Nypd Annual Firearms Discharge Report 2012 PDF

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Annua| I|rearms D|scharge keport

2012

kaymond W. ke||y
o||ce Comm|ss|oner

CcLober 2013, n?u

ll
1A8LL CI CCN1LN1S

Ak1 I: CVLkVILW 1
G|ossary 2
Introduct|on 6
Use of Iorce 7
Culdellnes for Lhe use of llrearms 8
8easonableness 8
1ralnlng 9
Invest|gat|on 9
1he ShooLlng 1eam 9
1he ShooLlng lncldenL 8eporL 10
1he llnal 8eporL 10
8evlew 10
1he 8orough llrearms ulscharge Advlsory 8oard 11
1he Chlef of ueparLmenL's llrearms ulscharge 8evlew 8oard 11
1he ollce Commlssloner 11
Lxc|us|ons 13
Categor|es 13

Ak1 II: IN1LN1ICNAL DISCnAkGL - ADVLkSAkIAL CCNILIC1 14
Cverv|ew 13
keasons for D|scharges 13
Dates and 1|mes of D|scharges 13
Locat|ons of D|scharges 16
LocaLlons of Crlmlnal ShooLlngs 16
keasons Cff|cer Invo|ved 19
Cff|cer kestra|nt 20
Cb[ecLlve CompleLlon 8aLe 21
ShooLlng 1echnlque 21
ulsLance 21

lll
Cff|cer ed|gree 22
ALLlre 22
?ears of Servlce 22
8ank 23
ollce Weapons 23
Sub[ect ed|gree 24
Sub[ecL 8ace 24
rlor ArresLs 23
Sub[ecL Weapons 23
Inc|dent Cutcomes 26
Cfflcer ueaLh 26
Cfflcer ln[urles 26
8ulleL-8eslsLanL vesLs 26
MalfuncLlon 26
Sub[ecL ueaLh 26
Sub[ecL ln[urles 27
8ysLander ln[urles 27
llndlngs 27
Summary 28

Ak1 III: IN1LN1ICNAL DISCnAkGL - ANIMAL A11ACk 29
Cverv|ew 30
keasons for D|scharges 30
Dates and 1|mes of D|scharges 30
Locat|ons of D|scharges 31
keasons Cff|cer Invo|ved 32
Cff|cer kestra|nt 33
ShooLlng 1echnlque 33
Cff|cer ed|gree 34
?ears of Servlce 34
8ank 33

lv
ALLlre 33
ollce Weapons 33

Ak1 IV: UNIN1LN1ICNAL DISCnAkGL 36
Cverv|ew 37
Weapons 37
Cfflcer edlgree 37
ure|y Un|ntent|ona| D|scharges 39
Loadlng/unloadlng 39
Pandllng 39
Un|ntent|ona| D|scharges Dur|ng Adversar|a| Conf||ct 39

Ak1 V: UNAU1nCkI2LD USL CI A IIkLAkM 40
Cverv|ew 41
Cff|cer ed|gree 41
Su|c|de 43
D|scharges by Cther 1han an Cff|cer 43

Ak1 VI: MIS1AkLN IDLN1I1 44
Cverv|ew 43
2012 Inc|dents 43

ALNDICLS 46
Append|x A: I|rearms D|scharges, 1971-2012 46
Append|x 8: I|rearms 1ra|n|ng 49
Append|x C: Sub[ects k|||ed Dur|ng ID-AC Inc|dents 31
Append|x D: Sub[ect kace, 2002-2012 33
Append|x L: 2012 I|rearms D|scharge Deta||s 37

v
1A8LLS, CnAk1S, AND IIGUkLS

Ak1 I: CVLkVILW 1
1.1 2012 llrearms ulscharge Scope 3
1.2 llrearms ulscharge lncldenLs, 2002-2012 4
1.3 Adversarlal ConfllcL, 2002-2012 4
1.4 unlnLenLlonal ulscharge, 2002-2012 4
1.3 Anlmal ALLack, 2002-2012 4
1.6 1oLal ulscharges, 2002-2012 4
1.7 2012 by CaLegory 3
1.8 AnaLomy of a llrearms ulscharge lnvesLlgaLlon 12

Ak1 II: IN1LN1ICNAL DISCnAkGL - ADVLkSAkIAL CCNILIC1 14
2.1 1hreaL 1ype, lu-AC lncldenLs 13
2.2 lu-AC lncldenLs by 8orough 16
2.3 lu-AC lncldenLs vs. Crlmlnal ShooLlng lncldenLs 17
2.4 Crlmlnal ShooLlngs vs. lu-AC lncldenLs, lrequency by 8orough 18
2.3 Crlmlnal ShooLlngs vs. lu-AC lncldenLs, ercenLage by 8orough 18
2.6 Cn-uuLy Cfflcer AsslgnmenLs 19
2.7 8ounds llred er Cfflcer, lu-AC lncldenLs 20
2.8 8ounds llred er lu-AC lncldenL 20
2.9 ulsLance Lo 1argeL 21
2.10 8ace, lu-AC Cfflcers vs. ueparLmenL SLafflng 22
2.11 ?ears of Servlce, lu-AC Cfflcers vs. ueparLmenL SLafflng 23
2.12 8ank, lu-AC Cfflcers vs. ueparLmenL SLafflng 23
2.13 Sub[ecLs Armed wlLh llrearms 24
2.14 Sub[ecLs SLruck by ollce Cunflre 24
2.13 Sub[ecLs kllled by ollce Cunflre 24
2.16 Sub[ecLs llrlng on ollce 24
2.17 Sub[ecLs llrlng on ollce vs. ldenLlfled ShooLlng SuspecLs 23
2.18 Sub[ecL Weapons 26

vl
Ak1 III: IN1LN1ICNAL DISCnAkGL - ANIMAL A11ACk 29
3.1 lu-AA lncldenLs by 1our 30
3.2 lu-AA lncldenLs by 8orough 31
3.3 lu-AA LocaLlons 31
3.4 lu-AA lncldenLs by LocaLlon 1ype 32
3.3 SlLuaLlons reclplLaLlng Cn-uuLy lu-AA lncldenLs 32
3.6 lu-AA 8ounds llred er Cfflcer 33
3.7 8ounds llred er lu-AA lncldenL 33
3.8 8ace, lu-AA Cfflcers vs. ueparLmenL SLafflng 34
3.9 ?ears of Servlce, lu-AA Cfflcers vs. ueparLmenL SLafflng 34
3.10 lu-AA Cfflcers by 8ank 33

Ak1 IV: UNIN1LN1ICNAL DISCnAkGL 36
4.1 8ace, unlnLenLlonal ulscharges vs. ueparLmenL SLafflng 37
4.2 ?ears of Servlce, unlnLenLlonal ulscharges vs. ueparLmenL SLafflng 38
4.3 8ank, unlnLenLlonal ulscharges vs. ueparLmenL SLafflng 38

Ak1 V: UNAU1nCkI2LD USL CI A IIkLAkM 40
3.1 8ace, unauLhorlzed ulscharges vs. ueparLmenL SLafflng 41
3.2 ?ears of Servlce, unauLhorlzed ulscharges vs. ueparLmenL SLafflng 42
3.3 8ank, unauLhorlzed ulscharges vs. ueparLmenL SLafflng 42
3.4 ollce Cfflcer Sulcldes by llrearm, 2002-2012 43

Ak1 VI: MIS1AkLN IDLN1I1 44
none

ALNDICLS 46
A.1 Cfflcers ShoL and ln[ured by Sub[ecLs, 1971-2012 46
A.2 Cfflcers ShoL and kllled by Sub[ecLs, 1971-2012 46
A.3 Sub[ecLs ShoL and ln[ured by Cfflcers, 1971-2012 47
A.4 Sub[ecLs ShoL and kllled by Cfflcers, 1971-2012 47

vll
A.3 1oLal ShoLs llred from n?u Cuns, 1971-2012 48
A.6 1oLal ShooLlng lncldenLs, 1971-2012 48
A.7 Cunflre ln new ?ork ClLy, 2012 33
A.8 Sub[ecLs Wounded by ollce, 2002-2012 33
A.9 Sub[ecLs kllled by ollce, 2002-2012 36
A.10 Sub[ecLs ShoL by Cfflcers, 2002-2012 36
A.11 1oLal llrearms ulscharge lncldenLs by uay, 2012 37
A.12 1oLal llrearms ulscharge lncldenLs by 1our, 2012 37
A.13 1oLal llrearms ulscharge lncldenLs by MonLh, 2012 38
A.14 1oLal llrearms ulscharge lncldenLs by 8orough, 2012 38
A.13 1oLal llrearms ulscharge lncldenLs by reclncL, ManhaLLan, 2012 39
A.16 1oLal llrearms ulscharge lncldenLs by reclncL, 8ronx, 2012 60
A.17 1oLal llrearms ulscharge lncldenLs by reclncL, 8rooklyn, 2012 61
A.18 1oLal llrearms ulscharge lncldenLs by reclncL, Cueens, 2012 62
A.19 1oLal llrearms ulscharge lncldenLs by reclncL, SLaLen lsland, 2012 62
A.20 1oLal llrearms ulscharge lncldenLs by LocaLlon, 2012 63
A.21 1oLal llrearms ulscharge lncldenLs by Cfflcer uuLy SLaLus, 2012 63
A.22 lu-AC lncldenLs, 2012 64

"#$% &' ()*$)&*+

2012 Annual llrearms ulscharge 8eporL

2
,-(..#$/
(001234 A unlformed member of Lhe new ?ork ClLy ollce ueparLmenL of any rank.
.567328
A person engaged ln adversarlal confllcL wlLh an offlcer or a Lhlrd parLy, whlch resulLs ln
a flrearms dlscharge.
91:1;1<=
A person who ls noL Lhe sub[ecL of an adversarlal confllcL, buL ls a vlcLlm, bysLander,
and/or ln[ured person.
>143<4?@ A1@2B<4C3
An lncldenL ln whlch an offlcer dlscharges any flrearm, or when a flrearm belonglng Lo
an offlcer ls dlscharged by any person, excludlng dlscharges durlng auLhorlzed Lralnlng
sesslons, lawful LargeL pracLlce or hunLlng, or aL a flrearm safeLy sLaLlon wlLhln a
ueparLmenL faclllLy.
&=83=81D=<; A1@2B<4C3 E
#F:34@<41<; 9D=0;128
An lncldenL ln whlch an offlcer lnLenLlonally dlscharges a flrearm ln defense of self or
anoLher durlng an adversarlal confllcL wlLh a sub[ecL, lncludlng Lhose lnslde Lhe scope of
Lhe offlcer's employmenL buL ouLslde ueparLmenL guldellnes. 1hls does noL lnclude a
dlscharge agalnsL an anlmal aLLack.
G1@8<H3= &F3=818I
A1@2B<4C3
An lncldenL ln whlch an offlcer lnLenLlonally dlscharges a flrearm aL anoLher law-
enforcemenL offlcer whom Lhe dlscharglng offlcer mlsLakenly belleves Lo be a crlmlnal.
1hls does noL lnclude crossflre lncldenLs ln whlch a dlscharglng offlcer unlnLenLlonally
sLrlkes anoLher offlcer.
&=83=81D=<; A1@2B<4C3 E
#=1?<; #88<2H
An lncldenL ln whlch an offlcer lnLenLlonally dlscharges a flrearm ln defense of self or
anoLher agalnsL an anlmal aLLack, lncludlng Lhose lnslde Lhe scope of Lhe offlcer's
employmenL buL ouLslde ueparLmenL guldellnes.
&=83=81D=<; A1@2B<4C3 E JD
9D=0;128
An lncldenL ln whlch an offlcer lnLenLlonally dlscharges a flrearm Lo summon asslsLance,
lncludlng Lhose lnslde Lhe scope of Lhe offlcer's employmenL buL ouLslde ueparLmenL
guldellnes.
K=1=83=81D=<; >143<4?@
A1@2B<4C3
An lncldenL ln whlch an offlcer dlscharges a flrearm wlLhouL lnLenL, regardless of Lhe
clrcumsLance.
K=<58BD41L3F K@3 D0 <
>143<4?
An lncldenL ln whlch an offlcer dlscharges a flrearm wlLhouL proper legal [usLlflcaLlon
and/or ouLslde Lhe scope of Lhe offlcer's employmenL, or an lncldenL ln whlch an
unauLhorlzed person dlscharges an offlcer's flrearm.
K@3M%B43<83= 8B3 K@3 D0 <
>143<4?
A conLrlbuLlng facLor Lo a flrearms dlscharge ln whlch a sub[ecL dlscharges or LhreaLens
Lo dlscharge a flrearm by dlsplaylng a flrearm or whaL reasonably appears Lo be a
flrearm, or by slmulaLlng a flrearm or maklng a gesLure lndlcaLlve of LhreaLenlng Lo use
a flrearm.
>143<4?
A plsLol, revolver, shoLgun, or rlfle, lncludlng a varlaLlon of any of Lhese (e.g. a sawed-
off shoLgun).
&?18<81D= >143<4?
Any lnsLrumenL LhaL ls deslgned Lo appear as lf lL were a flrearm, or modlfled Lo appear
as lf lL were a flrearm, lncludlng alr plsLols, Loy guns, prop guns, and repllcas.
K@3M%B43<83= 8B3 K@3 D0 <
95881=C &=@845?3=8
A conLrlbuLlng facLor Lo a flrearms dlscharge ln whlch a sub[ecL cuLs, sLabs, or slashes a
person wlLh any cuLLlng lnsLrumenL or LhreaLens or aLLempLs Lo do Lhe same whlle
armed wlLh a cuLLlng lnsLrumenL or whaL reasonably appears Lo be a cuLLlng
lnsLrumenL.
95881=C &=@845?3=8 Any knlfe, razor, sword, or oLher sharp-edged ob[ecL such as a broken boLLle.
K@3M%B43<83= 8B3 K@3 D0 <
N;5=8 &=@845?3=8
A conLrlbuLlng facLor Lo a flrearms dlscharge ln whlch a sub[ecL sLrlkes anoLher person
wlLh a blunL lnsLrumenL or LhreaLens or aLLempLs Lo do Lhe same whlle armed wlLh a
blunL lnsLrumenL or whaL reasonably appears Lo be a blunL lnsLrumenL.
N;5=8 &=@845?3=8
Any baL, sLlck, plpe, meLal knuckles, or oLher ob[ecL whlch, when used as a weapon, can
cause blunL-force ln[ury Lo a person, lncludlng moLor vehlcles and unbroken boLLles.

3
K@3M%B43<83= 8B3 K@3 D0
(:34OB3;?1=C "BI@12<; >D423
An lncldenL ln whlch an unarmed sub[ecL physlcally aLLacks a person or LhreaLens or
aLLempLs Lo do Lhe same, and by dolng so puLs Lhe vlcLlm aL rlsk of serlous physlcal
ln[ury or deaLh, lncludlng gang assaulLs, aLLempLs Lo push a person from a roof or Lraln
plaLform, and aLLempLs Lo Lake an offlcer's flrearm.

