I NTRODUCTI ON KAAS I

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A GUIDE
TO ANALYSE AND ENHANCE URBAN OPEN SPACES IN ESTONIA
Aarhus 5chool of Architecture
Master thesis project , JanuaryJune Z13
Urmo Mets
5upervisor 1om Nielsen
2 I NTRODUCTI ON
Master studies and the thesis project
supported by: 1he Cultural Endowment of Estonia
1he Archimedes Foundation and the Ministry of Education and Research of Estonia
I NTRODUCTI ON 3
ntroduction

4 I NTRODUCTI ON
I NTRODUCTI ON ACKNOWLEDCEMENTS 5
l would like to thank my tutor 1om Nielsen for his guidance and trust
during the process, when l chose a challenging topic and made
modifications on the way. l am thankful to all the people with whom l
have discussed the thesis project in Estonia : 1oomas Paaver, 1eele Pehk,
Marten Kaevats, AnnaLiisa Unt, 1nis Arjus, Hendrik Mnd, Kaja Pae,
Kaur 1alpsep, Lauri Eltermaa. 1hank you for your help: Priit Rohtmets,
1nu Runnel and 1iit 5ild.
l would like to thank 1he Cultural Endowment of Estonia , Archimedes
Foundation and the Ministry of Education and Research in Estonia who
made it possible to focus on my studies . Janek veeber, for your
support.
And finally, l am especially grateful to my family . Kristel for supporting
my studies by moving to Denmark for almost two years together with
our kids: only a 4monthold 1eodor and 3yearold 5onja. 5onja and
1eodor, thank you for your joy and energy .
Acknowledgements
6 I NTRODUCTI ON
I NTRODUCTI ON ASTRACT 7
1he thesis project "Urban Public 5pace, a Guide to Analyse
and Enhance Urban Open 5paces in Estonia " is intended
as the first draft of a guide to be later revised and
published in Estonia.
1he topic has recently become broadly discussed in
Estonia and a guide would be useful for many addressees .
ln absense of local reference material some municipality
architects and community members are pointing out the
"Manual for 5treets" |1he Department of 1ransport , UK
Z/, "5treet Design Manual of New York" |1he
Department of 1ransportation, NY Z9 and the EU project
"5hared 5pace" documents. What comes closest in Estonia
is the "Guide for Participatory Planning " |Kadri 1illermann,
Regina viljasaar, 1allinn Z1Z. 1he guide introduces a
method of participation for urban planning and does not
focus on the specific issues of urban public space.
1he thesis project aims to deliver the first draft of a
comprehensive guide for urban public spaces . lt is at first
directed to local municipalities and district communities as
an informative material and an analyse tool . 1he main task
of the guide regarding local municipalities is to convey
nowadays expectations in urban public space and provide
an analyse method to help prepare better master plan
assignments when the discussed area constitutes greater
public interest. 1he main task of the guide regarding
district communities is to provide knowhow about public
spaces to be more successful when envisioning their
neighbourhood future and participating in a master plan
process.

Public life in public spaces includes multiple disciplines and
is therefore complex . Yet the guide lies on the assumption
that in todays European democratic context the framework
of urban public space |UP5 has many universal
characteristics. Jan Gehl , one of the spokesman of public
space, divides activities in public space into necessary and
optional activities. A walk on the street to get from home to
work is a necessary activity . A spontaneous walk in a park
on a sunny day is an optional activity . According to Gehl
optional activities depend to a great deal on the qualitative
characteristics of the space.
1
1he measure is a human
being, his sensations and social behaviour , his basic urban
behaviour. ln urban context his basic expectations are
certain spatial and aesthetic qualities and access to the
surrounding functions. 1he argument of the project is that
these characteristics and basic needs can be described in
every urban setting.
1he guide consists of three main parts . 1he first part
provides an insight to the main aspects , possibilities and
restrictions embedded in the phenomenon of UP5. Due to
the complexity of the subject and relatively late discussion
of UP5 in Estonia , the vocabulary and understanding of
UP5 is currently deficient . 1he project seeks to put forward
an educational role and fill the gap by providing
comprehensive overview of the main issues .
1he second part of the work suggests a universal model of
UP5 and an analyse tool . 1he tool is a table of pointing
questions that are considered essential and should be
asked when the guide is used to analyse a certain site. 1he
structural model of UP5 provides additional understanding
about the subject by systematic visual organisation , and
helps to organise questions asked for each subcategory of
the system. 1he proposed structure intends to follow
simple logic, there are as many categories as found
necessary and as few as possible .
1he table of questions heads to unveil the characteristics
of a place and point to spatial situations that should be
avoided. Questions about actors, users, functions and
qualities of UP5 are asked. 1he guide aims to cover all
important aspects and yet avoid making an encircling
system and being too suggestive . 1he reader is urged to
ask questions that may be missing but are relevant in
specific cases. 1he guide has a pointing nature and does
not suggest concrete solutions .
lt has been considered that some aspects of UP5 are not
"designable" by a municipality or a community and are
included only in the informing part of the work as a
necessary background. Directing political activity or solving
broader social problems is not the ambition of the guide .
1he third part of the project holds three case studies in
order to test the second part of the work the model and
the questions. 1o be more comprehensive , sites of a
different nature were selected . Feedback of the case
studies was used to supplement second part of the work.
Case studies also demonstrate what kind of data can be
found and how it could be used.
1 Jon CchI (2011' Lijc Bctwccn BuiIdings . IsIond Prcss, London (p9'

8 I NTRODUCTI ON
I NTRODUCTI ON CONTENTS 9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
CONTENTS
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
METHODOLOGY
THE GUDE, FOR WHOM S T AND HOW TO USE T
TME ASPECT:
NTRODUCTON
SEASONS AND CLMATE
PUBLC LFE AND THE RHYTHMS OF USE
URBAN PUBLC SPACE AND TEMPORARY USE
A MODEL OF URBAN PUBLC SPACE
A TABLE OF QUESTONS
A SUBURB N VMS
THE TARTU NEW CENTER
VANA-KALAMAJA STREET
PROJECT PROCESS
REFERENCES
SPATAL ASPECT:
MPORTANCE
FREEDOM TO MOVE
HUMAN BEHAVOUR
EQUAL SPATAL RGHTS FOR
PEDESTRANS AND VEHCLES
SOCAL ASPECT:
MPORTANCE
THE NCLUSVE ROLE
SAFETY SSUES
PROMOTNG HEALTHY LVNG
POLTCAL ASPECT:
NTRODUCTON
THE POWER OF PUBLC SPACE
DEMOCRATSATON OF URBAN SPACES
URBAN PUBLC SPACE AND POLTCAL RESPONSBLTY
PARTCPATORY PLANNNG
ECONOMC ASPECT:
MPORTANCE
ECONOMC BENEFTS
SMALL BUSNESSES VS HYPERMARKETS
EXCLUSVE ECONOMC FORCES. THE MEDEVAL TALLNN,
SOLD OUT!
LEGAL ASPECT:
NTRODUCTON
OWNERSHP: PUBLC AND PRVATE
SEM-PUBLC AND SEM-PRVATE
PUBLC-PRVATE-PARTNERSHP
ntroduction

nforming part.
Embedded aspects of urban public space

Analyse

Testing Part 2 - Case studies

Endnotes
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I0 I NTRODUCTI ON
I NTRODUCTI ON ACKCROUND OI THE PROJECT II
5treet is a central unit in urban public space . ln the Estonia
of Z13 the street is still regarded as a technological
infrastructure and not a Z1st century social space.
Hundreds of kilometres of city streets are reconstructed
according to outdated regulations . vehicle tracks have
excessive width, the scarce space left for pedestrians is
separated by wasteful steel barriers with no regard to the
specifics of the area. Cluttered street signs, double and
triple paired traffic lights on the crossings are signs of an
overregulation. Development plans for the light traffic
roads, street furniture design, public park refreshments are
often prepared separately , without a vision and without
public debate. Besides municipalities, the main subscribers
of road projects , also the general public is not aware of the
alternative possibilities and therefore does not speak out.
With the emergence of the citizen society , organised
networks of people are thriving for a change . 1he will to
speak for the developments of the ones in the
neighbourhood is on the rise. 5ome district communities
like 5upilinna 5elts in 1artu, UusMaailm and 1elliskivi in
1allinn have already been established and are making
progress in envisioning their neighbourhood 's future.
As communities are usually run by a few people who have
knowledge in city planning and jurisdiction , and are able to
convey local interests , there is still a lot to do in informing
community members, local authorities and investors about
the possibilities of urban public space and the benefits of
participatory planning.
As the new expectations rise, there is a lack of clarity about
the phenomenon of public space. What exactly is public
space, where does it start and where does it end, how does
it influence everyones life, is it self organising or can we
"design" public life? 1he current thesis project aims to
provide a basis for the subject and an analyse tool to seek
answers.
Around Z5, l noticed a certain tendency in "magazine
architecture" worldwide. Public stairs and ramps
incorporated into architectural form, sloping up and down,
these spectacular architectural crescendos were breaking
out from the inside of the buildings . 5ince the proposals of
architectural competitions started to follow this trend in
Estonia, l have questioned myself , what is this
phenomenon? 5oon l realised this trend being part of a
broader popularisation of urban public space, in this case
incorporated into architectural language.
My recognition was supported by simultaneous discussions
that popped up more and more frequently in the Estonian
professional periodicals dealing with urbanity. 1hese
discussions were initiated mostly by architects , planners,
urbanists and landscape architects . ln recent years these
discussions have entered into the wider public debate,
greatly in hand with the development of citizen society . My
conclusion is that the debate in Estonia hence has both
global and local reasons .
1he local backdrop goes back to 1991, when Estonia
regained its independence . 1he following decades
changed urban life rapidly. 1he process of privatization
and steady economic growth significantly influenced the
cityscape. New layers of buildings and infrastructure
transformed the spatial qualities of its cities . A jump into
capitalism and liberal politics quickly set private interest
ahead of public. Everyday life became very carcentered,
many development sites in the cities strategic positions
moved into private hands where quickprofit was expected .
Professionals working with urbanity have been worried
about the disproportional attention to the development of
public domain. 1he development of urban space has been
too investor centered, planning processes include public
voice only in a very formal way. 1he local municipality is
still criticised for insufficient protection of the public
interest, the public space.
Background
of tbe pro|ect
I2 I NTRODUCTI ON
I NTRODUCTI ON METHODOLOCY I3
Urban public space |UP5 is a subject of many research
projects in multiple disciplines . As there is a lot of material
available, l asked myself about the main aspects
embedded in the subject to frame my research . l ended up
with six main aspects : spatial, social, economic, political,
legal and time aspect . 1hroughout the studies, l first
avoided looking into the schemes proposing a framework
of UP5. Based on my readings l designed my own version
of a framework for UP5 and then looked up the existing
materials to find approval or alternatives . 1he materials l
found helped me to rethink and alter my main diagrams
the structured model of UP5. Based on the created
categories l wrote a list of questions about the factors that
determine the character of public space. 1hese questions
and categories were tested during the case studies in the
three very different sites |see Project Process.
1he second part of the thesis project a structured model
of UP5 was designed with two methods in mind. ln an
academic respect these two can be called methods with
reservations, but need to be pointed out as direct
influences.
Just as writing is a tool to shape and arrange thoughts ,
drawing too is a tool to shape and arrange spatial
thoughts. When facing complexity of a work, a systematic
visual approach can be helpful .
AIexander OsterwaIders "usness ModeI Canvas" is a
strategic management template for developing a new or
documenting the existing business models.
1
lt is a visual
chart with elements describing a firm's value proposition ,
infrastructure, customers and finances . lt assists firms in
aligning their activities by illustrating potential tradeoffs.
Basically a tool to analyse business , it uses visual
organisation of carefully chosen priority categories to
provide understanding of a firm and its aims.
1 Wikipcdio (www.wikipcdio.org,wiki,Busincss_ModcI_Lonvos', occcsscd 18.05.2013
2 MichocI A.McAdoms (no doto' LompIcxity Thcory ond Urbon PIonning .Iotih Univcrsity, IstonbuI (p10'
3 Ibid. (p9'
A structured model of UP5 proposed in the project uses the
same principle, in addition to the questions it provides an
understanding about the subject by systematic visual
organisation. 5uch categorisation was also helpful when
working out the list of questions , specific questions are
derived from subcategories.

1he other method is based on the CompIexty Theory
and its use in urban planning . ln his work "Complexity
1heory and Urban Planning ", Dr. Michael A. McAdams
criticises the linear aspect and the static nature of long
range planning, static zoning and traditional topdown
planning that are in direct opposition to the dynamic nature
of urbanisation.
Z
1he theory suggests methods for urban
planning. One of them is an agent or actor based planning ,
it includes individuals , organisations and phenomenons
that influence realtime urban developments . ln a way it
describes a type of dynamic participatory planning :
Urbon pIonning con cosiIy bc jromcd within thc contcxt oj
compIcxity mctophors. Thcrc orc ogcnts , bc thcy
poIiticions, urbon pIonncrs, dcvcIopcrs, citizcns,
govcrnmcnt ojjicioIs ctc. Agcnts couId oIso jorcc cithcr
noturoI or mon-modc such os tcchnoIogy , wcothcr, but
tcchnoIogy is not divorccd jrom humons , os thcy orc
humon crcotions. Likcwisc, thcy moy bc jromcd os
cnvironmcnts dcpcnding on thc jurisdictionoI constroints .
3
1he analyse part of the thesis project questioned what are
the determinant variables that could be addressed and
managed by a municipality or a community when making
urban plans. 1he project included the metaphor of actors ,
a field abstract enough to be given different meanings
relevant in a specific case. lt became clear to me that when
planning a change in a public context , interests of involved
actors are of a high priority when these plans are facing
realisation. 1he importance of these actors and their
mutual collaboration needs to be emphasised .
Metbodology
I4 I NTRODUCTI ON
I NTRODUCTI ON THE CUI DE , IOR WHOM IS IT AND HOW TO USE IT I5
1he guide is at first directed to municipalities and district
communities in Estonia to be used as an informative
material and an analysing tool of an area.
1he main task of the guide regarding district communities
is to provide them with knowhow about public spaces , so
that they can be more successful when envisioning the
future of their neighbourhood and participating in a master
plan process. 1he guide offers a method to map the
existing values and deficiencies of their neighbourhood , it
helps to envision and enhance their everyday environment .
Referring to reoccurring spatial inconveniences and
available spatial potentials , it encourages creative micro
scale intervention. 1he guide calls to discuss about the
area's connectivity to important public indoor functions .
lnformation about the desired neighbourhood functions
can be addressed to the local municipality to be
considered in a master plans process and when handing
out business licences . With such information strong
communities could also start to attract investors or agree
to make collective investments together .
Directed also to municipalities , the guide aims to bring up
the importance of urban public spaces and provide an
update of todays expectations for urban open space.
lt is a task of a municipality to envision future
developments by making strategies and other planning
documents. ln the situation where many Estonian
municipalities make spatial decisions without a
professional architect among the personnel , the task of
preparing master plans is delegated to planners chosen by
investors, and public debates are inclusive only formally , it
is important to stress public interests by independent
parties and cultivate participatory planning.
1he architecture and planning department of a municipality
can use the guide and its analyse method to map areas
and deliver more rigorous assignments for other parties
composing master plans. 1he information provided can
also help to assess submitted master plans and influential
building projects. For example, the new 1artu centre
presented in the third part of the thesis project is well
known for its "broken" public space. Realisations of recent
master plans have proved the planners inability to improve
the quality of open public space and the municipalities
insufficient assessment of the proposed solutions .
A contemporary street standard needs to be addressed to
the transportation department of a municipality . Currently
prevailing carcentrist culture needs to be balanced by
improving conditions for pedestrians , cyclists and public
transportation. Until the old standards are used, it is
important to stress finer mutual collaboration between
different departments of a municipality .
Tbe guide, for wbom it is
and bow to use it

PART I I7
nforming part. Embedded aspects of urban public space.

Urban pubIc space s a space n
between buIdngs physcaIIy accessbIe
for everyone.
At thcir bcst , pubIic spoccs oct Iikc o scIj -
orgonising pubIic scrvicc, just os hospitoIs
ond schooIs providc o shorcd rcsourcc to
improvc pcopIc`s quoIity oj Iijc, pubIic spoccs
jorm o shorcd spotioI rcsourcc jrom which
cxpcricnccs ond voIuc orc crcotcd in woys
thot orc not possibIc in our privotc Iivcs
oIonc.
Melissa Mean, Charlie 1ims |Z5 "People Make 5paces: Growing
the Public Life of Cities ." Demos, London |p9
I8 SPATI AL ASPECT PART I
MPORTANCE
FREEDOM TO MOVE
WALKING
A modcrnist drcom - o Iot oj
spocc jiIIcd with oir
Tightcncd
pubIic spocc
1 Jon CchI (2011' Lijc Bctwccn BuiIdings . IsIond Prcss, London (p31'
2 Ibid. (p133'
3 Ibid. (p137'
4 Ibid. (p141'
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OBSTRUCTIONS

Cluttered street inventory

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A great public space is easy to access and move through.
Dull and long facades lacking details make the walk feel unattractive,
whereas narrow facades with many windows and doors narrate our pass
making the scenery lively.
The extent and character of activities taking place in urban public space (UPS) are greatly influenced by physical
planning. Spatial decisions are directly related to user-friendliness and use patterns of an area. Better or worse conditions
for outdoor events result in more or less lively urban environment.
1
User-friendliness is not only physical and aesthetic conditions. n any given urban situation: walking on a street, looking
for a place to sit down and rest, or standing on the corner of a building and talking to a friend, we share common human
behaviour as social beings. For successful planning decisions we have to consider our psychology. The field of operation
is socio-spatial.
Senses shape our urban experience: how we see and hear, in what spatial conditions we feel comfortable and safe.
Senses also shape behaviour - what distances we are willing to walk in everyday situations, have the spatial decisions
considered climatic conditions - sun, rain and snow. These issues can be described as basic needs - freedom to move,
human scale environment and equal spatial rights concerning traffic.
The reason why it is so difficult to plan great UPS is the multiple origin of these decisions. Urban reality is a sum of
many decisions made by street engineers, city designers, a number of local municipality departments, property owners,
architects and landscape designers, etc. To create successful urban places we need to develop better wide-based
planning practice and cultivate decisive participation on the level of real users. As streets are central in UPS discussion,
many of these issues should be addressed in a street design guide. n Estonia street planning is officially still regulated
narrowly in technical terms - it is regarded as a technical planning not as a welcoming-card of the city, a space of social
urban experience.
The rights to use public space and have a sense of control within it are basic and overarching requirements. A great urban
public space is easy to access and move through for the young and elderly, people with walking disabilities, for people
with baby prams and cyclists. Vehicle and pedestrian traffic has to be planned in a democratic way with an insight to the
weaker side - the pedestrian. Convenient use of cityscape also means good access to, and thoroughly planned public
transport system. UPS should be accessible both visually and physically, from a distance and up close.
"Walking is first and foremost a type of transportation, a way to get around, but it also provides an informal and
uncomplicated possibility for being present in the public environment. ...The act of walking is often a necessary act but
can also merely be an excuse for being present - 'I will just walk by."
2
t is well known that whenever people walk, they prefer direct routes and short-cuts. Only very great obstacles, like
dangerous traffic, extensive barriers, and so on, are able to interrupt this pattern. This behaviour is supported by
numerous surveys that have resulted in theories like Space Syntax Analysis. According to numerous surveys, the
acceptable walking distance for most people in ordinary daily situations has been found to be around 400 to 500 meters.
For children, old people and disabled people, it is often considerably less. Acceptable walking distances are an interplay
between the length of the street and the quality of the route, both with regard to protection and stimulation. The
acceptable walking distance is an important factor in planning the distribution of both indoor functions and open space
activities.
3
"One of the most important demands on a well-functioning pedestrian system is to organize pedestrian movement to
follow the shortest distance between the natural destinations within an area. When the problems of the main traffic layout
are solved, however, it becomes important to place and design the individual links in the network so that the entire system
becomes highly attractive."
4
Studies on human behaviour in urban spaces also point out the importance of spatial sequences that happen during a
route. Dull and long facades lacking details make the walk feel unattractive, whereas narrow facades with many windows
and doors narrate our pass making the scenery lively.
Sequences and contrasts between small and large refine our spatial experience. The experience of town hall square in
many medieval cities is so powerful due to the fact that the streets leading there are usually very narrow.
When analysing an existing urban space, we should not only focus on the building masses but also on the small-scale
spatial elements that fill our streets, squares and parks. Street lights and signs, trash bins, fences and other barriers,
benches, bushes, trees etc. These are all necessary elements but we should always question the way they are organised.
All these utilities we encounter moving through cityscape can also be potential obstructions that cause annoying detours.
n a city centre we have all experienced cluttered street inventory that makes our walk rather like a hurdle race. Almost
every city has inconsiderate situations like narrow side-walks split by street lighting posts.
PART I SPATI AL ASPECT I9
LEVEL DIFFERENCES
HUMAN BEHAVOUR
STAYING
6
5 Jon CchI (2011' Lijc Bctwccn BuiIdings . IsIond Prcss, London (pp98,167'
6 Ibid. (p147'
7 Lhristophcr AIcxondcr (1977' A Pottcrn Longuogc (p600'
8 Jon CchI (2011' Lijc Bctwccn BuiIdings . IsIond Prcss, London (pp155-162'
SITTING
8
The edge effect - the edges are preferred zones for staying, while the open
plains are not used until the edge zones are occupied.
Urban seats that offer a good micro-climate and encourage social
contacts.
Sitting is of a particular importance for public space because it allows stays of any duration. The existence of good
opportunities for sitting enables multiple activities: eating, reading, playing, sunbathing, watching people, talking etc.
According to Jan Gehl a simple mean to improve quality of outdoor spaces is to create more and better opportunities for
sitting.
Sitting activities in general take place only when climatic, spatial, and other essential conditions are favourable. Sitting
locations are chosen far more carefully than are locations for standing. Places for sitting along facades and spacial
boundaries are preferred to sitting areas in the middle of a space. Sitting places in niches, at the end of benches, or at
other well-defined spots where ones back is protected are preferred to less precisely defined places.
Choosing a right place for seating must be thoroughly planned, both spatial and functional qualities of the location have
to be considered. Observations have proved that people prefer seats with an individual local quality such as a good-view
or a good micro-climate. Psychological comfort is important and therefore a niche, a corner, or a place that protects one's
back are popular. The placement of seats allows to programme the social scene, seats can be separated for privacy or be
combined to encourage dialogue.
Seeing, hearing and talking seem to be arbitrary when discussing the framework of public space, still these sensory
abilities determine our active field of space. These communicative senses work within a range of distance. t is therefore
often appropriate to dimension large public spaces so that the borders of the space correspond to the limits of the social
field of vision. Jan Gehl`s book "Life Between Buildings" provides a comprehensive overview of human senses and spatial
context:
"One can see others and perceive that they are people at distance from 0,5-1 kilometre, depending on factors such as
background and lighting. At approximately 100 meters, figures that can be seen at greater distances become human
individuals. It is hardly a coincidence that the length and width of of most Southern European medieval city squares are
near to or below this figure. At a distance of between 70 and 100 meters, it begins to be possible to determine with
reasonable certainty a person's sex, approximate age, and what the person is doing. At a distance of approximately 30
meters, facial features, hairstyle, and age can be seen and people met only infrequently can be recognised. When the
distance is reduced to 20 to 25 meters, most people can perceive relatively clearly the feeling and moods of others.
SEEING
As social beings people like to observe others,
street sight lines play a role.
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Visually and physically detached functions mostly fail.
Stroller trouble on stairs.

