Grattet, R. (2010, July 19). Hate Crimes: Better Data or Increasing Frequency?

Retrieved
October 9,2014, from
http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2000/HateCrimesBetterDataorIncreasingFrequency.
aspx

The author of this article is a sociology professor of the University of California. In this
article he mentions how hate crimes have been increasing from time to time. Since 1985,
when an official definition for hate crime was released, hate crimes have been increasing in
large quantities. Where hate crimes are more frequent is in California, because there is more
diversity of ethnicities. In 1999 a Hate Crime Prevention Act was created to protect
the human rights of everyone. According to the federal Bureau of Justice Statistics, a majority
of local agencies in California have implemented general policy orders regarding hate crime
that establish internal departmental routines for handling cases. This will help frontline law
enforcement officers understand the definition of hate crime, typical sources of evidence, and
how to deal with them. Hate crimes have been increasing and have been occurring in all of
the US. This article helps support the research on how frequent hate crimes are throughout
the country and how has the law have been helping to prevent them.

Berneking, A. (n.d.). Background on Hate Crimes. Retrieved October 9, 2014, from
https://www.dosomething.org/tipsandtools/background-hate-crimes

Aaron Berneking, current Campaign Associate for Physical and Mental Health in the
organization Do Something, talks about the psychological effect behind a person who
commits a hate crime. In his research he found some studies that say that people who commit
a hate crime intend to intimidate the victim or the community. The same studies say that
the victim of a hate crime suffers from more psychological distress than victims of another
violent crime. What makes a person commit a hate crime is their absence of acceptance of
other people and other races. His studies showed that people often marginalize other because
of their religion, color, race, sexual orientation or ideals. He mentions some examples of hate
crimes such as the Nazi movement in Germany, where people dehumanized others making
them feel less. It also states that some hate crimes change the way the public view a certain
group, for example people who immigrate to another country people often see immigrants
now as invaders who infect the communities with corruption and disease. There are many
psychological effects on the people who commit hate crimes, but committing these crimes
damages people and the community; these articles explains in a detailed way how are the
victims and the community affected by these people with psychological problems.

Deangelis, T. (2001, November 1). Understanding and preventing hate crimes. Retrieved
October 8, 2014, from http://www.apa.org/monitor/nov01/hatecrimes.aspx
The writer Tori Deangelis talks about how the University of California is conducting a study
on examining from a clinical and forensic perspective what drives hate-crime perpetrators.
What the studies showed is that those who commit hate crimes are not mentally ill in a
traditional way, what they do is share a high level of aggression and antisocial behavior.
Some of the perpetrators they studied shared their childhood stories where it shows high
levels of parental abuse and use of violence in their homes. This people didnt receive proper
education either and where mostly treated with violence their whole life, either bullied by
classmates or physically and verbally abused in their homes When they were asked about the
person or group they felt attacked by, they would usually say an erroneous statement about
the person or group but is an idea they actually believed it was true. The conclusion they got
is that the less you know about a group, the stronger the effect will be, this means that when
people dont know much about a group, they are more likely attribute to them an erroneous
idea that defines the whole culture or group. This article can explain why people act violently
against others and the psychological explanation for the phenomenon.

Sewell, A. (2013, October 2). L.A. County sees drop in number of hate crimes but a rise in
violence. Los Angeles Times
.
The reporter Abby Sewell made a study about the number of hate crimes in Los Angeles, and
found out that hate crimes in Los Angeles County had drop but violence has increased. Hate
Crimes in Los Angeles County hit their second-lowest point in 23 years in 2012, but violent
attacks based on race and sexual orientation rose from 2011. The reporter said that there
were462hate crimes reported in the county in 2012 which was a decrease of 6% from 2011.
One third of the reported hate crimes involve vandalism, for example there were many
churches vandalized with graffiti. Although vandalism and simple assault decreased, the
number of aggravated assaults increased from 63 in 2011 to 88 in 2012. There has also being
an increase in number of hate crimes against African Americans and Latinos. There has been
an increase in hate crimes but not in jails, so that is alarming because the victims of this
crimes have not been reporting the crimes or the police are not paying much attention to
the acts and this articles helps emphasize the increasing in violence in these crimes and the
attention it is getting and explains the reasons of why the victims dont report the crimes
committed.

Perry, B. (2001). In The Name of Hate: Understanding Hate Crimes. Routledge.
The author of this book emphasizes on understanding what a hate crime is and what
motivates someone to commit one. The author mentions a study that was conducted by the
scientist Daniel Goleman in New York, focusing on who commits such crimes, what
motivates them, and exactly why people who would not commit violent crimes on their own
act so freely in groups. The finding of this experiment were, that hate crimes are more lethal
than other kinds of assaults, mostly resulting in the hospitalization of their victims four times
more often than other assaults. They are crimes of youth, meaning that most of those who
commit these attacks are people on their teens or 20s.
Most of the hate crimes are committed by people in groups of four or more, and mostly
depending on the number of people on the group, the more vicious the crime. And lastly, that
they reflect the emotions that one has for their own group, meaning that people who suffered
emotional neglect as children act violent toward others.


Hoening, C. (2013, January 1). The New Motivation for Hate Crimes.
DiversityInc. RetrievedOctober 9, 2014, from http://www.diversityinc.com/news/new-
motivation-hate-crimes/

The author explains that there are many reasons why a hate crime can be committed.
According to an analysis of data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 51 percent of
the nonfatal violent hate crimes in 2012, the victims reported ethnicity as the cause. Race was
the second most common cause, motivating 46 percent of hate crimes. Most recently, studies
showed sexual orientation as the third most common motivation behind these violent acts.
The most common offenders were men, 61 percent, who were over 30, 41 percent, and who
acted alone, 64 percent. In 34 percent of the crimes, the offender were white, in 32 percent
were African American, while a slight majority, 53 percent, had an intimate or casual
relationship with the victim. The article helps explain that not all hate crimes are committed
by strangers but mostly hate crimes are committed by people the victim knew, and show who
are the most affected by this crimes.


Perez, R. (2010, January 7). Where do hate crimes occur in the US? Retrieved October 10,
2014,from http://www.tableausoftware.com/public/blog/2010/01/hatecrimes

The author of this article retrieved data that was released by the FBI, and according to the
FBI the highest percentage of reported hate crimes, which is 29 percent, occurred on or near
residential properties. The FBI also reports that some hate crimes committed took place on
highways, roads and mostly alleys. Another 10% of those crimes took place at schools and
colleges. The FBI also released data that included the offenses per capita in different states,
which included that there were 4,502 offenses per 100,000 in South Dakota; this data was
released in 2006. Simple assault is relatively more common in South Dakota, Nebraska,
Kansas, Maine and Vermont. The seriousness of the crimes depends in every state, most of
the crimes that are more frequently reported are the less harshly punished violent crimes such
as vandalism or destruction of property, but it may vary from state to state. This data helps
explain where most of hate crimes occur and what are the crimes committed.