PQRP >&$*#$G. A&.9S#$,* .9("*
new ?ork ClLy opulaLlon
1
8,244,910
n?u Average Annual unlformed SLafflng 34,920
1oLal Clvlllan ConLacLs (ApproxlmaLe) 23,000,000
1oLal 8adlo AsslgnmenLs 4,833,484
8adlo AsslgnmenLs lnvolvlng Weapons 246,621
ArresLs lnvolvlng Weapons used/ulsplayed/ossessed 26,019
Cun ArresLs 3,689
Crlmlnal ShooLlng lncldenLs 1,374
Adversarlal ConfllcL: 1oLal number of Cfflcers Who lnLenLlonally llred 60
Adversarlal ConfllcL: 1oLal number of llrearms ulscharge lncldenLs 43
Sub[ecLs ShoL and ln[ured 14
Sub[ecLs ShoL and kllled 16
Cfflcers ShoL and ln[ured 13
Cfflcers ShoL and kllled 0

1
u.S. Census, !uly 1, 2012
llgure 1.1


4
>&$*#$G. A&.9S#$,* &J9&A*J%.T PQQPUPQRP

PQQP PQQV PQQW PQQX PQQY PQQZ PQQ[ PQQ\ PQRQ PQRR PQRP
Adversarlal
ConfllcL
33 61 31 39 39 43 49 47 33 36 43
Anlmal ALLack 38 33 26 32 30 39 30 28 30 36 24
unlnLenLlonal
ulscharge
24 23 27 23 26 13 13 23 21 13 21
MlsLaken
ldenLlLy
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
unauLhorlzed
use of a
llrearm
2

0 2 3 6 8 6 3 4 6 2 6
MCS Sulclde/
ALLempL
3

2 7 3 3 3 6 8 3 2 3 9
%D8<; RR\ RVQ RRW RPX RPZ RRR RQX RQY \P \P RQX

2
1hls caLegory was modlfled ln 2003 Lo lnclude lncldenLs ln whlch an unauLhorlzed person dlscharges an offlcer's flrearm
3
MCS Sulclde/ALLempL ls a subcaLegory of unauLhorlzed use of a llrearm - Lhe numbers have been dlsaggregaLed ln Lhls Lable
33
61
31
39 39
43
49
47
33
36
43
#F:34@<41<; 9D=]128T PQQPUPQRP
24
23
27
23
26
13 13
23
21
13
21
K=1=83=^D=<; A1@2B<4C3T
PQQPUPQRP
38
33
26
32
30
39
30
28
30
36
24
#=1?<; #_<2HT PQQPUPQRP
119
130
114
123
127
111
103 106
92 92
103
%D8<; A1@2B<4C3@T PQQPUPQRP
llgure 1.2
llgure 1.3

llgure 1.4

llgure 1.3

llgure 1.6


3
PQRP N/ 9#%*,($/

&J%*J%&(J#- A&.9S#$,* E #A)*$.#$&#- 9(J>-&9%
Sub[ecL used/1hreaLened Lhe use of a llrearm or SlmulaLed llrearm 32
Sub[ecL used/1hreaLened Lhe use of a CuLLlng lnsLrumenL 7
Sub[ecL used/1hreaLened Lhe use of a 8lunL lnsLrumenL 4
Sub[ecL used/1hreaLened Lhe use of Cverwhelmlng hyslcal lorce 0
unknown 2
%D8<; WX

&J%*J%&(J#- A&.9S#$,* E #J&G#- #%%#9`
uog ALLack 24
%D8<; PW

KJ&J%*J%&(J#- A&.9S#$,*
uurlng Adversarlal ConfllcL 9
Pandllng llrearm 12
%D8<; PR

KJ#K%S($&a*A K.* (> # >&$*#$G
Cfflcer Sulclde 8
ALLempLed Cfflcer Sulclde 1
unauLhorlzed lnLenLlonal ulscharge 2
unauLhorlzed erson ulscharged Cfflcer's llrearm 4
%D8<; RX

%(%#- >&$*#$G. A&.9S#$,*. RQX

llgure 1.7


6
&J%$(AK9%&(J

1he new ?ork ClLy ollce ueparLmenL began Lo collecL ln-depLh documenLaLlon of flrearm dlscharges durlng
hosLlle encounLers ln 1971, for Lhe purpose of [lncreaslng] Lhe safeLy poLenLlal of each member of Lhe force." 1he
pollcy qulckly expanded beyond pollce-lnvolved combaL, however, and came Lo lnclude Lhe sLudy of oLher caLegorles,
such as unlnLenLlonal dlscharges. 1oday, Lhe ueparLmenL Lracks any lncldenL ln whlch a ueparLmenL flrearm ls
dlscharged, even lf Lhe person dlscharglng Lhe weapon ls noL an offlcer.

lour decades of annual analyses have alLered Lhe way offlcers respond Lo, engage ln, and assess Lhe need for
flrearms dlscharges. lnformaLlon gleaned from Lhe annual reporLs has saved llves, and Lhere has been ueparLmenL-wlde
change wlLh regard Lo flrearms safeLy, reLenLlon, and LacLlcs. 1he ueparLmenL has made resLralnL Lhe norm. When
annual recordkeeplng began ln 1971, 12 offlcers were shoL and kllled by anoLher person, and 47 offlcers were shoL and
ln[ured. Cfflcers, ln Lurn, shoL and kllled 93 sub[ecLs, and ln[ured anoLher 221. 8y conLrasL, ln 2012, 13 offlcers were shoL
and ln[ured by sub[ecLs, whlle pollce shoL and kllled 16 sub[ecLs, and ln[ured 14 oLhers, no offlcer was kllled by sub[ecL
gunflre ln 2012.

1oday, Lhe reporLs addlLlonally serve as sLaLlsLlcal supporL for Lhe developmenL of Lralnlng, Lhe adopLlon of new
Lechnology, and Lhe deploymenL of ueparLmenL resources. new lnsLrucLlonal scenarlos are lmplemenLed as a resulL of
Lhls analysls, and new hardware-from bulleL-reslsLanL vesLs Lo conducLed-energy devlces-have been lnLroduced.

1racklng how, when, where, and why offlcers dlscharge Lhelr weapons ls an lnvaluable Lool for worklng Lowards
Lhe ueparLmenL's ulLlmaLe goal of guaranLeelng LhaL, for every dlscharge, no opLlon exlsLs oLher Lhan Lhe use of a
flrearm.


7
K.* (> >($9*

ollce offlcers are among a selecL few Lo whom socleLy has granLed Lhe rlghL Lo use force ln Lhe course of Lhelr
duLy. under new ?ork SLaLe law, pollce may use force Lo effecL arresL or prevenL escape, as well as Lo proLecL properLy
or people. WlLh cerLaln very speclflc excepLlons, a prlvaLe clLlzen's ablllLy Lo resorL Lo force ls llmlLed Lo self-defense and
ls also predlcaLed on flrsL exhausLlng all aLLempLs aL reLreaL. ollce, on Lhe oLher hand, are noL only obllgaLed Lo sLand
Lhelr ground, buL requlred Lo pursue fleelng malefacLors and use force, lf necessary, Lo LermlnaLe LhaL fllghL.

An offlcer's role encompasses servlce, crlme conLrol, and order malnLenance, and Lhe lasL Lwo regularly requlre
offlcers Lo lssue lnsLrucLlons and orders. Compllance ln Lhese maLLers ls noL opLlonal. 1he vasL ma[orlLy of pollce
encounLers lnvolve noLhlng more Lhan words, buL when words are lnsufflclenL-when people choose Lo lgnore or
acLlvely reslsL pollce-offlcers have an ascendlng array of force opLlons Lo compel oLhers Lo submlL Lo Lhelr lawful
auLhorlLy.

1hese opLlons exLend from professlonal presence up Lhrough verbal force, physlcal force, non-lmpacL weapons
(l.e. pepper spray), conducLed energy devlces, lmpacL weapons llke baLons, and, flnally, deadly physlcal force. All of
Lhese are Lools aL Lhe offlcer's dlsposal, and Lhe offlcer ls under no obllgaLlon Lo move sequenLlally from one Lo Lhe nexL,
he or she may [ump from verbal force Lo polnLlng a flrearm-or vlce versa-lf Lhe slLuaLlon dlcLaLes.

ln federal case law, 1ennessee v. Carner, 471 u.S. 1 (1983) and Craham v. Connor, 490 u.S. 386 (1989) dellneaLe
a sLandard of ob[ecLlve reasonableness" LhaL resLrlcLs an offlcer's prerogaLlve Lo compel or consLraln anoLher clLlzen.
8uL 1ennessee v. Carner afflrmed an offlcer's rlghL Lo use force agalnsL cerLaln suspecLs, sLaLlng LhaL lf a fleelng suspecL
were Lo lnfllcL or LhreaLen anyone wlLh serlous physlcal harm, Lhe use of deadly force would pass consLlLuLlonal
musLer."

1he new ?ork SLaLe enal Law, for lLs parL, allows an offlcer Lo use physlcal force only when he or she
reasonably belleves such Lo be necessary" Lo effecL arresL, prevenL escape, or defend a person or properLy from harm.
And Lhe sLaLe llmlLs an offlcer's ablllLy Lo exerclse deadly physlcal force even furLher-enal Law 33.30(1) provldes LhaL
pollce may only use deadly physlcal force agalnsL a sub[ecL ln Lhree very speclflc lnsLances:

1) When Lhe sub[ecL has commlLLed or ls aLLempLlng Lo commlL a felony and ls uslng or abouL Lo use
physlcal force agalnsL a person, or when Lhe sub[ecL has commlLLed or ls aLLempLlng Lo commlL
kldnapplng, arson, escape, or burglary,

2) When an armed felon reslsLs arresL or flees, and

3) When Lhe use of deadly physlcal force ls necessary Lo defend any person from whaL Lhe offlcer
reasonably belleves Lo be Lhe use or lmmlnenL use of deadly physlcal force."

1he use of deadly physlcal force, Lhen, ls properly resLrlcLed by sLaLuLe. 8uL n?u pollcy represenLs an even
more sLrlngenL guldellne, and Lhe ueparLmenL goes furLher Lhan Lhe law ln lLs efforLs Lo conLrol Lhe use of force by lLs
personnel. SLaLe law, for example, allows Lhe use of deadly physlcal force Lo proLecL properLy (e.g., Lo prevenL or
LermlnaLe arson or burglary), Lhe ueparLmenL does noL. AddlLlonally, accordlng Lo Lhe laws of new ?ork SLaLe, lL ls lawful
for an offlcer Lo shooL aL Lhe drlver of a vehlcle who ls uslng Lhe vehlcle so LhaL lL poses an lmmlnenL LhreaL of deadly
physlcal force. Such a flrearms dlscharge would vlolaLe ueparLmenL guldellnes, however.

n?u pollcy emphaslzes LhaL only Lhe amounL of force necessary Lo overcome reslsLance wlll be used," and
excesslve force wlll noL be LoleraLed," (aLrol Culde 203-11). Speclflcally regardlng Lhe use of deadly physlcal force,
ueparLmenL pollcy sLaLes, unlformed members of Lhe servlce should use only Lhe mlnlmal amounL of force necessary Lo
proLecL human llfe," (aLrol Culde 203-12).


8
CuluLLlnLS lC8 1PL uSL Cl ll8LA8MS

1o ensure LhaL offlcers use only Lhe mlnlmal amounL of force, Lhe ueparLmenL has nlne rules LhaL gulde a new
?ork ClLy pollce offlcer ln hls or her use of deadly physlcal force. 1hey are as follows:

1) ollce offlcers shall noL use deadly physlcal force agalnsL anoLher person unless Lhey have probable
cause Lo belleve Lhey musL proLecL Lhemselves or anoLher person presenL from lmmlnenL deaLh or
serlous physlcal ln[ury.

2) ollce offlcers shall noL dlscharge Lhelr weapons when, ln Lhelr professlonal [udgmenL, dolng so wlll
unnecessarlly endanger lnnocenL persons.

3) ollce offlcers shall noL dlscharge Lhelr weapons ln defense of properLy.

4) ollce offlcers shall noL dlscharge Lhelr weapons Lo subdue a fleelng felon who presenLs no LhreaL of
lmmlnenL deaLh or serlous physlcal ln[ury Lo Lhemselves or anoLher person presenL.

3) ollce offlcers shall noL flre warnlng shoLs.

6) ollce offlcers shall noL dlscharge Lhelr flrearms Lo summon asslsLance excepL ln emergency slLuaLlons
when someone's personal safeLy ls endangered and unless no oLher reasonable means ls avallable.

7) ollce offlcers shall noL dlscharge Lhelr flrearms aL or from a movlng vehlcle unless deadly physlcal force
ls belng used agalnsL Lhe pollce offlcer or anoLher person presenL, by means oLher Lhan a movlng
vehlcle.

8) ollce offlcers shall noL dlscharge Lhelr flrearms aL a dog or oLher anlmal excepL Lo proLecL Lhemselves or
anoLher person from physlcal ln[ury and Lhere ls no oLher reasonable means Lo ellmlnaLe Lhe LhreaL.

9) ollce offlcers shall noL, under any clrcumsLances, cock a flrearm. llrearms musL be flred double acLlon
aL all Llmes.

8LASCnA8LLnLSS

An offlcer's permlsslon Lo use force ls noL unllmlLed. Accordlng Lo Lhe law, as well as Lhe ueparLmenL's
regulaLlons, offlcers may exerclse only as much force as Lhey belleve Lo be reasonably necessary.

ollce are regularly exposed Lo hlghly sLressful, dangerous slLuaLlons, and Lhe rlsks Lhey face and Lhe experlence
Lhey galn are appreclaLed and conceded by Lhose who wrlLe and lnLerpreL Lhe law. ln 8rown v. unlLed SLaLes, 236 u.S.
333 (1921), !usLlce Cllver Wendell Polmes, !r., noLed LhaL, deLached reflecLlon cannoL be demanded ln Lhe presence of
an upllfLed knlfe." SlxLy-elghL years laLer, ln Craham v. Connor, 490 u.S. 386 (1989), Lhe Supreme CourL wroLe LhaL 1he
'reasonableness' of a parLlcular use of force musL be [udged from Lhe perspecLlve of a reasonable offlcer on Lhe scene,
raLher Lhan wlLh Lhe 20/20 vlslon of hlndslghL." And ln eople v. 8en[amln, 31 n?2d 271, Lhe new ?ork SLaLe courLs
observed LhaL, lL would, lndeed, be absurd Lo suggesL LhaL a pollce offlcer has Lo awalL Lhe gllnL of sLeel before he can
acL Lo preserve hls safeLy."

1hese rullngs expllclLly acknowledge Lhe sLraln under whlch offlcers make llfe-or-deaLh use-of-force declslons.
1he law should and does provlde laLlLude for Lhose who carry Lhe shleld and proLecL Lhe common good.


9
18AlnlnC

LaLlLude ls noL unresLrlcLed dlscreLlon - raLher, lL ls an admlsslon LhaL reasonableness ls fluld. ln order Lo make
Lhe rlghL concluslon abouL wheLher and how Lo use deadly force, an offlcer ln Lhese slLuaLlons relles on nerve, [udgmenL,
and sklll, buL mosL of all, on Lralnlng. lL ls Lralnlng LhaL seLs Lhe offlcer aparL from Lhe clvlllan, and ls an anchor ln Lhose
dangerous slLuaLlons LhaL mosL people never face.

1he maln purpose of Lhe Annual llrearms ulscharge 8eporL ls Lo ensure LhaL Lhe n?u's Lralnlng ls Lhe besL lL
can be.

&J)*.%&,#%&(J

1he new ?ork ClLy ollce ueparLmenL recognlzes Lhe serlous naLure of pollce-lnvolved flrearms dlscharges and
seeks Lo record and evaluaLe every such lncldenL. 1he mandaLe for such recordkeeplng was flrsL publlshed ln
ueparLmenL Crder SC 9 (s. 1969), buL Lhe lnLervenlng forLy years have greaLly reflned Lhe n?u's process. 1oday,
lnvesLlgaLlons are conducLed ln accordance wlLh Lwo guldlng documenLs:

1) aLrol Culde rocedure 212-29

2) A handbook enLlLled, 1he llrearms ulscharges lnvesLlgaLlon Manual, 1he n?u Culde Lo Lhe
reparaLlon of a ShooLlng lncldenL 8eporL."

1PL SPCC1lnC 1LAM

When an offlcer dlscharges hls or her flrearm, wheLher on or off duLy, or when a flrearm owned by an offlcer ls
dlscharged, a paLrol supervlsor responds Lo Lhe lncldenL, Lakes charge of Lhe scene, and secures and lnspecLs Lhe
lnvolved offlcer's flrearm. Pe or she also lmmedlaLely noLlfles Lhe chaln of command. A aLrol 8orough ShooLlng 1eam,
led by a shooLlng-Leam leader ln Lhe rank of CapLaln, ls Lhen dlspaLched. 1he shooLlng Leam ls an ad hoc enLlLy LhaL may
be comprlsed of personnel from lnvesLlgaLory unlLs, communlLy affalrs unlLs, Lhe Lmergency Servlce unlL, Lhe llrearms
and 1acLlcs SecLlon, and/or any oLher personnel whose Lralnlng or experLlse may prove valuable Lo Lhe pendlng
lnvesLlgaLlon.