Urban landscape like any other landscape is not flat; bumps and hills, streets that go up and down can equally enrich and
degrade our urban experience. Level differences are both interesting possibilities and physiological obstacles. When level
difference occurs, we have to consider all possible users from children to people with walking disabilities, or people using
bikes. When stairs are used it should be considered that a link in the network of places will not be cut off for some users.
Excluding baby prams, cyclists and elderly because of missing or uncomfortable connection can result in keeping a
significant user segment away from a larger territory. The moral is not that ramps are better than stairs or every stair
should be coupled with a ramp, but in the big picture of a concrete area the connective network should be inclusive.
A typical street has pedestrian side-walks that are raised higher for safety reasons. Raised side-walks are not often
lowered at street crossings because of out-of-date street planning, making it complicated and annoying to pass with a baby
pram, on a bicycle or wheelchair. t can again result in a situation where specific users start to avoid these poor streets.
When enhancing street design, an elementary first step to do is lowering the side-walks where other paths depart or
streets cross. n areas of low traffic rate an increasingly popular shared street concept can be considered.
Another level difference issue is related to our ability to create social contacts. Such ability has clear spatial limitation.
This issue is relevant mostly in the phase of city planning but also when deciding to add or rearrange functions of a street.
According to Jan Gehl studies, the vertical meaningful contact field is between ground level and five stories (3-meter
storey). A level difference up to two stories (6-meters) provides a good social contact with the surrounding events, over
three stories this ability decreases. Above fifth floor the connection with ground level and the street are definitely out of
touch. n principle activities should not be assembled above one another on different levels. According to Jan Gehl studies,
functions located 50 to 100 meters from one another along a street interrelate more readily than functions placed just 3
meters over or under one another.
5
Standing demonstrates very clearly some important behavioural patterns characteristic to a large number of stationary
activities in public spaces. t is important, naturally, to be able to stand in public spaces, but the key word is staying. When
a stop lasts longer, people start to demand a certain quality from a place to stand.
A Dutch sociologist Derk De Jonge has pinned the term "edge effect". Edge effect happens when people are positioning
themselves in a concrete space, a thumb-rule is that they prefer places around the epicentre of a space. The edges of
trees, buildings or other clearings are preferred zones for staying, while open plains are not used until the edge zones are
occupied. The reasons for this are to keep psychologically safe distance from others and to have the best opportunity for
surveying the epicentre of the space and other users. The edge effect is best seen in city squares, where people tend to
occupy the edges of the buildings and other spacial units that shape the square. n a book "A Pattern Language",
Christopher Alexander summarizes the experiences regarding the edge effect and edge zones in public spaces: "f the
edge fails, then the space never becomes lively."
7
20 SPATI AL ASPECT PART I
9 Jon CchI (2011' Lijc Bctwccn BuiIdings . IsIond Prcss, London (pp63-65,163-167'
10 Ibid. (p64'
11 Ibid. (p166-167'
12 LABL Spocc (2004' Thc VoIuc oj PubIic Spocc . LABL Spocc, London (p14'
13 Wikipcdio (www.wikipcdio.org,wiki,Shorcd_spocc', occcsscd 17.05.2013
...Possibilities for seeing are also a question of overview and field of vision without
obstructions. These questions include the adequate light on the areas or objects to be seen.
Where public spaces have to function in periods of darkness, lighting is crucial. Lighting of
the socially relevant subjects is particularly important: lighting of people and faces.
Better lighting does not necessarily mean brighter light. It means an adequately bright
level of lighting directed or reflected toward the vertical surfaces - faces, walls, street signs,
mailboxes, and so forth - in contrast to the lighting of traffic streets. Better light also means
warm and friendly light. Today led-technologies offer us the possibility to freely play with the
colour of light, it offers an opportunity for variation but should be considered thoroughly - it
can easily result in visual noise."
9
To be able to plan sociable urban environment, basic knowledge about the functional range of hearing is necessary. Jan
Gehl points to the following principles.
"Within distances of up to 7 meters, the ear is quite effective. It is possible to hold conversations with relatively little
difficulty up to this distance. At distances up to approximately 35 meters, it is still possible to hear others speaking and
establish a question-answer situation, but it is not possible to engage in actual conversations. Beyond 35 meters, the
ability to hear others is greatly reduced. It is possible to hear people who shout loudly but difficult to hear what is being
shouted."
10
Depending on the concrete street layout and its usage, the noise levels on a pedestrian-only street are usually steadily
around 50 decibels, ranging from 40 to 60 decibels. Around 50-60 decibels it is possible to hold conversations, even lower
levels - around 45-50 allow to hear soft sounds. On a mixed vehicle-pedestrian city street the average is around 65
decibels, the noise level is dynamic and ranges from 50 to 80 decibels. n this situation it is nearly impossible to have
ordinary conversations even in a personal distance.
11
HEARING
Often pedestrian and traffic roads are lit by 12+ meter heigh light posts.
Human scale lights do make a difference for pedestrians.
Saying hello to the street caretaker used to be a norm. Unfortunately many
are willing to trade the social aspect for efficiency and noise.
EOUAL 8PATAL RGHT8 FOR PEDE8TRAN8 AND VEHCLE8
Street-life in London in 1906 and around 1970. The social role of the street is
replaced with narrow pedestrian paths.
QUESTION
"We're planning to move from a small village
to Tallinn. Please tell me where are the safe
areas for children to play in Tallinn? As a
criteria of safety first of all I mean that
children can play on streets where there is
no busy traffic. Thank you."
"Shared Space is a EU-wide urban design approach which seeks to minimise demarcations between vehicle traffic and
pedestrians, often by removing features such as curbs, road surface markings, traffic signs, and regulations.
The goal of Shared pace is to improve the road safety and vitality of minor roads and junctions within the street
hierarchy, particularly ones with high levels of pedestrian traffic by encouraging negotiation of shared areas between
different road users. Shared Space minimises demarcations between vehicles and pedestrians. Thereby, according to
some authorities including the UK Government, reduces the dominance of motor vehicles and enable all users to share
the space.
First proposed in 1991, the term is now strongly associated to the work of Hans Monderman who suggested that an
individuals behaviour in traffic is more positively affected by the built environment of the public space than by conventional
traffic control devices and regulations. By creating a greater sense of uncertainty and making it unclear who had right of
way, drivers reduce their speed, and everyone reduces their level of risk compensation. The perception of risk may be a
means or even a prerequisite for increasing objective safety. When a situation feels unsafe, people are more alert and
there are fewer accidents.
Monderman quotes "When you don't exactly know who has right of way, you tend to seek eye contact with other road
users. You automatically reduce your speed, you have contact with other people and you take greater care. We're losing
our capacity for socially responsible behaviour... The greater the number of prescriptions, the more people's sense of
personal responsibility dwindles.
The introduction of such schemes has had positive effect on road safety, traffic volume, economic vitality, and
community cohesion where a user's behaviour becomes influenced and controlled by natural human interactions rather
than by artificial regulation. This design method is however bitterly opposed by many organisations representing the blind,
partially sighted and deaf who prefer a clear separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Supporters of Shared Space
propose the use of street furniture, vegetation and a different road cover material to meet their needs."
13
SHARED SPACE
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ANSWER
"I don't know from what village you come from
but here in Tallinn streets are for driving.
There are playgrounds for children to play!"
A post in a web-forum for famiIies, 2010
One of the fundamental functions of public space is that it allows us to move around - on foot, by bicycle, by car,
motorbike or public transport. The pedestrian and vehicle traffic has been for a long time inclined towards the dominance
of vehicle transport. Well-designed streets and public spaces encourage walking and cycling, and have the power to make
our environment a safer one by reducing car speeds and use. A thoroughly planned public transport system is crucial.
12
From the second half of 20th century life on streets has degraded due to increased vehicle traffic turnover. Sincethecar
became a common commodity for everyone, a great majority of street s were customised for cars, roads became wider,
recreational lands were turned into parking spaces, and all that was done largely at the expense of pedestrians. Narrow
side-walks, noise, polluted air, physical barriers and detours at the service of safety regulations have been norms for
pedestrians. For a long time it was considered inevitable but from the 1960`s and onwards there has been a growing
interest to "reclaim" the streets, claim equal spatial rights for cars and pedestrians.
The following will introduce street concepts practised occasionally around the world but due to inertia still considered
new. These examples demonstrate the benefits of shared streets for cars and pedestrians. Schemes of similar logic are
used in the Netherlands (Woonerf), the United States (Complete Street), the United Kingdom (Home Zone), Australia and
New Zealand (Shared Zone). n Europe the term "Shared Space" is most common.
PART I SPATI AL ASPECT 2I
"A Home Zone is a living street (or group of streets) as implemented in the United Kingdom, which are designed primarily
to meet the needs of pedestrians, cyclists, children and residents and where the speeds and dominance of the cars is
reduced. Home Zone street is not strongly divided into exclusive pedestrian and traffic areas, encouraging children's play
and free movement through the spaces. Home Zones have a very good safety record, but are not primarily designed as
road safety schemes.
Home Zones are encouraged by the UK Government as part of new residential areas. Residents are consulted by the
local Traffic Authority on the precise uses that can take place on the street (specified through a 'Use Order') and the
appropriate speed of traffic on the street (specified through a 'Speed Order') before the Home Zone can be legally
designated and signed.
Concerns have been expressed over the inability of blind and partially sighted people to use Home Zone streets.
Providing a clear route for pedestrians that is kept free of traffic, by using street furniture for example, is one way of
meeting the needs of the visually impaired. Well-designed Home Zones often include features such as benches, tables
and play equipment to encourage social interaction. Street trees and areas of planting, ideally maintained by residents,
will often feature. On-street parking also forms part of the layout in most schemes. Traffic speeds are kept low - with a
typical target speed being around 20 km/h (10-15 mph) - through the overall design of the street and features such as
sharp changes of direction for traffic and narrowings where only one motor vehicle can pass at a time. Traditional traffic
calming features such as road humps can also be used, but should be integrated into the design rather than being added
as an engineered afterthought.
Examples of UK practice include Staiths South Bank in Gateshead, which at over 600 homes was the largest new-build
Home Zone development in the UK at the time it received planning consent. Most contemporary UK schemes have
involved public realm works to existing streets in older Victorian housing areas, often to meet regeneration or traffic
calming objectives."
n 2007 a German town Bohmte decided to transform the streets according to the shared space idea. Officials wanted to
test the theory that the 13,000 drivers who use the town every day would take extra care and show each other greater
consideration if they were not told what to do. They secured a 2,1 million Euro grant from the European Union
to set up the scheme.
The town banned traffic lights and warning signs, including those instructing drivers to give way or stop. Only two rules
remained drivers cannot go above 30 km/h, the German speed limit for city driving, and everyone has to yield to the
right, regardless of whether it is a car, a bike or a mother with a pushchair.
Since shared space was started the town of Bohmte is saving near 6000 Euros a month replacing and repairing signs
damaged through normal wear and tear or by vandals.
Comparing the total number of traffic accidents 3 years before and after the scheme, there is a 46% decrease. The
proportion of accidents including personal damage have decreased to 8,7%.
Shorcd spocc opprooch hos bccn oppIicd oIso to busicr
roods. Lxhibition Rood in Icnsington , London.
A SHARED SPACE TOWN IN GERMANY
14
HOME ZONE
15
"A Woonerf (literally translates as 'living yard') is a living street where pedestrians and cyclists have legal priority over
motorists as implemented in the Netherlands and in Flanders. Techniques include shared space, traffic calming, and low
speed limits. Under Article 44 of the Dutch traffic code, motorised traffic in a Woonerf or 'recreation area' is restricted to
walking pace.
Woonerf streets started to appear in the Netherlands already in the 1970s. "In 1999 the Netherlands had over 6000
Woonerfs. In 2006 it was reported that people of Hesselterbrink were disillusioned about how the Woonerf principle had
become another traffic engineering measure that 'entailed precious little more than signs and uniform standards'. They
have now encompassed the shared space principles as a way of rethinking the Woonerf. They are reported to 'now know
that car drivers should become residents. Eye contact and human interaction are more effective means to achieve and
maintain attractive and safe areas than signs and rules.
Today around 2 million Dutch people are living in Woonerfs. The benefits of the Woonerf are promoted by
'Woonerfgoed', a network of professionals and residents."
Shared Space in the town of Bohmte.
WOONERF
16
14 WoIjgong Bodc (2009' Vcrkchrsuntcrsuchung in dcr Ccmcindc Bohmtc untcr bcsondcrcr
Bcrucksichtigung dcr Wirkungcn dcs Shorcd Spocc Bcrcichcs . Aujtroggcbcr. Ccmcindc Bohmtc. Osnobruck
15 LABL Spocc (2004' Thc VoIuc oj PubIic Spocc . LABL Spocc, London (p14'
16 Wikipcdio (www.wikipcdio.org,wiki,Shorcd_spocc', occcsscd 17.05.2013
Home Zone residential street in England.
The Dutch Woonerf.
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22 SOCI AL ASPECT PART I
Social aspect cannot be overestimated when discussing public spaces, sociability is a prerequisite for such phenomenon
to take place at all.
n the 21st century the role of cities, towns and villages is changing. Urban city centers are no longer the only places for
the exhange of goods, services and information. Decentralised urban developments and nternet allow people to enjoy
qualities that were once present only in the centers. Today urban and rural places are expected to fulfil deeper human
needs, social interaction and the expression of civic beliefs.
Sociability is based on peoples need to affirm and interact with others. Such affiliation involves people participating in a
supportive social system to receive psychological comfort. Once people satisfy their basic needs, such as survival and
security, they feel the need to belong and become member of a group or set of groups, which will provide affection,
support and identity for them.
2
Shared Space, a European co-operation project that aims to develop public space policy at the European level,
describes social implications for public space in the following sections.
"Public spaces form the heart of society. They are areas where you stay, where you meet others, where you observe,
where you undertake something with or without others, where you relax, where you become familiar and part of the living
environment.

Staying in a public space enables us to remain up to date with the world and the environment in which we live or stay.
Public spaces also enable you to look at what people are saying about themselves - in the way in which they present
themselves or in the way they design and modify their own spaces, their house or their garden. The layout of the public
space tells us what society looks like, who forms part of it, how people deal with each other and what they consider
important. It is a window on and a mirror of society."
3
According to William H. Whyte, a long-term researcher on human behaviour in urban settings, "The social life in public
spaces contributes to the quality of life of individuals and society in a such fundamental way that we have a moral
responsibility to create physical places that facilitate civic engagement and community interaction."
4
Whot ottrocts pcopIc most,
it wouId oppcor , is othcr pcopIc .
1
WiIIiom H. Whytc
THE NCLU8VE ROLE
The project is part of an urban improvement plan coordinated by the City of
Copenhagen in a partnership with private association Realdania. The park is
intended to celebrate diversity. Filled with objects from around the globe, it is
designed as a kind of world exposition for the local inhabitants, covering over
50 nationalities, who have been able to contribute their own ideas and
artefacts to the project.
6
SuperkiIen (2012) Nrrebro, Copenhagen
Authors - SuperfIex, BIG, Topotek1
1 WiIIiom H. Whytc (1980' Thc SocioI Lijc oj SmoII Urbon Spoccs . (p19'
2 Jon Long (1994' Urbon Dcsign. Thc Amcricon Lxpcricncc . John WiIcy
& Sons, Ncw ork (p252'
3 Shorcd Spocc, A Luropcon co-opcrotion projcct (2005' Shorcd
Spocc. Room jor Lvcryonc . A Ncw Vision jor PubIic Spoccs . (p9'
4 WiIIiom H. Whytc (www.pps.org,rcjcrcncc,wwhytc,', occcsscd 22.05.2013
5 WiIIiom H. Whytc (1988' Lity. Rcdiscovcring thc Lcntcr. DoubIcdoy,
Ncw ork (p335'
6 Wikipcdio (www.wikipcdio.org,wiki,SupcrkiIcn', occcsscd 17.05.2013

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MPORTANCE
SUCI AL
ASPECT
n European context we understand inclusion in a democratic way - a call for everyone regardless of ethnic origin, age or
gender, social or economic position.
For everyday users who form the local community, public spaces function as a social hub. Whether chatting over the
garden fence, meeting in the local market, park or playground, these situations create an opportunity for small, personal
interactions that reveal the local tendencies. These tendencies sooner or later become established as a local identity.
The same happens on a larger scale. n a city, icounty, or a state, public spaces can bring people from different ages
and cultures together and help to create a sense of local identity. Public spaces are a medium where cultural codes are
practised and established. n these spaces we see a variety of behaviours and we render the norms of tolerance in the
society.
To follow the true democratic idea of inclusion, public spaces also have an adopting role. These spaces should
encourage people with different backgrounds to blend in to the society and help them to find self-expression in the open
public spaces. Different cultural groups might have different patterns in the ways they use parks and other public land.
Depending on their ethnic or cultural background, they might have a radically different way of observing nature and using
a park.
The ideas of adoption also apply to the "problematic" segment of people who happen to be hanging around in public
spaces because they have nowhere else in particular to go. t is quite possible to engage with such people to help them
meet their underlying needs or resolve their difficulties, thus diverting them from crime and antisocial behaviour. Besides
the elementary homeless shelters for dining and accommodation, several successful projects across Europe have been
delivered. n Britain the magazine "Big ssue" is sold by homeless people as an alternative to begging, a project in
Rotterdam, Netherlands, recruited young people who were hanging arond and intimidating shoppers in a central street
and offered them a meeting place, support and activities in an adjacent building.
The function of city's public spaces is to permit, and indeed to encourage the greatest possible number of meetings,
encounters, challenges between various persons and groups, as it were a stage upon which drama of social life can be
enacted, with the actors taking their turn, too, as spectators. William Whyte claims that the increases in private travel and
electronic communication, rather than turning us in on ourselves, have actually stimulated a greater need for face-to-face
contact. "We are, after all, a social and sociable species and we need affirmative interaction with other humans for our
health and well-being."
5
PART I SOCI AL ASPECT 23
Across Europe, obesity is a growing concern. n 2011 Business nsider nternational writes: "In recent weeks, Europe has
begun to panic about a growing obesity problem. Hungary, a country that loves its cakes, has implemented a tax on fatty
food. Even Italy, long an example of the benefits of a Mediterranean diet, has seen a worrying trend amongst its rapidly
fattening youth. Perhaps they're still small fry compared to the US, but they're catching up."
6
There is growing concern about the health of the nation and particularly that of our children and young people.
According to 2006 Eurostat statistics obesity rate in Europe is 15,5% of the population, among children 30%. n Estonia
there are 33,8% people overweight and 15% obese. This increase in obesity is linked to ever more motionless lifestyles
and a reduction in outdoor activity. Evidence shows that adult patterns of exercise are set early on in life.
7
A lack of exercise in childhood can lead to problems in adulthood, diabetes and heart diseases are typical in cases of
excessive inactivity. Not only a concern of physical health, inactivity influences people`s mental well-being by increasing
stess risk. Each year economy loses working hours and days due to stress-related employee absence. These problems
clearly need to be addessed and dealt with. Public open spaces can contribute to better health by encouraging us to walk
more, to play sport, or simply spend more leisure time outdoors. Access to good-quality, well-maintained public spaces
can help to improve physical and mental health.
8
UP8 AND 8AFETY 88UE8
`Different` use of urban space, parkour - the art of movement.
Disfavoured behaviour.
Repressive public control.
UP8, PROMOTNG HEALTHY LVNG
1 Hcnry Shojtoc (2008' LonvivioI Urbon Spoccs. Lorthscon, London (p20'
2 Ibid. (pp19-21'
3 Ibid. (p19'
4 Ibid. (p21'
5 Ibid. (pp19,27'
6 Adom ToyIor (Busincss Insidcr IntcrnotionoI ' (2011' (http.,,www.busincssinsidcr.com,jottcst-countrics-in-curopc-obcsity2011-9?op-1', occcsscd 20.04.2013
7 IASO (2006' Obcsity in thc LU27 (www.ioso.org,sitc_mcdio,upIoods,AduIt_LU_27_Jonuory_2012.pdj', occcsscd 22.05.2013
8 LABL Spocc (2004'Thc VoIuc oj PubIic Spocc . LABL Spocc, London (p6'
Attractive urban design encourages people
to spend more time on foot and bikes.
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The feeling of safety is a factor that can influence the use of urban public spaces to a great deal. Well-designed and -
managed places seem safer and people tend to use them more, whereas we have all experienced desolate urban places
that are so run down that people feel scared to use them. The disintegration of living public spaces and the gradual
transformation of the street areas into an area that is of no real interest to anyone is an important factor contributing to
vandalism and crime on the streets.
All-inclusive public space is and should be an ideal, in reality it is difficult to realise and we are continuously making
decisions on behalf of some user groups. t is an ever-actual question of majority and minority. Homeless, drinking
youngster groups and people exercising extreme urban sports like parkour are often disfavoured by some people. For
some countries and cities the way to deal with it comprises schemes of various control measures. According to Henfry
Shaftoe, the outcome of this is a series of exclusionary initiatives ranging from legal controls, such as alcohol bans and
dispersal orders, to increased video- and police surveillance. "At worst it can become an intrusive, humiliating and
repressive means for controlling excluded populations."
1
This policy is criticised as it does not deal with the actual cause
of problem but with the aftermath.
"In reality, there are very few career criminals; people who commit offences often do so out of boredom, frustration,
desperation or as a by-product of a personal problem such as addiction, psychopathology or homelessness. ...Many
'offenders' are bored young people who would engage in more legitimate pursuits if they were given the chance. Instead
of excluding undesirables and creating, in the process, an environment that is undesirable to everyone, our streets and
town centres could be made more attractive, in the hope that crime and antisocial behaviour will be 'crowded out' by the
range of legitimate activities and the behavioural norms of the majority of law-abiding citizens. At the same time, it is
important to engage with the minority who are displaying unwelcome or desperate behaviour - they may need help,
diversion or intensive support."
2
"The argument in favour of inclusive public spaces goes considerably beyond a narrow focus on security to include
health, well-being and even the very nature of 'civilization'. Richard Sennett (1986) has argued that "people grow only by
the processes of encountering the unknown" and the best places to encounter difference and the unfamiliar are public
spaces, where all segments of society can cross paths, mingle and be observed. Without this observation and
engagement with 'difference', Sennett claims in his book The Uses of Disorder (1973), we are in danger of becoming
increasingly prejudiced and narrow-minded, as we only choose the company of like-minded individuals in our cocooned
daily routines."
3
Henry Shaftoe argues that not all "shadowed" spaces are illegal and intolerable. As human beings, we are often looking
for privacy also within the public sphere, it is normal that sometimes people do not want to be seen or heard by others.
Efforts to sanitize and control every inch of public space risk with eliminating all screened areas. Harmless deviant
activities are valuable as the articulations of resistance to the status quo. The vitality of an urban space requires some
degree of human unpredictability.
4
n a democratic society the sustainable way to handle the grey areas is citizens self-regulation. A civilized society is
tolerant towards homeless people, alcoholics, people receiving "care" in the community, and "tribes" of young people. As
long as their presence is not causing a real threat to the safety of others, their citizenship and therefore a right to occupy
public spaces should be respected equally with everyone else. "The safest places are well-populated with both users and
casual passers-by who provide more "eyes on the street" to informally police public spaces (Jacobs 1961, Gehl 2003).
When a society stops policing itself, it has failed. If everyone in a society can't enjoy all the public spaces within a town
then it can't police itself. In order to achieve that, we need a public realm . which is inclusive."
5
24 ECONOMI C ASPECT PART I
UP8 and economic benefits
Properties with good access to desirable
public spaces are more valuable.
The famous Strget street in Copenhagen. Since the pedestrianisation of the
street footfall and business turnovers increased.
n 2006 the New Economics Foundation conducted a report in London
Queens indoor/outdoor market. According to the report every 10 pounds
($19) spent at the market generates an additional 25 pounds ($48) in
economic activity. This compares with only an additional 14 pounds ($26.50)
generated by a traditional supermarket. t also revealed that the local market
creates twice as many jobs per square foot of retail space as nearby
supermarkets do.
8
1 LABL Spocc (2004'Thc VoIuc oj PubIic Spocc . LABL Spocc, London (pp4-5'
2 Ibid. (pp4-5'
3 Lity oj Toronto (1999' Lconomic Bcncjits oj Pcdcstrionisotion jor Toronto
4 Jon CchI , Lors Ccmzc (1996' PubIic Spocc-PubIic Lijc.RoyoI Donish Acodcmy oj Iinc Arts, Lopcnhogcn (p51'
5 LABL Spocc (2004'Thc VoIuc oj PubIic Spocc . LABL Spocc, London (pp4-5'
6 Anno ScmIycn (www.cuttingyourcorusc.co.uk,corbust37o.htm', occcsscd 20.05.2013
7 Ibid.
8 Projcct jor PubIic Spoccs (www.pps.org,rcjcrcncc,mcosuring-thc-impoct-oj-pubIic-morkcts-ond-jormcrs-morkcts-on-IocoI-cconomics,', occcsscd 22.05.2013
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ECUNUMI C
ASPECT
Generally speaking, economic aspects influence the realm
of UPS mainly in two ways. Firstly, overall national and
regional economic capacity determines the financial
possibilities for UPS management and development, the
living standards of a society are projected to the urban
fabric. The financial ability is linked to the qualities present in
between buildings: the condition of streets and buildings, the
extent and quality of the physical elements concerned.
Secondly, the effect that business-driven functions have
on public transit in a given area. Whether the services are
used as a necessity or for leisure, these functions act as
attractors that animate urban open spaces. Far from being
the only and the most important factor, (business) functions
play a role in generating activity in between buildings. For
example, a dominant business area has vital public spaces
but in an extreme case it might also have additional effects,
it becomes too mono-functional and exclusive, dispelling
more intimate social activity and excluding some user
groups. n case of a quiet residential district, basic public
functions are essential for the residents' well-being. A
grocery, a cafe or a hair-dresser inearby has an influential
effect on the use of public spaces, open spaces are used
more frequently and periodically. When the basic functions
are far away, the urban set favours commuter life-style and
makes it more challenging to have lively public spaces.
According to CABE, thegovernment's advisor on architecture, urban design and public space in England, a high-quality
public environment can have a significant impact on the economic life of urban centres, whether big or small, and is
therefore an essential part of any successful regeneration strategy. As towns increasingly compete with each other to
attract investment and to increase tax revenue, the existence of good parks, squares, gardens and other public spaces
becomes a vital business and marketing tool: companies are attracted to locations that offer well-designed, well-managed
public places and these in turn attract customers, employees and services.
1
n a booklet "The Value of Public Space" CABE states: "Redevelopment of high-quality public spaces aids the
regeneration of an area, with commercial property prices increasing in those locations. Well-planned, well-managed public
space has a positive impact on the price of nearby domestic properties. According to a study in Berlin in 2000, proximity
to playgrounds in residential areas was found to increase land values by up to 16 per cent. n the same study, a high
number of street trees resulted in an increase of 17 per cent in land values. n the towns of Emmen, Appledoorn and
Leiden in the Netherlands, it has been shown that a gardens bordering water or proximity to water can boost the land
price approximately 10%."
2
The City of Toronto's report "Economic Benefits of Pedestrianisation Toronto" found out that pedestrian-orientated retail
streets can provide significant environmental improvements and increase local retail sales. Pedestrian traffic, otherwise
known as "footfall", tends to increase dramatically after a pedestrian friendly area is created.
3
When Strget street in Copenhagen in Denmark was converted to pedestrian-only street in 1962, the following years
proved pedestrian traffic increase 20-40%. The local business owners who in the beginning were sceptical about the
conversion , had remarkably increased turnovers and some of them even started to claim the idea being theirs from the
first place.
4
According to CABE, local trade of the town of Coventry in England also benefited after transforming the
centre. The centre became much more attractive and footfall rose when pedestrianisation was improved, a new civic
square was built, clearer signage and enhanced placement of street furniture was introduced.
5
Successful regeneration projects world-wide explain such economic success with pleasant shopping experience, safety,
improved air quality and low noise levels. According to Anna Semlyen far more pedestrianisation schemes have had a
positive effect on retail turnover (49%) than a negative (2%).
6
Based on Peter Newman she concludes: "Around the world,
cities where people mostly walk, cycle or use public transit, have greater wealth (gross regional product per capita) than
cities with heavy car use. Newman attributes the negative impact of heavy car use on city wealth to: (1) greater road
expenditure, (2) greater percentage of wealth spent on commuting, (3) reduced transit cost recovery, (4) increased
transportation deaths, and (5) increased pollution from vehicle emissions."
7
PART I ECONOMI C ASPECT 25
EXCLU8VE ECONOMC FORCE8. MEDEVAL TALLNN - 8OLD OUTl
8MALL BU8NE88E8 V8 HYPERMARKET8
An experiment by city activist Kadri Klementi in 2009.
Chairs, free to use and place.
9 Iodri IIcmcnti , Mortin AIIik, TccIc Pchk (2011' (www.cpI.cc,ncws,kuItuur,vono-Iinn-tohob-koju.d?id-51297955', occcsscd 23.05.2013
10 Iodri IIcmcnti (2010' Thc Strcct. Thc Prcscnt ond Iuturc oj ToIIinn Strcct -scopc.Lstonion Acodcmy oj Arts, ToIIinn (p31'
11 ToIIinn MunicipoIity (2013' ToIIinn in numbcrs 2012 (p155'
A typical hypermarket in Tallinn.
Public life on an ordinary day in Kalamaja 1972. The building to the left is a
small grocery shop. The same place in 2010. After a long struggle the shop
to the left shut down.
The most prominent place of old Tallinn - the town hall square is a place
without a single unpaid seat. To sit and rest one has to be a customer in one
of many cafes.
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ECUNUMI C
ASPECT
Public life in open urban spaces needs users, functions and qualities. Among all possible functions, access to basic goods
and services is crucial.
22 years ago, when Estonia gained independence again and took off towards the possibilities of capitalism long dreamt
of, the streets of Estonian city centres were quite lively dispersed with a variety of little businesses: groceries, shops for
dairy products, clothing retails, bakeries, cafes, restaurants, hairdressers etc. Over the 22-year transformation, one of the
tendencies has been the clusterisation of basic business functions. Suburban sprawl and increased car-use have eased
the development of super- and hypermarkets which have grown in size and number. The dominance that these centres
have due to the market forces crowded in numerous occasions off small businesses from the city centres and local
districts. With less footfall in those areas, small businesses have been slowly disappearing. For example in Kalamaja, in a
small intact district of Tallinn, the emergence of rather peripheral supermarkets and car-centered life-style have pushed
out once well-distributed small grocery stores. The same has happened in the historical centres of Tallinn and Tartu, the
grocery stores and retails are almost completely gone making the centres less valuable and usable for nearby residents.
From the UPS point of view, these changes are controversial. Today there are far more activities happening in between
buildings, higher living standards have to some extent transferred to the spatial and aesthetic qualities present in urban
environment. At the same time the indoor economic functions have accumulated to fewer attractive places, leaving some
areas with poor public life on the streets.
The negative impacts of suburbanisation, car-centered life and clusterisation of some basic business functions are well-
known. t is also well known that these problems were acknowledged already half a century ago in America and later
across Europe. t is understandable that in the beginning of 1990`s a young nation like Estonia had other priorities than
public life, but with reason the Estonians can claim that there was a failure in inadequate socio-spatial and economic
analysis. Those issues should have been predicted and addressed.
Today the business function clusterisation can be dealt with stricter planning rules. For example, Sweden practices
limitations for both hypermarket location and floor area in relation to regional user pattern. To help small down-town
businesses flourish again they need to adjust to new market needs, appropriate economic and spatial conditions.
For a long time the medieval part of Tallinn has been the centre of the city and the main orientation point. Listed in the
UNESCO world heritage list, the old-Tallinn is a trademark of Estonia. Adorable architecture, human scale streets and
buildings, pedestrian-priviledged traffic and a green belt around the town make it a perfect setting for a lively public space.
Every inhabitant of Tallinn is proud to present the old town to visitors but at the same time has mixed-feelings about it.
With the beginning of the development of vigorous tourism, the locals have started to see the old town not as a perfect
place to go out and enjoy various activities but rather as an exclusive museum sold out for tourists. The famous quote
"show me your city and 'll tell you who you are" is not relevant any more, the Old Town has long lost it's meaning as a
mirror of local public life and is managed as straight- forward business model. Even though active tourist season lasts for
half a year, the inertia of the (under)development tendencies has impoverished everyday public life. Souvenir shops,
jewellery, entertainment, high-end bars and restaurants form the majority of functions the town has to offer. Even though
there are some cultural institutions and parks, the Old Town does not invite a greater variety of local users.
A 1984 conference "The Old Town as a living environment" was engaged in controversial debate about what could the
town offer for children, how to manage the dictation of entertainment business, how to lessen the segment of uncultured
townspeople and visitors and how to encourage sport activities. Seems like these issues are as relevant as 30 years ago.
A number of problems have sustained the "exclusive" image of the Old Town.
9
Firstly, there has been an overall lack of political and local will to make a change. Secondly, the absence of truly public
places to sit down and enjoy the medieval settings. The Old Town operates exactly like a shopping-mall, there are just a
few public seats available to attract only paying customers. The main plaza of the Old Town - the Town Hall Square has
not a single public bench to sit down and enjoy the scenery.
n 2009 an urbanist Kadri Klementi organised two experiments on the Town Hall Square, 9-10 simple coloured chairs
were put out for people to place and use them as they wish. The chairs were popular and the experiment clearly
addressed the lack of seats available.
10
Thirdly, as the 1984.-year-conference stated, the functions and activities available cover a rather poor spectrum. This is
linked to the fact that the number of local residents is very low, out of 3868 registered residents only a fragment is actively
living there.
11
Proposals to deal with these problems include support for local community, shared-space streets without raised narrow
side-walk areas, city subsidies to support the new desired functions, more seats and active places for local families,
licences for souvenir shops that currently sell items without local origin and therefore harm the true local identity. These
measures will not endanger the beneficial tourism in any way and help to balance commercial and public interests.
26 LECAL ASPECT PART I
NTRODUCTON
8EM-PUBLC / 8EM-PRVATE
n the public space discussion in general, the legal aspect is a concern that often includes conflicting interests. Questions
arise around the land ownership, the proportion of public property in a municipal unit, the private interests of the land
owner vs public interests, the conflicting grey shades between the public and the private, both written and unwritten rights
and restrictions in the use of public spaces. Most of these concerns are broader discussions in the field of philosophy,
politics, planning discourse, social sciences and law. This chapter focuses on illustrating types of ownership, the grey
shades between the public and the private, and examplifies the benefits of public-private partnership.
OWNER8HP: PUBLC AND PRVATE
1 Iodri IIcmcnti |Z1 "1he 5treet. 1he Present and Future of 1allinn 5treet scape."Estonian Academy of Arts, 1allinn |p4
2 Wikipcdio |www.wikipedia.org,wiki,Public_space, accessed 1/.5.Z13
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Soola 8, Tartu. The street space between the two buildings was used to
extend the mall. The connective link remained as a commercial corridor. With
commercial constraints the link is no longer a democratic space.

