2

2.1

:
:

1
12
2
9

2
34
23
2

3
56
1
3

4
33
0
23

(1
, -1 ) :

0
1
1
1

1
0
1
-1

1
1
0
-1

1
-1
-1
0

() m n n m
( ) m n .
: 3 4 2 2 .

2
1 1 0
3 4 1 19 ,

2 0 25 1

2 3
2 9

( m1 ) ( 1 n ),
- ( ) ( ) . 11
.
:
1
1 ,

0 9 1 ,

A aij i j
mn
aij ij - .
.

.
m n , n .
n
aii 1 i n .

.
( ) .

A B aij bij 1 i m, 1 j n
:
.

2
1 1 0
3 4 1 19 ,

2 0 25 1

1 1 0
3 4 1

2 0 25

1 1 0
A 3 4 1 ,
2 0 2

1 1 0
B= 3 4 1
2 0 25

Omn .
D
(diagonal).
U
- (upper triangular).
L
- (lower triangular).
u 1 1 u2 2
0 u
2 2

.
0

.
U .
.
.

.
0
0
0

u 1 n 1

u 2 n 1

.
.

.
.

0 un 1 n 1

u1 n
u2 n
.

. ,
.

un 1 n
un n

U uij 0 i j

0
l1 1
l
l2 2
21
.
.

.
L .
.
.

l n 1 1 l n 1 2

ln 2
l n 1

.
.

.
.

ln 1 n 1

l n n 1

0
0
.

.
.

0
ln n

L lij 0 i j

I n 1,
.
d 1 1
0

D .
.

0
0

d2 2

0
0
.

. ,
.

0
d n n

0 d n 1 n 1

1 0 . . .
0 1 . . .

. . .

I . . . .
. .
. .

0 0 . . .
0 0 . . .

I : I ii

U dij 0 i j

0 0
0 0
.

.
.

1 0
0 1
1

,
, (banded).

(tridiagonal).
a1 1
a
21
0

T .
.

0
0

a1 2

a2 2

a2

a3

a3 3

a3 4

a n 1

n2

an 1 n 1
an

n 1

0
0
.

.
0

a n 1 n
an n

A T (transpose)
.
A
A AT A T , A .
Z
Z zij . Z

.

Z * Z . Z Z *

2
1 3
T
2
1 1 0
T
1 4 0
3 4 1 19
, 2 3 2 2
3 9

0 1 25 2 9

2 0 25 1

2
19

1
1 1 1 ,

T

1
0
T
1 0 9 1 ,
9

1

3i 1 i
2
1 i
2 2 5i 3i 2 5i

2.2

( )

.
kA kaij

.
( )
( ) .

C A B cij aij bij 1 i m, 1 j n

A B A ( B)
(
) :

A B B A ( )

( A B) C A ( B C ) ()

A O A ( )

A ( A) O

(k l ) A kA lA

k ( A B) kA kB

k (lA) (kl ) A

1A A

lA O l 0 A O

( .)
:

0
1 1 0 3 3

3 3 4 1 9 12 3
2 0 25 6 0 75

1 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 0
3 4 1 0 1 0 3 3 1

2 0 25 0 0 1 2 0 24
,
:

x ax
1 2

a y ay .. 2 0 0
z az
2 4
( ) .
, :

x1 x2 x1 x2
y y y y ..
1 2 1 2
z1 z2 z1 z2

2 1 3
4 6 2

2 7 5

- ( ) 1 n () n1 :

a11

a12 ... a1,n 1

b11
b
21
n

a11b11 a12b21 ... a1,n 1bn 1,1 a1, nbn,1 a1i bi1
a1,n

i 1

bn 1,1
bn,1

.