1he shooLlng-Leam leader, under Lhe supervlslon of an lnspecLor, underLakes an ln-depLh examlnaLlon of Lhe
dlscharge lncldenL, and beglns by conLacLlng and conferrlng wlLh Lhe ulsLrlcL ALLorney. ln many lnsLances-lncludlng
nearly every lnsLance ln whlch a sub[ecL ls kllled or ln[ured-Lhe ulsLrlcL ALLorney wlll advlse LhaL any offlcer who flred
should noL be lnLervlewed, ln order Lo preserve Lhe lnLegrlLy of Lhe Crand !ury process. WheLher or noL Lhe ulsLrlcL
ALLorney allows an lnLervlew, Lhe shooLlng-Leam leader wlll, ln every lnsLance, dlrecL Lhe offlcer who flred Lo prepare a
llrearms ulscharge/AssaulL 8eporL, or luA8.

lf a dlscharge causes deaLh or ln[ury, Lhe offlcer who flred ls requlred Lo submlL Lo a 8reaLhalyzer LesL. Pe or she
ls also auLomaLlcally reasslgned Lo an admlnlsLraLlve poslLlon for a mlnlmum of Lhe nexL Lhree consecuLlve work days.
lnvesLlgaLlons lnLo dlscharges LhaL cause deaLh or ln[ury are supervlsed by execuLlves ln Lhe rank of Chlef.

lf Lhe dlscharge lncldenL appears legally or admlnlsLraLlvely problemaLlc, or lf malfeasance ls suspecLed, Lhe
shooLlng-Leam leader, ln con[uncLlon wlLh personnel from Lhe lnLernal Affalrs 8ureau, wlll remove Lhe shooLlng offlcer's
weapon and modlfy or suspend hls or her duLy sLaLus. An offlcer's weapon musL also be removed ln all lnsLances of self-
lnfllcLed ln[ury (absenL exLenuaLlng clrcumsLances).


10
Lach shooLlng lnvesLlgaLlon ls Lhorough and exhausLlve, and lncludes canvasses, area searches, wlLness
lnLervlews, sub[ecL lnLervlews, evldence collecLlon, crlme-scene skeLches and lnvesLlgaLlon, hosplLal vlslLs, and
flrearms/balllsLlcs analyses. AfLerwards, all avallable lnvesLlgaLory resulLs are collaLed lnLo a ShooLlng lncldenL 8eporL
and forwarded Lo Lhe Chlef of ueparLmenL, ordlnarlly wlLhln 24 hours of Lhe lncldenL.

1PL SPCC1lnC lnCluLn1 8LC81

A prellmlnary reporL-usually wrlLLen wlLhln elghL hours of Lhe lncldenL-ouLllnes, as much as posslble, Lhe
shooLlng lncldenL, however, Lhe rapldly evolvlng naLure of shooLlng lnvesLlgaLlons means lnformaLlon conLalned Lhereln
ls unavoldably prellmlnary. 1he prlmary means of mlLlgaLlng Lhls ls Lhe use of Lhe llrearms ulscharge lnvesLlgaLlon
Manual.

1he manual, ln lLs currenL lncarnaLlon, ls a 72-page lnsLrucLlon bookleL LhaL provldes a LemplaLe by whlch
shooLlng-Leam leaders can produce accuraLe, daLa-rlch ShooLlng lncldenL 8eporLs ln a Llmely manner. lL ensures LhaL
perLlnenL quesLlons are asked and relevanL avenues of lnvesLlgaLlon are pursued, even ln Lhe wake of a dynamlc,
someLlmes chaoLlc lncldenL. llrearms dlscharges, especlally Lhose LhaL occur durlng adversarlal confllcL, can be
Lremendously complex evenLs. 1he llrearms ulscharge lnvesLlgaLlon Manual funcLlons as a checkllsL, promoLlng boLh
unlformlLy and speclflclLy.

Lach ShooLlng lncldenL 8eporL should end wlLh a sLaLemenL, made wlLh approprlaLe caveaLs, assesslng wheLher
or noL Lhe dlscharge was conslsLenL wlLh ueparLmenL guldellnes and wheLher or noL Lhe lnvolved offlcers should be
sub[ecL Lo ueparLmenLal dlsclpllne. CfLen, lf lnvolved offlcers have noL been lnLervlewed, Lhe shooLlng-Leam leader may
noL make a deLermlnaLlon, buL raLher sLaLe LhaL Lhe lnvesLlgaLlon ls ongolng. 1hls does noL preclude Lhe shooLlng-Leam
leader from offerlng a LenLaLlve deLermlnaLlon, however, nor from commenLlng on Lhe apparenL LacLlcs uLlllzed durlng
Lhe lncldenL.

1PL llnAL 8LC81

WlLhln 90 days of Lhe lncldenL, Lhe commandlng offlcer of elLher Lhe preclncL of occurrence or Lhe appllcable
8orough lnvesLlgaLlon unlL prepares a flnallzed verslon of Lhe ShooLlng lncldenL 8eporL. 1hls flnal reporL ls a relLeraLlon
of Lhe orlglnal, buL lncludes any clarlflcaLlons or re-evaluaLlons LhaL may have been developed ln Lhe meanLlme. 8ecause
of Lhe speed wlLh whlch Lhe lnlLlal reporL ls prepared, LenLaLlve daLa ls unavoldable. Accordlngly, Lhe flnal reporL wlll
conLaln maLerlal LhaL was noL lnlLlally avallable Lo Lhe shooLlng-Leam leader (e.g., deLecLlve's case flles, forenslc resulLs,
and medlcal reporLs).

Cenerally, wlLh regard Lo dlscharges LhaL occur durlng adversarlal confllcL and lnvolve ln[ury or deaLh Lo a
sub[ecL, Lhe flnal reporL cannoL be flnlshed wlLhln Lhe 90-day perlod. lnsLead, lL musL walL unLll Lhe lnvesLlgaLlon lnLo Lhe
lncldenL has been compleLed, or aL leasL unLll Lhe dlsLrlcL aLLorney from Lhe counLy of occurrence has permlLLed Lhe
offlcer or offlcers who shoL Lo be lnLervlewed. AL Llmes lL musL walL even longer, unLll all relevanL legal proceedlngs have
been concluded.

lf a flnal reporL ls delayed-wheLher because of ongolng legal proceedlngs or lncompleLe lnvesLlgaLlons-Lhe
8orough lnvesLlgaLlon unlL submlLs monLhly lnLerlm-sLaLus reporLs. Cnce Lhe flnal reporL ls flnlshed, lL ls forwarded,
Lhrough channels, Lo Lhe Chlef of ueparLmenL.

8LvlLW

AfLer a flrearms dlscharge has been lnvesLlgaLed, Lhe flnal reporL prepared, and afLer Lhe ulsLrlcL ALLorney's
offlce has deLermlned wheLher Lhe lncldenL requlres prosecuLorlal acLlon, Lhe n?u lnlLlaLes a LerLlary examlnaLlon Lo
assess Lhe evenL from a procedural and Lralnlng perspecLlve and, lf necessary, Lo lmpose dlsclpllne. 1hls Lhlrd layer of
overslghL ls Lhe purvlew of Lhe llrearms ulscharge Advlsory 8oard and Lhe llrearms ulscharge 8evlew 8oard.

11
1PL 8C8CuCP ll8LA8MS ulSCPA8CL AuvlSC8? 8CA8u

1he revlew of flrearms dlscharges ls Lwo-Llered and conducLed aL Lhe borough and execuLlve levels. Members of
Lhe borough llrearms ulscharge Advlsory 8oard are supervlsors asslgned Lo Lhe borough ln whlch Lhe lncldenL occurred.
1hls board furLher scruLlnlzes Lhe lncldenL wlLh Lhe beneflL of new maLerlal conLalned ln Lhe flnal reporL. 8ased on Lhe
accumulaLed evldence, Lhe borough llrearms ulscharge Advlsory 8oard lssues prellmlnary flndlngs regardlng wheLher or
noL Lhe offlcer's acLlons vlolaLed Lhe ueparLmenL's flrearms guldellnes or use-of-force pollcy. 1he prellmlnary flndlngs,
along wlLh a prellmlnary dlsclpllnary recommendaLlon, are appended Lo Lhe flnal reporL and presenLed Lo Lhe Chlef of
ueparLmenL's llrearms ulscharge 8evlew 8oard for deLermlnaLlon.

1PL CPlLl Cl uLA81MLn1'S ll8LA8MS ulSCPA8CL 8LvlLW 8CA8u

1he ueparLmenL's llrearms ulscharge 8evlew 8oard lssues deLermlnaLlons concernlng Lhe LacLlcs used durlng
Lhe lncldenL, Lhe proprleLy of Lhe offlcer's acLlons, and Lhe dlsclpllnary acLlon Lo be Laken. 1he 8evlew 8oard glves due
conslderaLlon Lo, and ofLen concurs wlLh, Lhe orlglnal recommendaLlons of Lhe shooLlng-Leam leaders and Lhe
subsequenL flndlngs and recommendaLlons of Lhe borough Advlsory 8oard, buL ln some cases lL overrldes, alLers, or
clarlfles Lhe precedlng assessmenLs and arrlves aL new, more accuraLe flndlngs or more approprlaLe dlsclpllnary resulLs.

1he Chlef of ueparLmenL Lhen produces a llnal Summary 8eporL-a slngle documenL LhaL memorlallzes and
synLheslzes Lhe whole of Lhe exhausLlve lnvesLlgaLlon and revlew process-and presenLs lL Lo Lhe ollce Commlssloner.

1PL CLlCL CCMMlSSlCnL8

1he flnal declslon ln all maLLers relaLed Lo Lhese lncldenLs resLs wlLh Lhe ollce Commlssloner. uslng Lhe
recommendaLlons from boLh Lhe Advlsory and Lhe 8evlew 8oards, Lhe ollce Commlssloner makes a flnal deLermlnaLlon
regardlng Lhe lncldenL. Cnce Lhe Commlssloner has lssued Lhls flnal deLermlnaLlon, Lhe lncldenL ls consldered closed.
1he resulLs of Lhe 2012 flndlngs are publlshed LhroughouL Lhls reporL.


12

llgure 1.8


13
*b9-K.&(J.

1he reporL excludes lnsLances of perpeLraLors aLLacklng offlcers wlLh deadly physlcal force, lncludlng flrlng on
offlcers, when offlcers do noL reLurn flre. AlLhough no pollce offlcer was murdered ln 2012, 13 offlcers were shoL.
Several noLable evenLs are noL parL of Lhe reporL's sLaLlsLlcal analysls:

1he flrsL evenL occurred on !anuary 1, when a group of offlcers were flred on ln a marked pollce van. An
unknown assallanL flred aL leasL 7 rounds from an unrecovered semlauLomaLlc handgun, bulleL fragmenLs were
recovered from Lhe vehlcle's roof and from Lhe sldewalk. no one was ln[ured durlng Lhls aLLack. Cfflcers dld noL reLurn
flre. 1he second evenL occurred on !anuary 31. Cfflcers responded Lo a reporL of shoLs flred on Lhe flrsL floor of an
aparLmenL bulldlng ln 8rooklyn and spoLLed a man armed wlLh a black revolver. 1he perpeLraLor flred a slngle shoL lnLo
Lhe base of a deLecLlve's skull, nearly kllllng hlm. Cfflcers dld noL reLurn flre. 1he Lhlrd evenL occurred on Aprll 17, when
an emoLlonally dlsLurbed person sLabbed an offlcer ln Lhe Lemple wlLh a slx-lnch serraLed knlfe, causlng severe braln
Lrauma. 1he perpeLraLor was apprehended - no offlcer dlscharged a weapon.

9#%*,($&*.

1he 2012 Annual llrearms ulscharge 8eporL ls subdlvlded lnLo Lhe followlng flve caLegorles.
4
Lach caLegory ls
analyzed based on Lhe lnformaLlon ln LhaL caLegory. 1hls allows Lhe ueparLmenL Lo beLLer undersLand a speclflc Lype of
lncldenL and ad[usL Lralnlng and pollcy accordlngly.

&J%*J%&(J#- A&.9S#$,* E #A)*$.#$&#- 9(J>-&9%: when an offlcer lnLenLlonally dlscharges hls or
her flrearm durlng a confronLaLlon wlLh a sub[ecL

&J%*J%&(J#- A&.9S#$,* E #J&G#- #%%#9`: when an offlcer lnLenLlonally dlscharges hls or her
flrearm Lo defend agalnsL an anlmal aLLack

KJ&J%*J%&(J#- A&.9S#$,*: when an offlcer unlnLenLlonally dlscharges hls or her flrearm

KJ#K%S($&a*A K.* (> # >&$*#$G: when an offlcer dlscharges hls or her flrearm ouLslde Lhe scope of
hls or her employmenL, or when anoLher person lllegally dlscharges an offlcer's flrearm

G&.%#`*J &A*J%&%/: when an offlcer lnLenLlonally flres on anoLher offlcer ln Lhe mlsLaken bellef LhaL
Lhe oLher offlcer ls a crlmlnal sub[ecL

1he reporL conLalns lnformaLlon complled from prellmlnary and flnal ShooLlng reporLs, deLecLlve's case flles,
Medlcal Lxamlner's reporLs, llrearms ulscharge AssaulL reporLs, ArresL and ComplalnL reporLs, llrearms Analysls SecLlon
reporLs, llrearms ulscharge 8evlew 8oard flndlngs, and prevlous Annual llrearm ulscharge reporLs.

1he relaLlvely small sample sLudled for Lhe reporL-103 dlscharge lncldenLs, 43 ln Lhe Adversarlal ConfllcL
caLegory-can llmlL Lhe predlcLlve value and concluslons LhaL may be derlved.

4
1he posslblllLy of a slxLh caLegory-lnLenLlonal ulscharge-no ConfllcL-exlsLs, buL lLs occurrence ls exLremely uncommon. lnLenLlonal ulscharge-
no ConfllcL lnvolves an offlcer dlscharglng hls or her flrearm Lo summon asslsLance. 8ecause of Lhe rarlLy of Lhls Lype of dlscharge, lL ls noL regularly
Lracked ln Lhe annual reporL, buL ls addressed on an as-lL-occurs basls. ln 2012, no such dlscharge occurred.

art II: Intent|ona| D|scharge - Adversar|a| Conf||ct

13
CVLkVILW

1here were 43 lncldenLs of lnLenLlonal flrearms dlscharge durlng adversarlal confllcL (lu-AC) ln 2012, a 23
lncrease from 2011, when Lhere were 36. A LoLal of 60 offlcers lnLenLlonally flred Lhelr weapons durlng Lhese lncldenLs ln
2012, a 3 decrease from 2011, when 62 offlcers flred Lhelr weapons. 46 sub[ecLs were lnvolved ln Lhese 43 lncldenLs,
14 of whom were ln[ured (a decrease of 26 from 2011, when 19 were ln[ured) and anoLher 16 were kllled (as
compared Lo 9 ln 2011). A LoLal of 13 offlcers were shoL by crlmlnals ln 2012, a 223 lncrease from 2011, when 4 were
shoL.

Cf Lhe offlcers shoL by crlmlnals ln 2012, 11 were shoL wlLhln Lhe caLegory of an adversarlal confllcL, a 267
lncrease from 2011, when 3 were shoL wlLhln Lhls caLegory. An addlLlonal 4 offlcers were ln[ured durlng lu-AC lncldenLs
ln 2012 (for a LoLal of 13 ln[ured offlcers), 2 of whom were sLabbed, and 2 more were ln[ured by blunL Lrauma. no offlcer
was sLruck by crossflre ln 2012, nor was any offlcer kllled ln an lu-AC lncldenL.

kLASCNS ICk DISCnAkGLS

Cfflcers lnLenLlonally dlscharglng Lhelr
flrearms durlng lu-AC lncldenLs dld so Lo defend
Lhemselves or oLhers from Lhe LhreaL of serlous
physlcal ln[ury or deaLh.

ln 71 of 2012 lu-AC lncldenLs, Lhe LhreaL
came elLher ln Lhe form of a flrearm or a slmulaLed
flrearm. AddlLlonally, offlcers were flred upon ln 19 of
Lhe 43 lncldenLs (42). Cfflcers also acLed Lo defend
Lhemselves or oLhers from Lhe use or LhreaL of a
cuLLlng lnsLrumenL (16), or Lhe use or LhreaL of a
blunL lnsLrumenL (9), lncludlng 3 cases where
offlcers were LhreaLened wlLh a movlng vehlcle. See
llgure 2.1.

DA1LS AND 1IMLS CI DISCnAkGLS

ln 2012, 31 of lu-AC lncldenLs occurred ln !une, !uly and AugusL. Lach monLh buL uecember had aL leasL 2 lu-
AC lncldenLs.

