APEIROSTIKOS LOGISMOS II (2005-06)

Extash Prodou

6 Maou 2006

Exetste an oi paraktw protseic enai alhjec yeudec (aitiologste plrwc thn

apnths sac).
1.

(a) An h f enai paragwgsimh sto [a, b] kai parnei th mgisth tim thc sto x0 = a, tte
f 0 (a) = 0.

P
(b) An ak 0, tte h seir
(1)k ak sugklnei.
k=1

(g) 'Estw f : [a, b] R. An h f enai fragmnh kai an uprqei diamrish P ste L(f, P ) =
U (f, P ), tte h f enai Riemann oloklhrsimh.
(2m)
2.

Exetste an sugklnoun apoklnoun oi seirc

p
X
( 1 + k 2 k),

X
k
( k 1)k ,

k=1

k=1

X
k!
.
kk
k=1

(2m)

3.

Upojtoume ti ak 0 gia kje k N kai ti h seir

h seir

ak sugklnei. Dexte ti

k=1

ak ak+1 sugklnei. Dexte ti, an h {ak } enai fjnousa, tte isqei kai to

k=1

antstrofo.
(2m)

(a) 'Estw f : [0, +) R suneqc sunrthsh. Upojtoume ti h f enai omoimorfa

suneqc sto [2, +). Dexte ti h f enai omoimorfa suneqc sto [0, +).

(b) Dexte ti h f (x) = x enai omoimorfa suneqc sto [0, +).

4.

(2m)

'Estw f : [a, b] R oloklhrsimh sunrthsh. Apodexte plrwc ti:

Rx
(a) To aristo oloklrwma F (x) = a f (t)dt thc f enai Lipschitz suneqc sunrthsh.
5.

(b) An h f enai suneqc sto x0 (a, b), tte

lim

h0+

F (x0 + h) F (x0 )
= f (x0 ).
h
(2m)

'Estw f : [0, +) [0, +) suneqc sunrthsh me f (x) > 0 gia kje x > 0, h opoa
ikanopoie thn
Z x
f (x)2 = 2
f (t)dt
6.

gia kje x 0. Dexte ti f (x) = x gia kje x 0.

(2m)

Kal epituqa!

Apantseic

(a) Ljoc. Jewrome th sunrthsh f : [0, 1] R me f (x) = 1 x. H f enai

paragwgsimh sto [0, 1] kai parnei th mgisth tim thc sto x0 = 0, mwc f 0 (x) = 1 gia
kje x [0, 1], ra f 0 (0) = 1 6= 0.
1.

(b)

P
k=1

Ljoc.
1
k

An jewrsoume thn ak =

(1)k
k ,

tte ak 0. 'Omwc, h seir

(1)k ak =

k=1

apoklnei.

(g) Swst. 'Estw > 0. Gia thn diamrish P pou mac djhke, qoume U (f, P )L(f, P ) =
0 < . Ap to kritrio tou Riemann petai ti h f enai oloklhrsimh.

ak
1
k
(a) 'Eqoume ak = 1 + k 2 k = 1+k
= 1+k
. Parathrome ti 1/k
12 > 0.
2 +k
2 +k

P
P
1
Afo h
apoklnei,
h
seir
ak apoklnei ap to oriak kritrio sgkrishc.
k

2.

k=1

k=1

(b) Qrhsimopoiome to kritrio thc rzac: qoume

sugklnei.

ak =

k 1 0 < 1, ra h seir

(g) Qrhsimopoiome to kritrio lgou. 'Eqoume

kk
1
1
ak+1
(k + 1)!k k
=
=
=

k < 1,
k+1
k
1
ak
e
k!(k + 1)
(k + 1)
1+ k
ra h seir sugklnei.

a +a
Parathrome ti 0 ak ak+1 k 2 k+1 gia kje k N. Afo h
k=1 ak sugklnei,
P
P ak +ak+1
to dio isqei kai gia thn k=1 ak+1 . 'A
sugklnei ki aut. Ap to
2
Pra, h k=1
a
a
sugklnei.
kritrio sgkrishc sumperanoume ti h
k
k+1
k=1

Me thn upjesh ti h (ak ) enai fjnousa,P

parathrome ti 0 ak+1 Pak ak+1

gia kje k N. Ap to kritrio sgkrishc, h

k=1 ak+1 sugklnei, ra kai h
k=1 ak
sugklnei.
3.

