CHUYN V PHNG PHAP NG LC HOC

I.Muc tiu.
1. Ly giai hoc sinh nm vng va phat biu ung cac inh lu t Niu-ton
2. Ly giai hoc sinh vi!t ung va giai th"ch ung ph#$ng t%&nh c$ ban c'( )ng l*c hoc Niu-ton

m
F
a

F a m

.+#,ng -.n hoc sinh cach /ac inh 01 ' cac l*c tac -2ng l3n m)t v t h(1 m)t h3 v t
!.N!u phai /4t m)t h3 v t th& c0n phn bi3 t ngoai lc va n i lc
" 5(u 6hi vi!t #7c ph#$ng t%&nh Niu-ton 8i v,i v t ho9 c h3 v t -#,i -:ng v4c t$; hoc sinh c0n
chon nhng ph#$ng phap th"ch h7p chi!u cac ph#$ng t%&nh v4c t$ l3n cac ph#$ng <
#. 5(u c=ng h#,ng -.n hoc sinh t&m %( cac 6!t >ua c'( bai toan b?ng cach giai ph#$ng t%&nh h(1
h3 ph#$ng t%&nh :i s8 thu #7c
@ A8i v,i cac chu1n )ng t%Bn Cu c0n h#,ng -.n cho hoc sinh cach /ac inh l*c h#,ng tm
II. N$ i %u&' ()*+&' (),( -$ &' ./c )0c.
Dh#$ng phap )ng l*c hoc la ph#$ng phap 6hao sat chu1n ) ng c$ c'( cac v t -*( t%3n
c$ sE cac inh lu t Niu-ton Dh#$ng phap )ng l*c hoc b(o gFm cac b#,c c$ ban s(u G
H Iac inh 01 ' cac l*c tac -2ng l3n v t ho9 c h3 v t J,i mKi l*c /ac inh c0n chL
%M im 9 t; ph#$ng; chiCu; ) l,n
N Oac l*c tac -2ng l3n v t th#Png la G
- Oac l*c tac -2ng -o cac t%#Png l*c g1 %( nh# t%#Png hQp -.n; i3 n t%#Png; tR
t%#PngS
- Oac l*c tac -2ng -o li3n 6!t gi( cac v tG L*c c9ng; l*c an hFiS
- Oac l*c tac -2ng 6hi v t chu1n )ng t%3n m)t m9 tG L*c m( sat; phan l*c phap
tu1!nS
T Ohon h3 t%2c to: ) lam h3 >u1 chi!u 6hao sat chu1n )ng
A( s8 cac bai toan 6hao sat chu1n ) ng c'( v t t%3n m)t #Png thUng ho9 c t%ong
m)t m9 t phUng /ac inh Vhi < t( chon h3 t%2c to: ) c< m)t t%2c song song v,i chu1n
)ng c'( v t ho9 c t%ong m9 t phUng chu1n )ng c'( v tW cXng n3n chon m)t t%2c to:
) song song v,i nhiCu l*c tac -2ng
Y Z#,c c$ ban ti!p th[o la vi!t ph#$ng t%&nh Niu-ton cho v t ho9 c h3 v t \-:ng v4c t$]
J t

H
F a m

\t^ng cac l*c tac -2ng l3n v t]

+3 v t G

'

N N N
H H H
F a m
F a m

_ `i!p th[o la chi!u cac ph#$ng t%&nh v4c t$ t%3n l3n cac t%2c to: ) a chon
b Vhao sat cac ph#$ng t%&nh chu1n )ng th[o tRng ph#$ng c'( tRng t%2c to: )
Lu yG A8i v,i m)t h3 nhiCu v t ng#Pi t( phn bi3 tG
(] N)i l*c la nhng l*c t#$ng tac gi( cac v t t%ong h3
b] Ngo:i l*c la cac l*c -o cac v t b3n ngoai h3 tac -2ng l3n cac v t t%ong h3
III. CAC 12NG 34I 56P C 37N.
18&' 1 G 39i t:,& ,( %u&' -;&) .u<t II N=>t:&
Bi 1 cdt vet nhf 6h8i l#7ng m chu1n dng th[o t%2c g/ \t%3n mdt mht ng(ng];
-#,i tac -2ng c'( l*c F

n?m ng(ng c< d l,n 6h)ng ^i Iac inh gi( t8c chu1n dng c'( vet
t%ong h(i t%#Png h7p G
(] Vh)ng c< m( sat
b] +i s8 m( sat t%#7t t%3n mht ng(ng b?ng
t