1he dlsLrlbuLlon across days of Lhe week showed no slgnlflcanL paLLern, however, lu-AC shooLlngs were mosL
numerous on 1hursday and lrlday, wlLh 11 and 9 evenLs occurrlng on Lhose 2 days respecLlvely. 20 lncldenLs occurred
durlng Lhe Lhlrd plaLoon (1331 Lo 2330 hours), 14 lncldenLs occurred durlng Lhe flrsL plaLoon (2331 Lo 0730 hours), and
12 lncldenLs occurred durlng Lhe second plaLoon (0731 Lo 1330 hours).

llrearm /
SlmulaLed
llrearm 71
(32)
Cumng
lnsLrumenL
16 (7)
8lunL
lnsLrumenL
9 (4)
unknown
4 (2)
1hreat 1ype, ID-AC Inc|dents
llgure 2.1


16
LCCA1ICNS CI DISCnAkGLS

All 43 lu-AC lncldenLs ln 2012 Look place wlLhln
new ?ork ClLy, 8 on new ?ork ClLy Pouslng AuLhorlLy
premlses (18), 1 wlLhln Lhe MeLropollLan 1ransporLaLlon
AuLhorlLy LranslL sysLem (2), and 36 wlLhln Lhe
[urlsdlcLlon of Lhe paLrol preclncLs (80).

1he ueparLmenL dlvldes new ?ork ClLy's 3
counLles lnLo 8 aLrol 8oroughs, each of whlch ls furLher
dlvlded lnLo preclncLs. ln 2012, 8rooklyn accounLed for
Lhe mosL lu-AC lncldenLs of any borough (13 lncldenLs -
33 of Lhe clLywlde LoLal), 11 ln aLrol 8orough 8rooklyn
norLh and 4 ln aLrol 8orough 8rooklyn SouLh. 9 lu-AC
lncldenLs occurred ln aLrol 8orough 8ronx (20 of Lhe
clLywlde LoLal). none occurred ln SLaLen lsland. See llgure
2.2.
lu-AC lncldenLs Look place ln 32 separaLe
preclncLs ln 2012. 8 preclncLs had 2 lncldenLs (Lhe 7
Lh
, 23
rd
,
43
rd
, 46
Lh
, 83
rd
, 103
Lh
, 111
Lh
, and MldLown SouLh
preclncLs), and Lhe 73
Lh
preclncL had 4 lncldenLs.

80 of all lncldenLs occurred ouLdoors.

LCCA1lCnS Cl C8lMlnAL SPCC1lnCS

1he locaLlons of lu-AC lncldenLs Lend Lo be assoclaLed wlLh larger geographlc crlme paLLerns, whlch can be seen
when comparlng lu-AC locaLlons Lo Lhe locaLlons of crlmlnal shooLlngs. See llgure 2.3, whlch deplcLs Lhe locaLlon of Lhe
ClLy's 1,374 crlmlnal shooLlng lncldenLs (represenLed by llghL blue asLerlsks), resulLlng ln 1,623 people shoL, and overlays
Lhem wlLh all 43 lu-AC lncldenLs (represenLed by dark blue doLs). 1he map shows LhaL pollce flrearms dlscharges occur ln
Lhose areas of Lhe ClLy mosL plagued by gun vlolence.

Slnce Lhe Annual llrearms ulscharge 8eporL flrsL lnLroduced Lhls map ln 2007, Lhe daLa has always ldenLlfled Lhe
same correlaLlon. 1he frequency of crlmlnal gun acLlvlLy wlLhln new ?ork ClLy dlrecLly and proporLlonally affecLs Lhe
frequency and locaLlon of pollce lnvolved shooLlngs. As lllusLraLed by llgure 2.3, Lhe correlaLlon ls expllclL wlLh regard Lo
relaLlve raLe, as well - on a percenLage basls, pollce-lnvolved shooLlngs and crlmlnal shooLlngs are dlspersed slmllarly by
borough. uesplLe Lhls correlaLlon, Lhe number of lu-AC lncldenLs (43) ls small when compared Lo Lhe number of crlmlnal
shooLlngs (1,373). See llgure 2.4.

llgure 2.2

8rooklyn
33 (13)
8ronx
20 (9)
Manhauan
27 (12)
Cueens
20 (9)
SLaLen
lsland
0 (0)
ID-AC Inc|dents by 8orough

17
ID-AC Inc|dents vs. Cr|m|na| Shoot|ng Inc|dents

llgure 2.3

Crlmlnal ShooLlng lncldenLs

lu-AC lncldenLs

*

18

131
402
343
236
41
12 9
13
9
0
Manhauan 8ronx 8rooklyn Cueens SLaLen lsland
Cr|m|na| Shoonngs vs. ID-AC Inc|dents,
Irequency by 8orough
Crlmlnal Shooungs (1,373) lu-AC lncldenLs (43)
11
29
40
17
3
27
20
33
20
0
Manhauan 8ronx 8rooklyn Cueens SLaLen lsland
Cr|m|na| Shoonngs vs. ID-AC Inc|dents,
ercentage by 8orough
Crlmlnal Shooungs (1,373) lu-AC lncldenLs (43)
llgure 2.4

llgure 2.3


19
kLASCNS CIIICLk INVCLVLD

Cfflcers become lnvolved ln lu-AC lncldenLs for a varleLy of reasons. 34 offlcers were on-duLy durlng Lhelr
lnvolvemenL ln an lu-AC lncldenL, 33 (19) of whom were asslgned Lo proacLlve crlme-conLrol lnlLlaLlves such as AnLl-
Crlme Leams, CondlLlons unlLs, or aLrol 8orough 1ask lorces. 41 (22) of Lhe on-duLy offlcers lnvolved were asslgned Lo
unlformed paLrol. AnoLher 11 (6) were asslgned Lo lnvesLlgaLlve unlLs, lncludlng Lhe Crganlzed Crlme ConLrol 8ureau
(CCC8), and 13 (7) were asslgned Lo Lmergency Servlce unlLs (LSu). See llgure 2.6. 1here were also 6 offlcers lnvolved
ln an lu-AC lncldenL whlle off-duLy, 30 of whom were lnvolved because Lhey were vlcLlms of crlmes and 30 of whom
were lnvolved because Lhey were Laklng pollce acLlon.

1he 39 on-duLy lu-AC lncldenLs LhaL occurred ln 2012 were preclplLaLed by a varleLy of slLuaLlons, lncludlng 13
radlo runs" (l.e. 911 calls) - 3 for emoLlonally dlsLurbed persons, 4 for flrearms, 4 for robberles, burglarles, or larcenles,
and 2 for dlspuLes, lncludlng 1 domesLlc dlspuLe. Cfflcers encounLered crlmes ln progress whlle on rouLlne paLrol on 4
occaslons - 2 dlsorderly groups, 1 robbery, and 1 male shoL. 8easonable susplclon encounLers of armed sub[ecLs (7),
lnvesLlgaLlons of pasL crlmes (6), car sLops (4), verLlcal paLrols (1), summonses (1), and Llps from Lhe publlc (1) led Lo
oLher lncldenLs.

19
22
6
7
roacuve Crlme
ConLrol
unlformed aLrol lnvesugauve/CCC8 LSu
Cn Duty Cmcer Ass|gnments
llgure 2.6


20
CIIICLk kLS1kAIN1

Cf Lhe 60 offlcers who dlscharged Lhelr
flrearms durlng an lu-AC lncldenL ln 2012, 42
flred 1 shoL, and 72 flred no more Lhan 3 Llmes.
13 of offlcers lnvolved flred beLween 6 and 10
rounds, and 10 flred beLween 11 and 16 rounds.
More Lhan 16 rounds were flred by 2 offlcers ln 1
lncldenL, aL a suspecL who flred aL pollce afLer
shooLlng 2 people. See llgure 2.7.

Cfflcer resLralnL ls also apparenL when
examlnlng Lhe number of shoLs flred per lu-AC
lncldenL. ln 31 of lncldenLs, 1 shoL was flred by
Lhe pollce, and ln 64 of lncldenLs, 3 or fewer
shoLs were flred by Lhe pollce.

A LoLal of 331 shoLs were flred from offlcers' guns durlng lu-AC lncldenLs ln 2012, an lncrease of 6 from 2011,
when 311 shoLs were flred. Powever, 2 lncldenLs lnvolvlng sub[ecLs flrlng on offlcers, 1 ln whlch 84 rounds were flred
and 1 ln whlch 29 rounds were flred, accounLed for 34 of all lu-AC shoLs flred. Plgh volume ouLllers such as Lhese can
slgnlflcanLly skew medlan averages when Lhe LoLal number of lncldenLs ls as low as 43, a more Lelllng flgure perhaps ls
Lhe mode, whlch, durlng lu-AC lncldenLs ln 2012, was 1 shoL flred by offlcers.

31
38
13
13
4
1 round
2-6 rounds
7-11 rounds
12-16 rounds
17+ rounds
kounds I|red er ID-AC Inc|dent
llgure 2.7

1-3 8ounds
72 (43)
6-10
8ounds
13 (9)
11-16
8ounds
10 (6)
16+ 8ounds
3 (2)
kounds I|red er Cmcer, ID-AC Inc|dents
llgure 2.8


21
C8!LC1lvL CCMLL1lCn 8A1L

1he ueparLmenL does noL conslder average hlL percenLages for Lhe Annual llrearms ulscharge 8eporL. lnsLead,
Lhe ob[ecLlve compleLlon raLe per lncldenL ls employed, as lL ls boLh more accuraLe and more lnsLrucLlve. Llke combaL
lLself, Lhe ob[ecLlve compleLlon raLe per lncldenL ls pass/fall. When an offlcer properly and lawfully ad[udges a LhreaL
severe enough Lo requlre Lhe use of hls or her flrearm, and flres aL a speclflc LhreaL, Lhe mosL relevanL measure ls
wheLher he or she ulLlmaLely hlLs and sLops Lhe LhreaL. 1hls ls Lhe ob[ecLlve compleLlon raLe, and lL ls deLermlned
lrrespecLlve of Lhe number of shoLs Lhe offlcer flred aL Lhe sub[ecL.

ln 2012, offlcers hlL aL leasL 1 sub[ecL 29 Llmes durlng lu-AC lncldenLs, for an ob[ecLlve compleLlon raLe of 64.
8ecause sub[ecLs were noL apprehended ln 9 lncldenLs, lL ls posslble LhaL Lhe ob[ecLlve compleLlon raLe ls hlgher. uurlng
Lhe 19 lncldenLs ln 2012 ln whlch offlcers were belng flred upon, offlcers hlL aL leasL 1 sub[ecL 12 Llmes, for an ob[ecLlve
compleLlon raLe of 63. Sub[ecLs were noL apprehended ln 7 of Lhese lncldenLs.

SPCC1lnC 1LCPnlCuL

uLlllzlng a Lwo-handed grlp, sLandlng, and llnlng up a LargeL uslng Lhe flrearm's slghLs ls Lhe preferred meLhod of
dlscharglng a flrearm, buL lL ls noL always pracLlcal durlng an adversarlal confllcL. Cf Lhe 33 offlcers who reporLed Lhelr
shooLlng Lechnlques for lu-AC lncldenLs ln 2012, 61 (20) grlpped Lhe flrearm wlLh Lwo hands. All 60 offlcers reporLed
Lhelr sLance, 77 (46) sLaLed LhaL Lhey were sLandlng, whlle 20 (12) were movlng or sLruggllng and 3 (2) were seaLed.
Cf Lhe 29 offlcers who reporLed slghL usage, 38 (11) sLaLed LhaL Lhey were able Lo use Lhelr slghLs.

Lack of cover can be a facLor ln Lhe need for a flrearms dlscharge, because a proLecLed defenslve poslLlon may
allow offlcers Lo conLrol Lhe pace of an lncldenL. Cf Lhe 60 offlcers who flred, 36 were able Lo recall lf Lhey Look cover -
16 (26) reporLed LhaL Lhey Look cover, and 40 (67) reporLed LhaL Lhey were noL able Lo Lake cover.

ulS1AnCL

ln 2012, 44 offlcers were able Lo reporL how far
Lhey were from Lhelr LargeLs durlng lu-AC lncldenLs.
AlLhough offlcers are Lralned Lo flre on a LargeL from as far
away as 23 yards, Lhe ma[orlLy (73) of lu-AC dlscharges
occurred when Lhe offlcer was 13 yards or fewer from Lhe
sub[ecL. See llgure 2.9.

llgure 2.9

0-3 ?ards
41 (18)
6-13 ?ards
34 (13)
16-23
?ards
11 (3)
26+ ?ards
14 (6)
D|stance to 1arget

22
CIIICLk LDIGkLL

Cf Lhe 60 offlcers who lnLenLlonally dlscharged Lhelr flrearms durlng lu-AC lncldenLs, 2 (3) were female, and 38
(97) were male, 17 of Lhe ueparLmenL's unlformed personnel are female, and 83 are male.

As lllusLraLed by llgure 2.10, Lhe race of offlcers lnvolved ln lu-AC lncldenLs corresponds Lo Lhe race of Lhe
ueparLmenL's unlformed personnel - 33 of lu-AC offlcers were WhlLe, 32 were Plspanlc, 12 were 8lack, and 3
were Aslan. Cf Lhe ueparLmenL's unlformed personnel, 32 are WhlLe, 26 are Plspanlc, 16 are 8lack, and 6 are
Aslan.

Conslderlng currenL daLa and daLa from prlor years, no dlscernable paLLern emerges wlLh regard Lo Lhe
llkellhood LhaL an offlcer of any parLlcular pedlgree wlll become lnvolved ln a shooLlng.

A11l8L

Cf Lhe 34 on-duLy offlcers who lnLenLlonally flred durlng lu-AC lncldenLs, 18 (33) were wearlng plalncloLhes
and 36 (67) were ln unlform. AlLhough plalncloLhes offlcers represenL a smaller porLlon of offlcers ln Lhe fleld Lhan
unlformed offlcers, Lhls marks Lhe Lhlrd year of a paLLern reversal LhaL began ln 2010, prevlously, Lhe number of
plalncloLhes offlcers flrlng ofLen equaled and someLlmes exceeded Lhe number of unlformed offlcers dolng so, desplLe a
dlfference ln Lhelr overall sLafflng percenLages.

?LA8S Cl SL8vlCL

ln 2012, 13 of offlcers who lnLenLlonally dlscharged Lhelr flrearms durlng lu-AC lncldenLs had beLween 1 and 3
years of servlce, compared Lo 23 of ueparLmenL personnel. Cfflcers wlLh 1 Lo 3 years of servlce are more llkely Lo be
asslgned Lo perform paLrol duLles, and hlsLorlcally have been overrepresenLed ln shooLlng lncldenLs compared Lo more
experlenced offlcers. 1he decrease ln 2012 may be aLLrlbuLable Lo Lhe small number of offlcers hlred by Lhe ueparLmenL
ln 2009, 2010, and 2011 - Lhe ueparLmenL's overall Lenure has also rlsen accordlngly. See llgure 2.11.

3
12
32
33
6
16
26
32
Aslan/CLher 8lack Plspanlc WhlLe
kace, ID-AC Cmcers vs. Department Stamng
lu-AC Cmcers (60) unlformed SLamng (34,920)
llgure 2.10


23

8Ank

Cenerally, offlcers ln Lhe rank of pollce offlcer are Lhe fronL llne, and represenL Lhe ma[orlLy of ueparLmenL
personnel respondlng Lo vlolenL crlmes and acLlvely seeklng ouL crlmlnals. PlsLorlcally, Lhey have represenLed Lhe
ma[orlLy of offlcers lnvolved ln lu-AC lncldenLs. 1he rank of offlcers lnvolved ln lu-AC lncldenLs ls ln parlLy wlLh Lhe
ueparLmenL's overall unlformed sLafflng, 63 of lu-AC offlcers were pollce offlcers, 18 were deLecLlves, 13 were
sergeanLs, 2 were lleuLenanLs, and 2 were capLalns and above. Cf Lhe ueparLmenL's unlformed personnel, 66 are
pollce offlcers, 14 are deLecLlves, 13 are sergeanLs, 3 are lleuLenanLs, and 2 are capLalns and above. See llgure
2.12.