4. (a) 'Eqoume upojsei ti h f enai omoimorfa suneqc sto [2, +). Epshc, h f enai
suneqc sto kleist disthma [0, 2], ra enai omoimorfa suneqc sto [0, 2]. 'Estw > 0.
Uprqei 1 > 0 ste: an x, y 2 kai |x y| < 1 , tte |f (x) f (y)| < 2 . Omowc,
uprqei 2 > 0 ste: an x, y [0, 2] kai |x y| < 2 , tte |f (x) f (y)| < 2 .
Jtoume = min{1 , 2 }. Ja dexoume ti an x, y 0 kai |x y| < tte |f (x)
f (y)| < . Diakrnoume tic exc periptseic:

1. x, y 2: afo |x y| < 1 , qoume |f (x) f (y)| <

< .

2. x, y [0, 2]: afo |x y| < 2 , qoume |f (x) f (y)| <

< .

3. 0 x < 2 < y : parathrome ti x, 2 [0, 2] kai |x 2| < |x y| < 2 . Epshc,

y, 2 2 kai |y 2| < |x y| < 1 . Sunepc,

|f (x) f (y)| |f (x) f (2)| + |f (2) f (y)| <

+ = .
2 2

To > 0 tan tuqn, ra h f enai omoimorfa suneqc.

(b) H f (x) = x enai suneqc sto [0, +). An x, y [2, +), tte

|x y|
1

|f (x) f (y)| = | x y| =
|x y|,
x+ y
2 2

dhlad h f ikanopoie sunjkh Lipschitz sto [2, +). Sunepc, h f enai omoimorfa
suneqc sto [2, +). Tra, mporome na efarmsoume to (a).
5. (a) Afo h f enai oloklhrsimh, enai ex orismo fragmnh. Dhlad, uprqei M > 0
ste |f (x)| M gia kje x [a, b]. 'Estw x < y sto [a, b]. Tte,
Z y
 Z y

Z x

 

|F (x) F (y)| = 
f (t)dt
f (t)dt = 
f (t)dt
a
x
Z ya

|f (t)|dt M |x y|.

'Ara, h F enai Lipschitz suneqc (me stajer M ).

(b) Grfoume

F (x0 + h) F (x0 )
f (x0 ) =
h
=
=

1
h

x0 +h

Z

x0

f (t)dt

f (t)dt f (x0 )
Z x0 +h

Z x0 +h
1
f (t)dt
f (x0 )dt
h
x0
x0
Z
1 x0 +h
[f (t) f (x0 )]dt.
h x0
a

'Estw > 0. H f enai suneqc sto x0 , ra uprqei > 0 ste an x0 x < x0 + tte
x (a, b) kai |f (x) f (x0 )| < .
An 0 < h < , tte gia kje t [x0 , x0 + h] qoume x0 t x0 + h < x0 + .
Sunepc,


 Z x0 +h


 F (x0 + h) F (x0 )

1

f (x0 ) = 
[f (t) f (x0 )]dt

h
h x0
Z
1 x0 +h

|f (t) f (x0 )|dt

h x0
Z
1 x0 +h
1
<
dt = h = .
h x0
h
'Ara, lim

h0+

F (x0 +h)F (x0 )

h

= f (x0 ).

An upojsoume ti h f enai paragwgsimh, tte paragwgzontac ta do mlh thc

Z x
(1)
f (x)2 = 2
f (t)dt
6.

parnoume

2f (x)f 0 (x) = 2f (x)

gia kje x > 0, kai qrhsimopointac thn upjesh ti f (x) > 0 gia kje x > 0 sumperanoume ti f 0 (x) = 1 gia kje x > 0. Ap thn (1) blpoume (jtontac x = 0) ti f (0) = 0,
ra
Z
Z
x

f (x) = f (0) +

f 0 (t)dt =

dt = x
0

gia kje x 0. Mnei na dexoume tiR h f enai paragwgsimh. Ap thn (1) kai thn
x
f (x) > 0 qoume: gia kje x > 0 isqei 0 f (t)dt > 0 kai
sZ
x

(2)
f (x) = 2
f (t)dt.
0

Afo h f enai suneqc, to dexi mloc thc (2) enai paragwgsimh sunrthsh (to aristo
oloklrwma suneqoc sunrthshc enai paragwgsimh sunrthsh). 'Epetai ti h f enai
paragwgsimh.