Gii
Oac l*c tac -2ng l3n vetG L*c 64o
F

;
l*c m( sat
ms
F

; t%ong l*c P

; phan l*c N

Ohon hi t%2c to( dG g/ n?m ng(ng; g1

thUng jng h#,ng l3n t%3n
Dh#$ng t%&nh inh luet kk Niu-t$n -#,i
-:ng v4c t$G
F

l
ms
F

l P

l N

m m a

\H]
Ohi!u \H] l3n t%2c g/G
n o n
ms
m m( \N]

Ohi!u \H] l3n t%2c g1G
-D l N m p \T]
N m D va n
ms
m
t

N
Je1G
lgi( t8c ( c'( vet 6hi c< m( sat laG

m
g m F
m
F F
a
t ms

lgi( t8c ( c'( vet 6hi 6h)ng c< m( sat laG

m
F
a
Bi 2. cdt vet nhf 6h8i l#7ng m chu1n dng th[o t%2c g/ t%3n mht phUng n?m ng(ng -#,i tac
-2ng c'( l*c 64o F

th[o h#,ng h7p v,i g/ g<c p > +i s8 m( sat t%#7t t%3n mht ng(ng b?ng
t

Iac inh gi( t8c chu1n dng c'( vet

Gii
Oac l*c tac -2ng l3n vetG
L*c 64o
N H
F F F

+ ;l*c m( sat
ms
F

;
t%ong l*c P

; phan l*c N

Ohon hi t%2c to( dG g/ n?m ng(ng; g1

thUng jng h#,ng l3n t%3n
Dh#$ng t%&nh inh luet kk Niu-t$n -#,i
-:ng v4c t$G
F

l
ms
F

l P

l N

m m a

\H]
Ohi!u \H] l3n g/ G m( m n
N
- n
ms

m( m n
cos
- n
ms
\N]
Ohi!u \H] l3n g1 G p m n
H
l N o D

N m D - n sin \T]
`R \N] va \T] t( c< G
m( m n
cos
-
t

\mg - n sin ]

m n\
cos
l
sin
t
] -
mg
t

Je1 G
( ) g
m
F
a
t t
+ sin cos
18&' 2 G 1?&' ()*+&' (),( )@ A<t
- Iac inh #7c n
6
; la l*c 64o c=ng chiCu chu1n dng \ n!u c< l*c F /i3n th& -=ng ph4p chi!u
/ac inh thanh ph0n ti!p tu1!n n
/
m ncos

- Iac inh #7c n

c
; la l*c can ng#7c chiCu chu1n dng
P

ms
F

g
1
/
N

ms
F

g
1
/
P

H
F

N
F

- qi( t8c c'( hi G ( m

m
F F
c k
W k
F
t^ng cac l*c 64o ; c
F
t^ng cac l*c can ;

m
6h8i l#7ng cac vet t%ong hi
r L#u y GH `&m gi( t8c ( tR cac - 6iin dng hoc
N A t&m ndi l*c ; ven -2ng ( m
m
F F
c k

W n
6
t^ng cac l*c 64o tac -2ng l3n vet ; n
c
t^ng
cac l*c can tac -2ng l3n vet
T Vhi hi c< %Bng %oc G 0u -1 luFn >u( %Bng %oc dng i o:n #Png s th& t%2c %Bng %oc
i o:n #Png ssN; d l,n cac ven t8c va gi( t8c cXng th[o tL li <
Y N!u hi c< N vet ht l3n nh(u; 6hi c< m( sat t%#7t th& 6hao sat chu1n dng c'( tRng vet
\ v.n -=ng c)ng thjc ( m
m
F F
c k