.
:

3
9
1 0 9 1. 3 1 0 9 9 (1) (1) 2 3 0 9 2 8
1

2

][

[ ]

m n - () n1
- () i -
i - .

a11

am1

a1i bi1
i 1

b
a
b

...

a
b
11 11 11
n

1, n n ,1
b a b ... a b
a2i bi1
amn 21 21 11
2, n n ,1
i 1

amn bn 1,1 am 1,1b11 ... am 1,nbn ,1

an 1,i bi1
bn ,1 am1b11 ... amnbn ,1

i 1

an ,i bi1

i 1

3
1 0 9 1 1 3 0 9 9 (1) (1) 2 8
1 0 2 9 . 9 1 3 0 9 2 (1) 9 2 13

1

23 4 5 0 2 23 3 4 9 5 (1) 0 2 38

m n n k m k

( i, j )- i -
j - .
n

C AB [cij ] aipbpj
p 1

.
:

1
1 x
1 3 2
A
, B
, C 2 , x .

0 2
0 0 3
4
, ,
AAT , CB, BC, B2, A B .

1 x 1 3 2 11 x 0 1 3 x 0 2 1 3 x 1 3 2 3x
AB

6
0 2 0 0 3 0 1 2 0 3 1 2 0 2 0 2 3 0 0
1 x 1 0 11 x x 1 0 x 2 1 x 2
AAT

0 2 x 2 1 0 x 2 0 0 2 2 2 x

2x
,
4

1
1 3 2 1 1 3 2 2 4 3
BC
.
2
0 0 3 1 0 2 0 3 4 12
4
. ,

BA . + ,

(
) :

( AB)C A( BC ) ()

A( B C ) AB AC ( )

( B C ) A BA CA ( )

AO O OA O

AI A IA A IA AI A

k ( AB) (kA) B A(kB)

, ,
AB BA .
1 2 1 0 3 2 1 2 1 0 1 2
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 1

- Ak A

A . A0 I .

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 2
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

-
-
.
210
2 0 0
0 3 0 0

0
0 0 1

10

0
10

0
(1)10

( A B)T AT BT

(kA)T kAT

( AB)T BT AT

T T

(trace)
:
n

tr ( A) a11 a22 ... ann aii

i 1

tr A B tr ( A) tr ( B)

tr AB tr ( BA)

tr kA k tr ( A)

tr AT tr ( A)

12 34 56 33
2 23 1 0

9 2 3 23

1
12 34 56 33 135
2 23 1 0 1 26

1
9 2 3 23 37
1

12 34 56 33
2 23 1 0

9 2 3 23

12 2 9
23
1
1

1 34 23 2 1 59
56 1 3 60
1
1
33
0
23

56

10 3 2

12 34 56 33
2 23 1 0

9 2 3 23

12 2 9
144
10
10

3 34 23 2 3 413
56 1 3 569
2
2

33 0 23
376

144
413

569

376

1
1
1

144 413 569 376 1 [1502]

1
1

1
1

:

4

3
2

6
5

0
1

0
A
0
1

1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1

0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0

i j
1
aij
i j
0

() i j 2
( ) :
ai1a1 j ai 2 a2 j ai 6 a6 j

( 1 2 6).

(i,j) A2 . ,
i j 3
( ) (i,j) A3
....

1 0 1
A 0 1 1
0 1 1

1
3

1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 2
A 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 2
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 2
2

1
2 (132), 1
3
(113,133) 2 2
(232,222).
:

1 1 2 1 0 1 1 3 4
A 0 2 2 0 1 1 0 4 4
0 2 2 0 1 1 0 4 4
3

2.3

A (non singular)
A -1

A A-1 A-1 A I .
A -1 (inverse) A .
(singular) .
:

3 2
A
,
1 1
x y
B
AB BA I .
z w
3 2 x y 1 0
AB I

1 1 z w 0 1
3x 2 z 1

3x 2 z 3 y 2w 1 0 3 y 2w 0

y w 0 1 x z 0
xz
y w 1.
x 1, y 2, z 1, w 3.
,

10

1 2
. B
AB BA I .
1 3
.
2 2
x y
, A
. B

.
1 1
z w

2 x 2 z 2 y 2 w 1 0
AB I

y w 0 1
xz
2 x 2 z 1
2 y 2w 0

x z 0
y w 1.

,
1 = 0. B AB I .
.

A A-1 A-1 A I .
A A-1 , A-1 A , .