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Private property, no trespassing
Up - Closed private / Down - Open semi-private front-yard
A restricted dwelling area in Tiskre
PRIVATE
SEMI-PRIVATE
SEMI-PUBLIC
PUBLIC
There are 3 general types of ownership: collective, private and common. Urban public spaces are mostly dependent on
collective, public form of ownership. By popular definition public property is a property dedicated to the use of the public, a
subset of state property.
The street-scape is a typical embodiment of public property. For example in Tallinn, there are 13km2 of streets, that
makes 8% of the whole city area. These figures allow us to imagine the impact of such spatial category in our everyday
lives. n Tallinn public land forms 23% of the city area, it is not much compared with Amsterdam and Helsinki where the
majority of land is in municipal hands.
1
Nevertheless it does not necessarily mean that a direct link can be drawn between
the city owned land and the potentials of urban public space. The land itself does not provide us with pleasant places, it
is rather a task of design and usage management, co-operation and the other created by the users themselves. But when
there is a lack of public owned land the local municipality has to acknowledge a challenging work in leading the local
planning processes to find a balance between the private and public interests. A premise of this balance is thorough
planning law, transparent and inclusive planning process.
From the perspective of public space, a knowledge about the factors that generate the quality of urban environment are
more important than the laws regulating the private property. When there is a demand for quality-UPS, many situations of
potential conflict might be solved in a self-regulatory way. Let's imagine for instance a city street girded by front yards of
private houses. The way that these front yards are arranged, facades of the buildings coloured, vegetation and fences
organized, also influences the way we perceive the street-scape as a whole. The private edge overlaps with the public.
The local municipality, local communities and other urban environment institutions should put forward an educational role.
These situations should be questioned in a regeneration process.
The transition from private to public does not happen suddenly, for these transitions, the terms of semi-public and semi-
private are used. A cafe, a cinema and a shopping mall are examples of semi-public spaces. They are defined as public
spaces with some clear limitations for entrance. When the main function is the economic one, everyone is welcome as
long as he/she pays for it. n a shopping mall everybody can enter and look around without obligation to buy, but activities
unrelated to the purpose of the shop are not unlimitedly permitted. For a semi-public space stricter rules may be applied
than are outside, e.g. regarding dress code, trading, begging, advertising, photography, propaganda, riding roller-skates,
skateboards, etc.
2
As cafes, restaurants, cinemas etc. are part of public life, these functions act as a necessary component in the structure
of public spaces. t is important how these functions are distributed in and how they communicate with outdoor spaces.
Yet, some of these semi-public functions are a potential threat for the vitality of outdoor public spaces. Offering a great
variety of attractive services as a decoy, they convey different user groups from the streets with a democratic ambition to
the interior that cleverly serves business interests. Creating an illusion of a freedom to choose, these environments
impoverish the multitude of social and cultural exchange present on the streets.
Semi-private spaces are private spaces that spatially and visually communicate with public spaces. Semi-private spaces
can be all kinds of private land between the private building and the street or paths surrounding the territory. Usually these
spaces are used for an access, i.e gardens and strips of vegetation. For example, a front yard of a house facing the street
is perceived as an extension of the street-scape. When the inhabitants of the house are using their front yard, they create
possibilities for social contacts with neighbours and people passing by. For this reason semi-private spaces contribute to
PART I LECAL ASPECT 27
"In 2002, various international architects and artists were
invited to deal with bridges in the context of connecting
elements in cities. Instead of creating a bridge over the
Spree, the Badeschiff team proposed a bridge to the
Spree. Following a tradition of public bathing in the river at
the turn of the century, the project encouraged a closer
connection between the city and its river by floating a pool
on it.
A 30 year old barge was modified in a nearby dockyard.
It was reduced to its shell and filled with pre-heated and
chlorinated water to form a 32m long pool complemented
with a wooden bridge and a sun terrace. All technical
installations are concealed in the edge profile and yet
allow an unobstructed view across the river when
swimming.
During the winter, a three-part membrane structure
divides the Badeschiff (bathing ship) and its jetty into three
separate areas: a lounge, sauna and the pool ship itself.
These areas are connected via additional boxes containing
technical and service functions. A two-layered membrane
is spanned over elliptical wooden trusses maintaining a
combination of translucent and transparent surfaces. The
space between the membranes is filled with air to optimise
insulation and guarantee a comfortable interior
temperature of 25C even when it is extremely cold
outside."
4
UP8 AND PUBLC-PRVATE PARTNER8HP
The two massive sculptures appeared on the banks of
"Lasname Channel" (i.e. the Laagna Road cutting) as
part of the Tallinn 2011 - European Capital of Culture
programme. An open competition was held to choose the
installations.
Detectors drew attention to the 'ordinary' of a city,
attention to something that lacks tourist appeal and is
simply part of everyday environment for locals. Like many
other residents of Lasname, the author, who used to live
there, claimed his personal experience of Lasname very
boring, the environment did not call up for more than
taking bus routes between the city centre and home. With
detectors Raul Kalvo attempted to bring out the special
qualities of the place - the limestone bank. The installation
invited both locals and visitors to experience Lasname
from a slightly different angle.
An individual interested in allotment gardening asked the
city municipality if there are available lands for temporary
allotments. The city offered a plot reserved for future
residential developments. A lease for five years was given
to non-profit organisation "Juurikas". Every citizen had a
chance to apply for a piece of land and make a one year
contract.
The first season brought together 45 participants, a strip
of 100m2 of land was given to each. Cultivation included
potatoes, turnips, beans, pumpkins, zucchini, carrots, ice-
lettuce, rucola, calendula, parsley, mint, basil, broccoli,
dill, coriander, black radish and more.
3 Jovis VcrIog GmbH |Z/ "Urban Pioneers. 1emporary use and development in Berlin" Jovis, Berlin |p5B
4 LonvcrtibIc Lity |www.convertiblecity.de,projekte_projektZ9_en.html, accessed ZZ.5.Z13
5 Tootsi Pccnor |www.tootsipeenar.wordpress.com,uudisedblogi,page,Z,, accessed ZZ.5.Z13
6 LIIT 11 |www.lift11.ee,installatsioon,uurijad, accessed ZZ.5.Z13
NAME
LOCATION
OWNER
TIMEFRAME
INITIATED BY
LOCAL AUTHORITY
LEGAL FRAME
VISITED BY
FINANCE
Badeschiff, baths in river Spree, Berlin
Arena-Site, Eichenstrasse 4, Treptow
State of Berlin
Temporary lease 2005-2010
event promoters, Kulturarena
granted planning permission
lease agreement
Berliners and tourists
Capital Culture Foundation
and TP (city listings magazine) together
covered 25% of total costs, rest financed by
Kulturarena from bar, catering and door receipts.
BADESCHIFF, BATHS IN RIVER SPREE, BERLIN
3
DETECTORS, AN URBAN INSTALLATION
6
NAME
LOCATION
INITIATED BY
DEVELOPMENT TIMEFRAME
LAND OWNER
LOCAL AUTHORITY
TARGET GROUP
FINANCE
Detectors, installations by Raul Kalvo
Lasname, Tallinn
MT Kaos /Kaos Architects
(Aug-Oct.) 2011
Municipality of Tallinn
Granted planning permission
Local people, people passing by
Tallinn 2011 European Capital of
Culture programme + festival sponsors.
NAME
LOCATION
INITIATED BY
DEVELOPMENT TIMEFRAME
LAND OWNER
LOCAL AUTHORITY
LEGAL FRAME
TARGET GROUP
FINANCE
Tootsipeenar
Rmu street, Tartu
Avo Rosenvald
2011-2016
Municipality of Tartu
Granted free use of land
Land lease agreement with
non-profit organisation
Local people interested
in allotment gardening
Private funding for allotments, plough
by Tatoli enterprise
URBAN ALLOTMENTS
5
Badeschiff baths
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the urban public spaces, they function as 'soft-edges' (Jan Gehl). Here the visual and spatial relation to the surrounding
public spaces is most important. Often front yards are blocked by a fence or spacious vegetation, as a result safe and
nice private territory sacrifices public look, communications are cut off. Even in areas with seemingly low potential for such
social exchange, it is worth to keep in mind that places change in time. Functions, users and use patterns change and in
planning situations soft-edge possibilities should be considered, they have the ability to self-generate activity.
For an urban planner it is well known that in most cases there is a gap between what is useful for the area and for the city,
and what are the realistic possibilities regarding the constraints of the plot borders and property owners. n such cases
public-private-partnership (PPP) can be a tool to overcome difficulties of legal restrictions.
The municipally owned land is not the only way to create lively urban environment. From the mid-1990-s and onward,
public-private-partnership (PPP) has become a more often used form of co-operation around the world. A typical PPP
involves a contract between a public sector authority and a private party. The reasons for using PPP are many. A need to
share the financial burden of large projects or a situation of private land and public interest or vice versa; temporary usage
of both private and public spaces without current function. The following three examples give an idea of temporary usage
in different situations.
28 POLI TI CAL ASPECT PART I
The headquarters of Estonian Communist Party, built in 1968. The architects
initial idea was to design the first glass-facade in Tallinn. The Communist
Party declined the idea and "proposed" a clear background for the Lenin
statue.
"Public spaces is the living room of the young, the old, the rich and the poor, it is an advertisement of a city's image. In
today's democratic society we manifest it as belonging to "everyone". Yet throughout history, besides their practical
function, these spaces have been arenas for the ruling powers to demonstrate and exercise their power. Whoever
controls public space sets the "program" for representing society."
1
Occupy Wall Street protest, New York 2011.
ACTA protest, Tallinn 2012.
Winston LhurchiII woving
to thc crowd. Spcoking to thc
pcopIc jrom hcights is o gcsturc oj powcr
thot is rorc in todoy `s dcmocrotic socicty
1 Shoron Zukin |199B |http:,,www.publicspace.org,es,textobiblioteca,eng,
2 Don Lockton |Z11 |www.architectures.danlockton.co.uk,Z11,9,1Z,architectureurbanismdesignandbehaviourabriefreview,, accessed Z1.5.Z13
3 Tom NicIscn |Z13 "lnformal coexistence and amenities for all. Democratic urban spaces in the Nordic countries ." Arhus University, Arhus |p1/1
n urban planning Barcelona soon became known as 'the Barcelona model'
of urban transformation.
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PULI TI CAL
ASPECT
NTRODUCTON
THE POWER OF PUBLC 8PACE
DEMOCRAT8ATON OF URBAN 8PACE8
Urban public space is where political ideas are expressed in public, it is a place for the emergence of freedom, expression
and identity. t is where local lifestyles and activities happen and take many shapes, it is a scenery for public life to
happen. Public life again, is one of our most democratic rights, it contributes to the progress of free society and public
resolve.
The shaping of urban environment can be politically instrumentalized. Planning decisions have an economic and
demographic impact, architecture itself can serve as a regulatory force to control human behaviour. These decisions can
implement symbolic meanings. To a large extent city tourism is fed on the public art and architecture of the past societies.
Notorious historic monuments, decorations and sculptures are often politically ideological. Streets named after rulers,
squares used for symbolic national celebrations, these acts represent and affirm the historic and ideological meanings.
Even city layouts can be used strategically. t has been argued that the remodelling of Paris in the second half of 19th
century was not intended to deal only with the poor conditioned slum in the city center. n he's book "Militant Modernism",
Owen Hatherley calls Baron Geoges-Eugene Hausmann`s new city plans for Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte as 'militaristically
planned'. The true goal was argued to be securing the city against the Civil War, making the erection of barricades in
Paris impossible for all time. The streets were widened to make the erection of barricades impossible, and new streets
were to furnish the shortest route between the barracks and the workers districts. The Haussmann project also involved
the planning of straight avenues as a method of crowd control, so that artillery could fire down them at barricaded
masses.
2
Sharon Zukin
Along with the governing forces, the power of urban spaces is continually exercised by the public in form of political
activity. Political activity is manifested in several ways, for example statements, happenings, street art, debates and
demonstrations. On the streets individuals and groups can make active statements by simply having a speech or
performing a certain conceptual act or passively, by wearing polemising message of political, economical, societal,
cultural or any other issue. Street art can take many forms by using posters, stickers, sculptural or installational mediums.
These messages lay around us in everyday situations constituting a collective forum of information.
The most influential form of political activity is still considered demonstrations. Today " the third power" - the media is in
unprecedented status, the emergence of nternet media such as blogs, Facebook, Twitter etc. has made the spreading of
information easy and quick. Symbolic meetings and protests can be organized literally in no time. t is heatedly discussed
weather these new possibilities lessen the need for physical stage of discussion but the recent examples around the world
seem to disprove these opinions. Recent street demonstrations against ACTA restrictions (intellectual property laws for
nternet media) in Estonia and around the world, the Occupy Wall Street movement argue, that the new media just makes
it easier to organize people to stand for common concerns. Quite naturally, the physical presence still seems to be the
most transparent, direct and convincing method of political and any type of communication.
The predecessors of public space are believed to be the Agora of ancient Greek and the Roman Forum. Both the settings
of open spaces surrounded by civic buildings, they are still surprisingly valid archetypes of today's urban public spaces
with regard to creating contacts, functional arrangements and spatial qualities. Though ancient Greek democracy is often
discussed as exemplary in many ways, the major difference with contemporary urban public space is the understanding of
inclusion. n ancient Greek the majority of population were not really considered citizens. mmigrants, slaves, women and
children had limited rights and privileges. For example women had a restricted right to walk around in public and were
very segregated from men. Whereas today n the European context we regard urban public space in a democratic way - it
is a call for everyone regardless of his ethnic origin, age or gender, social or economic position. Every age has it's societal
ideal and these norms are in constant adjustment, this process can be called - the democratisation of public spaces. Tom
Nielsen discusses democratic urban spaces in the following excerpt:
"From Antiquity to the Baroque, urban spaces, beyond their practical function, primarily were arenas for the powers that
be to demonstrate and exercise their power. With Modernism and the big industrial cities arose the idea of the democratic
urban space. The idea is generally attributed to the landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted and 19th-century
America. Olmsted was interested in how planning and landscape architecture could be used to support the democratic
experiment that was the young United States. He developed the idea of the modern city park New York's Central Park in
is his best known project which he saw as a democratic space. A democratic space had three important functions: it
should create a point of identification that the city's inhabitants could be proud of and unite around; it should edify people's
character and morals by putting city dwellers in touch with nature (or, more accurately, natural materials cultivated by
humans); and, most important, it should create a space in the dense and class-stratified industrial cities with free and
equal access for everyone, where everyone could meet, or at least pass by one another, regardless of social class or
race. The city park functioned as a kind of pressure release valve in cities with big differences between rich and poor."
3
After the modernist re-development that followed the World War , the criticism of urban environments was found on a
new level. The experience of separation of functions across the city and dramatically increased traffic turnovers helped to
recognise the degradation of life on the streets. The critique was addressed towards urban planning and vehicle traffic
causing the obstruction on streets. This can be seen as the starting point for upcoming interest towards the revival of
streets and public life on streets, for demanding equal democratic rights both pedestrians. About the same time ideas
about democratic (participatory) planning started to gain more popularity.
"In Barcelona, an urban-space project from the late 1970s was central in reformulating the city after industrialization
and, not least, the fall of the Franco dictatorship. Founded on the idea of the democratic space, the project became a
reference for the development of urban spaces in many other places in the world. The project played a central role in
PART I POLI TI CAL ASPECT 29
4 Tom NicIscn |Z13 "lnformal coexistence and amenities for all.
Democratic urban spaces in the Nordic countries ." Arhus University,
Arhus |pp1/11/3
5 Thc Lconomic Timcs |Z9 Globalisation and the urban space.
6 Tom NicIscn |Z13 "lnformal coexistence and amenities for all.
Democratic urban spaces in the Nordic countries ." Arhus University,
Arhus |p1/B
7 Ibid. |p1/B
A skate park and an urban dog walking area - "narrowly defined units" of
public space.
The new Tallinn Town
Hall by BG is an
example of a
democratic ambition in
architecture. The public
ground floor and a
huge indoor mirror,
projecting the daily
work to the outside,
symbolise transparent
governing.
People reclaiming the street for pedestrians.
B