Apeirostikc Logismc II (2007-08)

Endimesh Extash

10 Maou 2008

(a) 'Estw (ak ) akolouja pragmatikn arijmn. Exetste an oi paraktw protseic

enai alhjec yeudec (aitiologste plrwc thn apnths sac).
1.

(i) An h seir

ak sugklnei tte lim ak = 0.

k

k=1

(ii) An lim ak = 0 tte h seir

k

ak sugklnei.

k=1

(iii) An ak > 0 gia

Pkje 2k N kai ak 0, tte uprqei upakolouja (ask ) thc (ak ) me
thn idithta
k=1 k ask < +.




(b) 'Estw an = 1 n1 hm n
2 . Na brejon ta lim inf an kai lim sup an .
(2+1m)
2.

(a) Exetste an sugklnei apoklnei kajema ap tic paraktw seirc:

X
hm2 k
k=1

k2


X
k

k1

k

k=1

X
k=2

1
.
k ln k

(b) Prosdiorste to snolo twn x R gia touc opoouc sugklnei h dunamoseir:

X
3k xk
k=1

.
(2+1m)

(a) 'Estw 6= X R, f : X R Lipschitz suneqc sunrthsh: dhlad, uprqei

M > 0 ste: gia kje x, y X , |f (x)f (y)| M |xy|. Dexte ti h f enai omoimorfa
suneqc.

(b) Dexte ti h sunrthsh g : [0, ) R me g(x) = x enai omoimorfa suneqc. Enai

Lipschitz suneqc?
3.

(1+2m)

(a) 'Estw f : [0, 1] R oloklhrsimh sunrthsh me thn idithta: f (x) = 1 gia kje
x [0, 1] Q. Dexte ti
Z 1
f (x) dx = 1.

4.

(b) 'Estw f : [0, 1] R oloklhrsimh sunrthsh me tic exc idithtec: f (x) 0 gia kje
x [0, 1], h f enai suneqc sto shmeo x0 = 21 kai f ( 12 ) = 1. Dexte ti
Z 1
f (x) dx > 0.
0

(g) 'Estw f : [1, +) (0, +) suneqc kai fjnousa sunrthsh. Dexte ti h akolouja
Z n
n
X
an =
f (k)
f (x) dx
k=1

sugklnei.
(1+1+1m)
Kal epituqa!

Apantseic

P
(a) Swst. An s =
k=1 ak tte h akolouja sn = a1 + + an twn merikn
ajroismtwn sugklnei ston s. 'Estw > 0. Uprqei n0 N ste: gia kje n n0
qoume |s sn | < 2 . Jtoume k0 = n0 + 1. An k k0 , tte k n0 kai k 1 n0 .
Sunepc,

1.

|ak | = |sk sk1 | = |(sk s) + (s sk1 )| |s sk | + |s sk1 | <

Ljoc. H akolouja ak = k1 enai mhdenik all h seir

(g) Swst. Afo ak 0, uprqei s1 N ste as < 1.

(b)

s2 > s1 ste as2 <

1
,
24

opte

22 as2 <
Gia ton dio lgo, uprqei s3 > s2 ste as3 <

32 as3 <

1
k=1 k

+ = .
2 2

apoklnei.

Gia ton dio lgo, uprqei

1
.
22
1
,
34

opte

1
.
32

Epagwgik, orzoume s1 < s2 < < sk < ste

k 2 ask <
gia
k N. Afo h seir
Pkje
2a
k
sk < +.
k=1
2.

1
k=1 k2

1
k2

sugklnei, to kritrio sgkrishc deqnei ti

(a) Gia thn prth parathrome ti

sin2 k
1
2.
k2
k
P
P sin2 k
1
Afo h seir
k=1 k2 sugklnei, h seir
k=1 k2 sugklnei ap to kritrio sgkrishc.

Gia thn deterh qrhsimopoiome to kritrio thc rzac: qoume k ak = k k 1 0 < 1,

ra h seir sugklnei.
0 ak =

Gia thn trth qrhsimopoiome to kritrio sumpknwshc: h ak =

mhdenik. Jewrome thn

2 a2k =

k=1

k
k=1 2 a2k

X
k=1

(b) 'Estw x 6= 0. An ak =

enai fjnousa kai

1
1 X1
2 k
=
.
ln 2
k
2 k ln 2
k

apoklnei (armonik seir), ra h

3 k xk

1
k ln k

k=1

k=2 ak

apoklnei ki aut.