14
1 2 1
A 1 1 2 A1 34
14
2 1 1

14
14
43

43
1
4
14

1 2 1 14
AA1 1 1 2 34
2 1 1 14

14
14
43

43 14 64 14
1 3 2
1
4 4 4 4
14 42 43 14

14 42 14
14 14 46
2
4

14 43

43 42 14 1 0 0
43 14 42 0 1 0 .
6
1
1
0 0 1
4 4 4

.
1
2
1
2 0 0

0 3 0 0

0 0 1

1
0

0 1

..

11

1 2 1 2 1 0
2
-1
0 1 0 1 0 1 ( A I A )

( ):

( AB)1 B 1 A1 (
)

(1 )1

(T )1 (1 )T

(k )1 (1 )k

2.4

A | I
.
A | I K | B
K I , A1 B.
K I , .

1 0
A 2 1
4 1

1 0 2 1 0 0
1 0

A | I 2 1 3 0 1 0 2 2 21 0 1
4 1 8 0 0 1
4 1

1
0

0
1
0

0
1
0

1 1 2
1

0 1 6
0 0 11
1 0

0 1

0 0
1

1 0 2 3 0
0
0 1
0 0
1

0 1 3 3 0
0
1 1
2 2
0 1 .
1 1

0
1
1
0
1
0

2
3 .
8

0 0
1 2 1 0 3 3 41
8 0 0 1
2 1 0 0
0 4 0 1 3 3 2
1 2 1 0
2 1 0 0
0 4 0 1 1 1 2 3
1 6 1 1
2

12

,
11 2 2
1
A 4 0 1 .
6 1 1

1 2 0
, A 2 4 0 .
0 0 1

1 2 0 1 0 0
1 2 0 1 0 0

A | I 2 4 0 0 1 0 2 2 21 0 0 0 -2 1 0 2 3
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
1
0

0 0
0 1 0 0 1 .
0 0 2 1 0

1 2 0
0 0 1 .
0 0 0
2 0

2.5

n n A x b .
A ,
x A1b

A x 0 x 0 .

A x b b.

( ).

: :
2u v w 5

2 1 1 u 5
u 2 1 1 5

4u 6v 2
4 6 0 v 2 v 4 6 0 2
2u 7v 2w 9

2 7 2 w 9
w 2 7 2 9

2 1 1 1 0 0
2 1 1 1 0 0

2 2 21

A | I 4 6 0 0 1 0
3 3 1 0 8 2 2 1 0
2 7 2 0 0 1
0 8
3 1 0 1

13

2 1 1 1 0 0
2 1 1 1 0 0

2 2 23

0 8 2 2 1 0
0 8 0 4 3 2
0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1
3 3 2

2 1 0 2 1 1
2 1 0 2
1
1
1

2 8 2

0 8 0 4 3 2 0 1 0 1/ 2 3 / 8 1/ 4
0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1
1
1
1 1 3

2 0 0 3 / 2 5 / 8 3 / 4
1 0 0 3 / 4 5 /16 3 / 8
1

1 2 1

0 1 0 1/ 2 3 / 8 1/ 4
0 1 0 1/ 2 3 / 8 1/ 4
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1
1
1
1
1
1 1 2

u 2 1 1 5 3 / 4 5 /16 3 / 8 5 1
v 4 6 0 2 1/ 2 3 / 8 1/ 4 2 1



1
1 9 2
w 2 7 2 9 1

2.6

.
i i (
i k )

Pi ( )

1
k

k ii -.

1 0 0
0 1 0 3 3x3
0 0 2
-2.
1
1 0 0 2 1 1 2 1
0 1 0 4 6 0 4 6 0

0 0 2 2 7 2 4 14 4

i i j (

j k i )

14

ij ( )

k ij -.

1 0 0
2 1 0 , (2,1) -2,
0 0 1
1 3x3 -2 2.
2
1
1
1 0 0 2 1 1
2 1 1
2 1 0 4 6 0 2 2 4 2 1 6 2 1 0 0 8 2

0 0 1 2 7 2 2
2 7 2
7
2
1 3 0
0 1 0 , (1,2) 3,
0 0 1
2 3x3 3 1.