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PULI TI CAL
ASPECT
UP8 AND POLTCAL RE8PON8BLTY
B

G
building new faith in the political system and in democracy as a fair and attractive societal form. As the 1980s wore on, a
string of market places, squares, and city parks of very high quality were established or renovated all over the city
following an extensive process of public inclusion. This inclusion of the users was a new thing in terms of understanding
the democratic space, and it was quite central to the process of democratization that was the objective. Parks and plazas
were seen as an important medium for having people meet again and freely discuss their lives and maybe even political
and societal developments, too. The dictatorship had strictly controlled the use of urban spaces, with the result that
people stopped using them for anything other than rudimentary activities. The initiative helped create a whole new identity
for the city, serving both as a frame of identification for the citizens and as a signal point for tourists and visitors. The
urban spaces became a central part of the city and its life."
4
n the 21st century the democratisation of urban public space (UPS) is increasingly influenced by the features of
globalisation - integration of national economies with the global systems of production, consumption, and distribution; and
space-time contraction that is the effect of technological advances in transport, communication, and computer
technology.
5
The internet is revolutionary in the exchange of ideas, cultural and political activities taking place in the UPS
are quickly spreading across countries. Architecture and design are influenced more by global trends than local customs.
n the next section Nielsen elaborates on the global features.
"Urban spaces today play a significant role in helping people to understand and live positively with the variety of cultural
and political positions that characterize today's globalized society. It can help to constructively and positively express the
experience of 'multiplicity' (Gilles Deleuze, Ash Amin) and of 'thrown-togetherness' (Doreen Massey) in cities with people
who are total strangers and very different from oneself, which is characteristic for urbanities today. While the Industrial
and Modernist city were characterized by the separation of functions, people, and urban life, today's globalization society
is characterized by the segmentation of everything and everyone into cultural and social subgroups. While Industrialism
was defined by a logic of control and the idea that the city should be ordered and optimized on a general level,
globalization is defined by market logic in which we try to adapt products and urban spaces to increasingly narrowly
defined units."
6
Nielsen speaks of "narrowly defined units" as public spaces being designed for increasingly specific segment of the
society.
7
A change is apparent when urban public life at the times of Soviet Estonia is juxtaposed to public life in
independent Estonia. When the idealistic image of a proper Soviet fellow citizen or "comrade" had to be just like everyone
else, then urban space was designed to support and sustain uniformity. Today more and more specific urban designs can
be observed, e.g. skate parks for mainly teenagers and dog walking gardens for pet owners.
To conclude, urban public spaces in Estonia are increasingly reflecting democratic ideas. Active district communities
expecting to be accepted as equal partners in neighbourhood planning and specifically targeted urban activities are
heading for public resolve. Though from the ironical point of view, the concept of the free world without borders is slowly
heading towards global uniformity, the will to decide locally within narrowly defined units promises to create and protect
local identities.
Urban public space (UPS) as an integral part of broader urban environment is in constant flux of change, influenced by a
multitude of decisions in spatial, economic and social categories. These local, global and technological variables that
shape our urban reality are a matter of political choice.
t is clearly difficult, if not impossible, to politically address an interdisciplinary set of demands to the whole spectre of
urban development policy but it should be a political challenge to develop our planning reality towards a more sustainable
future, to move from the modernist planning heritage, which is claimed static and hierarchy powered, to a more flexible
and dynamic planning with regard to the complexity of the world that is in constant flux. Looking at the big picture it means
to have thorough spatial policy and state institutions able to follow the principles of state-wide importance. The spatial
decisions that influence the future of Estonia are made in 7 different state institution departments and in 15 county
planning departments that lack mutual collaboration. The Union of Estonian Architects suggest introducing a
communicative institution - the state architect. Whether the state architect is a solution or not, more rigorous collaboration
of state institutions has to be politically addressed.
According to numerous research and analyse documents a premise of successful UPS is the participation of people
directly influenced by the planning decisions. On a micro level the political challenge is to foster the development of citizen
society, to call local municipalities for a more inclusive participation when public interests are involved. n a current
situation local municipalities too often mistake public initiative in planning discussions as oppositional action. Future
customs are in the hands of the electorate and of the political will of the local government.
30 TI ME ASPECT PART I
"It is our sense of time, our sense of ritual, which in the long run creates our sense of place, and of community. In our
urban environment, which is con-stantly undergoing irreversible changes, a cyclical sense of time, the regular recurrence
of events and celebrations, is what gives us reassurance and a sense of unity and continuity."
1
1 John Brinckcrhojj Jockson |1995 |http:,,newcities.ku.edu,media,pdf,5enseOfPlace5enseOf1imeJBJackson.pdf, accessed ZZ.4.Z13
2 Jon CchI , Lors Ccmzc |199 "Public 5pacePublic Life" Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen |p11
3 Wikipcdio |www.wikipedia.org,wiki,5nowCastle_of_Kemi, accessed 1/.5.Z13
Snow Castle in Kemi, Finland is rebuilt every winter with a different
architecture. n 1996 the first snow castle drew 300,000 visitors. The castle
hosts a hotel and a restaurant, an adventure land for children, a theatre and
ice art exhibitions.
3
A light installation in winter.
Temporary snow-city in Tartu Estonia.
A winter shelter with a chimney and kitchen.
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NTRODUCTON
8EA8ON8 AND CLMATE
PUBLC LFE AND THE RHYTHM8 OF U8E
UP8 AND TEMPORARY U8E
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Many types of public spaces are accessible only in a certain time-frame. Playgrounds
and parks may have a limited time-window when the gates are open. Same goes for the
indoor functions, in the night-time the street-life can disappear totally or transform its
nature radically. Festivals and happenings act as acupuncture activating certain places at
certain time. n Estonia the Nordic climate means a dramatic change from winter to
summer, the time spent outdoor varies greatly. For urban public space managing time
aspect is both a restraint and a possibility.
When the Strget street was converted to a pedestrian street in Copenhagen in 1962, there was a lot of scepticism. t
was argued that pedestrian streets in Denmark would never work. Newspapers made statements like "We are Danes, not
Italians", and "Using public space is contrary to Nordic mentality".
2
Though the debates were aggressive, the new car-
free environment from the very first day proved extremely popular among the people of Copenhagen. Today Denmark is
known for its spectacular bike culture and progressive urban design. For Estonia Copenhagen is a role-model and a proof
that developing urban public space in Nordic climate is worth a try.
n Estonian climate the main challenge is to encourage outdoor activities in cold and dark period from late October to
early April, and especially during snowy period.
One of the main snow-period issues is how to manage snow . On the roads snow is piled up on the roadsides, both
side-walks and traffic lanes get narrower. n vehicle traffic this experience proves that narrower lanes are not a problem in
means of sustaining traffic turnover. The situation on side-walks is more problematic, with piles of snow the side-walks are
often too narrow to allow a free pass. Due to poor visibility such piles also increase the accident risk on the streets. When
snow stays on the side-walks for a long time it transforms into a thick layer of ice hard to remove and very tricky to walk
on. n spring it takes time to melt on the shadowy sides of the roads and extends the inconvenient period. These everyday
issues ask for a better snow management strategy, in a more active citizen society public-private co-operation programs
can be discussed.
n winter period a typical Estonian desires to travel abroad to spend there a sunny and warm vacation. n order to avoid
stress and lack of physical activity, new urban possibilities should be explored and dared to test out. Positive pilots are
already part of our winter life: light festivals, ice-skating and cross-country skying in urban situations, also ice- and snow-
sculptures and playgrounds. A step forward would be creating mix-use winter shelters, place them strategically in urban
tissue and allow a variety of activities to pop-up. There is still a lot to improve. The main challenge is how to encourage
people to spend more time outdoors. n winter period it is not so much up to physical urban conditions but rather a
question of altering everyday outdoor behaviour patterns.
There are distinct rhythms and patterns related to the use of public spaces, depending on the time of a day, day of a week
and a season. On weekdays t is typical that older people spend their shopping time often at the beginning of a day, there
are more teenagers out at the end of a school day, at night young adults dominate the town centre. On weekends again
the number of people going out is usually higher than on weekdays. Streets are busy in the beginning and at the end of
the a day. For example in the city of Tartu, in Estonia, about 20% of the registered residents are either students or
working for the University, the city has a totally different flux in summertime when the majority of students are gone.
Clearly the specific usage trend depends on a particular place and particular time. The complexity present in urban
environment is to be seen as a poly-rhythmic field of usage. When planning changes in UPS, the ability to understand
these fluctuations allows us to make modifications.
John Brinckerhoff Jackson
Temporary use of urban spaces is a renowned method for generating attention and activity in concrete places and in
larger areas. An elementary example is a festival held in a quiet and easy-going district, it gathers local and distant
people, creating a vibe that differs greatly from the areas' everyday rhythm. The event creates attention and helps the
citizens to sustain awareness about the district and its character, the people who participated. Occurring activities
contribute to the overall vitality and attractiveness of the place. When the place is in use, it has a greater value, there is
more care, it is easier to maintain and renew it when necessary.
Besides temporary events that take place only in a certain time-frame, another influential tool for interventions is
temporary public art. Super-graphics, posters and installations draw attention and make a place more attractive while
allowing a group of people to find self-expression. As many forms of street-art are practised unauthorised and without too
careful location-planning, the overall artistic quality is often poor, hence the broader public opinion often discredits it. At
the same time such discontentment only illustrates how influential urban art is. Urban public space management offers a
major difference from self-emerging art, a possibility to find an specific output for public art. n carefully chosen official
locations super-graphics can aesthetically improve the urban experience and site-specific installations comment on urban
or social content.
The idea of temporality gets more interesting when the use of currently unused property is discussed (also see Legal
Aspect). n a much similar way than described above it is possible to use temporary activity as a tool to catalyse new
activity in currently neglected places, abandoned buildings or areas that have a slow development process. The principle
is sustainability - instead of wasting space without an output, make use of its potential. Temporary usage can be an
advantageous tool for communities, subcultural groups, municipalities and real-estate developers.
PART I TI ME ASPECT 3I
A) MUNICIPALITIES:
make there own real estate available for temporary use
stand security for temporary users toward owners
provide benefits for owners who support
temporary users (e.g. planning gain)
integrate the different sectors of administration
to an one-stop-office dealing with all aspects of
temporary use (permissions, initiation, etc.)
founding of a round table with all relevant stake holders,
a new alliance for urban development in European cities
B) OWNERS:
realistic evaluation of there real estate
and its marketability
taking in to account non-monetary values in
relationship to temporary use
courage for new solutions and innovative ways of
marketing and development
taking responsibility for the development of
neighbourhoods beyond the own property, foundation of a
pool for free available spaces generating of new uses to
create new demands for real estate
4 Studio Urbon LotoIysts |Z3 "5trategies for temporary uses
potential for development of urban residual areas in European
metropolises" Berlin |p/
5 Ibid. |pp5
6 Ibid. |pZ3
7 Ibid. |pZ3
8 Wikipcdio |www.wikipedia.org,wiki,Copenhagen_Harbour_Baths,
accessed 1/.5.Z13
Sometimes a temporary use becomes established. Kaabelitehdas, Helsinki.
The building is recycled for a cluster of cultural entrepreneurs.
Copenhagen Harbour Baths. An example of development catalyst. The
harbour area is undergoing a transformation from an industrial and trans-
portation junction into the cultural and social centre of the city.
8
The Straw Theatre was built for 6 months to celebrate The European Capital
of Culture - Tallinn 2011. The location is a forgotten park right by the medi-
eval town. The project stresses the importance of the place that once used to
be part of the old town fortifications and is an unused urban hotspot.
A temporary theatre "Jellyfish" in London. The spontaneous building is called
junkitecture.
Temporary urban design - tree knitting.
Temporary (pop-up) greenery.
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C) TEMPORARY USERS:
forming of collisions, which ensure the liability for
potential partners
communication of developed know-how to others
D) LEGISLATOR:
new planning laws should accelerate development
permits, enable temporary use and allow for reduce
standards for temporary use
developing a low of property, which reduces the
rights and duties connected to property: Real
estate, which is vacant for more than a year,
should be available for the general public. In the
same time the liability of the owner should be
reduced to ease temporary use.
All over Europe there are numerous examples of abandoned or unused buildings taken over by initiative group who has
an idea and who is willing to invest time and work to refurbish the place with a minimum budget. The backdrop of the
initiative is usually some form of start-up. The premise in such case is usually a partnership with the property owner
and/or local authority. deally a win-win situation, the owner gets a free maintenance service and the initiative group gets
the space for free. n addition to that, the neighbourhood benefits from the new emerging activities created by the initiative
group.
"Even though temporary uses start often as niches, they are still connected to the economic sphere - for instance in that
they have better chances to evolve in urban areas with lower economic pressure. However, the non-monetary character
of temporary uses rather suggests, that these uses put forward alternative economies. These are especially economies
based on barter, on social capital, and on recycling of existing value. Such forms of value production can often be
translated into monetary value. Many of the temporary uses mix these economies and try to establish a self-containing
enterprise, which sooner or later should be able to move out of the temporary niche. Examples for this would be arts and
design galleries that start off in recycled abandoned buildings, but develop a professional standing, which allows them to
stay in the market even when the residual space gets developed."
4
Another possibility for temporary usage are sites with long-span development plans. f a site becomes vacant, it is
expected to be re-planned, build over and used as soon as possible. These processes, though, can take years to plan
and realise, in case of large-scale development the time-span can be 5-10 years or even longer. Especially in new
development areas without an existing public life or a poor one, it becomes useful to support the genesis of public activity
by creating temporary uses. t depends on the site context and the targeted user group upon which the temporary function
is to be decided. For a real-estate developer it should be of a clear interest to get the place on the map, for people to
acknowledge its presence and have some kind of attractor to sustain the public curiosity. An example could be a
temporary cafe, a park or a playground, why not a public centre for creative workshops. n short, public-private
partnership is a way to overcome legal difficulties.
n 2003 a research project "Urban Catalyst" made an in-depth study of existing clusters of temporary use in Berlin,
Helsinki, Amsterdam, Vienna and Naples.
5
The project proved that temporary uses can become extremely successful,
inclusive and innovative part of contemporary urban culture. The detailed case-studies of spontaneous and unplanned
uses revealed patterns and mechanisms. Temporary uses do not emerge accidentally but are guided by different factors
and rules. Temporary users are urban players that act deliberately and follow certain visions. The research team came to
the following conclusions:
"1. Citizens become temporary users in order to follow different aims. Temporary users are motivated by the aim to claim
vacant spaces as breeding grounds for the development of ideas, as niches or as a parallel universe in relation to the
regulated urban environment. 2. Specific vacant sites attract specific temporary uses. While choosing certain sites or
buildings, temporary users follow precise spatial criteria such as retreat, exposure or niche. 3. Temporary uses can
flourish with a minimum of investment. Temporary uses can recycle and appropriate existing structures and spaces with
minimal interventions "urbanism light". 4. Temporary uses are mostly organised in networks and use clusters. The
temporary use clusters are characterised by distinguished use profiles. A cluster is sustained by complex internal
networks, which generate synergy effects. Initial temporary programs often attract similar uses to the same or a nearby
site. 5. Temporary uses are initiated through agents. In many cases, temporary uses only become possible through the
determined action of key agents, who bridge the gap between the different milieus of the users, the site owner and
municipal authorities and therefore create a protective umbrella which allows for the flourishing of temporary use. The
agents are mostly unpaid individuals without institutional associations, following an idealistic agenda, or sometimes highly
motivated "submarines" within the municipal bureaucracies. 6. Temporary uses are a laboratory for new cultures and
economies. Temporary uses can create a unique environment of experiment, where ideas can mature in time, leading to
the foundation of may start-up companies."
6
The project also suggests tips for implementation.
7
32 PARTI CI PATORY PLANNI NC PART I
PARTICIPATURY
PLANNI NC
PARTCPATORY PLANNNG
"The public sector includes local municipalities, county governments and different state institutions (ministries, Estonian
Rescue Service, National Heritage Board etc.) These institutions share a common objective to organise a functional
society and stand for the public interests. At the same time the interests within the public sector might conflict. According
to the EU directives, constitution law and laws regulating local government, the local municipality has the full rights in
planning decision made in the local territory. Therefore the local municipality is also responsible for the lawful execution
and the relevance of the planning decisions.
The private sector, land owners and investors, influence local life directly. Usually the private sector is a driver of planning
processes and heads to re-evaluate the land. Realisation of the plans usually influence public space and it's socio-
economic nature. According to the constitution law everyone has the right to use their property when public interests are
not harmed.
The general public is the most complicated party as it includes practically everyone.
A master plan process should regard neighbours of the planned area, local residents, value-based citizen communities,
district communities, disorganised value-based groups and other interest groups. Different groups and different individuals
might have different interests and values but together they formulate the public interest that should balance private
interests and be considered in a planning process.
The planner is an independent consultant commissioned by the private sector to design master plans and by the public
sector when general-, county- or state plans are compiled. The planners' task is to analyse the existing situations based
on professional knowledge, to centralise and balance the opinions of the parties involved and to propose a qualitative
spatial solution based on the former. As an ideal the planner synthesises information and negotiates in a comprehensive
manner to provide the local municipality sufficient information to make broad-based decisions."
2
For a small low-density country like Estonia, lack of space is not a concern. Even the building boom of 2000-2008 did not
succeed in filling all the spatial gaps in the major city centres. Due to spatial reserve and the historic background there are
and will be numerous planning cases that influence urban public space to a great deal.
Almost every urban planning process is a clash of different interests and a challenge to find a balanced result. The main
parties involved in the process are the public sector, the private sector, the general public and the planner. Though the
public sector has lawful responsibility to protect public interest, the current planning practice involves public voice only
formally and has resulted in growing public discontentment.
Today the first successful steps in establishing a civil society have signalled new expectations for a more transparent and
inclusive planning management - participatory planning. Principles for participatory planning have recently been published
in a booklet "A Guide for Participatory Planning."
1
The authors Kadri Tillermann (O Vesterra) and Regina Viljasaar (MT
Linnalabor) have compiled a comprehensive guide about the planning process, the roles of different parties, the legal
background and the methods of participation. Hereby this document is recommended as exemplary, the following
provides excerpts from the guide.
THE PARTE8 OF A PLANNNG PROCE88
"In current planning practice inclusion often means the delivery of information by the local municipality. In simpler cases
such minimal informing might be justified, but when complex and often controversial planning dilemmas arise, informative
inclusion is not sufficient and participatory planning should precede decision making. participatory planning lies at first on
the premise that every segment of the society has the right and option to speak for the developments that influence them.
And secondly, every segment of a society is capable to do so. That embraces all the participants making decisions that
shape the plan and everyone being able to argument and/or contribute to the realisation of the decision. The final decision
and validation is still in the hands of the local municipality, but everyone has a chance to contribute. Participatory planning
does not work out when parties do not have equal possibilities in the process and when some parties are not willing to be
responsible for their decisions.
The following principles are important in the attitude and action of all parties, the local municipality, the representatives of
public and the investors, regardless of whether simple informing or participatory planning is used. Principles like trust,
respect, equality of treatment, shared responsibility, openness and transparency, diversity and comprehension are all
common sense definitions that can be summarised as two columns of civil society - every opinion counts and all parties
act in good deeds and for the best result. The essence of planning is negotiation and finding the best among many
options. When principles described here are followed, it is more likely to happen that the decided solutions are best in
given time and space. The result of open process goes further, there is more trust between the parties, local identity gets
stronger, and the realised planning outcome is more personal; the local residents and communities get a better
understanding of the municipality and the investor, and their actions are made more legible because of the amount of
information considered. For the local municipality it becomes easier to stand for transparent public interest and everyday
bureaucratic procedures become less demanding when community groups and individuals are experienced and strong
partners."
3
PRNCPLE8 OF PARTCPATON
1. Iodri TiIIcrmonn, Rcgino ViIjosoor (2012' A Cuidc jor Porticipotory PIonning . NotionoI Ioundotion oj LiviI Socicty , ToIIinn
2. Ibid. (pp6-7'
3. Ibid. (p8'
PART I PARTI CI PATORY PLANNI NC 33
KAASAVA
PLANEERIMISE
JUHEND
Koostajad: Tellija:
Kadri Tillemann SA Kodanikuhiskonna Sihtkapital
O Vesterra

Regina Viljasaar
MT Linnalabor Tallinn 2012
1

/

4
0
PARTICIPATURY
PLANNI NC


A model of urban public space and a table of questions.

PART 2 A MODEL OI URAN PULIC SPACE 36
URBAN PUBLC
SPACE?
WPA1 MAkLS A SuCCLSluL

URBAN PUBLC 8PACE

8PAC AL
LEGAL
8OC AL
T ME POL T CAL
ECONOM C
OF URBAN PUBLIC SPACE
LOCAL
PEOPLE
LOCAL
MUN C PAL TY
D 8TANT U8ER8
LOCAL TREND8
GLOBAL TREND8
POL T C AN8
ECONOM C
8TATE
A SPACE IN BETWEEN BUILDINGS PHYSICALLY ACCESSIBLE FOR EVERYONE
MAN A8PECT8
INFLUENCING THE STATE OF UPS
EXAMPLE OF PO88BLE 'ACTOR8'
FUNCTI UNS
1PL8L A8L nLCLSSA8? Anu C1l CnAL
AC1l vl 1l LS l n u88An u8Ll C SACL.
uSA8l Ll 1? Cl 1PLSL SACLS l S
l nlLuLnCLu 8? 1PL vA8l L1?
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Cu1uCC8 lunC1l CnS.
Cu1uCC8 SACLS A8L uSLu
MC8L l8LCuLn1L? WPLn 1PL
Lnvl 8CnMLn1 CllL8S A SLnSL
Cl CuALl 1?: l 1 PAS A CPA8AC1L8,
l 1 l S CCMlC81A8LL, l nCLuSl vL,
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QUALITIES
u8Ll C Ll lL PALnS CnL?
1P8CuCP uSL8S Anu 1PLl 8
u?nAMl C l n1L8AC1l Cn. vl 1ALl 1?
Cl A LACL Anu l nCLuSl Cn Cl
ul llL8Ln1 uSL8 C8CuS
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USERS
PART 2 A MODEL OI URAN PULIC SPACE 37
USERS
u8Ll C Ll lL PALnS CnL?
1P8CuCP uSL8S Anu 1PLl 8
u?nAMl C l n1L8AC1l Cn. vl 1ALl 1?
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FUNCTI UNS
I NDUUR
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UUTDUUR
SPACES
l n 1L8MS Cl PCW l 1
l nlLuLnCLS uS
CUNNECTI NC
RULE
PRUACTI VE
RULE
PASSIVE
RULE
NU
CURRENT
RULE
EMPTY LOTS
RESDUAL SPACE
QUALITIES
Cu1uCC8 SACLS A8L uSLu
MC8L l8LCuLn1L? WPLn 1PL
Lnvl 8CnMLn1 CllL8S A SLnSL
Cl CuALl 1?: l 1 PAS A CPA8AC1L8,
l 1 l S CCMlC81A8LL, l nCLuSl vL,
SAlL Anu LLASl nC
QUALITY UF
UUTDUUR
SPACES
WNDOWS
DOORS
PORTALS
TERRACES
SGNS
FENCES
ACCESSIBILITY
LINKS TU
UUTDUUR
I DENTI TY ATTRACTI VI TY CUNVENI ENCE SAFETY
STREET DESGN
NVENTORY DESGN
ACTVTY PLACE DESGN
PUBLC ART
VSUAL EXPERENCES
VEGETATON
CONDTON OF BULT
ENVRONMENT
GROUND LEVELS
GROUND MATERALS
OBSTUCTVE BARRERS
ACCESS TO ACTVTY
PLACES
LOCAL
CHARACTER
HSTORY
NATURE
CULTURE
ETC...
PEDESTRAN
CYCLST
DESGN
SAFETY
STREET
LGHTNG
CLIMATIC
WND
RAN
SNOW
SUN
PEDESTRANS
STROLLERS
WHEELCHARS
CYCLSTS
CLEANLI NESS
CLEANLNESS
TRASH BNS
VSUAL NOSE
AUDBLE
NOSE
AR QUALTY
l n 1L8MS Cl PCW l 1
l nlLuLnCLS uS
PLAZA
PUBLC SEATNG
PARK
MARKETPLACE
OPEN AR BUSNESS
SPORT ACTVTY
PLAYGROUND
PUBLC BEACH
ALLOTMENT
OPEN-AR CNEMA
... ETC
PRVATE SPACES
GREENERY
BODY OF WATER
OTHER PLACE OF
NATURE
VEHCLE NETWORK
PEDESTRAN NETWORK
BCYCLE NETWORK
PUBLC TRANSP. NETW.
NU
CURRENT
RULE
UNUSED SPACE SCHOOL
KNDERGARTEN
HOSPTAL
LBRARY
CTY HALL
COACH STATON
RALWAY STATON
MUSEUM
CAFE
RESTAURANT
SHOP
CLUB
BATH
CNEMA
THEATER
CONCERT HALL
...ETC
DWELLNG
OFFCE
NDUSTRAL
WAREHOUSE
...ETC
EXTRAVERSI VE
FUNCTI UNS
I NTRUVERT
FUNCTI UNS
1PL8L A8L nLCLSSA8? Anu C1l CnAL
AC1l vl 1l LS l n u88An u8Ll C SACL.
uSA8l Ll 1? Cl 1PLSL SACLS l S
l nlLuLnCLu 8? 1PL vA8l L1?
Anu MuL1l Ll Cl 1? Cl l n- Anu
Cu1uCC8 lunC1l CnS.
I NDUUR
SPACES
A

m
o
d
e
l

o
f

U
P
S
38 A TALE OI QUESTIONS PART 2
SCHOOL
KNDERGARTEN
HOSPTAL
LBRARY
CTY HALL
COACH STATON
RALWAY STATON
MUSEUM
CAFE
RESTAURANT
SHOP
CLUB
BATH
CNEMA
THEATER
CONCERT HALL
...ETC
EXTRAVERSI VE
FUNCTI UNS
DWELLNG
OFFCE
NDUSTRAL
WAREHOUSE
...ETC
I NTRUVERT
FUNCTI UNS
UNUSED
NDOOR SPACE
BuiIdings or sections of buiIdings that generate activity in nearby pubIic spaces.
BuiIdings or sections of buiIdings that do not generate significant pubIic activity and rather suppIy users for pubIic spaces.
Indoor spaces that have stayed unused for some resasons. Spaces unused over Ionger
time periods are often deteriorated and might have negative effects on the surrounding pubIic spaces.
1. What are the most extraversive functions generating activity in the area?
2. s there a demand for new businesses / services? Where and what would you propose?
3. Do you think the area could benefit when extending or cutting the open hours of cafe`s, bars etc?
4. s the area well connected to extraversive services? What would you change? Try to be objective.
1. Which functions in the area are introvert?
2. Could additional introvert functions support area development by providing more users?
www.weburbanist.com
Julius Jansson
NU
CURRENT
RULE
1. Do you know any unused/abandoned buildings or rooms?
2. What functions could suit these spaces? Do they have potential for temporary use?
3. Who might be the "actors" interested in reviving those vacant spaces?
http://www.flickr.com/photos/eemeez/7858933828/
Functions - ndoor spaces
There are necessary and optionaI activities in urban pubIic space. UsabiIity of these
spaces is infIuenced by the variety and muItipIicity of in- and outdoor functions.
www.lively-cities.eu Erina Zhiteneva
www.apartmenttherapy.com
www.asjadest.blogspot.com



PART 2 A TALE OI QUESTIONS 39
The primary function of streets and paths is the connectivity. WeII distributed and connected pedestrian and cycIe paths are a matter of
quaIity, providing weII-being in pubIic spaces. Lack of basic connections discourages use in these spaces. Poor connections often resuIt in
unofficaI paths that ruin Iawns and create higher traffic accident risk on steets when pedestrians make shortcuts. WeII distributed pubIic
transport stops and sufficient timetabIes contribute to the use of pubIic spaces, sustainabIe thinking, heaIthy Iiving, and heIp to soIve car
congestion probIems.
www.flickr.com |vancelester
CUNNECTI NC
RULE
PRUACTI VE
RULE
PLAZA
PUBLC SEATNG
PARK
MARKETPLACE
OPEN AR BUSNESS
SPORT ACTVTY
PLAYGROUND
PUBLC BEACH
ALLOTMENT
OPEN-AR CNEMA
CAFE TERRACES
... ETC
VECHCLE NETWORK
PEDESTRAN NETWORK
BCYCLE NETWORK
PUBLC TRANSP. NETW.
www.designscout.dk
Mikael ColvilleAndersen www.flickr.com |Amsterdamized Chip Litherland
Anu Wintschalek www.woohome.com www.flickr.com |rob/B1Z
www.flickr.com |ocnidius www.globalpost.com Maria Da 5chio 5ean Lowcay
1. Which streets are considered main for pedestrians/cyclists/vehicle traffic?
2. Which streets do you mostly use as a pedestrian/cyclist/car driver?
3. Are the public transport stops placed well in the area? Try to think objectively. Would you change stop locations?
4. Have you experienced uncomfortable connections in the area? What would you change?
5. Do you think there could be new useful connecive paths? Where?
1. What are the main outdoor activities in the area and where are they located?
2. What are the main outdoor activities for you?
3. Would you relocate any existing outdoor activities?
4. Do you sometimes preactice spontaneous walks or bike-rides in the area? Where?
5. What kind of new outdoor activities would you like to see? Where? Think visionary!
6. Do you know any outdoor business or service in the area (cafe terrace, marketplace, seasonal outdoor library etc.)?
Could there be more alternatives, permanent or temporary? How to favor such developments?
7. Are there enough possibilities for outdoor sports?
8. Are there open-air events held in the area? Where? Could there be more event places?
9. f there could be more parks and green areas, where would you place them?
10. Are there main public meeting places?
11. Do you know existing public seats/places that you never use, why? Where and why would you place extra seats?
12. Name pleasing outdoor places to sit down and chat with friends?
Proactive roIe category covers aII urban outdoor activities. Outdoor activities are those that invite peopIe to stay outdoor for a Ionger time
and favor spontaneous optionaI activities. Open air activities in Estonia are on the rise, recent years have introduced urban gardening,
urban chess and ping-pong, speciaI snow tube parks. Trekking, cross country skying, ice-skating, open-air cinema and smaII IocaI
marketpIaces are increasingIy popuIar.
Functions - Outdoor spaces
There are necessary and optionaI activities in urban pubIic space. UsabiIity of these
spaces is infIuenced by the variety and muItipIicity of in- and outdoor functions.