]
_ N!u hi c< N vet ht l3n nh(u; 6hi c< m( sat nghL th& hi c< th /[m la H vet
Bi 1 :+(i vet t va Z c< th t%#7t t%3n mht ban n?m ng(ng va #7c n8i v,i nh(u b?ng -1 6h)ng
-.n; 6h8i l#7ng 6h)ng ang 6 Vh8i l#7ng N vet la m
t
m N6g; m
Z
m H6g; t( tac -2ng vao vet t
mdt l*c n m uN th[o ph#$ng song song v,i mht ban +i s8 m( sat gi( h(i vet v,i mht ban la m m
p;N LQ1 g m Hpmss
N
+a1 t"nh gi( t8c chu1n dng
39i 'iBiC

A8i v,i vet t t( c<G


+ + + +
1 1 ms 1 1 1 1
a m F T F N P
Ohi!u /u8ng g/ t( c<G n `
H
n
Hms
m m
H
(
H
Ohi!u /u8ng g1 t( #7cG m
H
g l N
H
m p
J,i n
Hms
m 6N
H

m 6m
H
g

n `
H
6 m
H
g m m
H
(
H
\H]
r A8i v,i vet ZG


+ + + +
2 2 ms 2 2 2 2
a m F T F N P
Ohi!u /u8ng g/ t( c<G `
N
n
Nms
m m
N
(
N
Ohi!u /u8ng g1 t( #7cG m
N
g l N
N
m p
J,i n
Nms

m 6 N
N

m 6 m
N
g

`
N
6 m
N
g m m
N
(
N
\N]

J& `
H

m `
N
m ` va (
H
m (
N
m ( n3nG
n - ` 6 m
H
g m m
H
( \T]
` 6 m
N
g m m
N
( \Y]
Odng \T] va \Y] t( #7c n 6\m
H
l m
N
]g m \m
H
l m
N
](
2
2 1
2 1
s / m 1
1 2
10 ). 1 2 ( 2 , 0 9
m m
g ). m m ( F
a
+
+

+
+

Bi 2 G+(i vet c=ng 6h8i l#7ng m m H6g #7c n8i v,i nh(u b?ng s7i -1 6h)ng -.n va 6h8i l#7ng
6h)ng ang 6 cdt t%ong N vet chiu tac dng c'( l*c 64o

F
h7p v,i ph#$ng ng(ng g<c ( m Tp
p

+(i vet c< th t%#7t t%3n mht ban n?m ng(ng g<c ( m Tp
p
+i s8 m( sat gi( vet va ban la p;Nbv Zi!t %?ng -1 chL chiu #7c l*c c9ng l,n nhQt la Hp N `"nh
l*c 64o l,n nhQt -1 6h)ng jt LQ1
3
m H;@TN
39i 'iBiC
Jet H c< G

+ + + +
1 1 ms 1 1 1 1
a m F T F N P
Ohi!u /u8ng g/ t( c<G ncos Tp
p
`
H
n
Hms
m m
H
(
H
Ohi!u /u8ng g1 G nsin Tp
p
D
H
l N
H
m p
Ja n
Hms

m 6 N
H
m 6\mg nsin Tp
p
]

ncos Tp
p
`
H
6\mg nsin Tp
p
] m m
H
(
H
\H]
Jet NG

+ + + +
2 2 ms 2 2 2 2
a m F T F N P
Ohi!u /u8ng g/ t( c<G ` n
Nms

m m
N
(
N
Ohi!u /u8ng g1 G D
N
l N
N
m p
ca n
Nms

m 6 N
N
m 6m
N
g
`
N
6 m
N
g m m
N
(
N
+$n n( v& m
H
m m
N

m mW `
H
m `
N
m ` W (
H
m (
N
m (
ncos Tp
p
` 6\mg nsin Tp
p
] m m( \T]
` 6mg m m( \Y]
`R \T] va \Y]
m
0 0
t
2
) 30 sin 30 (cos T
T
+

20
2
1
268 , 0
2
3
10 . 2
30 sin 30 cos
T 2
F
0 0
m

+

Je1 n
m(/
m Np N
Bi 3 :+(i vet t va Z c< 6h8i l#7ng l0n l#7t la m
t
m bppg; m
Z
m Yppg #7c n8i v,i nh(u b?ng s7i
-1 nhw 6h)ng -an va vt >u( %Bng %oc c8 inh nh# h&nh vx Zf >u( 6h8i l#7ng c'( %Bng %oc va
l*c m( sat gi( -1 v,i %Bng %oc LQ1 g m Hpmss
N
`"nh gi( t8c chu1n dng c'( m8i vet

