This document provides instructions for dissecting a frog to observe its external and internal anatomy. It begins by describing how to determine the frog's sex by examining features of its forelegs. The external anatomy is then labeled, including eyes, eardrums, nostrils, and skin coloration. Next, internal structures like the mouth, tongue, teeth, and gullet are located. The document proceeds to describe dissecting the frog to expose organs like the liver, gallbladder, stomach, intestines, pancreas, lungs and heart. Finally, the reproductive and urinary systems are briefly mentioned. The purpose is to learn frog anatomy through hands-on dissection.
This document provides instructions for dissecting a frog to observe its external and internal anatomy. It begins by describing how to determine the frog's sex by examining features of its forelegs. The external anatomy is then labeled, including eyes, eardrums, nostrils, and skin coloration. Next, internal structures like the mouth, tongue, teeth, and gullet are located. The document proceeds to describe dissecting the frog to expose organs like the liver, gallbladder, stomach, intestines, pancreas, lungs and heart. Finally, the reproductive and urinary systems are briefly mentioned. The purpose is to learn frog anatomy through hands-on dissection.
This document provides instructions for dissecting a frog to observe its external and internal anatomy. It begins by describing how to determine the frog's sex by examining features of its forelegs. The external anatomy is then labeled, including eyes, eardrums, nostrils, and skin coloration. Next, internal structures like the mouth, tongue, teeth, and gullet are located. The document proceeds to describe dissecting the frog to expose organs like the liver, gallbladder, stomach, intestines, pancreas, lungs and heart. Finally, the reproductive and urinary systems are briefly mentioned. The purpose is to learn frog anatomy through hands-on dissection.
GROUP NAMES: ______________________________________
Materials: Dissecting pins, forceps, scissors, paper towel, dissecting probe, preserved frog, dissection tray. Purpose: In this lab, you will dissect an frog in order to observe the external and internal structures of the frog anatomy SEXING YOUR FROG: Place a frog on a dissection tray. To determine the frogs sex, look at the hand digits, or fingers, on its forelegs. male frog usually has thick pads on its !thumbs,! which is one external difference between the sexes, as shown in the diagram below. "ale frogs are also usually smaller than female frogs. #bserve several frogs to see the difference between males and females.
Is your frog male or female$ Explai%
PROCEDURE AND O!SER"ATIONS: EXTERNA# ANATOMY &. Place the frog on its belly 'ventral side( in the dissecting pan ). *xamine the hind legs and front legs of the frog. The hind legs are strong and muscular and are used for +umping and swimming. The forelegs provide balance and cushion the frog when it lands after +umping. ,otice the difference between the toes of the hind legs and those of the front legs. -ow many toes are on the front legs................ -ow many are on the hind legs........................... #a$el t%e %i& a& 'rot le( s o Fi(ure ) . /. 0ocate the large, bulging eyes. The frog has / eyelids. The ) outer ones are the color of the fog1s body. They do not move. 0ocate the third eyelid. It is a transparent membrane the protects the eye while permitting the frog to see under water. It is call a NICTITATING MEM!RANE. 0abel the e*e and the i+titati( ,e,$rae o Fi(ure )- 2. 3ehind each eye find the circular eardrum called a TYMPANUM. They locate the two openings into the nasal cavity. The nasal openings, are also call EXTERNA# NARES, found toward the tip of the snout will closes when the frog is under water. #a$el t%e ,out%. t*,pau,. a& t%e exteral ares o Fi(ure )- 4. 5eel the frog1s skin. It is smooth, moist and thin. The frog can breathe directly through its skin as well as with its lungs. Turn the frog onto its ventral side and notice the color difference. /%* &oes ea+% si&es +olor %elp prote+t t%e 'ro( 'ro, pre&ators0 Coloratio a+ts as +a,ou'la(e Fi(ure )- Exteral Aato,* o' t%e Fro(: INTERNA# MOUT1 STRUCTURES: 6. Place the frog on its dorsal side in the dissecting pan and cut the corners of the mouth. CAUTION% 3e careful when using scissors. 