40 A TALE OI QUESTIONS PART 2
PASSIVE
RULE
NU
CURRENT
RULE
EMPTY LOTS
RESDUAL SPACE
www.pathtothepossible.wordpress.com
Passive roIe category covers aII outdoor spaces perceived as pubIic but are without a cIear function. Passive roIe aIso incIudes introvert
private spaces edging pubIic territory. An exampIe of this is a city street girded by fences of private houses. The pubIic territory is cut off
shapIy and Ieft poorer. In case of pubIic-private mutuaI interest, these situations have potentiaI to enhance the pubIic sphere.
www.globalsiteplans.com
There are aIways some empty Iots in the city fabric. Depending on the Iands deveIopment perspective these spaces couId temporariIy
be used in pubIic interest. As empty Iand needs security and management these situations can offer mutuaI benefits for the owner and
the pubIic party when free rent is exchanged for management service. ResiduaI spaces are currentIy ineffectiveIy used spaces.
Oversized roads, parking Iots not used in specific times, useIess pIain Iawns are just a few exampIes.
www.buildmyfence.com
www.patmiddleborn.com www.transportblog.co.nz
PRVATE SPACES
PASSVE NATURE
PARKNG LOTS
PARKNG
MANAGEMENT
1. Do you know private spaces that could contribute to public space? (Closed yards, shared street management etc.)
2. Are there places of nature or elements of nature that could contribute to public space?
3. Are there parking issues in the area? Where? What quick and long-run solutions would you propose?
4. Are there parking management issues? Where? How and who to address these issues?
1. Are there empty lots in the area?
2. What are the future developments of these spaces? Collect information about master plan developments and consider all future proposals.
3. What developments are favored by locals/ other actors?
4. What functions would you propose for undeveloped empty lots?
5. Do you know any underused residual spaces that could contribute to public space?
6. Propose temporary uses for empty lots or residual spaces.
There are necessary and optionaI activities in urban pubIic space. UsabiIity of these spaces
is infIuenced by the variety and muItipIicity of in- and outdoor functions.
Functions - Outdoor spaces


PART 2 A TALE OI QUESTIONS 4I
WNDOWS
DOORS
PORTALS
TERRACES
SGNS
FENCES
PEDESTRANS
STROLLERS
WHEELCHARS
CYCLSTS
LINKS TU
UUTDUUR
1. Are extraversive functions like shops, cafes etc. easily noticed on the sreet? Do they communicate on streetlevel (windows, doors, signs)?
Consider other spatial difficulties like blocking fences.
2. Do you know any problematic mute building facades that are not communicating on streetlevel or have
huge blank facades with a negative effect on public space?
3. Are there problematic window commercials or business signs? Name attractive and disturbing examples?
ACCESSIBILITY
Alvin Pastrana
This category focuses on access quaIity of pubIic indoor functions. PeopIe are naturaIIy convenient and prefer pubIic functions on ground
IeveI to functions high up or underground. Same goes for ground IeveI acess quaIity, if it is compIicated for some reason they prefer other
options when aIternatives are avaiIabIe. To maximise urban pubIic space activity it is important to provide incIusive conditions aIso for
minority user groups. This category has cIearer effect in smaIIer areas where compIicated access to the the few avaiIabIe district shops might
drive off a segment of peopIe and Ieave proximity streets cIearIy Iess IiveIy.
1. Have you noticed shops, cafe`s or other extraversive indoor functions that are poorly accessible for strollers, elderly, disabled people?
2. Are there problematic places where lack of cycle parking is holding back bike users?
www.brokensidewalk.com
Links to outdoor spaces is about the communicative abiIity of indoor functions. For a pedestrian , vast spaces with no interesting visuaI
detaiIs, bIank and uncommunicative facades and Iong boring fences make the pass duII. Frequent users start to prefer better routes when
aIternatives are avaiIabIe. For new visitors it is important to naturaIIy "read" what activities the streets and buiIdings have to offer. Lack of
doors and windows, refIective gIass-facades and hidden entrances are especiaIIy important for businesses.
Martin Grner Larsen www.northlandfencemn.wordpress.com
www.pixelimagebank.photoshelter.com www.weekendnotes.co.uk www.eyestylist.com
Den Nation www.metroparkstacoma.org www.flickr.com/cyclingforpositivity
PubIic spaces are used more frequentIy when extraversive pubIic
indoor functions are incIusive for aII user groups.
Oualities - ndoor spaces


42 A TALE OI QUESTIONS PART 2
This category coIIects information about the characteristics and identity of the area.
www.vetmed.vt.edu
Outdoor spaces are used more frequentIy when the environment offers a sense of quaIity:
it has a character, it is comfortabIe, incIusive, safe and pIeasing.
1. Does the area have an established identity? f yes then describe it.
2. What identifies the area for you?
3. What elements / phenomenas characterise the area and make it special?
4. f there is no clear identity what goal would you propose?
STREET DESGN
NVENTORY DESGN
PUBLC ART
VEGETATON
ACTVTY PLACE DESGN
CONDTON OF BULT
ENVORNMENT
Matt Cheetham
Outdoor activities depend to a great deaI on the quaIitative characteristics of the space. Attractivity is both about the variety of avaiIabIe
extraversive in- and outdoor functions and the overaII image of the area. Attractivity of a specific area shouId be considered togeher with
the character and identity of the area. For a quiet community district attractivity may not be about the muItipIicity of functions but rather
about the basic spatiaI quaIities.
wan Baan www.archdaily.com www.sxsweco.com
Lucie Crausier www.flickr.com/Necoglyph Katrin Lipp Jae Min Lim
1. Do you think that street layouts in the area are convenient for pedestrians / cyclists? Name good and bad examples.
2. What would you do to make streets more attractive for pedestrians?
3. Could shared-space street concept be considered in some places? (Cars and pedestrians share the street on same level. No intensive traffic regulation).
4. Are you pleased with the area`s street inventory (trash bins, seats, signs etc.) Name good and poor design?
5. Are srteetlights for pedestrians and bikers in human scale? Could street or activity place lighting be more attractive in fall/ winter season?
6. Can you name squares, playgrounds and other activity places with great and poor design? What makes the design poor?
7. Could public art play a bigger role in making the area more attractive? What art formats and could be used and where?
8. Evaluate the quality of parks and green areas. Name ways to make them more pleasing.
9. s there enough greenery / vegetation that improves aesthetic quality? Where would you make a change?
10. Name a street or place where buildigns are well maintained and form a pleasant environment to walk by. Name a street or place where
buildigns make your pass unpleasant. What could be done to make the overall look better?
I DENTI TY
ATTRACTI VI TY
Oualities - Outdoor spaces
LOCAL CHARACTER
HSTORY
NATURE
CULTURE
ETC...


PART 2 A TALE OI QUESTIONS 43
GROUND LEVELS
STREET COVERS
OBSTRUCTVE BARRERS
ACCESS TO
ACTVTY PLACES
CLEANLNESS
TRASH BNS
VSUAL NOSE
AUDBLE NOSE
AR QUALTY
Outdoor spaces are used more frequentIy when the environment offers a sense of quaIity:
it has a character, it is comfortabIe, incIusive, safe and pIeasing.
www.llpelling.com www.thoughtsjoinletters.blogspot.com
www.123rf.com www.flickr.com/Amsterdamized
www.urbed.coop
GeneraIised as cIeaniness, the category stands for aII aestheticaIIy disturbing aspects. Poor trash management,
visuaI and audiaI noise can ruin potentiaIIy great pIaces.
1. Are streets generally convenient for strollers, disabled people, pedestrians, cyclists (road width, barriers, different levels etc)?
2. Raised pedestrian and bike road edges at crossings are inconvenient and may cause problems for some users. Map problematic places?
3. Have you experienced annoying pedestrian detours? Where?
4. Are there annoying ground surfaces?
5. Do you know places that are unconvenient to pass through freely because of obstructive barriers like street inventory,
sidewalk safety barriers, commercial signs, parking etc?
6. Are there problematic fences? (Obstruction, aesthetics, scale).
7. Can you name other problematic visual obstructions? (Overgrown trees etc.)
8. The design of activity places like public squares or playgrounds can sometimes be inconvenient for children, elderly, disabled people.
Do you know places where this is a problem ?
1. How do you evaluate the overall cleaniness of the area? Do you know places that need more care?
2. Are there enough trash bins on the streets? Where would you place an extra one?
3. Are there aesthetic problems? Visible trash containers, unsuitable commercial stands etc.
4. Are there noise issues in public spaces? Where?
5. How do you evaluate the overall quality of air in the area? Do you know places where air pollution is critical and needs intervention?
Dave Bullock
www.vavaveteran.co.uk
A great urban pubIic space is easy to access and move through for young and eIderIy, peopIe with waIking disabiIities,
for cycIists and peopIe with baby prams. The vehicIe and pedestrian traffic has to be pIanned in a democratic way with the
weaker side - the pedestrian in focus.
CLEANLI NESS
CUNVENI ENCE
Oualities - Outdoor spaces


44 A TALE OI QUESTIONS PART 2
Outdoor spaces are used more frequentIy when the environment offers a sense of quaIity:
it has a character, it is comfortabIe, incIusive, safe and pIeasing.
PEDESTRAN
CYCLST
DESGN SAFETY
STREET LGHTNG
SHADOWY PLACES
WND
RAN
SNOW
SUN
www.focussion.com
Safety is a quaIity that infIuences usabiIity of urban pubIic spaces. Insufficient street Iighting, shadowy pIaces, fear of criminaIity, traffic safety
are aII important aspects that shouId be considered. Pedestrian casuaIties in traffic accidents often happen due to inconvenient spatiaI
conditions prescribed by traffic reguIations, expanding the paIIete of practiced soIutions by focusing more on particuIarity of pIaces couId
increase safety.
www.archdaily.com
CIimatic category questions spatiaI design soIutions on micro scaIe. How couId the eIements within pubIic space be enhanced to
protect us from the cIimatic difficuIties and how to use the positive potentiaIs of different cIimatic factors. In Estonian cIimate the main
chaIIenge is to encourage outdoor activities in coId and dark period from from October to ApriI.
1. Are there places of increased traffic accident risk? What would you change?
2. Are there places of higher criminality risk?
3. Do you know public space designs that lack safety measurements? Level differences and railings, kids safety on playgrounds, waterbodys etc.
4. Sufficient street lighting provides safe walks in dark period. How do you evaluate the overall quality of street lighting in the area? Do you know
frequently used places were lighting is an issue?
5. Are there any other safety issues in the area? (Shadowy places or any other)
6. s neighbourhood watch practiced in the area? Where could it be beneficial?
1. How could the analysed area encourage outdoor activities in fall/winter season? s it only about people`s habits or are there
certain requirements to make it happen?
2. Do you know outdoor places that could benefit by having (better) rain/wind shelter? (Bus stops, playgrounds, event places etc.)
3. Are there places where spatial conditions are causing snow or rainwater problems?
4. Can something be done better in winter snow management? (Management agreements, snow sculptures etc.)
5. Are there public activity places that fail because of unsuitable sun orientation?
www.bmwblog.com www.featureshoot.com
Colin Grover www.genx-cjw.blogspot.com
SAFETY
CLIMATIC
Oualities - Outdoor spaces
QUESTI UNS
QUESTI UNS
PART 2 A TALE OI QUESTIONS 45
1. Define main user segments of the area (in example local residents, shoppers, daily workers, families, youngsters, tourists).
2. Are the main users local or from a distance ?
3. s there a pattern for distant users being from concrete neighbouring areas? Where?
4. s there an average age pattern among local and distant users?
5. Who or what are the main "actors" influencing the state of area ?
n example local residents, community, municipality, real-estate market, specific institutions etc.
6. s there an active community speaking for the state of the area? f not then why?
7. s there a user segment activity pattern? (Certain times of day/week/season)
8. What are the main modes of transport used in the area (pedestrians, bicycles, public transport, cars)?
PubIic Iife happens onIy through users and their dynamic interaction. VitaIity of a pIace and incIusion
of different user groups determine the potentiaIs of urban pubIic space.
1. What are the keywords that characterise the area?
2. What is the best and the worst thing that comes to your mind about the area?
3. Does the area have an active center?
4. s the area important for bordering areas?
5. Does the area have physical or cultural phenomenas that need some sort of protection? (spatial, environmental, historic, cultural, or any other issues).
6. What are the local trends that influence the area?
Changes in user group patterns, real-estate or market trends, new influential owners, migration trends, any other.
7. Are global trends influencing the area? Reconstruction trends for energy saving measures, high fuel prices encouraging public transport use or any other.
8. n the broadest sense how could (tehcnological) innovations influence the area? n example innovative parking systems, shared-car consepts,
new digital possibilities in street design, new types of open space activities, the use of social media etc.
9. Usability of urban public spaces is not only about necessary functions and attractive environmental conditions, but also a matter of lifestyle and habits.
What could be done to encourage users in this specific area to spend more time outdoors?
10. What could be the 'other' that makes urban public space 'alive' in this specific area?
Endnote - The collection of questions provided does not apply to be finite and can be cut and / or supplemented when relevant for the particular area
GeneraI questions about the specific anaIysed area.
Users
General questions

46 CASE STUDY I
CASE STUDY I 47
Testing part 2 - case studies.

48 AVAPI LT CASE STUDY I 48
CASE STUDY I AVAPI LT 49
phot o Sven Zacek
49
TEST CASE 1
A SUBURB
IN VIIMSI
50 AERO CASE STUDY I
A

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D

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U
U
R
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K
A
A
R
E
K
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S
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-
K
A
A
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V

K
E
-
K
A
A
R
E
V

E
V
E
L
L
E
T G
V
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H
E
M
A
PRNAME WATER
RESERV
1C VI I MSI
CLN1Lk
1C VI I MSI
CLN1Lk
50
5I AERO CASE STUDY I
100m 500m
P

R
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A
M

E
V
I
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M
S
I

B
A
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240 PR VATE HOUSES AND APARTMENTS
700 NHAB TANTS
4,3% OF V MS (17000 N TOTAL)
5I
al l maps - www.maaamet .ee
V
I
I
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S
I

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A
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CASE STUDY I ANALYSE 52
Site plan
On the plateau a snowpark is opened in 2013 Mysterious caves The lower and upper Viimsi
K
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w
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w
.
e
n
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r
.
e
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GULF OF
HAABNEEME
MI I DURANNA
HARBOUR
(TRANSI T)
SOOSEPA BOG
TALLI NN CENTER 9km
V
I
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M
S
I

8
A
N
k
(
A
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1

0
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0
m
)
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8
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(
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1

0
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m
)
VI I MSI
PARI SH
CENTRE
THE SI TE
1km 500m
ANALYSE 53 CASE STUDY I
Vi i msi i s a smal l bu
popul ous pari sh l o-
cat ed Nort h-East of
Tal l i nn centre. Hi s-
tori cal l y a an area
known f or f i sherman
vi l l ages, t he current
cent re was f ormed
i n 1950s, when
Vi i msi was an
est abl i shed area of
col l ect i ve f armi ng
and fi shi ng i ndust ry.
The Vi i msi l and-
scape i s st rongl y
det ermi ned by t he
Vi i msi pl at eau t hat
di vi des t he cent re
i nt o l ower and upper
part . The upper part ,
where the si te i s
l ocat ed, used t o be
a farml and ti l l the
new devel opment s
appeared i n t he l at e
1990s and most of
al l duri ng the l ast
decade when t he
bui l di ng boom
rai sed t he popu-
l at i on f rom around
6000 t o al most 17
000 i nhabi t ant s.
The si te i n the
Prname vi l l age i s
a typi cal suburb bui l t
at the ti mes of rapi d
change i n t he so-
ci ety. At t he t i me
owni ng a personal
house was a dream
f or many and t he
general publ i c di d
not have hi gh
demands f or t he
surroundi ng
i nfrastructure.
The si te i s surr-
ounded by many
pi ct uresque pl aces
of nat ure: the Vi i msi
bank and t he sea;
ol d f arm l and-
scapes, a bog and
woods.
Tbe site and tbe proximity
K
a
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k
A lighthouse at the bank plateau The bank plateau is covered with fully grown trees
The main road of the site - Viievelle tee
Though the pond has been used for swimming it is currently permitted.
A typical street layout. There are no bars nearby
CASE STUDY I ANALYSE 54
S
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
S
S
S
SALE
S
1km
Indoor functions and tbe context
GAS STATON
HOTEL
SPA
RESTAURANT/CAFE
BAR
CONSTRUCTON SHOP
BANK / ATM
MUSEUM
CHURCH
CULTURE HALL
HOSPTAL
PHARMACY
PANSON
MUNCPAL SCHOOL
MUNCPAL KNDERGARTEN
LBRARY
SPORTS HALL
OTHER SHOP OR SERVCE
LOCAL MUNCPALTY
POST OFFCE
GROCERY
MALL
PRVATE KNDERG. / DAYCARE
MANOR
MUSC SCHOOL
NOTES:
There are three bus stops and two bus lines in the
service of the area. Timetable is sparse, V4 line is
operating only 3 times a weekday.
Public
transport
VEHEMA
V EVELLE TEE
PAEKAARE
TALLNN CENTER 12km
VMS
PARSH
CENTER
THE STE
500m
CLOSEST SCHOOL
2,4 KM
CLOSEST
GROCERY
MUNCPALTY
1,9 KM
15mi n
6mi n
22mi n
25mi n
15mi n
8mi n
10mi n
5mi n
4mi n
8mi n
5mi n
22mi n
CLOSEST
MUNI CI PAL
KI NDERGARTEN
SALE
EXTRAVERSI VE
FUNCTI UNS
F0NCTI 0NS:
I NB00R SPACES:
I NTRUVERT
FUNCTI UNS
F0NCTI 0NS:
I NB00R SPACES:
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
CUNNECTI NC
RULE
CUNNECTI NC
RULE
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
NOTES:
* n terms of public space and walkable distances, the site
is disconnected from all primary functions.
ANALYSE 55 CASE STUDY I
SNGLE FAMLY HOUSES
ROW-HOUSES, 3-8 APARTMENTS
SOCAL / BUSNESS LAND
PUBLC GREENERY
YELD PROPERTY
A
A
N
D
S
T
.
P

R
N
A
M

E

S
T
.
V
E
V
E
L
L
E
S
T
.
VEHEM
A ST.
S
U
U
R
-K
A
A
R
E
.
K
E
S
K
-K
A
A
R
E
V

K
E
-
K
A
A
R
E
T G
HKNG / TREKKNG
STADUM
SPORT FELD
PARK
PLAYGROUND
MANOR
BAR
RESTAURANT
BEACH
PANSON GARDEN
SKYNG
SNOW TUBE
Uutdoor functions and tbe context
Current land
function
1km 500m
10mi n
5mi n
4mi n
25mi n
15mi n
8mi n
CUNNECTI NC
RULE
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
PRUACTI VE
RULE
CUNNECTI NC
RULE
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
NOTES:
* The centre offers a variety of outdoor
activities, on the site the only activity takes
place on e light traffic roads.
NOTES:
* Only one social / business land function
CASE STUDY I ANALYSE 56
Site indoor functions, outdoor
activity
BKNG
TREKKNG / HKNG
JOGGNG
ROLLER-SKATNG
PRVATE KNDERGARTEN / DAYCARE
DWELLNGS
BUS STOPS
100m
Future developments of nearby
territories according to the
general plan of Viimsi parish.
Future
developments
NDOOR FUNCTONS
OUTDOOR FUNCTONS
EXTRAVERSI VE
FUNCTI UNS
F0NCTI 0NS:
I NB00R SPACES:
I NTRUVERT
FUNCTI UNS
F0NCTI 0NS:
I NB00R SPACES:
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
PRUACTI VE
RULE
MA NLY DWELL NGS
BUS NESS LAND
MA NLY NDUSTR AL LAND
PUBL C GREENERY
MAJOR L GHT TRAFF C ROADS
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
NU CURRENT
RULE
THE
CENTRE
THE
SITE
NOTES:
* The site and the surroundings are suitable
for recreational activities like walking, jogging,
biking, hiking etc. There are no extraversive
functions besides the private kindergarten.
NOTES:
* Future plans to the North-West of the site
are favorable. New light traffic roads on the
bank plateau promise to become popular and
encourage outdoor activities.
ANALYSE 57 CASE STUDY I

The site is situated in Viimsi Parish and is part of

Prname Village. Due to the fact that the site has
been developed from a pasture land in the last 10
years, the village has no sense of belonging. n
2013 there are 1300 inhabitants in the village,
among them about 700 who live on the site (4,1%
of all inhabitants in Viimsi Parish).
Site users are local residents only. To some extent
there are users from the neigbouring areas using
the benefits of good-conditioned pedestrian and
bike roads on street Aiandi and Prname. n rare
cases the main distribution street Lageda is used
by the vechile traffic users bordering in the south
of the site.
Majority of local users are young families with kids.
Most of the adults are middle-aged, some families
live together with grandparents.
There is currently no active community on the site.
Among the reasons is the short history of the site,
after 10 years the site is still not yet fully occupied.
Though there is a general trend among Estonians
at the age of 20-35 to become more involved and
organised in their neigbourhood, it has happened
only in the proximity of city centers and in
established districts with a character and history.
LOCAL
RES DENTS
A AND AND PRNAME
L GHT TRAFF C USERS
FROM NE GBOUR NG
AREAS
SELDOM LAGEDA STREET
VECH LE TRANS T USERS
age 25-45
age 0-12
age 60-85
CAR
PUBL C TRANSPORT WALK NG
B K NG
MODE OF TRANSPORT
I N VI I MSI
A TYPI CAL PUBLI C SPACE
ACTI VI TY PATTERN
(I LLUSTRATI VE)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 WEEKDAYS
WEEKENDS 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00
WORKNG-AGE
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 WEEKDAYS
WEEKENDS 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00
KDS
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 WEEKDAYS
WEEKENDS 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00
PEOPLE STAYNG HOME
LOCAL MUN C PAL TY
LOCAL
RES DENTS
LOCAL POL T C ANS
"ACTORS" I NFLUENCI NG
THE STATE OF AREA
USERS
LEAVNG HOME ARRVNG
SPORTS
LEAVNG HOME ARRVNG BKNG
BKNG
BKNG STROLLNG
GARDENNG / A WALK WTH BABES/ SPORTS
GARDENNG / A WALK WTH BABES/ SPORTS
NOTE - The given data is based on personal
observations: field mapping and empirical
knowledge as a frequent user (the author has lived
and in the proximity of the site from 1984 to 2004).
Field mapping was carried out on two days: 24-25
April 2013.