39i 'iBiC

Vhi tha vet t sx i /u8ng va Z sx i l3n -o m
t
y m
Z
va
`
t
m `
Z
m `
(
t
m (
Z
m (
A8i v,i vet tG m
t
g ` m m
t
(
A8i v,i vet ZG m
Z
g l ` m m
Z
(
r \m
t
m
Z
]g m \m
t
l m
Z
](
2
B A
B A
s / m 2 10 .
400 600
400 600
g .
m m
m m
a *
+

Bi 4: Z( vet c< c=ng 6h8i l#7ng m m Nppg #7c n8i v,i nh(u b?ng -1 n8i 6h)ng -an nh# h&nh
vx +i s8 m( sat t%#7t gz( vet va mht ban la m p;N LQ1 g m Hpmss
N
`"nh gi( t8c 6hi hi chu1n
dng

39i 'iBiC

Ohon chiCu nh# h&nh vx `( c<G


+ + + + + + + + + + a P T T N P F T T N P F
1 1 2 2 2 ms 2 3 4 3 3 3
{o ve1 6hi chi!u l3n cac hi t%2c t( c<G

'

3 ms 4
2 ms 3 2
1 1
ma F T
ma F T T
ma T mg

J&
a a a a
! T T T
T T T
3 2 1
4 3
2 1

'

ma F T
ma F T T
ma T mg
ms
!
ms
!

'

ma 3 mg 2 mg
ma 3 F 2 mg
ms
2
s / m 2 10 .
3
2 , 0 . 2 1
g .
3
2 1
a

18&' G MDt ()E&' &')i&'
r cht phUng nghi3ng 6h)ng c< m( sat; gi( t8c c'( chu1n dng la ( m gsin

r cht phUng nghi3ng c< m( satG
- Jet t%#7t /u8ng th[o mht phUng nghi3ng; gi( t8c c'( chu1n dng la ( m g\sin

-
cos
]
- Jet t%#7t l3n th[o mht phUng nghi3ng; gi( t8c c'( chu1n dng la ( m -g\sin

l
cos
]
- Jet n?m 13n hohc chu1n dng thUng Cu G iCu 6iin t(n

|
t

;
t

la hi s8 m( sat t%#7t
- Jet t%#7t /u8ng #7c n!uG mgsin

y n
msnsm(/
m }
n
mgcos

h(1 t(n

y }
n
Bi 1 : cdt /[ t%#7t 6h)ng ven t8c 0u tR Lnh mht phUng nghi3ng g<c m Tpp +i s8 m( sat
t%#7t la m p;TYbY OhiCu -ai mht phUng nghi3ng la l m Hm lQ1 g m Hpmss
N

va
3
m H;@TN `"nh gi( t8c chu1n dng c'( vet

39i 'iBiC

Oac l*c tac -2ng vao vetG
H] `%ong l*c

P
N] L*c m( sat

ms
F
T] Dhan l*c

N
c'( mht phUng nghi3ng
Y] +7p l*c

+ + a m F N P F
ms
Ohi!u l3n t%2c g1G Dco/ l N m p
N m mg co/ \H]
Ohi!u l3n t%2c g/ G Dsin n
ms
m m(/
mgsin N m m(/

\N]
tR \H] va \N] mgsin mg co/ m m(/
(/ m g\sin co/]
m Hp\HsN p;TYbY
3
sN] m N mss
N
Bi 2 :O0n tac -2ng l3n vet m t%3n mht phUng nghi3ng g<c mdt l*c n b?ng b(o nhi3u vet n?m
13n; hi s8 m( sat gi( vet va mht phUng nghi3ng la 6 ; 6hi bi!t vet c< /u h#,ng t%#7t /u8ng

39i 'iBiC

Ohon hi t%2c g/1 nh# h&nh vx
~p -2ng inh luet kk N[t$n t( c< G
0 F N P F
ms
+ + +