1 3 0 2 1 1 2 3 4 1 3 (6) 1 3 0 14 17 1
0 1 0 4 6 0 4
6
0 4 6 0

0 0 1 2 7 2 2
7
2 2 7 2
, i j (

i j )
1

Eij

1
0

1
1
1

0
1

ij - ji -.

15

0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0

3
0 0 1 2 1 1 2 7 2
0 1 0 4 6 0 4 6 0

1 0 0 2 7 2 2 1 1

:

2u v w 5
4u 6v 2

2 1 1 u 5

4 6 0 v 2
2u 7v 2w 9

2 7 2 w 9
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 1 u 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 5
0 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 4 6 0 v 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 2

0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 7 2 w 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 9
1 0 0 2 1 1 u 1 0 0 5
2 1 1 u 5

2 1 0 4 6 0 v 2 1 0 2 0 8 2 v 12
1 1 1 2 7 2 w 1 1 1 9
0 0 1 w 2
.

,
:
0
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1/ 2 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1/ 8 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 0

0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1

1 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 1 2 1 1
3 / 4 5 /16 3 / 8
0 1 0 2 1 0 4 6 0 4 6 0 1/ 2 3 / 8 1/ 4

1 0 1 0 0 1 2 7 2 2 7 2
1
1
1

2.7

,
.

c cos
cos sin c s
Q

s sin
sin cos s c
x

y

(0,0) .

16

x '
x c s x cx sy
y ' Q y s c y sx cy

x
y

cos 2
Q
sin
2

2
1

0
x
y

x

y

2
2

2
2
2
2

2 0 1

1 0
cos
2

sin
4

cos

cos 4
Q
sin
4

2
2
2
2

0

1
x ' y
y ' x .

Q Q

4 4

sin

2
2
2
2

2
2

x '

y '

2
2
x
2
2
2
2
x
2
2

2

2
2

2

2 2
2 2

2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2

2 2
2 2

y
.

2 2
2 2

2 2
2 2 0 1

2 2
2 2 1 0

2 2
2 2

Q .
2

17

cos
Q2
sin

sin cos
cos sin

sin

cos
cos 2 sin 2 2 cos sin cos 2

2
2
2 cos sin cos sin sin 2

sin 2
cos 2

Q1 2 Q1 Q2
cos 1
Q1 Q2
sin 1

sin 1 cos 2
cos 1 sin 2

cos 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2

sin 1 cos 2 cos 1 sin 2

sin 2

cos 2

cos 1 sin 2 sin 1 cos 2

sin 1 sin 2 cos 1 cos 2

cos 1 2 sin 1 2

Q1 2
sin

cos

1
2
1
2

:
sin( ) sin( ) cos( ) cos( ) sin( ) cos( ) cos( ) cos( ) sin( ) sin( ) .

,
cos 0 sin 0 1 0
Q Q Q Q0

1
sin 0 cos 0 0 1

cos sin cos sin

Q

.
sin cos sin cos

c 2
P
cs

cs

s2

x

y

(0,0).

18

x
y

x '
x
y ' P y

:
c 2
1

0
cs
0

1
cs
2 .
s

3
s sin
P
3
2

1
c cos ,
3 2
3

1
4

3
2

4
1
1 2 3
3

1
4
4 1 4
P
.
2 3 3 2 3 6
3

4
4
4
1
4
3
4

2c 2 1 2cs
H

2s 2 1
2cs

x

y

.

19

x
y

x '
x
y ' H y

1

0
2c 2 1

2cs

0
1

3 2
3
2

2
1
4
1
2
s sin
H

2
6 2
6
3

1
2 1
2 4
2

2

1

2
H
1
6

1
2
3
2

1
2
3
2

2cs
2s 2 1 .

,
c cos
6
2
6
3

2
1

2

2 3
3
2

2
2

.