NOTES:
* Quite predictably
activities in a suburb public
space are rare, most of the
people use these spaces
to arrive or leave. Public
space is used with some
frequency by cycling kids,
mothers with baby prams,
and recreational sports.
CASE STUDY I ANALYSE 58
Attractivity, convenience issues
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1 MISSING SHORTCUT
Due to the Viimsi Bank landscape, access to parish
center takes a long detour. Currently it takes
approximately 22 minutes to walk to Viimsi center. When
a light traffic road would be made over the plateau, it
would shorten the trip to 12 minutes, offering a pleasant
trip through an evironment that shapes Viimsi. Descent
from the bank can be included in the currently planned
snowing track in the proximity of school and kindergarten.
2/3/8 AWFUL BUS STOP
Bus stops are cruicial to access the center and Tallinn.
Currently the stops are without a hard road coverage and
bus shelter, not speaking of trash bin and
aesthetics.These places are unpleasant and unsafely
close to the vechicle road, discouraging the use of public
transport.
3 RAISED SIDEWALK EDGE
Bus stops are cruicial to access the center and Tallinn.
Currently the stops are without a hard road coverage and
bus shelter, not speaking of trash bin and
aesthetics.These places are unpleasant and unsafely
close to the vechicle road, discouraging the use of public
transport.
4 ROAD COVER / ATTRACTIVITY
The Viievelle road acts as the main distribution road,
slightly decending to the South-East it offers nice views.
Currently the road coverage is rough asphalt, not
allowing alternative recreational uses like roller-skating
and roller-skying. Both sides of the road are empty and
unwelcoming. Attractivity of this main road plays a role in
encouraging the locals to spend more time outdoors.
Both road segments have been in unfinished state over a
period of time. The reason for that is not known. As there
is a child daycare on Suure-Kaare road, it is important for
the locals to have reasonable access to it by foot, bikes
and cars. The lack of municipality kindergartens in Viimsi
is an argument to put pressure on the municipality to fix
elementary issues.
6 MISSING PEDESTRIAN LINK
Vike-Kaare road currently has a dead end. As this
direction leads to another private kidergarten on
Vehema road 6, it would enhance the pedestrian
access, especially because of the natural landscape
surrounfing the link, reminding the past of the site -
agriculture. The land is not agriculturally used any
more and though in private hands, a temporary low-
budget pedestrian path could be discussed.
7 WATER ACTIVITIES BANNED
The master plan of the site has reserved the pond
and its south-facing shore for public use. To drive off
the hastle around allowing water activities officially,
the municipality has put out a sign that bannes
swimming. The pond is potentially a place to go out
for swimming, small hobby boats, fishing, ice-skating
in the winter. To enjoy the environment in general.
10 MISSING ROAD LINK
t is a matter of covenience to have a street network
with a good connectivity. Pleasant conditions
determine how much we spend time outdoors and
weakens sociability between people living on the
same street. f a family at the north part of Suur-
Kaare street wants to access the child daycare at the
other end of the street, today they probably use a car
to deal with the detour.
11 MISSING PEDESTRIAN LINK
The site master plan has reserved a narrow piece of
land between the private houses to allow pedestrian
and bike connection between Kesk-Kaare road and
Prname road. Prname road offers access to
hiking / trakking paths and therefore makes this
connection important for the local residents. For
some reason today this link is missing, plus the
master plan has not planned further connection to the
site main road Viievelle. With some houses unbuilt,
today there is a possibility to replan this section,
whether by the municipality buing a piece of land
back from private owners or by agreeing with the
owners to allow pedestrian passage.
100m
5/9 ROAD COVER
CUNNECTI NC
RULE
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
ATTRACTI VI TY
Q0ALI TI ES:
00TB00R SPACES:
CUNVENI ENCE
Q0ALI TI ES:
00TB00R SPACES:
7
1
6
4
3
2,3,8
3
ANALYSE 59 CASE STUDY I
Unused J Residual space J Potentials
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
9
2
1 EMPTY BUILDING
One of the last recollections of the Viimsi Manor
agricultural past, the old hay barn. The building is
abandoned and in bad shape.
2 RESIDUAL LAND
ON THE ROADSIDE OF AIANDI TEE
Space around the main light traffic road seems vast and
is certainly not in human scale. Currently the territory is
covered mostly by lawn and with some rare bushes.
3 RESIDUAL LAND ON THE ROADSIDES
Again a lot of unused space around the main
distribution road making the spatial experience
dull and inpersonal. Currently the territory is
covered just by lawn. On both sides of the 6m
wide road there is 8,5m that could potentially be
taken into some form of use.
4/5 PLEASANT PLACES
Both street crossings are pleasant plases because of the
spatial arrangement, vegetation, slight topographic
changes and views. On these crossings the fences of the
private gardens create a square-like feeling, both the
road and the lawn strips included form a 15x20m
crossing space. The sharp edges of the private lots
facing "squares" are hard to include in private gardening
and are not used. These private edges could potentially
work as extensions of the "squares".
6 POTENTIAL ACTIVITY PLACE
The master plan of the site has reserved the pond
and its south-facing shore for public use. To drive off
the hastle around allowing water activities officially,
the municipality has put out a sign that bannes
swimming. The pond is potentially a place to go out
for swimming, small hobby boats, fishing, ice-skating
in the winter. To enjoy the environment in general.
7 RESIDUAL EARTH PILES
When foundations for private houses are built there is
a significant quantity of earth that is left over and is
freighted off the site. These piles of earth can easily
be used to make public landscape more personal
and playful.
8 UNUSED FUNCTIONAL LOT
For the whole living district the master plan reserved
only one lot for business and social function. n
private hands building a business and for example
kindergarten for such a small community is not
attractive for investors. The nearest crocery being
within 22 minute walk from the site, the use of public
space and the quality of local life would benefit a lot
from a small shop that would cover basic needs.
Perspectives for social function are supported by
favorable position and good views from the place.
9 EMPTY BUILDINGS
There are two 40-50 years old cow barns that have
not been used for about 5 years. According to Viimsi
general plan the land is marked for business function.
n a broader context of local developments it is highly
probable that the transformation will not realise before
5 years. Has potential for temporary use.
100m
12m 8,5m 5+1m 8,5m 7m
PASSIVE
RULE
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
NU CURRENT
RULE
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
9
1
7
4
3
2
3
SECTION OF THE MAIN ROAD
VIIEVELLE TEE
The "streetscape"
has residual space
THE STREET 23m
NOTES:
* There is enough residual space for interventions
CASE STUDY I PROPOSAL 60

Separate from the Viimsi centre, the quaIity of the pubIic
space on the site reIies greatIy on the interest and activity
of IocaI residents. To make a change there has to be an
organised initiative group.
In terms of waIkabIe distances and the the potentiaI
use of open spaces the site is disconnected from the
Viimsi centre.
1
EstabIishing a smaII community shop and and a simpIe
meeting pIace (e.g pIayground) wouId be a good first
move.
5
Quite predictabIy a typicaI suburb
Iayout is introverted and does not
favor sociabiIity and the use of
pubIic space. In case of IocaI
initiative though, there are spatiaI
potentiaIs to increase activity in
between buiIdings.
In principIe the site has enough residuaI space to deveIop
pubIic activity.
6
3
4
PeopIe spend more time in pubIic spaces when they use
pubIic transport. The timetabIe and poor quaIity bus stops
discourage the use of pubIic transport.
2
The spatiaI Iayout and the Iocation of the suburb does not
favor sociabiIity, when there are peopIe interested in
creating it, it is possibIe to do so by getting organised.
The site and the surroundings are a good setting for
recreationaI sports.
7
PROPOSAL 6I CASE STUDY I
10 min. waIk - a cruciaI shortcut 1
a scbemati c
Proposal
VMS
PARSH
CENTER
THE STE
EXSTNG 700M SECTON OF
AN OLD GRAVEL ROAD. THE
ROAD COVER NEEDS TO BE
CHANGED.
NEW ACCESS TO THE
CENTRE. THE DSTANCE S
CUT FROM 2,4KM TO ONLY 900
METERS MAKNG T CA 10 MN.
WALK FROM THE STE.
RAMP AND STARS.
1 Proposed identity
Future goaI for aII nearby viIIages - exeptionaI outdoor sport possibiIities
A FUTURE GOAL - LGHT
TRAFFC ROADS FOR
RECREATONAL SPORTS.
THE VMS BANK
THE SOOSEPA BOG
CASE STUDY I PROPOSAL 62
a scbemati c
Proposal
BUS STOP
ENHANCEMENT
SDEWALK EDGE
LOWERED
UNMOWED LAWN
VEGETATON
NEW PEDESTRAN PATH
NEW CROSSWALK
NEW ASPHALT COVER,
STREET EXTENSON
UNMOWED LAWN
VEGETATON
NEW ASPHALT COVER TEMPORARY
PEDESTRAN PATH
PROMOTED
NEGHBOURHOOD TRACK
FOR SKYNG, ROLLER
SKATNG, BKNG ETC.
SOCAL / BUSNESS LAND
DEVELOPMENT PHASES:
1. PLAYGROUND
2. SHOP
3. KNDERGARTEN
NEW ACTVTY PLACE
ON THE CROSSNG
BUS STOP
ENHANCEMENT
TEMPORARY USE
OF THE ABANDONED
BARN. EXPERENCE
SPACE FOR KDS
THE POND AS AN ACTVTY
PLACE. ENHANCEMENT - A PATH,
SEATS AND SMALL BOAT DOCK
1
2
13
3
10
12 14
15
4
6
7
8
9
11
MAN STREET
ENHANCEMENT:
NEW SMOOTH
ASPHALT, ACTVTY
POCKETS ...
5
PROPOSAL 63 CASE STUDY I
a scbemati c
Proposal
For a pedestrian many of the street layouts are perceived
"empty" and boring, there is too much residual space on the
roadsides to feel cosy, a narrower street or a street with more
versatile sequences can enrich the walking experience. n
summertime the lawn could just be left untouched, a grown
wild lawn with many different species can better define the
space and offer a difference. These spaces could also be
vegetated with desired plants.
Unmowed Iawn / Vegetation 1
2 Bus stop enhancement
The bus stops need a proper pavement and a shelter. A
standard shelter could be customised in a desired way.
3 SidewaIk edge Iowered
4 Unmowed Iawn / Vegetation
5 Main street enhancement
The Viievelle road is 23 meters wide (space between garden
fences) and just feels bleak.
The rough asphalt cover should be changed in ideal, a
smooth cover allows to use already existing good quality light
traffic roads in circular routes (roller-skating) that run through
the site.
The road has nice views towards the South, the residual
space on roadsides could be enriched with a few social hubs -
e.g. small wooden terracces with a public seat or two and a
human scale street light. The main road could be a neighbour-
hood meeting place, a place to rest when taking a walk.
6 New pedestrian path and crosswaIk
The missing street link could be realised when the nearby
owners are willing to give a narrow strip of land for the public
use. When a crosswalk will be added to pass the Prname
street, it is possible to get to an existing hiking path and also
get a more sociable street network.
7 New asphaIt cover, street extension
The road is currently without a proper cover, while the closest
child daycare is situated on this street it is essential to provide
an elementary street quality. The road needs to be extended
to North-West, to eliminate the current detours when the
residents of North-West area want to get to the child daycare.
8 New asphaIt cover
Provide an elementary steet quality and allow circular sport
routes (roller-skating, trekking, biking).
9 New activity pIace on the crossing
There are a few places with a nice view and cosy spatial
layout, this is one of them. With good views to four directions,
the crossing is a potential meeting place. Adding a small and
simple wooden terrace with a public seat and a human scale
streetlight could make this place a nice social hub for children
to meet and play. The asphalt on the crossing could be
painted (temporarily) and used to play the hoppers game.
10 Temporary pedestrian path
Till there is no other funcion on the old farmland a temporary
pedestrian path could be founded. A simple gravel covered
path would provide the shortest distance from the centre of the
site to the nearby municipal kindergarten. The descending
landscape allows nice South views.
11 Promoted track
The central Viievelle road and the boundary roads could be
promoted in the community to be used for different
recreational sports like roller-skating, trekking, biking etc. n
winter it is quite easy to create a cross-country skying route, it
only needs a first activist and an agreement with the
municipality, not to destroy the track during the snow
management.
12 The pond as an activity pIace
Though the pond has been used for swimming in the past
there is currently a sign that prohibits it. Probalby the reason
of the sign is the municipalities wish to be carefree about the
use of the pond.
The North shore is a potential activity place, when the locals
are interested, it would not be difficult nor costly to create a
walkable path, a small terracce with seats and a small boat
dock.
14 SociaI / Business Iand
Though most of the private house plots have now been built,
the only plot of land for business and social function is still
vacant. When the locals are willing to collaborate, the plot
could be advanced in phases. First a community playground is
establishe (use the leftover soil brom the building sites to form
bumps for snow tube). Then a small shop for simple daily
products, that the locals wont have to drive to the Viimsi
centre for a botlle of milk or bread. Third, find push the
municipality to build a kindergarten (the existing ones already
have long waiting lines).
15 Temporary use of the abandoned barn
Find the owner of the old abandoned barn and discuss
temporary use. The old barn is a reminiscence of the past
times - the collective farming period. t would be interesting for
kids to get to know these times and see how an old barn
worked in the old days.
13 Bus stop enhancement
64 AVAPI LT CASE STUDY 2 64
CASE STUDY 2 AVAPI LT 65
TEST CASE 2
THE NEW
TARTU
CENTER
phot o Ar ne Maasi k
65
66 AERO CASE STUDY 2
PEDESTR AN BR DGE
V KE TURU

V DU BR DGE
KALUR
TURU
R

A
S
O
O
L
A
S
A
D
A
M
A
1
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
66
CASE STUDY 2 AERO 67
THE ANNE
CHANNEL
TO ANNELINN
RI VER EMAJGI
1 OFF CE BU L D NG "PLASKU"
2 "TASKU" MALL
3 HOTEL DORPAT
4 COACH STAT ON
5 GAS STAT ON
6 MCDONALDS
7 NORDEA BANK
8 HOTEL TARTU
9 SPORTS CENTER
10 WATER CENTER "AURA"
11 SC ENCE CENTER "AHHAA"
12 RES DENT AL H GH-R SE "T GUTORN"
13 ESTON AN MATR T ME ADM N STRAT ON
14 OFF CES
15 OPEN-A R MARKET
16 NDOOR MARKET
17 PROJECT-BASED THEATER
18 BOAT HARBOUR WAREHOUSE
19 LE SURE BOAT HARBOUR
20 HOBBY-BOAT HARBOUR
21 ZEPPEL N MALL
22 OLD BO LERHOUSE
23 OLD RA LSHELTER
20
21
22
23
67
300m
al l maps - www.maaamet .ee
100m
CASE STUDY 2 ANALYSE 68
Site plan

The si te i s si tuated i n the center of Tartu

ci ty, Est oni a. Wi th i ts 100 000 i nhabi t ant s,
t he st at us of t he second ci t y i n Est oni a, t he
i mage of a uni versi t y ci t y and an easy-goi ng
mood, Tartu has many si mi l ari ti es wi th
Arhus i n Denmark.
The si t e i s si t uat ed Nort h-East f rom t he ol d
ci tyand i s cl earl y defi ned by Emaj gi ri ver i n
t he Nort h and t wo maj or connect i ng st reet s:
Ri i a st reet runni ng Nort h-Sout h and Turu
st reet runni ng East -West . The area used t o
be an out ski rt bef ore t he bombi ngs i n earl y
1940`s. Fr om 1960`s to 1990`s t he
regenerat i on added onl y af ew f unct i ons:
t he mai n coach st at i on, out door market and
a f ew bui l di ngs wi t h mi nor i mport ance. n
1990`s t he devel opment accel erat ed and
around 2000 t he area st art ed t o be l abel ed
as t he new cent er. Today the area i s mai nl y
known for the fi rst Tartu hi gh-ri se "pl asku",
resi denti al hi gh-ri se "snai l t ower",
commerci al mal l "Tasku", Tartu coach
stati on, popul ar sci ence cent er "Ahhaa" and
open-ai r markerpl ace. Devel opment s i n t he
area have l at el y been under cri t i ci sm
because of pl anni ng t he area pi ece by
pi ece wi t h smal l mast er pl ans whi l e l acki ng
vi si on. The devel opment s have t hi s f ar
resul t ed i n poor qual i t y open spaces.
1 HSTORC CTY CENTER
2 THE NEW CTY CENTER - THE STE

M
e
e
l
i
s

L
o
k
k
w
w
w
.
i
k
o
d
u
.
c
o
m
A
a
p
o

H
a
a
p
a
n
e
n
R
e
i
n

U
r
b
e
l
w
w
w
.
s
t
u
u
d
i
o
l
e
g
e
n
d
.
e
e
w
w
w
.
b
a
l
c
o
n
e
2
0
1
2
.
e
e
A popular museum - Ahhaa Science centre
A hypermarket
The first Tartu high-rise and the main mall
Outdoor marketplace
The city centre promenade
The only residential house on the site - the Snailtower
ANALYSE 69 CASE STUDY 2
OFFICE BUILIDING "PLASKU" OFFICES
OFFICE BUILIDING "PLASKU" RETAIL
MX-USE CENTER "TASKU" RETAL
"TASKU" RESTAURANTS
"TASKU" CONFERENCE
"TASKU" PHARMACY
"TASKU" SUPERMARKET
"TASKU" PZZA
"TASKU" CNEMA
HOTEL DORPAT
HOTEL DORPAT RESTAURANT
HOTEL DORPAT CONFERENCE
HOTEL DORPAT CASINO
COACH STATON TRAVEL SERVCE
COACH STATON KOSK
COACH STATON RESTAURANT
COACH STATON CARGO SERVCE
GAS STATION
MCDONALDS
NORDEA BANK
HOTEL TARTU
HOTEL TARTU CONFERENCE
HOTEL TARTU SPA
HOTEL TARTU CAFE
SPORTS CENTER
WATER CENTER "AURA" POOLS
WATER CENTER "AURA" CAFE
SCIENCE CENTER "AHHAA"
"AHHAA" RENT FOR EVENTS
"AHHAA" RESTAURANT
RESDENTAL HGH-RSE "TGUTORN"
"TGUTORN" PET SHOP
"TGUTORN" AQUALFE SHOP
ESTONIAN MATRITIME ADMINISTRATION
OFFCES
OPEN-AIR MARKET
INDOOR MARKET
PROJECT-BASED THEATER
BOAT HARBOUR WAREHOUSE
LESURE BOAT HARBOUR
HOBBY-BOAT HARBOUR
ZEPPELIN MALL
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
SCENCE
CENTER
"AHHAA"
RESDENTAL HGH-
RSE
"TGUTORN"
WATER-
CENTER
"AURA"
HYPERMARKET
ZEPPELN
SPORTS
CENTER
MCDONALDS
RESTAURANT
GAS-STATON
STATOL
COACH
STATON
OFFCE
BULDNG
"PLASKU"
HOTEL
DORPAT
OPEN-AR
MARKETPLACE
PROJECT
BASED
THEATER
NDOOR
MARKETPLACE
OFFCES
NORDEA
BANK
HOTEL
TARTU OLD
BOLERHOUSE
ESTONAN MARTME
ADMNSTRATON
OFFCE
BOAT
HARBOUR
WAREHOUSE
ELECTRCAL
TERMNAL
OLD RALSHELTER
VECHCLE AND
PEDESTRAN
BRDGE
"VDUSLD"
PEDESTRAN
BRDGE
"TURUSLD" LESURE BOAT
HARBOUR
HOBBY-BOAT
HARBOUR
MX-USE
CENTER
"TASKU"
RIVER
EMAJGI
CANAL ANNE
ON DEMAND
ON DEMAND
ON DEMAND
ON DEMAND
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
ON DEMAND
ON DEMAND
ON DEMAND
ON DEMAND
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
ONLY SPECFC TMES ONLY SPECFC TMES
WEEKDAYS WEEKENDS
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
Site functions J Users
100m
EXTRAVERSI VE
FUNCTI UNS
F0NCTI 0NS:
I NB00R SPACES:
I NTRUVERT
FUNCTI UNS
F0NCTI 0NS:
I NB00R SPACES:
USERS
NOTES:
* Due to malls and hypermarkets with introvert ground
floor, the open spaces lack evening activity.
There could be many more
bars and cafes open till late hours.
* There is only one apartment building, the site needs
more local residents
CASE STUDY 2 ANALYSE 70
S
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
S
S
GAS STATON
HOTEL
SPA
RESTAURANT/CAFE
BAR
BANK / ATM
EVENT PLACE
SPORTS HALL
OTHER SHOP OR SERVCE
POST SERVCE
MALL
COACH STATON
WATER CENTER
MARKETPLACE
Extraversive indoor functions
Uutdoor activity
OPEN-AR MARKETPLACE
PUBLC "SQUARE"
FSHNG
RESTAURANT TERRACE
HOBBY BOATS / LESURE BOAT
SKYNG
BKNG
BUS STOP
ROLLER SKATNG
Estonian Environmental Research Centre (2008)
100m
100m
Prevailing winds
EXTRAVERSI VE
FUNCTI UNS
F0NCTI 0NS:
I NB00R SPACES:
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
PRUACTI VE
RULE

* Though a great variety of assembled functions the

open spaces lack active ground floors

* The icons represent possibilities for oudoor activity,

in reality many of the places are underused
ANALYSE 7I CASE STUDY 2
COMMERCE
TOUR STS
ESTON A+ABROAD
LOCAL RES DENTS
CAR
PUBL C
TRANSPORT
WALK NG
B K NG
"ACTORS" I NFLUENCI NG
THE STATE OF THE AREA
LOCAL
MUN C PAL TY
REAL-
ESTATE
MARKET
LOCAL RES DENTS
LE SURE
AND SPORTS WORKPLACES
LOCAL POL T C ANS
LAND
OWNERS
GLOBAL
ECONOM CS
THE CTY OF TARTU
COMPANY "GGA"
COMPANY "ESTKO"
OWNER OF VKE-TURU 7
OWNER OF TURU 6
EU DEVELOPMENT FUNDS
GENERAL PUBL C
The epithet " Tartu new center" is very young, the whole
territory has taken contours within a rather short period.
Currently there is no clear established identity but there are
many contestants.
When the first office high-rise "Plasku" arose, the area was
conceived as a place of wealth and exclusivity. Soon the
Tasku mall and sport centers brought the territory to the
map of broader range of users. The recent addition -
Ahhaa popular Science Center, basically a museum,
attracts young people and families, both estonian and
foreign tourists. The open-air marketplace has stayed
popular through the years, especially among older
generation, but recent eco-trends have also started to
attract the younger generation.
The strongest natural character, the river Emajgi, has
always been important for Tartu. The river is cherished but
in an everyday scene, it is not mentally apparent, it`s
presence is not visible. n that sense Tartu is still suffering
from the wreckage of the World War , there is not enough
building mass at the riverbanks to sustain activity and keep
it stabile.
Though the site constitutes an interesting combination of
mixed functions where users are not homogenous, it might
be generalised that the clearest image the site bares is a
consumerist one. This thesis is supported by a well visible
fact that people visit the site out of specific necessity and
not spontaneity.
TASKU MALL
COACH STATON
MARKETPLACE
AHHAA SCENCE MUSEUM
THE STATE (COACH STATON)
THE MARKETPLACE
AHHAA SCENCE CENTER
LOCAL RESDENTS
Users
used by mid-age and older people, the theatre
calls for people interested in culture, the malls
have something to offer for everyone. Hotels, the
coach station and the Ahhaa Centre also bring in
distant visitors and tourists.
NOTES:
* The main problem regarding the use of open
public spaces is the dominance of commercial
function, the typology of a mall is built around the
idea of an interior public spaces. The model of a
hypermarket user is an user with a car. The most
influential function - the Tasku mall is also situated
in the corner of the site - people arrive and leave
without having the pass through the area. The
area has a dramatically few ground floor functions
that communicate on street level.
*The dominance of the car, unattractive and
incomplete open spaces and unused river
potentials are keeping the footfall on the streets
low.
* Regarding future developments the site needs
more apartments and local residents.
MAI N USERS
Identity
MODES OF TRANSPORT
USER MAGNETS
POTENTI AL ACTORS
T
NOTE - The given data is based on personal
observations: field mapping and empirical
knowledge as a frequent user (the author has lived
and worked in the proximity of the site from 2008).
Field mapping was carried out on three days: 27-
29 April 2013.
The site attracts a diverse
set of user groups from all
over Tartu and even
further.
The Ahhaa Science Centre
(museum) is very popular
among young people, the
marketplace is frequently
USERS
I DENTI TY
Q0ALI TI ES:
00TB00R SPACES:
CASE STUDY 2 ANALYSE 72
ADDTONAL UNOFFCAL PATHS
TURU
V

K
E
-T
U
R
U
S
A
D
A
M
A
KALUR
S
O
O
L
A
Pedestrian network
Vebicle congestion
48%
100m
100m
OFFCAL PEDESTRAN PATHS
Vebicle network
100m
MARKET ENTRANCE ?
ENTRANCE?
MAN PEDESTRAN PATH
9
10
12
8
13
11
1
3
5
4
6
7
of open space
vehi cI e defi ned
NOTES:
* Pedestrian network is incomplete and
dysfunctional
CUNNECTI NC
RULE
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
ATTRACTI VI TY
Q0ALI TI ES:
00TB00R SPACES:
CUNVENI ENCE
Q0ALI TI ES:
00TB00R SPACES:
14
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
CUNNECTI NC
RULE
1
2
2
3
2
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
CUNNECTI NC
RULE
NOTES:
* The vehicle network is fine with current
traffic turnover and has some reserve
to keep running without major incon-
veniences when the turnover increases
NOTES:
* The number of parking lots and
incomplete pedestrian network
discourage the use of open
public spaces.
ANALYSE 73 CASE STUDY 2
Cycle network
PARKNG SPACE 150 CARS VS. 5 BKES
100m
MSSNG LNKS
OFFCAL CYCLE PATHS
TURU
V