Ohi!u ph#$ng t%&nh l3n t%2c g1G N Dco/ nsin m p
N m Dco/ l n sin
n
ms
m 6N m 6\mgco/ l n sin]
Ohi!u ph#$ng t%&nh l3n t%2c g/ G Dsin n co/ n
ms
m p
n co/ m Dsin n
ms
m mg sin 6mg co/ 6n sin
+

+


"tg 1
) " tg ( mg
sin " cos
) "co# (sin mg
F
Bi 3 CI[m hi c$ li3n 6!t nh# h&nh vx
m
H
m T6gW m
N
m H6gW hi s8 m( sat gi( vet va mht phUng nghi3ng la m p;H W m TppW g m Hp mss
N
`"nh sjc c9ng c'( -1

39i 'iBiC

qia thi!t m
H
t%#7t /u8ng mht phUng nghi3ng va m
N
i l3n; luc < hi l*c c< chiCu nh# h&nh vx Jet
chu1n dng nh(nh -0n Cu n3n v,i chiCu -#$ng a chon; n!u t( t"nh #7c ( y p th& chiCu chu1n
dng a gia thi!t la ung
A8i v,i vet HG

+ + +
1 1 ms 1 1
a m F T N P
Ohi!u hi /g1 t( c<G m
H
gsin ` N m m(
m
H
g co/ l N m p
r m
H
gsin ` m
H
g co/ m m( \H]
A8i v,i vet NG

+
2 2 2 2
a m T P
m
N
g l ` m m
N
( \N]
Odng \H] va \N] m
H
gsin m
H
g co/ m \m
H
l m
N
](
) s / m ( 6 , 0
4
10 . 1
2
3
3 . 1 , 0
2
1
. 10 . 3
m m
g m cos m sin g m
a
2
2 1
2 1 1

+


J& ( y p; ve1 chiCu chu1n dng a chon la ung
r ` m m
N
\g l (] m H\Hp l p;b] m Hp;b N
18&' ! C 39i t<( AF ./c )*G&' tHI
39i 1Ccdt ban n?m ng(ng >u(1 t%Bn Cu v,i chu 6 ` m Ns `%3n ban ht mdt vet cach t%2c >u(1
m N;Ycm +i s8 m( sat gi( vet va ban t8i thiu b?ng b(o nhi3u vet 6h)ng t%#7t t%3n mht ban
LQ1 g m Hp mss
N
va
N
m Hp
39i 'iBiC

Vhi vet 6h)ng t%#7t th& vet chiu tac -2ng c'( T l*cG
ng$% F & N , P
ms
`%ong <G
0 N P +
Luc < vet chu1n dng t%Bn Cu n3n
ms
F
la l*c h#,ng tmG

'

) 2 ( mg . F
) 1 ( ' m( F
ms
2
ms
g
' (
g . ' (
2
2

J,i m Ns` m %(-ss
2) , 0
10
2) , 0 .
2

Je1
min
m p;N_
39i 2 Ccdt lB /o c< d cjng V; chiCu -ai t* nhi3n l
p
; H 0u gi c8 inh E t; 0u 6i( gn vao >ua
c0u 6h8i l#7ng m c< th t%#7t 6h)ng m( sat t%3n th(nh \] n?m ng(ng `h(nh \] >u(1 Cu v,i
ven t8c g<c /ung >u(nh t%2c \t] thUng jng `"nh d -an c'( lB /o 6hi l
p
m Np cmW m
Np %(-ssW m m Hp g W 6 m Npp Nsm

39i 'iBiC

Oac l*c tac -2ng vao >ua c0u
*$
F & N & P
( )
( )
2
o
2
o
2 2
o
2
m( +
, m(
,
, m( m( + ,
, , m( , +

+
v,i 6 y m
N
( )
( )
m 0) , 0
20 . 01 , 0 200
2 , 0 . 20 . 01 , 0
,
2
2

39i GJBng /i!c la mdt vanh t%Bn ban 6"nh m vm; n?m t%ong mht phUng thUng jng cdt ng#Pi
i /[ :p t%3n vBng /i!c na1; 6h8i l#7ng ca /[ va ng#Pi la vp 6g LQ1 g m u;vmss
N
t"nh l*c 4p c'(
/[ l3n vBng /i!c t:i im c(o nhQt v,i ven t8c t:i im na1 la v m Hp mss
39i 'iBiC
Oac l*c tac -2ng l3n /[ E im c(o nhQt la
N & P
Vhi chi!u l3n t%2c h#,ng tm t( #7c
N 216 8 , 9
8
10
80 g
'
-
m N
'
m-
N P
2 2
2