1 1 2 3 1

2
2

2
(2c 2 1)2 4 cs
2c 2 1 2cs 2c 2 1 2cs

2
2
2
2
cs
2
s

1
2
cs
2
s

2c 1 2cs 2cs 2s 2 1

2c

1 2cs 2cs 2s 2 1

2
2
2

(2s 1) 4 cs

1 0

0 1
1 c2 s 2 ,1 s 2 c2

(2c2 1)2 4 cs (4c 4 4c 2 1) 4 cs 4c 4 4c 2 (1 s 2 ) 1 4c 4 4c 4 1 1

2

(2s 2 1)2 4 cs (4s 4 4s 2 1) 4 cs 4s 4 4s 2 (1 c 2 ) 1 4s 4 4s 4 1 1

2

2c2 1 2cs 2cs 2s 2 1 4cs c 2 s 2 1 0 .

20

.
.
1 , 2
3 H3 P2 Q1 .
:

H P Q

6 3
4

2
1

2

2 6

2.8

1
2
3
2

1
4
3
4

4
3

2
2
2
2

,
4

2

2

2

2

1
2
3
2

3 2 6

8
2
1 6 3 2

2
8

6 2

6 3 2

6 2

1
2 x
1 0 2
1. A
, B
, C 1 , x .

0 1
0 1 3
3
, ,
(+)C, BC, B2, 5B.

2x 2 2x3
2x3
2 1 x 0 2 0 x 1 2 (2) x 3 2 x 4 3x
AB
.

3
0 1 1 0 0 1 11 0 (2) 1 3 0 1

,
.
+ , ,
(+)C.
C 2x1 ,

1
1 0 2 11 0 1 2 3 5
BC
1
.
0 1 3 0 1 11 3 3 10
3
2 , .

21

2x3
1 0 2 5 1 5 0 5 (2) 5 0 10
5B 5

5 3 0 5 15
0 1 3 5 0 5 1

2
1 2 3
1 1
2. : A
, B
, C 1 1 1 D 2 .

3 2 1
2 3
1
( )
: (i) AB 2 (ii) B 2 A (iii) CD (iv) DC .
: (i) B 2 , , 2 2 . 2 3 .
AB 2 AB2 B .
(ii) B 2 2 2 2 3 . B 2 A
1 1 1 1 3 4
2 3 . B 2

2 3 2 3 8 11
3 4 1 2 3 9 2 5
B2 A
3 2 1 25 6 13

8
11

(iii) C 1 3 D 3 1 . CD 11,
2
. CD 1 1 1 2 [1] .
1
(iv) D 3 1 C 1 3 . DC
2
2 2 2

3 3 . DC 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 .
1
1 1 1
17 6
2 3
2 0
7 3
,B
,C
,D
3. A

35 12
5 7
0 3
5 2

C;
Cn , C-1; A BCD . DB
A BCD 4.
:
2n 0 1 1/ 2 0
C . C n
,C
.
n
0
1/
3
0
3

7 3 3 7 1 0
7 3 2 3 7 2 3 5
DB

I
5 2 5 7 2 5 (2) 5 3 5 (2) 7 0 1
2 3 2 0 7 3 4 9 7 3 17 6
BCD

A,
5 7 0 3 5 2 10 21 5 2 35 12

2 3 2 0 7 3
A BCDBCDBCDBCD BCICICICD BC D

5 7 0 3 5 2
4

22

2 3 24 0 7 3 2 3 16 0 7 3 32 243 7 3

4
5 7 0 3 5 2 5 7 0 81 5 2 80 567 5 2
991 390

2275 894
1 4 3
A 0 3 1 .
4.
0 2 1
1
5
A2 3 A 3I AB .
5
:
.
1 4 3 1 4 3 1 10 4
2
A 0 3 1 0 3 1 0 11 2
0 2 1 0 2 1 0 4 3

1 10 4 1 4 3 1 0 0
1 2
1

A A 3 A 3I 0 11 2 3 0 3 1 3 0 1 0
5
5

0 4 3 0 2 1 0 0 1
5 2 13 1 2 / 5 13 / 5
1
0 1 1 0 1/ 5
1/ 5
5
0 2 3 0 2 / 5 3 / 5
1 4 3 1 2 / 5 13 / 5 1 0 0
AB 0 3 1 0 1/ 5 1/ 5 0 1 0
0 2 1 0 2 / 5 3 / 5 0 0 1
1 0 0
1 2
5
1
1 5
5
B A A 3 A 3I AB AA I 0 1 0
5
0 0 1
1

2n
2 x
n
A

5. A
,
,

0 1
0
n 1, 2,3,...
:
n 1
2k
n k, . Ak
0
n k 1. ,

21
A
0
1

(2n 1) x
,
1

(21 1) x
A .
1

(2k 1) x
.
1

2k (2k 1) x 2 x 2k 2 2k x (2k 1) x 2k 1 (2k 1 1) x

A A A

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

n
A n 1,2,3,
k 1

23

.