K
E
-T
U
R
U
S
A
D
A
M
A
S
O
O
L
A
100m
Public transport
EXSTNG BKE PARKNG
LACK OF PARKNG
PROMENADE?
NCONVENENT
ENTRANCE TO THE STE
LACK OF CYCLE PARKNG
17
16
2
15
16
18
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
CUNNECTI NC
RULE
6
5
4
4 7 11 15
16 12 8
9 13
10 14 18
17
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
CUNNECTI NC
RULE
NOTES:
* Bus stop locations are in principle well
distributed buthave quality problems. The
coach station is a representative public
function of a city, it is clearly too small and
very modest. The general public is nostalgic
about the old coach station.
NOTES:
* Cycle network incomplete.
* Lack of parking possibilities discourages
bike use. The local workplaces should
promote bike use.
CASE STUDY 2 ANALYSE 74
Free pedestrian movement problems
Attractivity laws
1.
People coming from the old city have to take
long detours to get to the center of the site,
missing diagonal crosswalk makes the pass
unconvenient.
2.
Bridge stairs are not accessible for strollers,
cycles, wheelchairs. Detour option takes
150m and is not visible.
3.
An example of public space privatisation,
lately the municipality gave green light to
extend the commercial center and loose the
street. Doors at the both end leave a chance
to pass through the commercial corridor.
4.
The riverbank levels are connected by stairs,
for the 220m section there are only two
soviet time ramps, both of them do not meet
nowaday requirements.
5.
According to laws the banks of waterbodies
have to be accessible for public. At this point
the passage is closed with a metal fence.
6.
A sovet time "aesthetic park" with trees,
grass, paths and no seats is outdated in
current spatial situation. Dorpat hotel and it`s
parking area have changed the way
marketplace is approached. The hedges and
paths are not spatially and visibly logical.
7.
Car parking management obstructs the main
entrance to the marketplace.
8.
Official pedestrian movement has a broken
logic, long detours have to be taken when
approached along the river and towrds the
coach station. Pedestrian movement
patterns show that the crossing is used in all
directions. Crossing has raised edges.
9.
Tasku mall and coach station are the most
vital functions in the area. These functions
create pedestrian flow which is drawn to
move between Turu street and to the
marketplace using the west side of Soola
street. The narrow pavement is literally a
bus stop. Overcrowded and obstructed by
columns the path is annoying to use. Official
pedestrian path is on the other side of the
road.
10.
The North section of the main pedestrian
path suddenly makes a 6m step and is not
visually perceived as a whole. When
approaching the marketplace from the
South, the entrance is not visible.
11.
Peculiar sidewalk edges - 3m wide sidewalk
has raised edges and 1m wide ramp
resulting in potentially dangerous situations
when pedestrians and cycles are passing at
the same time. Edges should be fully
lowered.
12.
According to the master plan Kaluri street is
a pedestrian promenade, in reality it ends
with a vehicle road, detours have to be taken
to get to the sidewalk. The sidewalk is rather
narrow and passes between parking cars
and Nordea bank. The promenade is
spatially and visually incomplete.
13.
Raised sidewalk edges.
14.
Unclear traffic regulation, pedestians rather
cross the parking lot.
15. / 16.
The sport club is accessible only by stairs.
17.
Sidewalk ends with a large grass field. Many
people prefere to take a detour and cross
the grass to be in a safe distance form Turu
street traffic and noise.
18.
Pedestrian use pattern proves the need for
diagonal passage through the area.
Pedestrian paths are arranged
uncomfortably making detours. A section of
the official path is right in front of "Ahhaa
Center" parking entrance, making it
potentially dangerous.
19.
narticulate pedestrian movement. Some
sidewalks just end up on the grass.
Practically people move across the messy
parking area. There is no crosswalk between
the pedestrian bridge and Tigutorn high-rise.
A traffic sign right in the middle of the narrow
sidewalk.
20.
The Zeppelin mall has two entrances, the
main one and a supporting one. The path
from the main entrance to the pedestrian
promenade crosses parking area and is not
marked. For a pedestrian this link is
perceived as a territory of the car.
21.
People entering from the South move
towards the site center across the lawn. The
path to the Zeppelin main entrance runs
between cars and the building, and is really
narrow.
22.
Tasku Mall entrance connects pedestrian
flow between the marketplace and the coach
station. People have to cross a huge parking
area where also coaches are manouvering.
Official paths are rarely used beacause of
detours.
23.
The Dorpat Hotel coach parking obstructs
the traffic and cuts off visual contacts with
one of the main pedestrian roads.
24.
According to the law the banks of
waterbodies have to be publicly accessible.
At this point the passage is closed with a
metal fence with the exeption of a 1,5m wide
gap.
25.
The riverbank design has deteriorated and
needs refreshment. Due to unattractivity the
general public perceives the place as rather
distant and "shadowy" area.
26.
The Sadamateater (Port Theatre)
architecture has made a public building
extremely introverted. The building turns it`s
back towards the main pedestrian arrival,
the main entrance of the building is not
clearly visible. Windows are constantly
blinded.
27.
The marketplace is organised around the
courtyard, the "walls" are mostly "mute",
without too many entrances and windows.
The current state is unaesthetical. A popular
marketplace needs to be upstanding, open
to the river and nearby activities. The indoor
market building is separated.
28.
A sovet time "aesthetic park" with
trees,grass, paths and no seats is outdated
in todays spatial situation. Dorpat hotel and
its parking area have changed the way
marketplace is approached. The hedges and
paths are not spatially and visibly logical.
29.
The main local bus-line stop is situated on a
25cm high narrow sidewalk strip. Between
the parking lot and a frquently used traffic
road this bus stop location is extremely
unwelcoming.
30.
City`s main international coach station is
tightly attached to tasku mall. There is not
enough space in- and outdoor. Arhitectural
image is not suitable for a representative
function. The reason for current situation is
the municipalitys decision that gave
resposnibility for organising the building to
tasku mall owners.
31.
Exhibited trash containers ruin public space
in several places.
32.
Well exponated electricity center and
congestion of different signs ruin the overall
expression.
33.
Even when the barrier is made of glass, it
makes the narrow sidewalk feel spatially
harassing.
34.
For some reason snow management is
prioritised for vehicle traffic streets.
35.
High-rise "tigutorn" facade facing the river is
inactive. 100 meters of mute wall makes it
hard to create convivial public space.
36.
On the pedestrian road the entrance to the
"Ahhaa" Center and it`s restaurant are
invisible and not provided with signs. Ground
level windows facing the promenade are
reflective and do not communicate whats
indoor.
36. 37.
The sport center facades are not in human
scale and do not communicate what`s
indoor. Vast and empty green fields make a
walk as unattractive as possible. One of the
reasons why pedestrian promenade with
many seats and table tennis is rarely used is
the muteness of the surrounding artificial
environment.
38.
The pedestrian promenade is sided by
"Aura" Water Center. The ventilation system
on a low roof creates constant loud noise. A
stay in the public promenade is very short
and only out of neccesity.
Aura center glass-facade facing the
promenade is too far out to see what
happens indoor, the current situation is
though attractive in the dark period when
indoor lights are lit.
39.
Failed location for a public space. An
example of planning public spaces by
master plans that cover only fragmented
territories. A place is chosen within the
limitations of the owners plot, between the
parking lot and the mute mall facade.
100m
100m
f
1
2
3
4
4
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
20 22
23
24
26
27
28
30
27
29
32
34
35
36
37
38
39
33
31
ATTRACTI VI TY
Q0ALI TI ES:
00TB00R SPACES:
25
31
31
CUNNECTI NC
RULE
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
ATTRACTI VI TY
Q0ALI TI ES:
00TB00R SPACES:
CUNVENI ENCE
Q0ALI TI ES:
00TB00R SPACES:
CLEANLI NESS
Q0ALI TI ES:
00TB00R SPACES:
PUBLC SEATS
NOTES:
* The site swarms of problems
NOTES:
* The site swarms of problems
ANALYSE 75 CASE STUDY 2
MARKETPLACE
VIEW
ONE OF THE
MAN PATHS?
PATH TO THE
PROMENADE
WHEELCHAIRS?
TASKU
NO
PASS
AN INTROVERT THEATER
WELCOMING?
DETOUR
1 3 4 8
15
16
12 10 9
17 19
19
29
20
26 25 23 22
27 28
32 33
30
34
31
35
37 37
39 39 38
36 36
38
CASE STUDY 2 ANALYSE 76
Safety issues
1.
Potenti al l y a great pl ace, t here are
several i ssues. Fi rst t he ri verbank
desi gn has det eri orat ed and needs
ref reshment , due to unattracti vi ty the
general publ i c percei ves t he pl ace as
rat her di st ant and "shadowy". The
mai n users are el derl y peopl e on
morni ngs and af t ernoon, i n the
eveni ngs young and mi d-age st reet
dri nkers. Uncl ari t y makes rai l i ngs at
some spot s unsaf e.
2.
Pedest ri an user pat t erns prove t hat
traffi c i s de facto used as shared
space by bot h vehi cl es and
pedest ri ans. Hol di ng on to the offi ci al
regul at i on creat es a hi gher acci dent
ri sk.
3.
4.
Onl y 1m wi de ramp creat es pot ent i al l y
dangerous si t uat i ons when
pedest ri ans and cycl es are passi ng at
t he same t i me. Si dewal k edges shoul d
be l owered.
5.
Hi gher acci dent ri sk when cars make
the ri ght turn and dri ve to the parki ng
l ot.
6.
Pedest ri an crosswal k i s pl aced i n ri ght
i n f ront of garage ent rance. When
cars are l eavi ng t he concret e barri er
bl ocks thei r vi ew. There are no saf et y
mi rrors provi ded.
DE FACTO
OFFCAL PATH
100m
1
2
3
5
6
7
4
SAFETY
Q0ALI TI ES:
00TB00R SPACES:
1
6
5
2
3,4
NOTES:
* The numerous unofficial pedestrian paths
increase accident risk. n many places the
streets are literally used as shared spaces.
ANALYSE 77 CASE STUDY 2
MXED-USE
BUSNESS/RESDENTAL
NEW
MARKETPLACE
MXED-USE
MALL AND
COACH
STATON
EXTENSON
COACH
STATON
STOPS
MXED-USE
HOTEL
EXTENSON
MXED-USE
MALL
EXTENSON
MXED-USE
MXED-USE
100m
Future developments according to the general plan of Tartu center (2013)
1.
The ri verbank has pot ent i al f or
a cont i nuous publ i c
pr omenade.
2.
These passi ve grass f i el ds
currentl y do not contri bute to
publ i c space and coul d be re-
eval uat ed.
3.
A park-l i ke green area wi th ful l y
grown trees i s currentl y
i nacti ve. Act i ve publ i c park or
ot her use may be consi dered.
4.
The grass l awn t erri t ory coul d
be used t o enhance publ i c
space.
5.
Anot her empt y grass f i el d
bordered by t wo mut e f acades.
6.
A vast unused asphal t fi el d.
7.
An empt y grass f i el d, used by
pedest ri ans t o make short cut s.
Future developments, unused and
residual spaces
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
7
3-5 3-5
1
4-6 3-5
3-4
4-6
6
6
4-6
2
4-6
4-6
3
3
PASSIVE
RULE
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
NU CURRENT
RULE
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
6
1
6
5
1
4
7
NOTES:
* The upcoming developments need to consider the area as
a whole (recently the site has been developed by fragmented
master plan envelopes)
CASE STUDY 2 PROPOSAL 78

The poor public space of the new center is a result of different planning decisions and
the slow development process - the area is still not established.
The main aspect of the current failiure is spatial - a combination of car congestion,
large and undefined open spaces and incomplete pedestrian street network, open
spaces are clearly difficult and inconvenient to navigate.
Planning and building according to master plans that cover only small territories has
resulted in incomplete and alogical solutions. n addition to the official pedestrian paths
there is the same amount of unofficial paths, often these shortcuts ignore traffic
regulations and create a higher accident risk.
Many recent developments have been dictated by investors while the public voice has
stayed modest. n a situation where the city land is still waiting to be cultivated and
there are very few local residents, there is not enough sense of ownership.
The new center is a pIace to go out of
necessity and not spontaneity
1
Car congestion - 48% of open space is vehicIe defined,
there are too many open parking Iots and the parking
management is poor.
2 UncIarity of the pedestrian street network
3 Lack of IocaI residents and sense of ownership
4 Unused outdoor activity potentiaIs
5 Lack of outdoor- and evening activitiy in pubIic spaces
6 No cIear identity (aIso a potentiaI)
PROPOSAL 79 CASE STUDY 2
Enhanced entrances
TRANSFORMATON OF THE OLD
BRDGE (RAMPS ADDED)
NEW CROSSWALK
BRGHT COLURED STREET COVER
TO MARK THE MAN ENTRANCE
1
Quick pubIic space quaIity fixes
GeneraI:
Big trash containers
repositioned and camouflaged
Sidewalk edges lowered
Additional bike lane markings
and parking places
More public seats in
carefully chosen locations
Sidewalk obstructions removed
Dangerous traffic situations fixed
BEFORE COLSTLY BRDGE
TRANSFORMATON SAVE 70M
DETOUR BY TEMPORARY RAMP.
ADD VSBLE SGNS
PEDESTRAN PATH PAVEMENT
TRAFFC LGHT THAT NCLUDES CYCLSTS
2
MAKE SPORT CENTRE FACADES
MORE ATTRACTVE. LARGE BLANK
WALLS ARE SUTABLE FOR GRAPHC
ART. ADD RAMP ACCESS
ENHANCE THEATER FACADES
ROOF-TERRACE FOR
PUBLC USE + NEW CAFE
BEFORE COSTLY RE-DESGN TEST
SHARED SPACE. STREET COVER
TEMPORARLY COLORED
SEATS N FRONT
OF THE MARKETPLACE
TEMPORARY BALL-GAMES
FELD BY THE SPORT
CENTRE (VACANT SPACE
28x41M)
ROAD PANTNGS
ON THE ASPHALT
PEDESTRAN PAVEMENT HGHLGHTED
(BRGHT ROAD COVER)
BUS STOP REPOSTONED
TEMPORARY PEDESTRAN PATH COVER
ADD MSSNG CROSSWALK. WDER
PEDESTRAN PATH (BRGHT ROAD COVER)
VKE-TURU FACADE MADE ATTRACTVE
MARK ENTRANCES, REPLACE REFLECTVE
GROUND FLOOR WNDOWS
VENTLATON NOSE REMOVED
a scbemati c
Proposal
FENCE DEMOL SHED AND
THE R VERBANK OPENED
CASE STUDY 2 PROPOSAL 80
A continuous river promenade
1. FENCE REMOVED
2. TRANSFORM THE EXSTNG PUBLC AREA
1. TEMPORARY SMALL TERRACES AND
SEATS AS ACTVTY GENERATORS
1. CUTTNG COPSE AND REDUNDANT TREES
1. EXSTNG HOBBY BOAT
SHELTERS MOVED CLOSER TO
THE STE CENTRE. PROMOTE
ACTVTY
3. FULL-SCALE PROMENADE DESGN,
ARCHTECTURAL COMPETTON
1. PROMOTE LESURE BOAT ACTVTY
Quick parking fixes
a scbemati c
Proposal
4
3
open parking Iots compressed,
organised cross-use of parking houses
REMOVED PARKNG
REMANNG PARKNG
PROPOSAL 8I CASE STUDY 2
5
6
a scbemati c
Proposal
New proactive open-spaces
A REPRESENTATVE SQUARE.
WTH THE 2013-14 COACH
STATON EXTENSON, CREATE
AN OUTDOOR WATNG AREA /
SHELTER / PUBLC PLAZA.
ARHTECTURAL COMPETTON
NEW MARKETPLACE OPENED
TO THE RVER. SOLUTON
PRNCPLE - OPEN SQUARE
AND BORDERNG SHELTERS.
CTY-WDE MULTFUNCTONAL
EVENT SPACE
ACTVATNG THE UNUSED
PARK. A PLACE TO REST
AND PLAY. USERS: OFFCE
WORKERS, YOUNG
FAMLES, ELDERLY
PEOPLE.
TRANSFORMED NTO PUBLC PLAZA. THEME-
SPORT ACTVTY. SPORT ATTRACTONS,
EXTREME SPORT FELD. USERS: YOUNG AND
MD-AGE PEOPLE.
OLD BOLERHOUSE
TECHNOLOGCAL
SCULPTURES PARK. OL
RESERVUARES ARRANGED
NTO OFFCE, CAFE AND
PERFORMANCE SPACE.
EXSTNG PLAZA - MORE
SCENCE CENTER
OUTDOOR ATTRACTONS
Proposed street network
SHARED SPACE
PEDESTRANSED ROADS
TRADTONAL TRAFFC STREETS
(PEDESTRANS SEGREGATED)
VEHCLE ALLOWANCE LMTED FOR
COACH STATON,
MARKETPLACE,
TASKU PARKNG HOUSE,
NORDEA BANK,
TARTU AND DORPAT HOTEL
CASE STUDY 2 PROPOSAL 82
a scbemati c
Proposal
Long run parking principIe
NEW BULDNGS
Changes in generaI pIan
8
7
more pedestrian streets, denser environment, smaIIer buiIdings
UNSUTABLE FOR OUTDOOR USES.
PROMENADE NEEDS MORE SPATAL
DEFNTON. POSSBLE EXTENSON.
RECONFGURED TO
BLOCK VEHCLE ROAD
AND DEFNE THE YARD.
THE BOLERHOUSE WLL STOP N 2014.
THE BULDNG STRUCTURE (+YARD)
CAN BE REUSED, STRONG
TECHNOLOGCAL CHARACTER
OFFERS A MARKET PRVLEDGE WHEN
DEVELOPED. PROPOSED MODEL -
CULTURE+CREATVE BUSNESSES.
SOOLA STREET S TOO WDE, COACH STATON "SQUARE"
BENEFTS FROM A MORE DEFNED SPACE + TURU ST.
NOSE S KEPT AWAY.
PROPOSED PEDESTRAN ROAD
NEEDS SPATAL DEFNTON - A
MARKETPLACE SHELTER TO THE
NORTH AND A LOW EXTENSON
VOLUME TO THE SOUTH.
WHEN ADDTONAL BULDNGS
ARSE, VKE-TURU STREET
VEHCLE USE WLL BE RELATVELY
HGH, THEREFORE ADDTONAL
PEDESTRAN-ONLY STREET S
PROPOSED AND THE NORTH
SECTOR ENVSONED AS PARKNG-
FREE ZONE. THE STREET SHOULD
NOT BE COMPLETELY STRAGHT.
THE COACH STATON OUTDOOR
AREA AND THE PARK NEED SPATAL
DEFNTON
PARKNG NTEGRATED TO BULDNGS
OPEN PARKNG LOTS
PROPOSAL 83 CASE STUDY 2
9
10
a scbemati c
Proposal
Sun and shadow impIications
Human scaIe impIicaitons
"FRAGMENTED"
BULDNGS NSTEAD
OF MONUMENTAL
MASS
RATHER NARROW
HUMAN SCALE
STREETS
CORRESPONDNG TO
BULDNG HEGHTS
TO KEEP PEDESTRAN PATHS
APPEALNG BULDNGS NEED
TO HAVE "BREAKS" OR
"GRADENT" HEGHTS NOT TO
OVERSHADOW THE STREETS
84 AVAPI LT CASE STUDY 3
84
CASE STUDY 3 AVAPI LT 85
phot o Ar ne Maasi k
85
TEST CASE 3
VANA-
KALAMA) A
STREET
86 AERO CASE STUDY 3

V
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KOTZEBUE
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86
CASE STUDY 3 AERO 87
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THE GULF OF
TALLINN
87
300m 100m
CASE STUDY 3 ANALYSE 88
1
2
Tallinn centre
500m
The si t e i s si t uat ed i n t he Kal amaj a
di stri ct North-West t o t he cent re of
Tallinn - t he medi eval t own. A garde-
ni ng, f armi ng and f i shi ng area i n t he
medi eval t i mes, Kal amaj a i s known f or
t he smal l wooden houses and a rare
preserved mi l i eu creat ed i n t he l at e
19th and earl y 20t h cent ury. The popu-
l at i on of Kal amaj a i s roughl y about
9000 peopl e.
n addi t i on t o t he promi nent l ocat i on t he
di stri ct i s admi red for i t`s easy-goi ng
and green nei ghbourhood, t he human
scal e bui l di ngs and smal l gardens. The
spat i al charact er of Kal amaj a i s perf ect
f or generat i ng and support i ng soci a-
bility, some of t he most est abl i shed
communi t i es are l ocat ed here.
Today the di stri ct i s popul ar among
young f ami l i es and peopl e worki ng i n
t he creat i ve sect or.
500m
Tbe site - Vana-Kalama|a street
{Kalama|a district] and bordering attractors
1 THE KALAMAJA DSTRCT
2 THE MEDEVAL TOWN OF TALLNN
MARTME
MUSEUM
PATARE SEA-FORTRESS
PRSON MUSEUM
KALARAND
SHORE
LNNAHALL
ROOFSCAPE
PEETR
YACHT
HARBOUR
THE OLD
TOWN
BALT JAAM
MARKETPLACE
THE MUSEUM OF
CONTEMPORARY
ART / CULTURE
CLUSTER
SHNELL
PARK
TRAN-
AND BUS STATON
TORNVLJAK
PARK
1,1KM
13 MI N.
WALK
ANALYSE 89 CASE STUDY 3
Vana-Kalamaja street
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The maritime museum
The sea-fortress prison museum
CASE STUDY 3 ANALYSE 90
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
Functions in tbe proximity
SALE
EXTRAVERSI VE
FUNCTI UNS
F0NCTI 0NS:
I NB00R SPACES:
PRUACTI VE
RULE
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:

* Functions are assembled around the South

end of Vana-Kalamaja street (the train station)
and to the East - by the cultural cluster.
ANALYSE 9I CASE STUDY 3
GAS STATON
HOTEL
RESTAURANT/CAFE
BAR
MUSEUM
CHURCH
EVENT SPACE
DSTRCT HEALT SERVCE
PHARMACY
MUNCPAL SCHOOL
MUNCPAL KNDERGARTEN
LBRARY
SPORT CLUB
OTHER SHOP OR SERVCE
LOCAL MUNCPALTY
POST OFFCE
GROCERY
CONCERT PLACE
STADUM
SPORT FELD
PARK
PLAYGROUND
BAR
RESTAURANT
HEALTHSPORT GROUND
SEASONAL FSH MARKET
BOAT HARBOR
ART GALLERY
SOCAL SERVCE
HOBBY SCHOOL
TRAN STATON
THEATER
GUEST APARTMENT
VEWS
MUSEUM YARD
BUS STATON
Mainvebicletraf ic
NEAR-FUTURE TRANS T ROAD
NDOOR:
OUTDOOR:
TRANS T
TRANS T
TRANS T
CUNNECTI NC
RULE
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:

* Main traffic runs on East-West axis. The near-

future transit road will have a calming effect for
Kalamaja district.
CASE STUDY 3 ANALYSE 92
200m
Indoor J Uutdoor functions
500m
CREATVE BUSNESS CLUSTER
CAFE-RESTAURANT 'SESOON'
HOTEL 'ECONOMY'
RESTAURANT 'GUSTO'
BAR 'VOLL'
BAKERY/SMALL STORE
LQUER STORE
PHARMACY SMALL TEXTLE STORE
SMALL ASA STORE
JEWEL STORE
HOTEL
CAFE-RESTAURANT
BEEKEEPNG SHOP
CAFE-RESTAURANT
'VANA VAKSAL'
HARDRESSER
TALORNG
CURRENCY EXCHANGE
PARTY RENTAL
SECOND HAND
SMALL HOUSEHOLD STORE
HARDRESSER
POST OFFCE / PHARMACY
KALAMAJA LBRARY
CHLDREN MUSEUM
ADULT GYMNASUM
SOCK AND STOCKNG STORE
SAUNA 'KALMA'
PROJECT THATER 'TEOTEATER'
KNDERGARTEN
GALLERY 'MSU'
AUDO-VDEO STORE
CHLD DAYCARE
LQUER STORE
KNDERGARTEN
BAKERY, CAFE
WELLNESS STUDO
LOGSTCS TERMNAL
PATARE SEA-FORTRESS PRSON MUSEUM
DSTRCT COMMUNTY CENTER
LQUER STORE
a si ngI e
out door
acti vi ty pI ace PLAYGROUND
no cafe
terraces
Street vi taI i ty wouI d
benefi t from add-
i ti onaI offi ce space,
caf es and shops
EXTRAVERSI VE
FUNCTI UNS
F0NCTI 0NS:
I NB00R SPACES:
I NTRUVERT
FUNCTI UNS
F0NCTI 0NS:
I NB00R SPACES:
NOTES:
* There are too few extraversive indoor
functions and working places
* The area lacks outdoor activity places
* No public seats on Vana-Kalamaja street
ANALYSE 93 CASE STUDY 3
NOTE - The given data is based on personal
observations: field mapping and empirical
knowledge as a frequent user (the author has lived
and worked in the area since 2005). Field mapping
was carried out on two days: 18-19 April 2013.
LOCAL
RES DENTS
FROM D STANT AREAS
CAR
PUBL C
TRANSPORT
WALK NG
B K NG
PASS NG BY
WORK NG N
THE AREA
CARS ARE MA NLY USED
TO MOVE N AND OUT
OF KALAMAJA.
LOCAL
MUN C PAL TY
LOCAL POL T C ANS
LOCAL
COMMUN TY GLOBAL
ECONOM CS
REAL-ESTATE
MARKET COMMUN TY 'TELL SK V SELTS'
COMMUN TY 'KALAMAJA SELTS'
OTHER LOCAL RES DENTS
PARK NG
REGULAT ONS

The users of Kalamaja are

of all ages. A visibly
distinguishable group (trend)
is the young families and the
unmarried young people
who have replaced a great
number of elderly people
during the last decade.
MODE OF TRANSPORT
I N KALAMAJA
ACTORS I NFLUENCI NG
THE STATE OF THE AREA
USERS
THE SEAS DE MUSEUMS
PEOPLE OF ALL AGES
SPEC AL MENT ON:
YOUNG FAM L ES
SPECAL MENTON:
CREATVE SECTOR
KOPL RESDENTS
Many of the young and mid-age people are
working in the creative sector. There is one
creative cluster on Niine street and two more in the
proximity. Mostly these two aforemention groups
are organised in communities: the Kalamaja selts
and the Telliskivi selts.
NOTES:
* Majority of local residents are working outside
Kalamaja, the district lacks local working places
and therefore the footall on the streets is often
very low.
* There are currently too few extraversive
businesses on the Vana-Kalamaja street to keep
the street vital throughout the day.
* The creative cluster on Niine street and the
seaside museums should participate in the making
of the Vana-Kalamaja street.