CLlCL WLACnS

1he ma[orlLy of offlcers (36, or 93) lnvolved ln all lu-AC lncldenLs (boLh on and off duLy) dlscharged Lhelr on-
duLy servlce flrearms. 1he remalnlng 4 offlcers (7) dlscharged auLhorlzed off-duLy flrearms. ueparLmenL regulaLlons
allow offlcers Lo carry Lhelr on-duLy servlce flrearms whlle off-duLy, and auLhorlzed off-duLy flrearms as secondary
weapons whlle on-duLy. no offlcer reporLed a flrearms malfuncLlon durlng an lu-AC lncldenL ln 2012.
13
38
23
18
3
23
30
13
20
10
1 Lo 3 6 Lo 10 11 Lo 13 16 Lo 20 21+
ears of Serv|ce, ID-AC Cmcers vs. Department Stamng
63
18
13
2 2
66
14
13
3
2
ollce Cmcer ueLecuve SergeanL LleuLenanL CapLaln and
Above
kank, ID-AC Cmcers vs. Department Stamng
llgure 2.11

llgure 2.12


24
SU8ILC1 LDIGkLL

1here were 46 sub[ecLs lnvolved ln Lhe 43 lu-AC lncldenLs ln 2012. All sub[ecLs, lncludlng 9 unapprehended
sub[ecLs, are known by sex and race. 1he ma[orlLy (44, or 96) were male, 2 (4) were female. Cf Lhe 37 apprehended
sub[ecLs, ages ranged from 17 Lo 38, alLhough 46 (17) were 23 or younger.

Su8!LC1 8ACL

1he race of a crlme suspecL ls deLermlned by eyewlLness reporLs, usually LhaL of Lhe vlcLlm. 1he race of a sub[ecL
ls deLermlned by Lhe offlcer who encounLered or arresLed Lhe sub[ecL. 1hls deLermlnaLlon may be based on a sub[ecL's
self-ldenLlflcaLlon, exlsLlng governmenL-lssued documenLaLlon, raclal/eLhnlc physlcal characLerlsLlcs, or oLher facLors.

AlLhough 23 of Lhe ClLy's populaLlon ls 8lack, among all crlmlnal shooLlng suspecLs ldenLlfled by race ClLywlde
ln 2012, 77 were 8lack, and 74 of shooLlng vlcLlms were 8lack. 8lacks were slmllarly represenLed as sub[ecLs ln lu-AC
lncldenLs ln 2012, 34 (74) were 8lack. Among sub[ecLs who were armed wlLh flrearms durlng lu-AC lncldenLs, 73
were 8lack (llgure 2.13), and among sub[ecLs who flred aL offlcers, 79 were 8lack (llgure 2.16).

8lack
73 (24)
Plspanlc
13 (4)
WhlLe
9 (3)
Aslan/
CLher
3 (1)
Sub[ects Armed w|th I|rearms (32)
8lack
69 (20)
Plspanlc
17 (3)
WhlLe
10 (3)
Aslan/
CLher
4 (1)
Sub[ects Struck by o||ce Gunhre (29)

8lack
69 (11)
Plspanlc
12.3 (2)
WhlLe
12.3 (2)
Aslan/
CLher
6
Sub[ects k|||ed by o||ce Gunhre (16)
8lack
79 (13)
Plspanlc
16 (3)
WhlLe
3 (1)
Sub[ects I|r|ng on o||ce (19)
llgure 2.13

llgure 2.14

llgure 2.13

llgure 2.16


23

8lC8 A88LS1S

A sub[ecL's arresL hlsLory ls usually unknown Lo Lhe offlcer aL Lhe Llme of an lncldenL. neverLheless, arresL hlsLory
ls perLlnenL because lL ls lndlcaLlve of a sub[ecL's propenslLy for crlmlnal conducL and capaclLy for vlolenLly confronLlng a
pollce offlcer, and lL can evlnce lLself ln a sub[ecL's bearlng, acLlons, and reacLlons. An arresL hlsLory, pendlng charges, or
parole sLaLus may also make a sub[ecL more wllllng Lo aLLempL Lo avold arresL by confronLlng Lhe offlcer.

Cf Lhe 46 sub[ecLs lnvolved ln lu-AC lncldenLs, 9 were unapprehended and Lhelr crlmlnal hlsLorles could noL be
ldenLlfled. Cf Lhe 37 remalnlng sub[ecLs, 4 (11) had no crlmlnal hlsLory. Powever, 3 of Lhe 4 had hlsLorles of menLal
lllness, and Lhe remalnlng sub[ecL had [usL commlLLed a murder. Cf Lhe 33 sub[ecLs wlLh a crlmlnal hlsLory, all had
mulLlple prlor arresLs, ranglng from 2 Lo 103, for numerous offenses lncludlng murder, Lhe aLLempLed murder of a pollce
offlcer, armed robberles, and possesslon of flrearms. 1he average number of prlor arresLs for lu-AC sub[ecLs was 11. no
sub[ecLs were on parole or wanLed on a parole warranL aL Lhe Llme of Lhe lncldenLs.

Su8!LC1 WLACnS

1he sub[ecLs lnvolved ln lu-AC lncldenLs uLlllzed a varleLy of weapons when confronLlng offlcers. 1he mosL
frequenLly used weapon was a flrearm: 29 sub[ecLs carrled flrearms, 19 of whom flred aL pollce, 12 of whom flred prlor
Lo belng confronLed by pollce. All of Lhe flrearms were handguns: 12 were seml-auLomaLlc plsLols, 10 were revolvers,
and 7 were unknown handguns. An addlLlonal 2 sub[ecLs carrled lmlLaLlon flrearms.

7 lncldenLs lnvolved sub[ecLs who aLLacked or menaced offlcers wlLh cuLLlng lnsLrumenLs, 3 of whlch occurred
lndoors, glvlng offlcers less Llme and space Lo lsolaLe and conLaln sub[ecLs. LmoLlonally dlsLurbed persons were lnvolved
ln 6 of Lhe 7 cuLLlng lnsLrumenL aLLacks.

Cf Lhe 4 blunL lnsLrumenLs lnvolved, 1 was a wooden cane LhaL a sub[ecL used Lo sLrlke an off-duLy offlcer ln Lhe
course of an aLLempLed robbery of Lhe offlcer, and 3 were vehlcles LhaL sub[ecLs employed as weapons.

79
16
3
0
77
18
2
3
8lack Plspanlc WhlLe Aslan/CLher
Sub[ecLs who llred on ollce (19) ldenued Shooung SuspecLs (698)
Sub[ects I|r|ng on o||ce vs. Idennhed Shoonng Suspects
llgure 2.17


26

INCIDLN1 CU1CCMLS

ClllCL8 uLA1P

no offlcer was kllled by a perpeLraLor durlng an adversarlal confllcL ln 2012.

ClllCL8 ln!u8lLS

12 offlcers were ln[ured by gunflre durlng adversarlal confllcL ln 2012, 2 of whom were severely ln[ured. An
addlLlonal offlcer was shoL ln Lhe base of Lhe skull durlng a vlolenL sLruggle wlLh a perpeLraLor. Powever, because pollce
dld noL reLurn flre, Lhls lncldenL ls noL lncluded as an lu-AC lncldenL ln Lhls reporL. ln one parLlcularly vlolenL encounLer
wlLh an armed perpeLraLor, 3 offlcers were elLher grazed or sLruck by dlrecL gunflre. no offlcers were ln[ured by
crossflre.

8uLLL1-8LSlS1An1 vLS1S

Cf Lhe 12 offlcers shoL and ln[ured, 7 were known Lo have been wearlng bulleL-reslsLanL vesLs, 3 were noL
wearlng vesLs because Lhey were off-duLy aL Lhe Llme Lhey were shoL, and lL ls unknown wheLher 2 who suffered graze
wounds were wearlng vesLs. Cne offlcer was saved by hls vesL, a deformed bulleL was recovered from Lhe vesL, dlrecLly
above Lhe offlcer's hearL. AnoLher offlcer was sLruck ln Lhe magazlne pouch on hls belL.

MALlunC1lCn

no offlcer reporLed a malfuncLlon durlng an adversarlal confllcL ln 2012.

Su8!LC1 uLA1P

Cf Lhe 46 sub[ecLs lnvolved ln lu-AC lncldenLs, 16 were kllled by pollce gunflre. AlLhough Lhe number of sub[ecLs
kllled by pollce gunflre lncreased from 2011 Lo 2012 (9 ln 2011 vs. 16 ln 2012, a 78 lncrease), Lhe number of sub[ecLs
sLruck by pollce gunflre lncreased much less slgnlflcanLly, from 28 ln 2011 Lo 30 ln 2012 - a 7 lncrease.

29
7
4
2
Pandgun (Seml-AuLomauc or 8evolver)
Cumng lnsLrumenL
8lunL lnsLrumenL
lmlLauon llrearm
Sub[ect Weapons
llgure 2.18


27
12 of Lhe 16 (73) had prlor arresL hlsLorles, 2 were emoLlonally dlsLurbed persons armed wlLh knlves, and 1 had
shoL and kllled a clvlllan lmmedlaLely before belng confronLed by Lhe pollce. As of SepLember 2013, Loxlcology reporLs
were avallable for 13 of Lhe 16 sub[ecLs kllled, and showed LhaL 12 sub[ecLs (80) were lnLoxlcaLed or had lllegal
narcoLlcs or conLrolled subsLances ln Lhelr sysLems aL Lhe Llme of Lhe lncldenLs.

Cf Lhe 16 sub[ecLs kllled, 10 were armed wlLh flrearms, 1 of whom had shoL a clvlllan, and 4 menaced offlcers
wlLh knlves. Cne sub[ecL, who had [usL commlLLed a gunpolnL robbery and was drlvlng a sLolen vehlcle, used Lhe vehlcle
as a weapon and was dragglng Lhe offlcer before he dlscharged hls flrearm.

narraLlves descrlblng all 16 lu-AC lncldenLs ln whlch sub[ecLs were kllled can be found ln Appendlx C.

Su8!LC1 ln!u8lLS

Cf Lhe 46 sub[ecLs lnvolved ln lu-AC lncldenLs, 14 were ln[ured, buL noL kllled, by pollce gunflre. Cf Lhe 14
ln[ured, 10 were armed wlLh flrearms, 7 flred aL pollce, 1 shoL and ln[ured 3 pollce offlcers, and 2 shoL and serlously
ln[ured a pollce offlcer. 2 of Lhose ln[ured were emoLlonally dlsLurbed persons who menaced clvlllans or pollce wlLh
cuLLlng lnsLrumenLs. All 14 were armed wlLh elLher a gun or a knlfe.

8?S1AnuL8 ln!u8lLS

10 bysLanders were ln[ured by pollce bulleLs durlng 2 lu-AC lncldenLs ln 2012. uurlng Lhe flrsL lncldenL, a
bysLander was ln[ured when an emoLlonally dlsLurbed person lunged aL offlcers wlLh a carvlng knlfe lnslde an aparLmenL.

1he second lncldenL resulLed ln ln[urles Lo 9 bysLanders. 1he sub[ecL lnvolved had shoL and kllled hls former
employer on a crowded sldewalk ln fronL of Lhe Lmplre SLaLe 8ulldlng aL approxlmaLely 0900 hours. A wlLness polnLed
ouL Lhe sub[ecL Lo 2 offlcers, who aLLempLed Lo sLop hlm. As Lhey approached, he Lurned and polnLed a loaded seml-
auLomaLlc plsLol aL Lhe offlcers. 1he offlcers flred a LoLal of 16 rounds, sLrlklng Lhe sub[ecL 9 Llmes. 9 bysLanders were
ln[ured by pollce bulleLs or fragmenLs.

llnulnCS

Lven when lnLenLlonal flrearms dlscharges are deemed [usLlflable ln a courL of law, Lhey are sLlll revlewed by Lhe
ueparLmenL for LacLlcal concerns and vlolaLlons of procedure. ulsclpllne ln Lhese cases does noL always relaLe Lo Lhe
acLual dlscharge of Lhe flrearm, buL can resulL from a vlolaLlon of oLher ueparLmenL procedures. AddlLlonally, all offlcers
who dlscharge Lhelr flrearms are senL Lo a flrearms reLralnlng course, regardless of Lhe clrcumsLances of Lhe dlscharge.

Cf Lhe lnvesLlgaLlons LhaL have been compleLed aL Lhe Llme of Lhls reporL (CcLober 2013), 89 have found LhaL
Lhe lnvolved offlcers were ln compllance wlLh ueparLmenL procedures and wlLh Lhe law. 1 offlcer was found ln vlolaLlon
of ueparLmenL procedures, and Charges and SpeclflcaLlons were conferred.


28
SUMMAk

1here were 43 lu-AC lncldenLs ln 2012, lnvolvlng 60 offlcers who flred. 1hese confllcLs lnvolved 46 sub[ecLs,
lncludlng 19 who flred dlrecLly aL pollce.

ln 2012, Lhere were 1,623 vlcLlms of crlmlnal shooLlngs ln new ?ork ClLy. 1he number of lnLenLlonal flrearms
dlscharges by pollce, comparaLlvely, ls small, buL every Llme an offlcer dlscharges a flrearm he or she rlsks lnfllcLlng
ln[ury or deaLh on sub[ecLs, fellow pollce offlcers, or lnnocenL bysLanders. 8ecause of Lhls, Lhe ueparLmenL ensures LhaL
each lncldenL ls Lhoroughly lnvesLlgaLed and analyzed ln order Lo reduce Lhese evenLs, Lhereby reduclng Lhe llkellhood of
harm Lo clvlllans and offlcers allke.

Cne meLhod of [udglng Lhe ueparLmenL's resLralnL ls Lo compare Lhe number of lu-AC lncldenLs Lo ueparLmenL
sLafflng - Lhere were, on average, 34,920 unlformed offlcers employed by Lhe n?u ln 2012. Cf Lhem, only 60 - 0.17 -
lnLenLlonally dlscharged a flrearm aL a sub[ecL. AnoLher meLhod ls Lo compare Lhe number of lu-AC lncldenLs Lo Lhe
number of hlgh-rlsk radlo runs and Lhe number of arresLs of armed suspecLs made by offlcers each year.

ln 2012, offlcers responded Lo more Lhan 4.8 mllllon calls for servlce, of whlch more Lhan 246,000 lnvolved
weapons. Cfflcers also had mllllons of addlLlonal conLacLs wlLh Lhe publlc, lncludlng reasonable susplclon encounLers, car
sLops, and summonses. Cfflcers made 26,091 weapons arresLs, lncludlng 3,689 gun arresLs, and escorLed Lhousands of
emoLlonally dlsLurbed persons Lo hosplLals. ln oLher words, Lhere were more Lhan 26,000 lncldenLs ln whlch an offlcer
Look an armed sub[ecL lnLo cusLody wlLhouL flrlng hls or her weapon.

art III: Intent|ona| D|scharge -
An|ma| Attack

30
CVLkVILW

1here were 24 lnLenLlonal flrearms dlscharges durlng an anlmal aLLack (lu-AA) ln 2012, a 33 decrease from
2011, when Lhere were 36, 22 (92) were on-duLy lncldenLs and 2 (8) were off-duLy lncldenLs. A LoLal of 28 offlcers
dlscharged Lhelr flrearms, a 33 decrease from 2011, when 43 offlcers dlscharged Lhelr flrearms. A LoLal of 29 anlmals
were lnvolved, all of Lhem dogs, Lhere were 3 lncldenLs lnvolvlng 2 dogs. 2 offlcers and 1 clvlllan were blLLen. An
addlLlonal clvlllan was unlnLenLlonally ln[ured durlng an lu-AA lncldenL when he was sLruck by a round from an offlcer's
gun. Cf Lhe 29 dogs lnvolved, 9 (31) were kllled, a decrease of 23 from 2011, when 12 were kllled. An addlLlonal 8
dogs (28) were ln[ured. 22 of Lhe 29 dogs were plL bulls (79).