7. #o+ate t%e TONGUE- Is it atta+%e& to t%e 'rot or t%e $a+2 o' t%e ,out%0 _____________Frot___________...............................................In a live frog, the tongue is sticky and is used to catch insects. Pull on the tongue. ,otice that it is still flexible. 8. 5eel the inside of the upper +aw ' ,axilla( and the lower +aw ',a&i$le(. The teeth you feel are the MAXI##ARY TEET1. 0ocate the ) "OMERINE TEET1 on the upper +aw. They are located toward the front of the upper +aw and between the internal nares 'internal nostril openings(. /%at are t%e ,axillar* teet% a& 3o,erie teet% use& 'or0 To %ol& oto pre* 9. Push carefully on the eyes observe how they fill a space in the mouth. The eyes help hold the prey as a frog is swallowing it. &:. 0ocate a vertical opening toward the back of the mouth. This is the G#OTTIS- It is the opening to the trachea 'windpipe( that leads to the lungs. &&. 5ind the GU##ET 'throat( it leads to the opening of the esophagus. #n both sides of the gullet, near the cut +aws are opening to the EUSTAC1IAN TU!ES. ;se your probe. /%ere &oes t%e eusta+%ia tu$e lea&0 To t%e t*,pai+ ,e,e$rae /%at is its purpose0 E4uali5e pressure o' t%e ier ear #OCATE a& la$el T1E FO##O/ING o Fi(ure 6- )- "o,arie Teet%% ;sed for holding prey 6- Iteral Nares 7ostrils( breathing 8- Eusta+%ia Tu$es% e<uali=e pressure in inner ear 9- Glottis : Tube leading to the lungs :- Gullet: #pening leading to the esophagus ;-To(ue% 5ront attached, aids in grabbing prey <- T*,pai+ Me,$rae% eardrum, located behind eyes =- Ni+titati( Me,$rae: clear eyelid, protects the eye 9. Maxillar* Teet%% ;sed for holding prey &:. E*e% vision Fi(ure 6:
DISSECTING T1E FROG: &. Place the frog on its dorsal side and secure it in place with dissecting pins through each of the legs. ). >ith your scissors make a cut 't%rou(% t%e s2i ol*> along the midline of the belly from the pelvis to the throat. /. ,ow make transverse cuts through the skin below each of the fore limbs and above each of the hind legs. If needed you may pin the skin back. ,otice the blood vessels under the skin. >hy are there so many blood vessels$ Close&? +ir+ulatio. &ou$le?loope& +ir+ulatio. allo@s $loo& to rea+% all parts o' t%e 'ro(As $o&*
2. ,otice the abdominal muscles. ,ow cut through the muscle layer and repeat the incisions you mad in step ) and /. 3* ?@*5;0 ,#T T# ?;T T# D**P ,D D"A* T-* ;,D*@0BI,A #@A,C. 4. Bou will have to cut through the sternum 'breastbone(. #pen and reDpin the frog. 6. If your frog is female, the body cavity maybe full of black eggs. Bou may have to remove one side in order to continue your dissection. INTERNA# ANATOMY: The digestive system consists of the organs of the digestive tract and the digestive glands. Cwallowed food moves from the mouth down the esop%a(us and into the sto,a+% and then into the s,all itestie- 3ile is a digestive +uice made by the li3er and stored in the (all $la&&er- 3ile flows into a tube called the $ile &u+t- Digestive en=ymes from the pa+reas flows into this duct. 3oth bile and pancreatic en=ymes flow into the small intestine. "ost digestion and absorption of food into the bloodstream takes place in the small intestine. Indigestible materials pass through the lar(e itestie and then into the +loa+a. the common exit chamber of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. )- Sto,a+%% 5irst site of chemical digestion, breaks down food 6- #i3er% "akes bile 'aids in digestion( 8- Gall $la&&er% Ctores bile 9- Esop%a(us% Tube that leads to the stomach :- Pa+reas: "akes insulin 'aids in digestion( ;-S,all Itestie 'duodenum and ileum(% absorb nutrients from food <- Meseter*% -olds coils of the small intestine together =- #ar(e Itestie% ?ollects waste, absorbs water B- Splee: Part of circulatory system, stores blood )C- Cloa+a% >here sperm, eggs, urine, and feces exit. ))- Arter*D take blood away from the heart )6- "ei: take blood toward the heart )8- le't atriu, pumps blood into the ventricle )9- Ri(%t atriu, pumps blood into the ventricle ):- #u(: organ for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange &. 0ocate and label the largest organ in the abdominal cavity it is the reddish brown #I"ER. 1o@ ,a* lo$es &oes t%e li3er %a3e0 8 ). 0ocate the greenish sac attached to the liver. This is the GA## !#ADDER. /%at is store& i t%e (all $la&&er0 /%at &oes $ile &i(est0 !ile. %elps &i(est 'oo&E 8- 3eneath and to the right of the liver is a + shaped STOMAC1. >ith your scissors open the E of the stomach to observe what the frog may have eaten. /as t%ere a*t%i( i t%e sto,a+%0 /%at &o *ou t%i2 t%e 'ro( ate0