CASE STUDY 3 ANALYSE 94

Unused J Residual space
VALDATED MASTER PLANS
CURRENTLY UNUSED
OR RESDUAL SPACE
FUTURE MASTER PLANS
UNUSED
GREEN AREA
A GARAGE ON
A H GH-VALUE
LAND
LOT OF OPEN
SPACE
UNUSED
GREEN
SPACE
UNUSED
RES DUAL
SPACE
LOT OF OPEN
SPACE
LOT OF OPEN
SPACE
LOT OF OPEN
SPACE
LOT OF OPEN
SPACE
200m 500m
100% APARTMENTS
Future developments
90% APARTMENTS
10% BUSNESS
100% APARTMENTS
80% APARTMENTS
20% BUSNESS
100% APARTMENTS
90% APARTMENTS
10% BUSNESS
70% APARTMENTS
30% BUSNESS
9
8
6
5
4
3
1
PASSIVE
RULE
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
NU CURRENT
RULE
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
2

* Lot of potential for temporary uses and

desired developments
100% OFFCE AND BUSNESS
ANALYSE 95 CASE STUDY 3
Free pedestrian
movement
problems
1.
Landscape level difference 2-4 meters. The only
straight access is provided by an old stair not suitable
for strollers and people with walking disability. Detour
140 meters.
2.
A lightpost obstructs the sidewalk.
3.
The 1-meter wide sidewalk is too narrow.
4.
The 1-meter wide sidewalk is too narrow, streetlight
obstructs the path.
5.
The Soo and Vana-Kalamaja junction has only one
crosswalk, in other directions traffic is unregulated.
Regarding the idea of a prominent street connecting
the medieval town and the sea, the crossing should
be safe and easily crossed in all directions.
6.
The end of Tstuse street is offset and contiues as
Niine street. Official pedestrian movement makes a
significant detour and therefore shortcuts are
frequent. nconvenient and high risk crossing.
7.
The corner at Niine 12 and 20 has a 0,8-meter wide
sidewalk. Not usable with slush and high rainwater.
8.
Free movement obstruction: streetlight, electricity
terminal and traffic sign.
9.
Obstructive parking management. The famous
Kalma Sauna is often blocked by cars.
10.
Old trees and a traffic sign obstruct free movement.
Ruined asfalt.
11.
The tree and a streetlight obstruct free movement.
12.
Official crossings are limited, shortcuts are frequent.
Approaching the square from the South the
crosswalk is dangerous, cars park right by the
crossing and block visibility.
DE FACTO
OFFCAL PATH
200m 500m
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
7
9
10
11
12
12
11
10
CUNNECTI NC
RULE
F0NCTI 0NS:
00TB00R SPACES:
ATTRACTI VI TY
Q0ALI TI ES:
00TB00R SPACES:
CUNVENI ENCE
Q0ALI TI ES:
00TB00R SPACES:
10
7 6
8
9
10
11 11
12
1
2
CASE STUDY 3 ANALYSE 96
the street has no
pubI i c seats
UNTENDED TREES
BLOCK V EWS TO
THE SEA, MAR T ME-
AND PR SON
MUSEUM
NO NFORMAT ON
S GNS ABOUT
MAR T ME- AND
PR SON MUSEUM
TRASH CONTA NER
ON THE STREET
UNTENDED
TREES
BLOCK THE
STORE ACCESS
UNTENDED
TREES
SHADE THE
STREET
TREES
COMPLETELY
BLOCK THE
ELABORATELY
ORNAMENTED
FACADE
TREES
H DE THE
MUSEUM
UNATTRACT VE
BLANK WALL
UNATTRACT VE
BLANK WALL
DECAYED FENCE
UGLY CONCRETE
FENCE
UNATTRACT VE
BLANK WALL
UNATTRACT VE
BLANK WALL
UGLY
CORRUGATED
RON FENCE
RU NED
S DEWALK
PARK NG
CONGEST ON
BLOCK NG THE
FAMOUS SAUNA
CAFE/ BAKERY
ACCESS NOT
V S BLE
WORN BLANK
WALL
GREEN
SPACE
COMPLETEL
Y SHADED
BY TREES
UnweI comi ng
ent rance
Attractivity laws f
200m 500m
ATTRACTI VI TY
Q0ALI TI ES:
00TB00R SPACES:
Q0ALI TI ES:
00TB00R SPACES:
CLEANLI NESS
NOTES:
* No extraversive functions at the end of the
street (North)
* The street has no public seats
* The South "entrance" of the street is
unaesthetical and not welcoming
ANALYSE 97 CASE STUDY 3
THE SOO AND VANA-
KALAMAJA CROSSNG
HAS ONLY ONE
CROSSWALK.
UNOFFCAL SHORTCUTS
NCREASE ACCDENT
RSK.
TSTUSE STREET MAKES
AN OFFSET AND CONTUES
TO NNE. OFFCAL
PEDESTRAN MOVEMENT
MAKES A SGNFCANT
DETOUR AND THEREROFE
SHORTCUTS ARE
FREQUENT.
UNCONVENENT AND HGH
RSK CROSSNG.
OFFCAL CROSSNGS ARE
LMTED, SHORTCUTS ARE
FREQUENT. COMNG FROM
VANA-KALAMAJA DRECTON
THE CROSSWALK S
DANGEROUS AS PARKNG
CARS BLOCK THE
VSBLTY.
THS ANONYMOUS GREEN
SPACE S 'SHADOWY' N
MANY WAYS. N DAYTME
OVERGROWN TREES
HARDLY LET LGHT
THROUGH, N THE DARK
PEROD THE SPACE
REMANS DARK AS THERE
ARE NO LGHTS PROVDED.
THE SPACE S USED BY
HOMELESS, DRUNKS AND
SOMETMES JUNKES.
Safety issues
200m 500m
SAFETY
Q0ALI TI ES:
00TB00R SPACES:

* The unofficial pedestrian paths increase accident
risk. The Kotzebue / Vana-Kalamaja crossing and
Tstuse / Vana-Kalamaja crossing are literally used
as shared spaces.
CASE STUDY 3 PROPOSAL 98

The Vana-KaIamaja street has potentiaI to
become a prominent street of KaIamaja.
The idea of a pedestrian gateway between the sea and the old
town is feasible and supported by the site potentials - there are
many vacant plots of land yet to be built, these functions can be
directed to adapt the idea of an active pedestrian street. The
general traffic logic is backing North-South pedestrian street.
To gain vitaI pubIic-Iife the street needs
more extraversive indoor functions and
more IocaI workpIaces.
The few extraversive indoor functions situated on the street on
are not enough to sustain active use of the street throughout the
day. To become lively there should be more cafes and
restaurants, small shops and other functions that communicate
on ground level. Currently the North part of the street has no
extraversive functions at all.
The already valid master plans tend to give too little proportion
for businesses and office-space. Even when the street is
promoted as a gate to the sea, there will be not enough people
to sustain the activity throughout the week and the seasons. The
street, and the whole district would benefit from more local
workplaces.
1
There are many residuaI or otherwise
inefficient spaces that couId contribute to
the idea of a vitaI street.
The street needs more outdoor activities.
Currently there is only one playground that counts as an activity
place that generates longer stays. Appart from that the street is
used mostly for necessity - to get from one place to the other.
There are no public seats and no cafe terraces. To increase
footfall there should be more activity places for the general
public and for specific users.
The current condition of the street is poor
(street cover, many minor pedestrian
inconveniences)
Most of aII the South end of the street
needs attractivity repairs, the beginning of
the street is not invitive.
2
3
4
5
6
PROPOSAL 99 CASE STUDY 3
a scbemati c
Proposal
PHJA-PUI ESTEE
KOTZEBUE
N
I I N
E
T

STUSE
S
O
O
J
A
H
U
K

I
E
K

T
I
V

I
K
E
-
P
A
T
A
R
E
I
S
U
U
R
-
P
A
T
A
R
E
I
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A
L
A
R
A
N
N
A
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O
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Z
E
B
U
E
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O
O
Road bumpers and different street
cover at the crossing (1)
ImpIement shared space concept 1
Vana-Kalamaja street converted to shared space street in full
lenght. For safety precautions the main traffic junctions at Soo,
Niine and Kotzebue crossing will be provided with vehicle
traffic bumpers to slow down at the crossing. The street cover
at these crossings should be different from the rest of the
street (e.g. alarming colour) to make everyone more alert and
consider others in traffic flow. The street is arranged on one
level for everyone, cars, bikes and pedestrians. Traffic signs
are removed and speed limit is set to 20 km/h. Loosing the
segregation of pedestrian and traffic zones saves space and
allows carefully chosen parking places on street.
New street concept
Vana-Kalamaja street has historically been an active street
connecting the medieval town and the sea. Today the attractive
seaside functions and the human scale district with a valuable
milieu favor a pedestrian friendly street. The new street
concept regards both local residents and distant visitors,
among them tourists who currently visit the area seldom.
An active pedestrian street could be presented as a gateway
to the sea, increased pedestrian footfall envisions new
possibilities for businesses located on the street.
For the local community the street could play a role of the
main street, a street of many in- and outdoor activities.
Playgrounds, green areas, cafes, streetart, a square for
community meetings and festivals. To animate the street
the number of extraversive indoor functions and local
offices should be raised and street design made more
attractive.
The development plan calls all major actors to participate
in the specific design idea: the community, other local
residents and workers, land owners and the municipality.
Shared space street (1)
A pubIic square 9
Create a public square at the corner of Kotzebue st.
New parking management
New park with attractions
for different user groups
Public square - a meeting place
Multi-event space (festivals, markets etc.)
Container vegetation and seats
Community shared car parking
Seats in front of the sauna
Public seats, cafe terracces
on the street. See nr. 4
Phase 1 - temporary seats and specific user
group activity place (e.g health sports field)
Phase 2 - see nr. 2
Aesthetic improvements 6
Tend the overgrown trees on the corner of Kotzebue street
(the school), by the Soo st. shop and by the sea to clear
views. At the South end of the street transform the unaesthetic
fences. Provide more trash bins.
Increasing the active hours of the street 2
To sustain public activity the street needs more extraversive
indoor (+outdoor) functions: cafes, restaurants, small shops
etc. All approved master plans should be checked and the
percentage of allowed business function increased. With only
a few offices or other working places the daytime activity is
poor, the proportion of offices should be raised.
Improved attractivity 7
n addition to all other points: 1.organise (community) street
artists to paint the blank walls of the area. Some old buildings
have blank plastered side walls (fire precaution) that could be
painted by artists. 2. temporary use could implement
installations e.g blank side walls provided with public stairs to
observe the hidden places. 3. Bar-code tiles on building
facades to be read with smart-phones. Collect and present
stories of the place.
DeveIopment phases - temporary uses 5
t takes time till the empty lots on the street get built. Organise
temporary activities (community) in exchange for the land
maintenance. Depending on the location and time it is suitable
to create: 1. allotments 2. snow gardens 3. dog-walking areas
4. growing a wild garden etc.
A new park for different users 10
New park by the Kalma sauna (different user groups).
PubIic seats on the street 8
Find suitable locations for public seats e.g in front of the old
sauna, the Kotzebue square, Tstuse/ V-K corner etc.
Community run shared car program 11
To promote sustainable ideas, organise a shared car parking
at the Kotzebue public square.
Community run investor management 4
To create suitable and desired functions (businesses) the
community could start an investor programme: 1. find a place
and and idea (cafe) 2. discuss with the owner 3. find a suitable
operator to run it. E.g at the South of the street there is a low
value garage on a high-value land.
Presenting/ marketing the street 3
To attract more users to use Vana-Kalamaja street, the idea of
the access street should be presented by the seaside
museums and all other public businesses (press release for
relevant parties e.g tourism office).
Road bumpers and different street
cover at the crossing (1)
Overgrown trees cut, views cleared
New stair and ramp for cyclists and
pedestrians. Signs of seaside
attractions.
Temporary uses
New cafe (4). Transformed fences. Street art
on building sides and solid fences.
Phase 1 - temporary use (e.g dog-
walking area). Phase 2 - see nr. 2
Overgrown trees cut, views cleared (6)
Public seats / a meeting place
Overgrown trees cut,
views cleared
Phase 1 - Temporary garden by Niine 11
creative cluster. Phase 2 - see nr. 2
New walking path to the sea

I02 PROJECT PROCESS ENDNOTES

ENDNOTES PROJECT PROCESS I03
Pro|ect process
1he process of the project is described in the
Methodology part |p13, the following is series of
sketces illustrating how the proposed model of urban
public space and a table of questions was conceived .
I04 PROJECT PROCESS ENDNOTES
Jan GehI cI assi fi es users as foI I ows:
Everyday users. Peopl e who l i ve and work i n t he area.
Vi si t ors and cust omers. Peopl e who vi si t t he area f rom beyond.
Passer sby. Peopl e passi ng t hrough t he area, goi ng or comi ng f rom ot her pl aces.
Recreat i onal vi si t ors. Those who vi si t t he park because of i t s beaut y or t o use t he space f or recreat i on.
Vi si tors to events. Peopl e who come f or speci al programs
Met hod of anaI yse:
1. Mappi ng of t he known f ut ure devel opment s
2. Mappi ng unused areas as pot ent i al s
3. Assessment of t he current val ues
- random users (st reet survey)
- l ocal s (di rect ed survey)
- muni ci pal i ty (di rect ed survey)
- l and owners (di rect ed survey)
4. Publ i c forum for al l i nterested parti ci pants
5. Concl usi on of t he mappi ngs, assessment and f or um
ATTRACTI VI TY
-
-
-
-
pedest ri ans
cycl i sts
publ i c t ransport
cars
t o busi neesses
t o publ i c servi ces
to acti ve recreati on
t o passi ve recreat i on
busi ness
publ i c servi ces
recreat i on
act i ve passi ve
QUALI TY OF OPEN-SPACES
parks
event -spaces
st reet s
green spot s
AMENI TI ES
l awn
t rees
veget at i on
cl ean ai r
cl eanl i ness
t rash bi ns
STREETSCAPE
pedest ri ans
cycl i sts
publ i c t ransport
cars
PARKS
-
-
-
-
EVENT-SPACES
-
-
-
-
sport s
cul tural
soci al
pl aygrounds?
caf es
rest aurant s
cl ubs
servi ces
shops
quaI i ty
accessi bi I i ty
attractivity
safety
quaI i ty
accessi bi I i ty
attractivity
safety
1
Tbe model of UPS i n progress
FUNCTI ONS
ACCESSI BI LI TY
ENDNOTES PROJECT PROCESS I05
2
Tbe model of UPS i n progress
WHAT MAKES
A GOOD
URBAN PS?
NUMBER OF USERS I N THE AREA
USER-FRI ENDLYNESS OF THE AREA
ACTI VI TI ES I N THE AREA
A GOOD PROPORTI ON
OF USERS AND THE
AREA CREATE SOCI AL
CONTACTS - PLEASI NG
DEMAND FOR
LI VI NG
BUSI NESS
PUBLI C SERVCI CES (SCHOOL, POST,
PHONE...)
RECREATI ON
D VERS TY
ATTRACTS MORE
PEOPLE
DEMAND FOR
CREATES MORE ACT V T ES
ATTRACTS
ATTRACTS
MEASURE AVG USERS PER
AREA? WHATS A GOOD
RAT O?
MEASURE
D VERS TY?
HOW
MEASURE QUAL TY?
HOW
WHAT MAKES URBAN PUBL C SPACE A GOOD ONE ?
1. A PRECOND T ON OF QUAL TY URBAN PUBL C SPACE S
T`S SUBJECT - THE PUBL C - THE PEOPLE
2. THE QUAL TY OF THE SPACE AND TS NGRED ENTS
3. THE D VERS TY OF FUNCT ONS
I06 PROJECT PROCESS ENDNOTES
3
Tbe model of UPS i n progress
di stri buti on
accessi bi l i ty
EVENT-SPACES PASSERBY SPACES
sport s
cul tural
soci al
st reet s
bui l di ngs
undef i ned spot s
di versi ty
di stri buti on
accesi bi l i ty
caf es
rest aurant s
cl ubs
servi ces l i ke hai r dresser
shops
et c.
qual i ty
accessi bi l i ty
attracti vi ty
saf et y
qual i ty
accessi bi l i ty
attracti vi ty
saf et y
LI VI NG
ACTI VI TI ES I N THE AREA
BUSI NESS PUBLI C SERVCI CES RECREATI ON
Q
U
A
L

T
Y
Q
U
A
L

T
Y
ACTI VE PASSI VE
Q
U
A
L

T
Y
Q
U
A
L

T
Y
PUBL C TRANSPORT
SCHOOLS
K NDERGARTENS
POST OFF CE
ETC.
PARKS
SQUARES
GROUP
OR ENTED
AVT V T ES
SKATERS
K DS
PLAYGROUNDS
P NG PONG
RUNN NG
OTHER SPORT
GAMES
?
USER-FRI ENDLYNESS
OF OPEN SPACES
STREETSCAPE EVENT-SPACES
PASSERBY-
SPACES
ATTRACTI VI TY ACCESSI BI LI TY
AESTHETI C/ SOFT
AMENI TI ES
l own
t rees
veget at i on
cl ean ai r
cl eani ness
t rash bi ns
vi sual i nfo
MEDI A / VI RTUAL PUBLI C SPACE?
RELATI ON?
soci al acti vi ti es opti onal acti vi ti es necessary act i vi t i es
Gehl - N BETWEEN
BU LD NGS
ENDNOTES PROJECT PROCESS I07
4
Tbe model of UPS i n progress
sport s
cul tural
soci al
st reet s
parks
bui l di ngs
undef i ned spot s
CAFES
RESTAURANTS
CLUBS
D FF. SERV CES (HA R
DRESSER)
SHOPS
C NEMA
ETC.
L V NG?
ACTI VI TI ES
BUS NESS PUBL C SERVC CES RECREAT ON
ACT VE PASS VE
PARKS
SQUARES
GROUP ORENTED
AVTVTES
SKATERS
KDS PLAYGROUNDS
PNG PONG
RUNNNG
OTHER SPORT GAMES
USER-FRI ENDLYNESS / QUALI TY
OF OPEN SPACES
STREETSCAPE EVENT-SPACES PASSERBY-SPACES ATTRACT V TY ACCESS B L TY AESTHET C/ SOFT
AMEN T ES
THEATER
MUS C FEST
OPEN-SPACES
STREETSCAPE
SQUARES
GROUP OR ENTED
AVT V T ES
publ i c t ransport
SCHOOLS
K NDERGARTENS
L BRARY
C TY HALL
OTHER PUBL C SERV CES
(POST ETC)
necessary act opt i onal act
CONNECTONS (STREETS,
PATHS)
PUBLC TRANSPORT
sport s
cul tural
soci al
ACT VE PASS VE
st reet s
parks
bui l di ngs
undef i ned spot s
STREETSCAPE
SQUARES
GROUP OR ENTED
AVT V T ES
di versi ty
di stri buti on
connect i ons
di versi ty
di stri buti on
DEM
ANDS
QUALI TI ES USERS
FUNCTI ONS
ATTRACTS
D
E
M
A
N
D
S
A
T
T
R
A
C
T
S
DEM
ANDS
A
T
T
R
A
C
T
S
DENS TY AND FREQUENCY
PLAY A MAJOR ROLE N THE
USE OF AN AREA,
DETERM N NG THE V TAL TY
OF UPS. V TAL TY OF A PLACE
S A PREM SE OF ALL ASPECTS
OF UPS.
A COMMON
CHARACHTER FOR
ALL GREAT URBAN
PUBL C SPACES S A
R CH, M XED-USE
ENV RONMENT THAT
KEEPS A PLACE
V BRANT
THROUGHOUT DAYS
AND SEASONS
A PLACE S USED
MORE FREQUENTLY
WHEN TS
ENV ROMENT
OFFERS A SENSE OF
QUAL TY:
T HAS CHARACTER,
T S N HUMAN
SCALE, T S
NCLUS CE, SAFE
AND PLEAS NG
WHAT MAKES A GOOD
URBAN PUBL C
SPACE
I08 PROJECT PROCESS ENDNOTES
5
Tbe model of UPS i n progress
Characteri sti cs of great UPS. Gui deI i nes
Ameri can Pl anni ng Associ at i on
(http://www.pl anni ng.org/great pl aces/spaces/
charact eri st i cs.ht m), accessed 20.02.2013
Descri pti on of the PubI i c Space
t i s i mportant to i denti fy the geographi c, demogr aphi c, and
soci al charact eri st i cs of t he publ i c space. Tel l us about i ts
l ocati on (i.e. urban, subur ban, rural , et c.), l ayout and
connect i vi t y; economi c, soci al , and ethni c di versi ty; and
functi onal i ty. We al so want t o know whet her a pl an or speci f i c
pl anni ng effort s cont ri but ed t o or sust ai ned t he charact er of t he
publ i c space, or i f t he space f ormed more organi cal l y and not
t hrough a f ormal pl anni ng process.
PubI i c Space Feat ures and EI ement s
How does t he publ i c space ...
Capi t al i ze on bui l di ng desi gn, scal e, archi t ect ure, and
proporti onal i ty to create i nteresti ng vi sual experi ences, vi st as, or
other qual i ti es?
Accommodat e mul t i pl e uses?
Accommodat e mul t i pl e users? t i s accessi bl e vi a wal ki ng,
bi ki ng, or publ i c transi t?
Use, prot ect , and enhance t he envi ronment and nat ural
f eat ures?
PubI i c Space Acti vi ti es and Soci abi I i ty
How does t he publ i c space...
Ref l ect t he communi t y's l ocal charact er and personal i t y?
Fost er soci al i nt eract i on and creat e a sense of communi t y and
nei ghborl i ness?
Provi de a sense of comf ort or saf et y t o peopl e gat heri ng and
usi ng t he space?
Encourage use and i nt eract i on among a di verse cross sect i on of
t he publ i c?
Characteri sti cs and Gui deI i nes for Desi gnati on
A publ i c space may be a gat heri ng spot or part of a
nei ghborhood, downt own, speci al di stri ct, wat erf ront , or ot her
area wi t hi n t he publ i c real m t hat hel ps promot e soci al i nt eract i on
and a sense of communi t y. Exampl es i ncl ude spaces such as
pl azas, t own squares, parks, market pl aces, publ i c commons
and mal l s, publ i c greens, pi ers, speci al areas wi t hi n convent i on
cent ers or grounds, si tes wi thi n publ i c bui l di ngs, l obbi es,
concour ses, or publ i c spaces wi thi n pri vate bui l di ngs. As wi th al l
cat egori es of Great Pl aces, i t i s i mportant to i denti fy what sets a
space apart f rom ot hers spaces t o qual i f y i t f or a Great Spaces
desi gnat i on. Publ i c Spaces must be at l east 10 years ol d.
Characteri sti cs of a Great PubI i c Space i ncI ude:
Promot es human cont act and soci al act i vi t i es.
s safe, wel comi ng, and accommodat i ng f or al l users.
Has desi gn and archi t ect ural f eat ures t hat are vi sual l y
i nteresti ng.
Promot es communi t y i nvol vement .
Refl ects the l ocal cul ture or hi story.
Rel at es wel l t o borderi ng uses.
s wel l mai nt ai ned.
Has a uni que or speci al charact er.
consi ueieu iefeiences foi the questi ons
Descri pti on of the PubI i c Space
Where i s t he space l ocat ed, and what i s i ts setti ng? (Downt own,
nei ghborhood, wat erf ront , ci ty center, busi ness or ent ert ai nment
di stri cts, hi stori c area, parks, et c.)
What rol e, i f any, di d pl ans and pl anni ng cont ri but e t o t he
creat i on of t he space? s t here speci al zoni ng or ordi nances t hat
al l owed f or t he creat i on of t he space?
How l arge i s t he area?
When was t he space creat ed?
Gui deI i nes for Great PubI i c Spaces
1.0 Feat ures and EI ement s (not aI I may appI y)
1.1 What l andscape and hardscape f eat ures are present ?
How do t hey cont ri but e t o t he uni que or speci al nat ure of t he
space?
1.2 How does t he space accommodat e pedest ri ans or ot hers
whose access t o t he space i s by t ransi t , bi cycl es, or ot her
means? s t he space wel comi ng t o t hose wi t h physi cal
di sabi l i ti es or others wi th speci al needs?
1.3 Does t he space accommodat e mul t i pl e act i vi t i es?
1.4 What purpose does i t serve f or t he surroundi ng
communi t y?
1.5 How does t he space ut i l i ze exi st i ng t opography, vi st as, or
geogr aphy? Does i t provi de i nt erest i ng vi sual experi ences,
vi st as, or other qual i ti es?
1.6 How are mural s or ot her publ i c art i ncorporat ed i nt o t he
space?
2.0 Acti vi ti es and Soci abi I i ty
2.1 What act i vi t i es make t he space at t ract i ve t o peopl e and
encourage soci al i nt eract i on? (Commer ce, ent ert ai nment or
per f or mances, recreat i onal or sport i ng, cul tural , market s or
vendi ng, exhi bi ts, fai rs, festi val s, speci al event s, et c.)
2.2 Does t he space provi de a sense of comf ort and saf et y t o
peopl e gat heri ng and usi ng t he space? Does t he space provi de
a f ri endl y and wel comi ng at mosphere?
2.3 How do peopl e i nt eract wi t h one anot her? Does t he space
encourage communi cat i on or i nt eract i on bet ween st rangers?
2.4 How does t hi s pl ace encourage use by a di verse cross
secti on of the publ i c?
3.0 Uni que Qual i t i es, Trai ts, and Charact eri st i cs
3.1 What makes t hi s publ i c space st and out ? What makes i t
ext raordi nary or memorabl e?
3.2 s there vari ety, a sense of whi msy, or an at mosphere of
di scovery or pl easant surpri se?
3.3 s t here commi t ment t o mai nt ai n t he space and t o keep i t
a usabl e space over t i me? Does t he publ i c have a sense of
ownershi p about t he space? How has i t changed over t i me?
3.4 s t here a sense of i mport ance about t he space? What
characteri sti cs or qual i ti es contri bute to thi s?
3.5 What i s t he hi st ory of t he space, and how i s i t
remembered or passed on f rom one generat i on t o t he next ?
3.6 Does t he space serve as a pl ace of i nspi rat i on or
cont empl at i on, or i s i t consi dered sacred?
3.7 What i s i t about t he space t hat cont ri but es t o a sense of
communi t y?
3.8 What makes t hi s space speci al and wort hy of desi gnat i on
as a Great Space?
ENDNOTES PROJECT PROCESS I09
5
Tbe model of UPS i n progress
consi ueieu iefeiences
Soci abi l i ty
Uses &
Acti vi ti es
Comf ort &
mage
Access &
Li nkage
di verse
st ewardshi p
cooperat i ve
nei ghborl y
pri de
fri endl y
i nteracti ve
wel comi ng
number of women, chi l dren and el derl y
soci al net works
vol unt eeri sm
eveni ng use
street l i fe
l ocal busi ness ownershi p
l and-use pat t erns
propert y val ues
rent l evel s
retai l sal es
traffi c data
mode spl i t s
t ransi t usage
pedestri an acti vi ty
parki ng usage pat t erns
cri me stati sti cs
sani tati on rati ng
bui l di ng condi t i ons
envi ronment al dat a
Pl ace
f un
act i ve
vi tal
speci al
real
usef ul
i ndi genous
cel ebrat ory
saf e
cl ean
green
si ttabl e
spi ri tual
char mi ng
attracti ve
hi stori c
conti nui ty
proxi mi t y
connect ed
readabl e
wal kabl e
conveni ent
accessi bl e
MEASUREMENTS / I NTANGI BLES / KEY ATTRI BUTES
A neighbourhood vision document by the Uue Maailma
community (Tallinn, 2012)
A di agram by PPS - Proj ect f or Publ i c Space
(www.pps.org)

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Auftraggeber: Gemeinde Bohmte. Osnabruck