1hese numbers do noL encompass all dog aLLacks on offlcers or clvlllans, only lncldenLs lnvolvlng lnLenLlonal
flrearms dlscharges by pollce offlcers. ln 2012, pollce offlcers responded Lo approxlmaLely 28,000 calls for servlce
lnvolvlng dogs and oLher anlmals, and encounLered many more whlle on paLrol, execuLlng search warranLs, or
lnvesLlgaLlng complalnLs LhaL were noL processed Lhrough 911 or 311.

kLASCNS ICk DISCnAkGLS

Cfflcers who lnLenLlonally dlscharged Lhelr flrearms durlng anlmal aLLacks dld so Lo defend Lhemselves or oLhers
from Lhe LhreaL of physlcal ln[ury, serlous physlcal ln[ury, or deaLh. ollce offlcers use Lhelr flrearm only as a lasL resorL
Lo sLop an anlmal aLLack. When posslble, offlcers aLLempL Lo prevenL an anlmal aLLack uslng non-leLhal opLlons, lncludlng
baLons and CC spray. Lmergency Servlce unlL personnel carry resLralnlng devlces Lo keep anlmals aL a safe dlsLance, as
well as CC
2
plsLols and rlfles capable of flrlng Lranqulllzer darLs conLalnlng keLaseL, a veLerlnary anesLheLlc. ln rapldly
evolvlng slLuaLlons, however, Lhese opLlons are noL always prudenL or posslble.

DA1LS AND 1IMLS CI DISCnAkGLS

ln 2012, lu-AA lncldenLs occurred falrly evenly
LhroughouL Lhe monLhs of Lhe year. no monLh saw more
Lhan 3 lncldenLs, and every monLh excepL SepLember had
aL leasL 1 lncldenL. Slmllarly, Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon across days of
Lhe week showed no slgnlflcanL paLLern, 1uesday
experlenced Lhe mosL lu-AA lncldenLs wlLh 3, and
Wednesday and 1hursday experlenced Lhe leasL, wlLh 2
each.

lu-AA lncldenLs occurred mosL ofLen durlng Lhe
1331-2330 Lour of duLy (14 lncldenLs - 38). 1he 0731-
1330 Lour saw 6 lncldenLs (23), and Lhe 2331-0730 Lour
saw 4 lncldenLs (17). See llgure 3.1.

0731-1330
Pours
23 (6)
1331-2330
Pours
38 (14)
2331-0730
Pours
17 (4)
ID-AA Inc|dents by 1our (24)
llgure 3.1

31

LCCA1ICNS CI DISCnAkGLS

All 24 lu-AA lncldenLs ln 2012 Look place wlLhln
new ?ork ClLy - 18 wlLhln Lhe [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe paLrol
preclncLs (73) and 6 on new ?ork ClLy Pouslng AuLhorlLy
premlses (23). no lncldenLs Look place wlLhln Lhe
MeLropollLan 1ransporLaLlon AuLhorlLy LranslL sysLem. ln
2012, 8rooklyn accounLed for Lhe mosL lu-AA lncldenLs of
any borough (9 lncldenLs - 37 of Lhe clLywlde LoLal). See
llgure 3.2. lu-AA lncldenLs occurred ln 18 separaLe
preclncLs, lncludlng 4 preclncLs LhaL had 2 lncldenLs (Lhe
83
rd
, 79
Lh
, 23
rd
, and 122
nd
preclncLs) and 1 preclncL LhaL
had 3 lncldenLs (Lhe 73
Lh
preclncL).

llgure 3.3

llgure 3.2

ID-AA Locat|ons

8ronx
17 (4)
8rooklyn
37 (9)
Manhauan
21 (3)
Cueens
17 (4)
SLaLen
lsland
8 (2)
ID-AA Inc|dents by 8orough
32
79 of all lu-AA lncldenLs occurred ouLdoors (19). More occurred on sLreeLs and sldewalks (42) Lhan any oLher
locaLlon Lype. Cf Lhe 3 lncldenLs LhaL occurred lndoors, 3 were lnslde sLalrwells or hallways, and 2 were lnslde
aparLmenLs. See llgure 3.4.

kLASCNS CIIICLk INVCLVLD

A LoLal of 28 offlcers flred durlng a LoLal of 24 lu-AA lncldenLs ln 2012. MosL (22) lncldenLs, lnvolvlng 26 offlcers,
occurred whlle Lhe offlcers were on-duLy. A varleLy of reasons led on-duLy offlcers Lo become lnvolved - Lhe 2 mosL
common reasons were offlcers respondlng Lo 911 calls of anlmal aLLacks and conducLlng verLlcal paLrols of aparLmenL
bulldlngs (27 each). See llgure 3.3. All of Lhe lu-AA lncldenLs preclplLaLed by verLlcal paLrols occurred ln new ?ork ClLy
Pouslng AuLhorlLy locaLlons.

1he remalnlng 2 lu-AA lncldenLs, lnvolvlng 2 offlcers, occurred whlle Lhe offlcers were off-duLy, one off-duLy
offlcer was aLLacked by loose dogs whlle walklng hls dog, and anoLher was Laklng pollce acLlon Lo proLecL hls nelghbors
from a dog when he was blLLen.

10
3
3
2
2
1
1
SLreeL/Sldewalk
8oof
SLalrwell/Pallway
AparLmenL
?ard/CourLyard
Alley/urlveway
ark/Woods
ID-AA Inc|dents by Locanon 1ype
6
6
4
4
2
verucal aLrol
8adlo 8un, Anlmal Auack
lck up, Loose Canlne
ArresL
Search WarranL
S|tuanons rec|p|tanng Cn-Duty ID-AA Inc|dents (22)
llgure 3.4

llgure 3.3

33
CIIICLk kLS1kAIN1

A LoLal of 78 shoLs were flred by offlcers durlng lu-AA lncldenLs ln 2012, a decrease of 1 from 2011, when 79
shoLs were flred. Cf offlcers dlscharglng Lhelr flrearms durlng lu-AA lncldenLs, 43 flred 1 shoL, and anoLher 43 flred
beLween 2 and 3 Llmes, for a LoLal of 86 of offlcers flrlng no more Lhan 3 rounds. no offlcer flred more Lhan 8 Llmes.
See llgure 3.6.

8esLralnL ls also apparenL when analyzlng Lhe average number of shoLs flred per lncldenL. ln 63 of lncldenLs, 1
or 2 rounds were flred, and ln 21 of lncldenLs, beLween 3 and 3 shoLs were flred. 1he mosL flred aL any lncldenL was 13.
See llgure 3.7.

SPCC1lnC 1LCPnlCuL

Cf Lhe 23 offlcers who reporLed Lhelr shooLlng Lechnlques for lu-AA lncldenLs ln 2012, 43 (10) grlpped Lhe
flrearm wlLh Lwo hands. 27 offlcers reporLed Lhelr sLance, 96 (26) sLaLed LhaL Lhey were sLandlng, and 1 was prone,
havlng been knocked over by Lhe dog. Cf Lhe 22 offlcers who reporLed slghL usage, 27 (6) sLaLed LhaL Lhey were able Lo
use Lhelr slghLs. Cnly 1 offlcer was able Lo Lake cover.

Compared Lo lu-AC lncldenLs, offlcers lnvolved ln lu-AA lncldenLs had lower raLes of Lwo-handed grlp usage
(43 for lu-AA lncldenLs vs. 60 for lu-AC lncldenLs), slghL usage (27 for lu-AA lncldenLs vs. 38 of lu-AC lncldenLs),
and cover (4 for lu-AA lncldenLs vs. 26 for lu-AC lncldenLs). 1he fasL-paced naLure of dog aLLacks may accounL for Lhls
dlfference. Pow qulckly an aLLacklng dog can be wlLhln sLrlklng dlsLance of an offlcer ls furLher lllusLraLed by Lhe
proxlmlLy of offlcers Lo Lhelr LargeLs durlng lu-AA lncldenLs - 86 of offlcers (24) flred when Lhe dog was wlLhln 13 feeL,
compared Lo 41 of offlcers who flred when Lhe sub[ecL was wlLhln 13 feeL durlng lu-AC lncldenLs.

1 8ound
43 (12)
2-3
8ounds
43 (12)
6-8
8ounds
14 (4)
ID-AA kounds I|red er Cmcer
1-2
8ounds
63 (13)
3-3
8ounds
21 (3)
6-9
8ounds
8 (2)
10+
8ounds
8 (2)
kounds I|red er ID-AA Inc|dent
llgure 3.6

llgure 3.7

34
CIIICLk LDIGkLL

Cf Lhe 28 offlcers who lnLenLlonally dlscharged Lhelr flrearms durlng lu-AA lncldenLs, 1 (4) was female, and 27
(96) were male. As wlLh lu-AC lncldenLs, and as lllusLraLed by llgure 3.8, Lhe race of offlcers lnvolved ln lu-AA lncldenLs
corresponds Lo Lhe race of Lhe ueparLmenL's unlformed personnel - 30 of lu-AA offlcers were WhlLe, 21 were
Plspanlc, 21 were 8lack, and 7 were Aslan. Cf Lhe ueparLmenL's unlformed personnel, 32 are WhlLe, 26 are
Plspanlc, 16 are 8lack, and 6 are Aslan. Conslderlng currenL daLa and daLa from prlor years, no dlscernable paLLern
emerges wlLh regard Lo Lhe llkellhood LhaL an offlcer of any parLlcular pedlgree wlll become lnvolved ln an lu-AA
lncldenL.

?LA8S Cl SL8vlCL

ln 2012, 43 of offlcers who lnLenLlonally dlscharged Lhelr flrearms durlng lu-AA lncldenLs had beLween 1 and 3
years of servlce, compared Lo 23 of ueparLmenL personnel. Cfflcers wlLh 1 Lo 3 years of servlce are more llkely Lo be
asslgned Lo perform paLrol duLles, whlch may accounL for Lhelr overrepresenLaLlon ln shooLlng lncldenLs compared Lo
more experlenced offlcers. See llgure 3.9.

7
21 21
30
6
16
26
32
kace, ID-AA Cmcers vs. Department Stamng
lu-AA Cmcers (28) unlformed SLamng (34,920)
43
29
11
14
4
23
30
13
20
10
1 Lo 3 6 Lo 10 11 Lo 13 16 Lo 20 21+
ears of Serv|ce, ID-AA Cmcers vs. Department Stamng
lu-AA Cmcers (28) unlformed SLamng (34,920)
llgure 3.8

llgure 3.9

33
8Ank

ln 2012, 71 of lu-AA offlcers were pollce offlcers, 21 were deLecLlves, and 4 were sergeanLs. 1he remalnlng
offlcer, represenLlng 4 of Lhe LoLal, was an undercover and hls rank ls undlsclosed. See llgure 3.10. Cfflcers ln Lhe rank
of pollce offlcer and deLecLlve are sllghLly overrepresenLed compared Lo ueparLmenL sLafflng - 66 of LoLal unlformed
personnel are pollce offlcers, and 14 are deLecLlves. Powever, Lhese Lwo ranks are much more llkely Lo be asslgned Lo
respond Lo calls for anlmal aLLacks, Lo conducL verLlcal paLrols, Lo effecL arresLs, and Lo oLher asslgnmenLs LhaL were Lhe
mosL llkely Lo preclplLaLe lu-AA lncldenLs.

A11l8L

Cf Lhe 26 on-duLy offlcers who lnLenLlonally flred durlng lu-AC lncldenLs, 17 (63) were ln unlform and 9 (33)
were wearlng plalncloLhes. 1he plalncloLhes offlcers were asslgned Lo CCC8, Lhe ueLecLlve 8ureau, and Lhe WarranL
SecLlon.

CLlCL WLACnS

All 26 on-duLy offlcers who flred durlng lu-AA lncldenLs ln 2012 uLlllzed Lhelr servlce weapons. 1he 2 offlcers
who flred off-duLy uLlllzed auLhorlzed off-duLy flrearms. no offlcer reporLed a flrearms malfuncLlon durlng an anlmal
aLLack ln 2012.

INCIDLN1 CU1CCMLS

1he 24 lu-AA lncldenLs ln 2012 lnvolvlng 28 offlcers resulLed ln 9 of 29 dogs kllled and 8 dogs ln[ured. 2 offlcers
and 1 clvlllan were blLLen, and 1 clvlllan was ln[ured when he seL a dog on offlcers as Lhey aLLempLed Lo affecL an arresL -
he was unlnLenLlonally sLruck by a round LhaL one of Lhe offlcers flred aL Lhe aLLacklng dog.

Cf Lhe lnvesLlgaLlons LhaL have been compleLed aL Lhe Llme of Lhls reporL (CcLober 2013), 100 have found LhaL
Lhe lnvolved offlcers were ln compllance wlLh ueparLmenL procedures and wlLh Lhe law.

ollce Cmcer
71 (20)
ueLecuve
21 (6)
SergeanL
4 (1)
undlsclosed
(undercover)
4 (1)
ID-AA Cmcers by kank
llgure 3.10

"#$% &'( )*+*%,*%+-*#. /+012#$3,

37
4'56'&57

1here were 21 lncldenLs of unlnLenLlonal flrearms dlscharges ln 2012, a 40 lncrease from 2011, when Lhere
were 13. 1he lncrease was drlven by a 330 lncrease ln unlnLenLlonal dlscharges durlng adversarlal confllcL (from 2 ln
2011 Lo 9 ln 2012). Lach lncldenL lnvolved 1 offlcer.

1hese lncldenLs resulLed ln ln[urles Lo 6 offlcers, all relaLlvely mlnor, lncludlng several wounds Lo hands or
flngers, and 2 graze wounds Lo legs. Clvlllans were ln[ured durlng 2 lncldenLs: a woman suffered graze wounds Lo her
arm and leg when an offlcer unlnLenLlonally dlscharged a round durlng Lhe execuLlon of a search warranL and Lhe round
passed Lhrough Lhe floor of Lhe aparLmenL lnLo Lhe aparLmenL below, and a suspecL was sLruck ln Lhe leg when an offlcer
was aLLempLlng Lo holsLer hls flrearm whlle handcufflng Lhe suspecL Lo place hlm under arresL. Cne clvlllan was kllled
durlng an armed robbery, when he fled a sLore LhaL was belng held up by 3 armed suspecLs and ran dlrecLly lnLo Lhe
offlcer's drawn flrearm, knocklng Lhe offlcer Lo Lhe ground and causlng Lhe offlcer Lo unlnLenLlonally dlscharge a round
as a resulL of Lhe colllslon.

WLACnS

Cf Lhe 21 flrearms LhaL were unlnLenLlonally dlscharged ln 2012, 13 (62) were Lhe offlcers' servlce weapons, 6
were auLhorlzed off-duLy flrearms (29), and 2 were oLher flrearms LhaL were oLherwlse legally possessed (9).
8evolvers accounLed for 3 of Lhe flrearms (14), and seml-auLomaLlcs accounLed for 18 (86). Cf Lhe 13 servlce
weapons lnvolved, 4 (31) were Clocks, 6 (46) were SmlLh & Wessons, and 3 (23) were Slg Sauers.

ClllCL8 LulC8LL

Cf Lhe 21 offlcers who unlnLenLlonally dlscharged flrearms ln 2012, 1 (4) was female and 20 (96) were male,
17 of Lhe ueparLmenL's unlformed personnel are female and 83 are male.

3 offlcers lnvolved ln unlnLenLlonal flrearms dlscharges were 8lack (24), 10 (48) were WhlLe, and 6 (28)
were Plspanlc, of Lhe ueparLmenL's unlformed personnel, 32 are WhlLe, 26 are Plspanlc, 16 are 8lack, and 6 are
Aslan (see llgure 4.1).

0
24
28
48
6
16
26
32
6#1,8 )*+*%,*9-*#. /+012#$3,0 :0; /,<#$%=,*% >%#?*3
unlnLenuonal ulscharges (21) unlformed SLamng (34,920)
llgure 4.1

38
3 offlcers lnvolved ln unlnLenLlonal flrearms dlscharges had beLween 1 and 3 years of servlce (24), 10 (48)
had beLween 6 and 10 years of servlce, 3 (24) had beLween 11 and 13 years of servlce, and 1 (4) had beLween 16 and
20 years of servlce, of Lhe ueparLmenL's unlformed personnel, 23 have beLween 1 and 3 years of servlce, 30 have
beLween 6 and 10 years of servlce, 13 have beLween 11 and 16 years of servlce, 20 have beLween 16 and 20 years of
servlce, and 10 have more Lhan 20 years of servlce (see llgure 4.2).

16 offlcers lnvolved ln unlnLenLlonal flrearms dlscharges were pollce offlcers (76), 4 (20) were deLecLlves, and
1 (4) was a sergeanL, of Lhe ueparLmenL's unlformed personnel, 66 are pollce offlcers, 14 are deLecLlves, 13 are
sergeanLs, 3 are lleuLenanLs, and 2 are capLalns and above (see llgure 4.3).