,
_

,
_

+
18&' "C L/c -9& )Ji
r L*c an hFi /uQt hiin 6hi vet bi bi!n -:ng ; c< /u h#,ng ch8ng l:i ngu13n nhn g1 %( bi!n
-:ng\-=ng /ac inh ban chQt c'( l*c]
r Ziu thjc G n m - 6 l ; -Qu t%R chL l*c an hFi lu)n ng#7c v,i chiCu bi!n -:ng ; d l,n n m 6
l
r Ad -an c'( lB /o 6hi vet cn b?ng t%3n mht phUng nghi3ng g<c

so v,i mht phUng ng(ng la G

p
l
m mgsin

s6 W 6hi t%[o thUng jng th& sin

m H
r qh4p lB /o G - qh4p song song G 6
s
m 6
H
l 6
N
lSl 6
n
- qh4p n8i ti!p G
n nt
k k k k
H

H H H
N H
+ + +
r `R H lB /o ct thanh nhiCu ph0n G 6
H
l
H
m 6
N
l
N
m S m 6
n
l
n
m 6
p
l
p
r Oon lc >u(1 G
l `:o n3n mht n<n c< n( g<c E Lnh la

; 6hi

+
ht h
F F P
l N!u lB /o n?m ng(ng th&

ht h
F F

l Jen t8c >u(1 \vBngss] N m

cos N
H
l
g

l Jen t8c >u(1 t8i thiu con lc tach %Pi 6hfi t%2c >u(1 N
l
g
N
H

h&nh H
Bi 1 :+(i lB /oG lB /o mdt -ai th3m N cm 6hi t%[o vet m
H
m N6g; lB /o N -ai th3m T cm 6hi t%[o
vet m
N
m H;_6g `&m t s8 6
H
s6
N

39i 'iBiC

Vhi gn vet lB /o -ai th3m o:n l vi t%" cn b?ng

mg , + P F
0


J,i lB /o HG 6
H
l
H
m m
H
g \H]
J,i lB /o HG 6
N
l
N
m m
N
g \N]
Lep t s8 \H]; \N] t( #7c

2
2
3
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2
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,
.
m
m
+
+
1
2
2
1
2
1

Bi 2 G+(i lB /o 6h8i l#7ng 6h)ng ang 6; d cjng l0n l#7t la 6
H
m Hpp Nsm; 6
N
m H_p Nsm; c<
c=ng d -ai t* nhi3n L
p
m Np cm #7c t%[o thUng jng nh# h&nh vx A0u -#,i N lB /o n8i v,i mdt
vet 6h8i l#7ng m m H6g LQ1 g m Hpmss
N
`"nh chiCu -ai lB /o 6hi vet cn b?ng
39i 'iBiC

Vhi cn b?ngG n
H
l n
N

m
J,i n
H
m V
H
lW n
N
m V
N
H
n3n \V
H
l V
N
] l m D
) m ( 04 , 0
2)0
10 . 1
+ +
P
,
2 1

+


Je1 chiCu -ai c'( lB /o laG
L m l
p
l l m Np l Y m NY \cm]
Bi 3 :`&m d cjng c'( lB /o gh4p th[o cach s(uG
39i 'iBiC

+#,ng va chiCu nh# h&nh vxG
Vhi 64o vet %( 6hfi vi t%" cn b?ng mdt o:n / th& G
Ad -an lB /o H la /; d n4n lB /o N la /
`ac -2ng vao vet gFm N l*c an hFi

1
F
W
2 F

;


+ F F F 2 1
Ohi!u l3n t%2c g/ t( #7c G
n m n
H
n
N
m \V
H
l V
N
]/
Je1 d cjng c'( hi gh4p lB /o th[o cach t%3n laG
V m V
H
l V
N