2. The stomach attaches to the small intestine. The straight part of the small intestine is called the DUODENUM and the coiled section is the I#EUM. The coils of the ileum are connected by thin transparent membranes with blood vessels. This tissue is called the MESENTERY- "esentery helps keep your intestine from knotting up. A'ter +utti( t%e s,all itestie a@a* 'ro, t%e lar(e itestie. ,easure %o@ lo( *our s,all itestie is i +, a& i+%es- ....................cm. ....................... inches. Na,e t%e t@o se+tios o' t%e s,all itestie: )- Duo&eu, 6- Ileu, 4. The small intestine widens to form the #ARGE INTESTINE. The large intestine is a straight tube leading to the anus. The lower portion of the large intestine is called the +loa+a. >aste, urine and sex cells are expelled here. 6. In the mesentery along the inner curve of the stomach locate the pinkish PANCREAS. In the mesentery find a reddish spherical structure call the spleen. The splee filters out worn out red blood cells and platelets from the blood. 7. The respiratory system consists of the nostrils, trachea and bronchi which opens into two lu(s. 0ocate the #UNGS, ) reddish brown saclike structures. 8. The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart has two receiving chambers, or ATRIA 'singular% atrium(. and one sending chamber, or 3etri+le- 3lood is carried to the heart in vessels called veins. Feins from different parts of the body enter the right and left atria. 3lood from both atria goes into the ventricle and then is pumped into the arteries. which are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. The heart is located between the lungs. ?ompare the thickness of the atria and the ventricle. /%* is t%e 3etri+le so ,u+% t%i+2er t%a t%e atria0 T%i+2et $e+ause it ee&s to pu,p $loo& t%rou(% t%e etire $o&* #A!E# 7 Pla+e t%e letter ext to its +orrespo&i( $o&* part>: )- #I"ER 6- GA## !#ADDER 8- STOMAC1 9- SMA## INTESTINE 7ileu,. &uo&eu,> t@o letters :- C#OACA ;- MESENTERY &ra@ i la$el <- PANCREAS =- #ARGE INTESTINE B- SP#EEN &ra@ i la$el )C- 1EART $.(.i ))-#EFT ATRIUM. )6- RIG1T ATRIUM. )8- "ENTRIC#E )9- ESOP1AGUS ):-#UNG );- ARTERY
Fi&e*s% 5ilter 3lood Ureters% ?arry urine from kidneys to bladder Testes% "ake sperm O3i&u+ts% eggs travel through these O3ar*% makes egg 'usually not visible on frog( Uriar* !la&&er% Ctores ;rine Cloa+a% >here sperm, eggs, urine, and feces exit. GGThe reproductive system and urinary system collectively is call the urogenital system.
9. The urinary system consists of the 5@#AC FIDNEYS, URETERS, URINARY !#ADDER, ,D ?0#? The kidneys are organs that filter wastes from the blood and excrete urine. ?onnected to each kidney is a ureter, a tube through which urine passes into the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder is a sac that stores urine until it passes out of the body through the cloaca. #A!E# T1E FIDNEYS. URETERS AND URINARY !#ADDER ON FIGURE 8- &:. The reproductive system in the 5emale consists of O"ARIES which produce egg and the O"IDUCTS which carry eggs to the cloaca. In the male it consists of TESTIS which produce sperm, sperm ducts which transport sperm to the cloaca. #A!E# T1E TESTIS. O"ARY. O"IDUCTS AND EGGS ON FIGURE 8- &&. ?losely examine the kidneys notice there is a light colored band of tissue running through the middle of each kidney. This tissue is the adrenal gland. &). Foluntary muscles, which are those over which the frog has control, occur in pairs of flexors and extensors. >hen a flexor of a leg or other body part contracts, that part is bent. >hen the extensor of that body part contracts, the part straightens. &/. The central nervous system of the frog consists of the brain, which is enclosed in the skull, and the spinal cord, which is enclosed in the backbone. ,erves branch out from the spinal cord. The frogs skeletal and muscular systems consist of its framework of bones and +oints, to which nearly all the voluntary muscles of the body are attached. &2.5at bodies are orangeHyellow in color and are stored food. #OCATE ,D #A!E# T-* FAT !ODIES ON FIGURE 8- #A!E# T1E ,ale a& 'e,ale repro&u+ti3e or(a ON FIGURE 8- )-2i&e* 6- uriar* $la&&er 8- ureter 9- testis :- o3ar* ;- o3i&u+ts <- sper, &u+ts =- 'at $o&ies B- +loa+a
