons.
l. Siemens-Martin open-hearth process in time replaced the
Bessemer method.
m. The Bessemer and Siemens-Martin methods needed high-grade
iron from Sweden, Spain and/or Russia.
n. The Gilchrist-Thomas basic steel process meant that steel making
was doubled overnight.
o. Engineers were heroes of the age
Monday, August 18 2014 & Thursday, September 11 2014


POPULATION EXPLOSION
o By 1851, there were 21 million people in Britain. Half of them lived
in cities. Many of these cities were near the coalfields of northern
England and central Scotland.
o Population growth could promote industrialization in two ways
o There were plenty of people to work in new industries
o Historians tend to agree that this increases in population was due
to a slightly increased birth rate and a greatly reduced death rate.
o People tend to live longer for a number of reasons:
Living conditions had improved
There was more food for many, though not all people
People spent less on alcohol because of the taxes on cheap
gin, which had killed thousands
The cotton clothing produced by the new textile mills could
be easily watched. This meant people no longer
Health care standards had improved and no fewer than 154
hospitals and dispensaries were found throughout Britain
between 1700 and 1825.

CRYSTAL PALACE
o In 1851, the crystal palace was built to house The Great Exhibition
o The idea was that of Prince Albert, who was queen Victoria's
husband
o He wanted to show off Britain's industrial power to the world.
Other nations were also invented to display their inventions and
products.
o The crystal Palace was built on the grounds of Hyde Park
o It was a huge, futuristic structure of glass and iron. It was so
enormous that some of the large trees grew in the park.
o Fourteen hundred exhibitors showed off 100,000 products from all
over the world. The biggest displays were from Britain.
o The full title was, "The Great Exhibitions of the Works and Industry
of All Nations"
o The Great Exhibition attracted over six million people
o Burnt down in 1936

COMMUNICATION REVOLUTION
o The inventions of the telegraph and later the telephone had a big
effect on the newspaper.
o It used to take two weeks for news from outside London to appear
in the papers, but by 1851, The Times was able to print European
news within a few hours
o In 1866, the steamship, Great Eastern, completed the historical
tasks of laying a-telegraph cable that stretched from Ireland to
Newfoundland, under 2000 miles of the Atlantic Ocean.
It was seen as one of the century's most important
achievements.
o The cable linked the telegraph systems of Old World Europe with
Monday, August 18 2014 & Thursday, September 11 2014

the New World of America
o It also played a crucial role in helping Britain to control the vastly
geographically dispersed Empire.
o A revolution in the transmission of news and business information
occurred.
o News agencies sprang up, transmitting word of human events
minutes after they had occurred.
o In 1871, Australia was linked by undersea cable, and South
America in 1874.
o Horse drawn omnibus and horse-drawn trams were the popular
means of transport for most of the 19th century.
o Steam trams from America started appearing from 1861
o London's first underground railway, the metropolitan line, opened
in 1862. Steam engines were used until electric trains took over
1890.

TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
o The bicycle
The bicycle was a great transportation invention. It changed
the lives of the ordinary, providing a cheap and quick model
of travel.
o By the end of the 19th century, railways are only used for
extremely long distances.
o The latest transport development was the horseless carriage.
European inventors were perfecting these machines but John
Dunlop in Britain made an important contribution by developing
the pneumatic tire
o Motorcar engineering in Britain was slowed down by the transport
laws: no vehicle was permitted