, qoume

|ak+1 |
3k|x|
=
3|x|.
|ak |
k+1
Ap to kritrio tou lgou petai ti h dunamoseir sugklnei apoltwc an |x| < 1/3 kai
apoklnei an |x| > 1/3.
P
1
Gia x = 1/3 parnoume thn armonik seir
k=1 k pou apoklnei, en gia x = 1/3
P (1)k
thn k=1 k pou sugklnei ap to kritrio Leibniz.
Sunepc, h dunamoseir sugklnei gia ta x [1/3, 1/3).

3.

(a) 'Estw > 0. Epilgoume =

M.

Tte, gia kje x, y X me |x y| < qoume

|f (x) f (y)| M |x y| < M = .

'Epetai ti h f enai omoimorfa suneqc sto X .
1
(b) 'Eqoume |g 0 (x)| = 21 x 2
sto [2, ). 'Ara, h g enai Lipschitz suneqc sto [2, ).
2
Ap to (a) h g enai omoimorfa suneqc sto [2, +). Epshc, h g enai suneqc sto
kleist disthma [0, 2], ra enai omoimorfa suneqc sto [0, 2]. 'Estw > 0. Uprqei
1 > 0 ste: an x, y 2 kai |x y| < 1 , tte |g(x) g(y)| < 2 . Omowc, uprqei 2 > 0
ste: an x, y [0, 2] kai |x y| < 2 , tte |g(x) g(y)| < 2 .
Jtoume = min{1 , 2 }. Ja dexoume ti an x, y 0 kai |x y| < tte |g(x)
g(y)| < . Diakrnoume tic exc periptseic:

1. x, y 2: afo |x y| < 1 , qoume |g(x) g(y)| <

< .

2. x, y [0, 2]: afo |x y| < 2 , qoume |g(x) g(y)| <

< .

3. 0 x < 2 < y : parathrome ti x, 2 [0, 2] kai |x 2| < |x y| < 2 . Epshc,

y, 2 2 kai |y 2| < |x y| < 1 . Sunepc,

+ = .
2 2

|g(x) g(y)| |g(x) g(2)| + |g(2) g(y)| <

To > 0 tan tuqn, ra h g enai omoimorfa suneqc.

H g(x) = x den enai Lipscitz suneqc sto [0, +). Ja eqe fragmnh pargwgo.
'Omwc, lim g 0 (x) = lim 21 x = +.
x0+

x0+

(a) Jewrome tuqosa diamrish P = {a = x0 < x1 < < xn = b} tou [a, b]. Se kje
upodisthma [xk , xk+1 ] uprqei rhtc arijmc qk . Ap thn upjesh qoume f (qk ) = 1, ra
mk 1 Mk . 'Epetai ti

4.

n1
X

L(f, P ) =

n1
X

mk (xk+1 xk )

k=0

(xk+1 xk ) = 1

k=0

n1
X

Mk (xk+1 xk ) = U (f, P ).

k=0

'Ara, sup L(f, P ) 1 kai inf U (f, P ) 1. H f enai oloklhrsimh, ra

P

P
b

f (x)dx = sup L(f, P ) 1 kai

f (x)dx = inf U (f, P ) 1.

b
P

Dhlad,

f (x)dx = 1.
a

(b) Epilgoume = 1/2 > 0 kai efarmzoume ton orism thc sunqeiac sto x0 = 1/2:
mporome na brome > 0 ste 0 < 1/2 < 1/2+ < 1 kai, gia kje x [1/2, 1/2+],

|f (x) 1| <

1
2

1
f (x) > .
2

Afo h f enai mh arnhtik panto sto [0, 1], qoume

1/2

f (x)dx =
0

1/2+

f (x)dx +
0

1/2

1/2+

0+

f (x)dx + 0 2
1/2

f (x)dx +

f (x)dx
1/2+

1
= > 0.
2

(g) H f enai fjnousa, ra

k+1

f (k + 1)

f (x)dx f (k)
k

gia kje k N. Parathrome ti

an =

n
X
k=1

Z
f (k)

f (x)dx = f (n) +
1

kai

n1
X
k=1

Z
f (k)

k+1


f (x)dx f (n) > 0

n+1

an an+1 =

f (x)dx f (n + 1) 0,
n

dhlad h (an ) enai fjnousa. Afo enai kai ktw fragmnh ap to 0, h (an ) sugklnei.