1he sample slze of offlcers lnvolved ln unlnLenLlonal flrearms dlscharges as deplcLed ln llgures 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 ls
21, or 0.06 of Lhe ueparLmenL's unlformed personnel. 1hese flgures are Lherefore noL useful ln deLermlnlng Lhe
llkellhood LhaL an offlcer of any parLlcular pedlgree wlll become lnvolved ln an unlnLenLlonal flrearms dlscharge.
24
48
24
4
0
23
30
13
20
10
1 Lo 3 6 Lo 10 11 Lo 13 16 Lo 20 21+
@,#$0 -A >,$:+1,8 )*+*%,*9-*#. /+012#$3,0 :0; /,<#$%=,*%
>%#?*3
unlnLenuonal uscharges (21) unlformed SLamng (34,920)
76
20
4
0 0
66
14
13
3
2
Above
6#*B8 )*+*%,*9-*#. /+012#$3,0 :0; /,<#$%=,*% >%#?*3
unlnLenuonal ulscharges (21) unlformed SLamng (34,920)
llgure 4.2

llgure 4.3

39
")65C@ )D&DE5DE&4DFC /&>GHF6I5>

urely unlnLenLlonal dlscharges occur when an offlcer ls loadlng or unloadlng, cleanlng, or oLherwlse handllng a
flrearm. ln 2012, 12 (37) of Lhe 21 LoLal unlnLenLlonal flrearm dlscharges were purely unlnLenLlonal. ln each of Lhe 12
lncldenLs, 1 offlcer was lnvolved and 1 round was flred. no clvlllans were ln[ured or kllled as a resulL of purely
unlnLenLlonal dlscharges.

LCAulnC/unLCAulnC

Cfflcers were elLher loadlng or unloadlng a flrearm whlle 3 of Lhe 12 lncldenLs occurred. 1he only on-duLy
lncldenL of Lhe 3 occurred ln a ueparLmenL of CorrecLlon flrearms safeLy sLaLlon, had Lhls dlscharge occurred lnLo a
ollce ueparLmenL flrearms safeLy sLaLlon, lL would noL have been lncluded ln Lhls reporL. ln order Lo lncenLlvlze Lhe use
of flrearms safeLy sLaLlons, Lhe ueparLmenL does noL deflne Lhese dlscharges as ueparLmenL flrearms dlscharges.
llrearms safeLy sLaLlons are lnsLalled aL all ueparLmenL faclllLles where flrearms may be presenL. 1he oLher 4 offlcers
who dlscharged rounds whlle loadlng or unloadlng flrearms were off-duLy aL Lhe Llme of Lhe lncldenLs.

PAnuLlnC

7 offlcers were handllng flrearms for reasons oLher Lhan loadlng or unloadlng whlle Lhe remalnlng lncldenLs
occurred, lncludlng cleanlng a flrearm or movlng a flrearm from one locaLlon Lo anoLher. 1wo of Lhese flrearms
dlscharged when ob[ecLs became caughL lnslde Lhe Lrlgger guard of flrearms LhaL were belng carrled lnslde duffle bags.
Cne lncldenL occurred ln a pollce faclllLy - a locker room - and 6 occurred lnslde Lhe offlcer's resldence. Cne offlcer
lnvolved was a recrulL asslgned Lo Lhe ollce Academy. Cne offlcer was handllng an unfamlllar revolver wlLh no Lrlgger
guard.

)D&DE5DE&4DFC /&>GHF6I5> /)6&DI F/'56>F6&FC G4DJC&GE

unlnLenLlonal dlscharges durlng adversarlal confllcL or anlmal aLLack occur durlng Lhe course of lawful pollce
conducL and are broughL abouL elLher wholly or ln parL by mlLlgaLlng facLors, such as a suspecL grabblng an offlcer's
flrearm, an offlcer loslng hls or her balance, or when an offlcer's shooLlng hand ls sLruck by an ob[ecL. ln 2012, 9 of Lhe
21 LoLal unlnLenLlonal dlscharges occurred durlng an adversarlal confllcL or anlmal aLLack (43). ln each of Lhe 9
lncldenLs, 1 offlcer was lnvolved and 1 round was flred. 1hese 9 lncldenLs represenL a 330 lncrease from 2011, when
Lhere were 2. As deLalled above, 2 clvlllans were ln[ured and 1 was kllled.

1he reasons for unlnLenLlonal dlscharge durlng adversarlal confllcL vary. Sub[ecLs grabbed an offlcer's flrearm
causlng a dlscharge on 2 occaslons, offlcers losL Lhelr balance ln Lhe course of confllcL on 2 occaslons (lncludlng an offlcer
who was sLruck by a movlng vehlcle), offlcers were execuLlng warranLs lnslde aparLmenLs on 2 occaslons, and offlcers
were engaged ln physlcal combaL wlLh vlolenL suspecLs on 3 occaslons.

&DG&/5DE 4)EG4K5>

1he ueparLmenL lnvesLlgaLes all unlnLenLlonal flrearms dlscharges Lhoroughly. Cf Lhe lnvesLlgaLlons LhaL have
been compleLed aL Lhe Llme of Lhls reporL (CcLober 2013), Lhe llrearms ulscharge 8evlew 8oard found LhaL offlcers were
ln vlolaLlon of ueparLmenL guldellnes ln 3 cases. 1he recommended dlsclpllne for lnvolved offlcers ranged from none
(e.g. Lhe offlcer who dlscharged a round lnLo Lhe flrearms safeLy sLaLlon) Lo suspenslon. 8eLralnlng on relevanL LacLlcs
was recommended ln 3 cases. 1here were 4 cases where offlcers were found Lo be wlLhln ueparLmenL guldellnes.

art V: Unauthor|zed Use of a I|rearm

41
CVLkVILW

1here were 13 flrearms dlscharges ln 2012 LhaL were deLermlned Lo be unauLhorlzed and ouLslde Lhe scope of
Lhe offlcers' employmenL, an lncrease of 200 from 2011, when Lhere were 3 unauLhorlzed use of a llrearm lncldenLs.
Cf Lhe 13 lncldenLs, 8 were offlcer sulcldes, 1 was an aLLempLed offlcer sulclde, 1 was a sulclde by a clvlllan uslng an
offlcer's flrearm, 3 were dlscharges by crlmlnals who galned conLrol of an offlcer's flrearm durlng a sLruggle, and 2
lncldenLs remaln under lnvesLlgaLlon.

CIIICLk LDIGkLL

Cf Lhe 13 offlcers who were lnvolved ln unauLhorlzed flrearms dlscharges ln 2012, 2 (13) were female and 13
(87) were male, 17 of Lhe ueparLmenL's unlformed personnel are female and 83 are male.

3 offlcers lnvolved ln unauLhorlzed flrearms dlscharges were 8lack (20), 7 (47) were WhlLe, and 3 (33) were
Plspanlc, of Lhe ueparLmenL's unlformed personnel, 32 are WhlLe, 26 are Plspanlc, 16 are 8lack, and 6 are Aslan
(see llgure 3.1).

3 offlcers lnvolved ln unauLhorlzed flrearms dlscharges had beLween 1 and 3 years of servlce (20), 4 (27) had
beLween 6 and 10 years of servlce, 3 (20) had beLween 11 and 13 years of servlce, and 3 (33) had beLween 16 and 20
years of servlce, of Lhe ueparLmenL's unlformed personnel, 23 have beLween 1 and 3 years of servlce, 30 have
beLween 6 and 10 years of servlce, 13 have beLween 11 and 16 years of servlce, 20 have beLween 16 and 20 years of
servlce, and 10 have more Lhan 20 years of servlce (see llgure 3.2).

0
20
33
47
6
16
26
32
kace, Unauthor|zed D|scharges vs. Department Stamng
unauLhorlzed ulscharges (13) unlformed SLamng (34,920)
llgure 3.1

42

10 offlcers lnvolved ln unauLhorlzed flrearms dlscharges were pollce offlcers (67), 2 (13) were deLecLlves, and
3 (20) were sergeanLs, of Lhe ueparLmenL's unlformed personnel, 66 are pollce offlcers, 14 are deLecLlves, 13 are
sergeanLs, 3 are lleuLenanLs, and 2 are capLalns and above (see llgure 3.3).

1he sample slze of offlcers lnvolved ln unauLhorlzed flrearms dlscharges as deplcLed ln llgures 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 ls
13, or 0.04 of Lhe ueparLmenL's unlformed personnel. 1hese flgures are Lherefore noL useful ln deLermlnlng Lhe
llkellhood LhaL an offlcer of any parLlcular pedlgree wlll become lnvolved ln an unauLhorlzed flrearms dlscharge.

20
27
20
33
0
23
30
13
20
10
1 Lo 3 6 Lo 10 11 Lo 13 16 Lo 20 21+
ears of Serv|ce, Unauthor|zed D|scharges vs. Department
Stamng
unauLhorlzed uscharges (13) unlformed SLamng (34,920)
67
13
20
0 0
66
14
13
3
2
Above
kank, Unauthor|zed D|scharges vs. Department Stamng
unauLhorlzed ulscharges (13) unlformed SLamng (34,920)
llgure 3.2

llgure 3.3

43
SUICIDL

1he lncrease ln unauLhorlzed use of a llrearm lncldenLs ln 2012 was drlven by a 200 lncrease ln offlcers who
commlLLed or aLLempLed Lo commlL sulclde, from 3 ln 2011 Lo 9 ln 2012 (8 sulcldes and 1 aLLempLed sulclde). See llgure
3.4, whlch deplcLs successful sulcldes by flrearm only, noL sulcldes by oLher meLhod and noL aLLempLs. Cf Lhe 8 offlcers
who commlLLed sulclde, 7 were off-duLy and 1 was on-duLy, 7 were male and 1 was female, 6 were pollce offlcers and 2
were sergeanLs.

DISCnAkGLS 8 C1nLk 1nAN AN CIIICLk

1here were 4 lncldenLs of unauLhorlzed use of a llrearm ln 2012 ln whlch someone oLher Lhan an offlcer
dlscharged an offlcer's gun. Cne lncldenL occurred when an offlcer's wlfe commlLLed sulclde uslng hls flrearm. 1he 3
remalnlng lncldenLs occurred when crlmlnals galned conLrol of an offlcer's flrearm durlng a sLruggle, 1 of Lhese lncldenLs
was an on-duLy lncldenL, and 2 were off-duLy lncldenLs.

1he on-duLy lncldenL occurred when a sub[ecL Lore an offlcer's gun belL ln Lhe course of close physlcal combaL,
and was able Lo remove Lhe offlcer's flrearm from Lhe damaged belL and flre a round. 1he round dld noL sLrlke anyone,
and Lhe sub[ecL was arresLed. Cne of Lhe 2 off-duLy lncldenLs resulLed ln an offlcer belng shoL once ln Lhe shoulder wlLh
hls own flrearm, Lhe oLher resulLed ln a sub[ecL flrlng several rounds ln Lhe alr wlLh an offlcer's flrearm.

INCIDLN1 CU1CCMLS

1he ueparLmenL lnvesLlgaLes all unauLhorlzed use of a llrearm lncldenLs Lhoroughly. lncldenLs oLher Lhan offlcer
sulcldes ofLen resulL ln dlsclpllne agalnsL Lhe offlcer dlscharglng Lhe weapon or Lhe offlcer charged wlLh Lhe securlLy of
Lhe weapon. ln cases of serlous mlsconducL, offlcers are suspended, arresLed, and evenLually LermlnaLed for Lhelr
acLlons. As of CcLober 2013, Lhe llrearms ulscharge 8evlew 8oard has found LhaL 9 offlcers vlolaLed ueparLmenL
guldellnes durlng unauLhorlzed use of a llrearm lncldenLs ln 2012 - 3 of Lhese cases were sulcldes, 3 resulLed ln Charges
and SpeclflcaLlons for Lhe lnvolved offlcers, and 1 was arresLed ln nassau CounLy and ls no longer employed by Lhe
ueparLmenL - and LhaL 1 offlcer, whose flrearm was Laken from hlm durlng a sLruggle, dld noL vlolaLe ueparLmenL
guldellnes. 1he remalnlng cases are under lnvesLlgaLlon.
2
7
3
3 3
6
8
3
2
3
8
2002 2003 2004 2003 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
o||ce Cmcer Su|c|des by I|rearm, 2002-2012
llgure 3.4

"#$% &'( )*+%#,-. '/-.%*%0

43
1&23&'24

1he ueparLmenL deflnes an lncldenL of mlsLaken ldenLlLy as one ln whlch a new ?ork ClLy pollce offlcer flres on
any law-enforcemenL agenL ln Lhe mlsLaken bellef LhaL Lhe sub[ecL offlcer ls a crlmlnal and poses an lmmlnenL physlcal
LhreaL. MlsLaken ldenLlLy lncldenLs are dlsLlngulshed from crossflre lncldenLs ln LhaL Lhe shooLlng offlcer ls lnLenLlonally
flrlng on Lhe LargeLed offlcer. unlnLenLlonal crossflre lncldenLs and accldenLal dlscharges resulLlng ln ln[ury or deaLh Lo
fellow offlcers are noL lncluded ln Lhls caLegory. unauLhorlzed dlscharges, ln whlch an offlcer ln[ures or kllls anoLher
offlcer ln a crlmlnal manner (e.g., domesLlc lncldenLs), are also excluded. 1hls deflnlLlon comporLs wlLh Lhe 2010 new
?ork SLaLe 1ask lorce on ollce-on-ollce ShooLlngs' deflnlLlon of ollce-on-ollce ConfronLaLlons."

5675 '89':28;<

ln 2012 Lhere were no lncldenLs of mlsLaken ldenLlLy.


46
!""#$%&' !) *&+#!+,- %&-./!+0#-1 234256726

47
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89:;<= ->?@ ABC &BDE<;C FG -EFD;:@=1 234256726

12
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89:;<= ->?@ ABC HIJJ;C FG -EFD;:@=1 234256726
llgure A.1

llgure A.2


47

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-EFD;:@= ->?@ ABC &BDE<;C FG 89:;<=1 234256726
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-EFD;:@= ->?@ ABC HIJJ;C FG 89:;<=1 234256726
llgure A.3

llgure A.4


48

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K?@AJ ->?@= *I<;C L<?M $N"% 0EB=1 234256726
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K?@AJ ->??OBP &B:IC;B@=1 234256726
llgure A.3

llgure A.6


49
!""#$%&' Q) *&+#!+,- K+!&$&$0

8R#+R&#S

n?u flrearms Lralnlng emphaslzes LhaL Lhe ulLlmaLe goal of every pollce offlcer ls Lo proLecL llfe. 1hls means all
llves: Lhose of bysLanders, vlcLlms, sub[ecLs, and oLher offlcers. Cne of Lhe grlm reallLles of pollce work, however, ls Lhe
Lerrlble conLradlcLlon LhaL can arlse when lL becomes necessary Lo proLecL llfe by uslng deadly physlcal force.

Accordlng Lo Lhe new ?ork SLaLe enal Law, and ln keeplng wlLh Lhe aLrol Culde resLrlcLlons dellneaLed
prevlously ln Lhls reporL, an offlcer may use deadly physlcal force when he or she has probable cause Lo belleve LhaL
such force ls necessary Lo proLecL Lhe offlcer or oLher persons from lmmlnenL deaLh or serlous physlcal ln[ury. 1hls
lncludes lnsLances ln whlch a sub[ecL ls ln possesslon of an ob[ecL LhaL, because of lLs appearance and Lhe manner ln
whlch Lhe sub[ecL holds or uses lL, glves Lhe offlcer a reasonable bellef LhaL Lhe ob[ecL ls capable of lmmlnenLly causlng
deaLh or serlous physlcal ln[ury - e.g., when an offlcer confronLs a sub[ecL menaclng people wlLh a flrearm LhaL ls laLer
revealed Lo be a repllca.

