Compilation of Pre-final Reports

CHAPTER 6 Learning and Conditioning

1. Classical Conditioning pioneer researcher was Ivan Pavlov. It is characterized by the
capacity of a previously neutral stimulus to elicit a response.
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - is a stimulus that has inborn power to elicit a response
Unconditioned response (UCR) - is an inborn response pattern
Conditioned stimulus (CS) - is a learned stimulus that acquires a power to elicit a response
Conditioned response (CR) is a learned response pattern

2. Operant Conditioning - is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and
punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a
behavior and a consequence.
Reinforcement- is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows. There
two kinds of reinforcers.
a. Positive Reinforcement- occurs when a behavior is followed by a stimulus that
is appetitive or rewarding.
b. Negative Reinforcement- occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal
of an aversive stimulus.
Punishment- is the presentation of an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease
in the behavior it follows.
a. Positive Punishment- occurs when a behavior is followed by an aversive
stimulus.
b. Negative Punishment- occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of
a stimulus that is appetitive or rewarding.

3. Edward Thorndikes Law of Effect- stated that any behavior that is followed by
pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by
unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped.

4. Albert Banduras Social Learning Theory- posits that people learn from one another,
via observation, imitation, and modeling.
4 Modeling Process:
a. Attention- various facts increase or decrease the amount of attention paid.
b. Retention- remembering what you paid attention to.
c. Reproduction- reproducing the image.
d. Motivation- having a good reason to imitate.

5. Cognitive Learning- is the refining knowledge by adding new information to prior
knowledge.
4 stages of Cognitive Learning:
a. Sensorimotor- experiencing the world through senses and actions.
b. Pre-operational-representing things with words and images.
c. Concrete Operational- thinking logically about concrete events and grasping concrete
analogies.
d. Formal Operational- thinking about hypothetical scenarios and processing abstract
thoughts.

CHAPTER 7 Memory and Thinking
Memory- refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain and later retrieve
information.
3 Phases of Memory:
a. Encoding- receiving, processing and combining of received information.
b. Storage- creation of a permanent record of the encoded information.
c. Retrieval- calling back the stored information in response to some cue for use in a process
activity.

Shiffrin-Atkinson Model- outlines 3 separate stages of memory:
a. Sensory Memory- is the earliest stage of memory. During this stage, sensory
information from the environment is stored for a brief period of time, generally for
less than 10 seconds.
b. Short-Term Memory- also known as active memory is the information we are
currently aware of or thinking about. Most information stored in active memory will
be kept for approximately 20 to 10 seconds.
c. Long-Term Memory- refers to the continuing storage of information. This
information is largely outside of our awareness, but can be called into working
memory to be used when needed.

2 Types of Memory:
a. Explicit Memory- this type of memory is also known as declarative memory, since
you can consciously recall and explain the information.
b. Implicit Memory- this type of memory is also known as non declarative memory,
since you are not able to consciously bring it into awareness.

Ways to Improve Memory:
a. Pay attention
b. Imagery technique
c. Sleep after storage

Why do we forget?
a. Brain deletion
b. Short-term memory
c. Interference