FIGURE 8: Extra +re&it: Stu&* a& Re,o3al o' t%e Fro(Gs !rai Turn the frog dorsal side up. ?ut away the skin and flesh on the head from the nose to the base of the skull. ?ut and scrape the top of the skull until the bone is thin and flexible. 3e sure to scrape >B from you. Insert the scissors hori=ontally +ust below the cranium and above the eyes carefully chip away the roof of the skull to expose the brain. ?ut away the heavier bone along the sides of the brain. ?arefully remove the thin, gray membrane covering the brain. 5ind the nasal pits at the anterior end of the brain by the nostrils. The olfactory nerves leave these structures and connect to the most anterior lobes of the brain, the olfactory lobes '(. Eust posterior to the olfactory lobes is the cerebrum '3(, and it is the frog1s thinking center. The cerebrum helps the frog respond to its environment. Posterior to the cerebrum are the optic lobes '?(, which function in vision. The ridge +ust behind the optic lobes is the cerebellum 'D(, it is used to coordinate the frogIs muscles and maintain balance. Posterior to the cerebellum is the medulla oblongata '*( this is the which connects the brain to the spinal cord '5(. To receive extra credit for exposing the brain you must first present a completed the data table and have all the brain parts labeled then show the brain dissection to your teacher for approval. The cleaner the dissection the better. Co,plete t%e &ata ta$le a& la$el t%e $rai: 3rain Part 5unction 0etter ?erebellum ?erebrum #lfactory 0obe #ptic 0obe "edulla #blongata
Post?#a$ Huestios: &.( -ow does the liver aid in digestion$ Pro&u+es !ile. @%i+% &i(ests 'oo& ).( ,ame the three chambers of the frogs heart% #e't atriu, Ri(%t atriu, "etri+le /.( ?ompared to the frogs body, its lungs are <uite small. Does the si=e of a frogs lungs affect its ability to take in oxygen$ Explai *our as@er: No. a 'ro( ta2es i ox*(e t%rou(% t%e +apillaries i t%e ,out% lii( a& a$sor$s ox*(e t%rou(% its t%i. s2i 2.( >hat is the purpose of the fat bodies$ >hy are these structures important to the frog$ T%e* store ex+ess 'oo& i t%e 'or, o' 'at. @%i+% (i3es t%e 'ro( eer(* &uri( %i$eratio T%e* also ai& i ,ati( 4.( Aive two reasons that might explain why the small intestine is so long )- Allo@s a lar(e sur'a+e area to &i(est 'oo& 6- Ta2es 'oo& a lo( ti,e to tra3el t%rou(% t%e le(t% o' t%e s,all itestie. (i3i( e5*,es ,ore ti,e to &i(est 'oo& 6.( >hat roles do the kidneys play in excretion$ Colle+t Nitro(e @astes 'ro, t%e $loo& a& pro&u+es urie 7.( Through which organ is the li<uid waste eliminated from the frog$ Cloa+a 8.( Describe the pathway an egg takes as it exits the body of the female frog O3aries. &o@ t%e o3i&u+ts. ito t%e +loa+a. a& out o' t%e 'ro( 9% Describe the pathway that sperm travel from the testes out of the frog Testes. t%rou(% t%e 3asa e''eretia. ito t%e 2i&e*s. &o@ t%e ureters. ito t%e +loa+a. out o' t%e 'ro( &:.( If you were asked to dissect a tadpole, what differences would you find from what you saw in the adult frog$ ?S,all ,out%. (ills. t@o?+%a,$ere& %eart. o le(s. tails &&.( Describe where and how a frog might live during the change from tadpole to adulthood$ Explai *our reasoi( Near t%e @aterAs e&(e @%ere air $reat%i( @oul& $e t%e easiest as lu(s &e3elope&. a& @%ere e,er(i( 'ro(s +oul& +li,$ oto la& &).( ?ompare and ?ontrast fish and amphibian body structures% '-int% It may be easier to make a Fenn Diagram% Bou can use the back of the lab if needed( Si,ilar +%ara+teristi+s: D $ot% are 3erte$rates . %a3e prote+ti3e +oloratio 7+a,ou'la(e>. $o* e&os2eleto. +lose& +ir+ulator* s*ste,. &orsal er3e +%or&. 'ertili5e e((s exterall*. Fro(s Ol* D t%ree?+%a,$ere& %eart. t@o pairs o' le(s. exteral or(as 'or %eari(. lu(s as a&ults. u&er(o ,eta,orp%osis. li3e o $ot% la& a& @ater. %a3e s,oot% t%i s2i 7No s+ales> Fis% Ol* D t@o?+%a,$ere& %eart. 'is. o exteral or(as 'or %eari(. (ills. &o ot u&er(o ,eta,orp%osis. li3e ol* i @ater. %a3e s+ales