.
: :
1: =1
2::
2: 2
+1
:
1 2 3
1

1 2 3 ( 1)

( 1)
2

=1.

1 2
( 1)
. 1 2 3
,
2
2

( 1)
2

( 1)

( 1)( 2)

2

+1.

( 1)(2 1)
12 22 32 2
.
6
2 0 1
6. (i) : A 10 1 3 .
3 0 2
An2 An A2 I , n 0,1, 2,
: n = 0, 1.
n = k n = k+1.
(ii) A2004 .
(: A2004 ( A2004 A2002 ) ( A2002 A2000 )

( A2 I ) I ).

2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 0
2
: (i) A 10 1 3 10 1 3 10 1 3 1 1 1 .
3 0 2 3 0 2 3 0 2 0 0 1
2

24

0 0 0
, A I 1 0 1 .
0 0 0
2

2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
, A A A( A I ) 10 1 3 1 0 1 1 0 1 A2 I .
3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
3

An2 An A2 I .
An3 An1 A( An2 An ) A( A2 I ) A2 I . , An2 An A2 I ,
n 1, 2,
1002
2004

(ii) A

(A

2004

2002

A2 I

) ( A2002 A2000 )

( A2 I ) I 1002 ( A2 I ) I

A2 I

0
0 1 0 0 1
0
0
0

1002 0 1002 0 1 0 1002 1 1002 .

0
0
0 0 0 1 0
0
1
7. (
) :
1 4 3
A 0 3 1 .
0 2 1
:
x 4 y 3z 2
3y z 4
2y z 1

0
0
1 4 3 1 0 0
1 4 3 1

A | I 0 3 1 0 1 0 3 3 2 / 32 0 3 1 0 1 0 3 3 /(5 / 3)
0 2 1 0 0 1
0 0 5 / 3 0 2 / 3 1

1
0

0
1
0

4 3 1
3 1 0
0

0
1 4 0 1 6 / 5 9 / 5
2 2 3
0

0 3 0 0 3/ 5 3/ 5 2 2 / 3
11 3 3
0 0 1 0 2 / 5 3/ 5
0 2 / 5 3/ 5
0
1

4 0 1 6 / 5 9 / 5
1 0 0 1 2 / 5 13/ 5
1 0 0 1/ 5 1/ 5 1 1 4 2 0 1 0 0 1/ 5 1/ 5
0 0 1 0 2 / 5 3/ 5
0 1 0 2 / 5 3/ 5

1 2 / 5 13 / 5
A 0 1/ 5
1/ 5
0 2 / 5 3 / 5
1

25

n n A x b .
A ,
x A1b

1 4 3
2
1 2 / 5 13 / 5 2 1

1
1/ 5 4 1
A 0 3 1 , b 4 x A b 0 1/ 5
0 2 / 5 3 / 5 1 1
0 2 1
1
1 0 3
8. A 2 1 7 , a .
4 1 a
a

1
A .

3 6

1 0 3 1 0 0
2 1 7 0 1 0 .

4 1 a 0 0 1

:
1 0 3 1 0 0
1
2 1 7 0 1 0
2 2 2 1

3 3 41 0
4 1 a 0 0 1
0
3
1 0
1 0
3 3 2

0 1
1
2 1
0 0 a 13 2 1

0 0
1
1
2 1 0
1 a 12 4 0 1
0
3
1 0 0
1 0

2 1 2

0 0 1
1
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0 0 a 13 2 1 1
1
0

:
1. a 13 .
1 0 3
K 0 1 1 .
0 0 0

.
2. a 13.
B

1 0 3
3
1 0 0
1
0
1 0
1
3
3

0 1

a 13
1
2 1 0
0 1 1
2
1

0 0 a 13 2 1 1
2
1

0 0 1
a 13
a 13

0
2 2 3
0
1 1 33

a 13

26

6
3
3
a7
3

1 0 0
1 0 0 1 a 13

a 13
a 13
a 13
a 13

1
1
a 14
a 12
0 1 0 2 2
1
0 1 0 2

a 13
a 13 a 13
a 13
a 13

1
1
2
1
0 0 1 2

0 0 1

a 13
a 13
a 13
a 13
a 13

3
a 13

1
a 13

1
a 13

,
,

3
a7
a 13
a 13

a 14
a 12
A1 2

a 13
a 13

1
2
a 13
a 13

3
a 13

1
.
a 13

1
a 13

9.
A3 A2 I 0 .
A A I A1 A I A.

A A3 A2 I 0 A2 ( A I ) I , ( A I ) A2 I
A I A I A2 .
.

1
A1 A I A A1 A2 A A1 A2 A.
1

A1 A2 A A A1 A2 A A
I A3 A2 A3 A2 I 0
2 3 5
5 . Ak =1,2,3,....
10. A 1 4
1 3 4
; ;
.
:
2 3 5 2 3 5 2 3 5
2
A 1 4
5 1 4
5 = 1 4
5 =A

1 3 4 1 3 4 1 3 4

A3 AA2 AA=A2 A Ak A .
:
=1.
v= =+1.
Ak 1 AAk AA=A2 A , .

27

4 1
1 0
11. M
. M k A
,A

3 2
1 0
=1,2,3 A .
M n A A
;
.
:

4 1 1 0 5 0
1 0
MA

1 0 5 A
3 2 1 0 5 0

M 2 A MMA M 5 A 5MA 52 A, M 3 A MM 2 A M 52 A 52 MA 53 A

M n A 5n A
:
=1. v= =+1.
M k 1 A MM k A M 5k A 5k MA 5k 5 A 5k 1 A
, .
12.
0 2 1
70 34 107
27 18

A 2 1 2 , B 52
26 68 , C 46
31
3 2 1
101 50 140
3
2
n
D ABC D .
:

0 2
D ABC 2 1
3 2
4 27
3 2

10 6
2 46
5 0 45 3

1 70
2 52
1 101

1
D 0
0

0
0
5n

13.

0
2n
0

18
31
2

34
26
50

107 27 18
68 46
31
140 3
2

10 1
17 0
1 0

0
2
0

10
17 .
1

10
17
1

0
0
5

),

, .



,

( )

28

.
[
[

][

]
[

v
[

+1,

]
]

14.
.

.
[

].

: I ,
v
+1,

2x2
[
= [

][

][

][

]
][

][

][

][

]= [

].

29

15.

10 2
1 0 3
2 3 , C 8 1 , D 10 2 5
A
,
B

3 2
1 9 0

1 2 3

1 14
, ,

A B, A D, C A, DT CT , A C 1 D

A + B .

1 0 3 10 2 5 11 2 8

.
1 2 3 1 9 0 0 7 3

A + D =

8 1 1
C A=

3 2 1
10 1
T
T
D C = 2 9
5 0

3
=
2 3

9
1

79
8 3
1 2 = 7

40

2 27
.
4 3
32
24 .
15

A C 1 D C o A 23 C-1
22.

2 3
A
. A2 6 A 5I .

1 4
n
AB .

16.

:
2 3 2 3 7 18
A2

1 4 1 4 6 19
7 18
2 3
1 0 0 0
B A2 6 A 5I
6
5

6 19
1 4
0 1 0 0
n

0 0 0 0
AB

.
0 0 0 0
17. ( AB)1 B 1 A1
n

:
C AB C 1 B 1 A1 .
, ,
C 1C CC 1 I .
, CC 1 ABB1 A1 AIA1 AA1 I
, C 1C B1 A1 AB BIB1 BB 1 I

30

.
( C 1C I , CC 1 I )
.
:
,
.

.

.

31