-/88K K8 -K8"

Cnce an offlcer has deLermlned LhaL deadly physlcal force ls warranLed and necessary, Lhe goal of uslng such
force ls noL Lo klll, buL Lo sLop. ollce offlcers are Lralned Lo use deadly physlcal force Lo sLop Lhe LhreaL" - l.e., Lo end
Lhe sub[ecL's ablllLy Lo LhreaLen lmmlnenL deaLh or serlous physlcal ln[ury Lo Lhe offlcer or anoLher person.

lf, for example, a mlssed shoL neverLheless causes a sub[ecL Lo cease and deslsL, Lhen LhaL one erranL round ls all
LhaL ls necessary. lf a sub[ecL ls ln[ured and surrenders, Lhen shooLlng Lo sLop has been accompllshed. 8uL someLlmes Lhe
only means of sLopplng a sub[ecL ls one LhaL resulLs ln Lhe sub[ecL's demlse. SLaLed expllclLly, however, pollce offlcers do
noL shooL Lo klll" - Lhey are Lralned Lo shooL Lo sLop.

S#!"8$- .8$K+8T

n?u flrearms Lralnlng also emphaslzes weapons conLrol. WlLh regard Lo shooLlng Lechnlque, Lhe mechanlcs of
plsLol shooLlng ln a conLrolled envlronmenL lnclude proper grlp, slghL allgnmenL, slghL plcLure, Lrlgger conLrol, and breaLh
conLrol. All of Lhese requlre a degree of concenLraLlon and flne moLor skllls. unforLunaLely, ln a combaL slLuaLlon,
concenLraLlon and flne moLor skllls are someLlmes among Lhe flrsL casualLles. 1ralnlng can mlLlgaLe Lhls, buL offlcers
musL be LaughL Lo rely on mechanlcal acLlons LhaL employ gross moLor skllls and have as few componenLs as posslble.

$N"% "&-K8T-

1here are 3 seml-auLomaLlc 9mm plsLol models LhaL are auLhorlzed as on-duLy servlce weapons for n?u
offlcers: Lhe Clock 19, Lhe Slg Sauer 226, and Lhe SmlLh & Wesson 3946. 1hese weapons are equlpped wlLh 13 round
magazlnes, and each flrearm ls capable of holdlng 16 LoLal rounds. AddlLlonally, Lhere are several weapons auLhorlzed
for off-duLy carry, such as Lhe Clock 26, SmlLh & Wesson 3914, and Lhe 8ereLLa 8000u Mlnl Cougar. Some offlcers carry
.38 callber revolvers, Lhese offlcers are senlor members whose weapons have been grandfaLhered ln, revolvers have noL
been lssued as servlce weapons slnce 1992. CurrenL n?u servlce plsLols are all double acLlon only," meanlng Lhey have
a Lwo-sLage Lrlgger pull for each round flred (unllke slngle-acLlon weapons, whlch can be cocked," resulLlng ln a one-
sLage Lrlgger pull). AddlLlonally, all n?u weapons are modlfled Lo have a heavler-Lhan-sLock 12-lb Lrlgger pull, Lhls
dlmlnlshes Lhe llkellhood of unlnLenLlonal dlscharges. 1he n?u uses a 124 graln, hollow-polnL bulleL LhaL ls deslgned Lo
prevenL over-peneLraLlon and rlcocheLs.


30
.#$K#+ ,!--

8ecause combaL sLress can conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe lmpalrmenL of flne moLor skllls, and because of Lhe relaLlve
lmpreclslon of plsLols, pollce offlcers are LaughL Lo shooL for cenLer mass - usually, Lhe Lorso. ln cases ln whlch a sub[ecL
uses cover and presenLs only a porLlon of hls or her body, offlcers are Lralned Lo use Lhe geomeLrlc cenLer of Lhe exposed
porLlon as a LargeL.

1he human body's cenLer mass ls Lhe largesL area avallable as a polnL of alm. 1he Lorso represenLs
approxlmaLely 33 of a human's surface area, compared Lo 9 for an arm or 18 for a leg. 1he Lorso ls also Lhe mosL
sLaLlonary porLlon of Lhe body, exLremlLles are much smaller and less sLaLlc and Lherefore a far less cerLaln LargeL.
AddlLlonally, shooLlng a sub[ecL ln an exLremlLy ls far less llkely Lo sLop hlm or her Lhan a shoL Lo Lhe cenLer mass. A leg
wound, for example, does llLLle Lo prevenL a sub[ecL from conLlnulng Lo use a knlfe or gun. SLopplng a sub[ecL from
LhreaLenlng lmmlnenL deaLh or serlous physlcal ln[ury Lo anoLher person ls Lhe sole reason an offlcer uLlllzes deadly
physlcal force.


31
!""#$%&' .) -UQV#.K- H&TT#% %U+&$0 &%5!. &$.&%#$K-

ln 2012, slxLeen sub[ecLs were shoL and kllled by offlcers who lnLenLlonally dlscharged Lhelr weapons durlng
adversarlal confllcL. 1he Laklng of a llfe ln order Lo proLecL anoLher llfe ls a Lerrlble conLradlcLlon and no offlcer rellshes
Lhe prospecL of encounLers such as Lhese. When faclng armed, vlolenL suspecLs, however, Lhese evenLs are a posslblllLy
for whlch offlcers musL be prepared. 1he LacLlcs used ln Lhese confronLaLlons are analyzed and assessed ln order Lo
develop Lralnlng LhaL can provlde offlcers wlLh more use-of-force opLlons or confllcL-resoluLlon opporLunlLles so LhaL
slmllar evenLs ln Lhe fuLure may have dlfferenL ouLcomes. Cf Lhe slxLeen sub[ecLs lnLenLlonally shoL by pollce ln 2012, 11
(69) had prlor arresL hlsLorles, flfLeen Loxlcology reporLs were avallable aL Lhe Llme of publlcaLlon and show LhaL 12
sub[ecLs (80) were lnLoxlcaLed when Lhese lncldenLs occurred. A shorL narraLlve of each lncldenL ls found below.

Cn !anuary 12, aL 2236 hours, ln Lhe 73
Lh
reclncL, offlcers responded Lo a robbery ln progress vla 911. upon
arrlval, Lhe offlcers canvassed Lhe area and locaLed Lhe female caller who sLaLed LhaL Lhe faLher of her chlld was belng
robbed by Lwo men wlLh guns and LhaL Lhey had Laken hlm lnslde a nearby locaLlon. AfLer movlng Lhe female caller Lo
safeLy and geLLlng more lnformaLlon, Lhe offlcers Lhen approached Lhe locaLlon and observed a man, who Lhey
deLermlned Lo be Lhe robbery vlcLlm, exlL Lhe locaLlon. ShorLly LhereafLer, Lhe male sub[ecL emerged from Lhe locaLlon,
armed wlLh a sllver revolver. upon seelng Lhe flrearm, Lhe offlcers ordered Lhe man Lo sLop and drop Lhe weapon, buL
Lhe sub[ecL ralsed Lhe weapon and polnLed lL dlrecLly Lowards Lhe offlcers. Cne of Lhe offlcers flred one round aL Lhe
sub[ecL, sLrlklng hlm once and causlng hls demlse. 1he sub[ecL had numerous prlor arresLs, lncludlng assaulL, weapons
possesslon, and drug offenses.

Lh
reclncL, an off duLy Lmergency Servlce unlL lleuLenanL observed a
masked man drlve a mlnlvan lnLo a llghL pole and flee Lhe scene of Lhe accldenL on fooL. Cfflcers asslgned Lo Lhe 73
Lh

reclncL responded Lo Lhe accldenL, and Lhe lleuLenanL ldenLlfled hlmself Lo Lhem as an off-duLy member of Lhe servlce
and polnLed ouL Lhe sub[ecL as Lhe drlver of Lhe vehlcle. 1he lleuLenanL followed Lhe sub[ecL ln hls personal vehlcle, and
Lhe offlcers followed ln Lhelr marked vehlcle. 1he sub[ecL pulled ouL a revolver as he ran and flred a round aL Lhe
lleuLenanL, who reLurned flre, sLrlklng Lhe sub[ecL once, causlng hls demlse. lurLher lnvesLlgaLlon revealed LhaL Lhe
sub[ecL had car[acked Lhe mlnlvan ln Lhe 102
nd
reclncL aL gunpolnL approxlmaLely 20 mlnuLes before he crashed Lhe
sLolen vehlcle. 1he sub[ecL had 8 prlor arresLs, lncludlng Crlmlnal ossesslon of a Weapon.

rd
reclncL, an off-duLy deLecLlve dlscharged hls flrearm ln self-defense aL
a perpeLraLor. 1he deLecLlve was leavlng hls resldence when he noLlced LhaL Lwo men were followlng hlm. Cne of Lhe
men, Lhe sub[ecL, sLruck Lhe deLecLlve wlLh a wooden cane. 1he deLecLlve Look ouL hls shleld and ldenLlfled hlmself as an
offlcer, and Lhe sub[ecL Lrled Lo sLrlke Lhe deLecLlve wlLh Lhe cane agaln. 1he deLecLlve dlscharged hls flrearm once,
sLrlklng Lhe sub[ecL ln Lhe forearm and Lhe chesL, causlng hls demlse. 1he oLher perpeLraLor was laLer apprehended.
8oLh lndlvlduals have exLenslve arresL hlsLory for vlolenL crlmes, lncludlng robbery and assaulL.


32
Cn lebruary 2, aL 1301 hours, ln Lhe 47
Lh
reclncL, a pollce offlcer asslgned Lo Lhe SLreeL narcoLlcs LnforcemenL
unlL dlscharged hls weapon once resulLlng ln Lhe deaLh of a male sub[ecL. 1he offlcer, along wlLh several oLher offlcers
asslgned Lo LhaL unlL, had been on paLrol when Lhey observed Lhree men walklng down Lhe block. 1he offlcers observed
one of Lhe men holdlng hls walsLband, an lndlcaLlon LhaL he may have been carrylng a flrearm, and Lhen saw Lhe group
qulckly enLer and exlL a nearby sLore. 1hese acLlons led Lhe offlcers Lo suspecL LhaL Lhe group may be preparlng Lo
commlL a crlme. 1he group of men Lhen broke aparL and moved ln dlfferenL dlrecLlons. lollowlng Lhe person Lhey
suspecLed possessed a flrearm, one of Lhe offlcers LransmlLLed a descrlpLlon of Lhe man wlLh Lhe gun. 1he sub[ecL,
maLchlng Lhe descrlpLlon of Lhe person suspecLed Lo be carrylng Lhe flrearm, passed Lwo of Lhe offlcers, who goL ouL of
Lhelr car and aLLempLed Lo sLop Lhe sub[ecL. 1he sub[ecL enLered a bulldlng Lhrough Lhe fronL door. AfLer galnlng enLry Lo
Lhe bulldlng, one of Lhe offlcers observed Lhe sub[ecL, and bellevlng LhaL he was ln possesslon of a flrearm, pursued hlm
lnslde an aparLmenL ln Lhe bulldlng aL whlch Llme Lhe offlcer dlscharged one round from hls weapon, sLrlklng Lhe sub[ecL
and causlng hls demlse. 1he sub[ecL had prlor arresLs daLlng back Lo 2009, lncludlng burglary, robbery, drug sales, and
weapons possesslon.

Cn lebruary 14, aL 1614 hours, ln Lhe 30Lh reclncL, a deLecLlve asslgned Lo Lhe Cueens vlolenL lelony Squad
was wlLh hls Leam conducLlng an operaLlon Lo apprehend a sub[ecL who was wanLed for felony assaulL, havlng shoL a
woman ln Lhe face Lhe day before. Whlle Lracklng Lhe sub[ecL's movemenLs vla cell phone, hls locaLlon was esLabllshed
and Lhe deLecLlves observed Lhe sub[ecL enLer Lhe n?C 1ranslL SysLem. Whlle movlng ln Lo apprehend Lhe sub[ecL, Lhe
deLecLlve called Lo Lhe sub[ecL, ldenLlfylng hlmself and orderlng Lhe sub[ecL Lo sLop. 1he sub[ecL Lhen Lurned Loward Lhe
deLecLlve and flred flve rounds from a .22 callber revolver, sLrlklng Lhe deLecLlve ln Lhe lefL arm. 1he deLecLlve reLurned
flre, dlscharglng 13 rounds from hls weapon, sLrlklng Lhe sub[ecL Lhree Llmes and causlng hls demlse. 1he sub[ecL had
numerous prlor arresLs, lncludlng robbery, assaulL, burglary, and flrearms possesslon.

Cn May 10, aL 2037 hours, ln Lhe 111
Lh
reclncL, an offlcer dlscharged hls flrearm aL an emoLlonally dlsLurbed
person who was sLabblng a woman wlLh a knlfe. 1he offlcer, asslgned Lo Lhe reclncL CondlLlons 1eam, responded Lo a
radlo run of a sulcldal man. upon arrlval aL Lhe scene, Lhe offlcers observed sub[ecL on Lop of a woman and sLabblng her
whlle Lhe vlcLlm was Lrylng Lo defend herself from Lhe aLLack. 1he offlcers ordered Lhe sub[ecL Lo drop Lhe knlfe, and,
because of Lhe lmmlnenL LhreaL posed Lo Lhe vlcLlm, one of Lhe offlcers flred one round aL Lhe sub[ecL, sLrlklng hlm and
causlng hlm Lo fall Lo Lhe ground. 1he sub[ecL Lhen goL back up and advanced Lowards Lhe offlcer wlLh Lhe knlfe ralsed,
causlng Lhe offlcer Lo flre one addlLlonal round aL Lhe sub[ecL, sLrlklng hlm agaln and causlng hls demlse. 1he vlcLlm was
crlLlcally ln[ured ln Lhe assaulL and suffered numerous laceraLlons and sLab wounds resulLlng ln a collapsed lung. 1he
sub[ecL had no prlor arresL hlsLory.

Cn !une 14, aL 1740 hours, ln Lhe 67
Lh
reclncL, a deLecLlve asslgned Lo Lhe narcoLlcs ulvlslon dlscharged hls
flrearm aL a sub[ecL who aLLempLed Lo run hlm over wlLh a sLolen car. 1he deLecLlve and hls parLner observed a drlver
passlng Lrafflc on Lhe wrong slde of double yellow llnes and run several sLeady red llghLs aL a hlgh raLe of speed. 1he
deLecLlves Lhen observed Lhe vehlcle hlL a mlnlvan, careen onLo Lhe sldewalk, and come Lo a sLop. 1hey pulled up behlnd
Lhe vehlcle and approached wlLh Lhelr flrearms drawn. 1he drlver, Lhe sole occupanL of Lhe vehlcle, slld over Lo Lhe
passenger slde door and aLLempLed Lo escape. 1he deLecLlve on Lhe passenger slde reholsLered hls flrearm, reached
lnslde, and aLLempLed Lo physlcally remove Lhe drlver. She sLruggled and managed Lo puL Lhe vehlcle ln reverse, drlvlng
backwards approxlmaLely 19 feeL, sLrlklng Lhe deLecLlve on Lhe passenger's slde. 1he deLecLlve on Lhe drlver's slde flred
one shoL aL Lhe sub[ecL, sLrlklng her ln Lhe chesL and causlng her demlse. 1he sub[ecL had numerous prlor arresLs,
lncludlng assaulL, Lhree weapons possesslon cases, and kldnapplng.


33
Cn !une 29, aL 1000 hours, ln Lhe 83
rd
reclncL, a sergeanL and a pollce offlcer conducLlng rouLlne paLrol were
approached by a vlcLlm who sLaLed LhaL a man wlLh a flrearm was Lrylng Lo break lnLo hls house. 1he offlcers asked Lhe
man Lo geL lnLo Lhelr vehlcle Lo leL Lhem know lf he saw Lhe man wlLh Lhe flrearm. AfLer canvasslng Lhe area wlLh
negaLlve resulLs, Lhe offlcers Look Lhe man back Lo hls home, where Lhe aLLempLed break-ln had occurred, Lo compleLe
Lhelr reporL. Cn Lhe way back Lo Lhe locaLlon, Lhe vlcLlm spoLLed Lhe sub[ecL and polnLed hlm ouL Lo Lhe offlcers. When
Lhe offlcers Lrled Lo approach Lhe sub[ecL, he Lurned and brandlshed a sllver revolver and polnLed lL ln Lhe dlrecLlon of
Lhe offlcers whlle fleelng on fooL. Pearlng Lhe offlcers' radlo Lransmlsslons for help, Lwo addlLlonal offlcers and a
lleuLenanL responded Lo Lhe area and began looklng for Lhe sub[ecL, who had car[acked a second vlcLlm. Whlle
approachlng Lhe vehlcle, Lhe lleuLenanL observed Lhe sub[ecL agaln polnL Lhe flrearm aL Lhe offlcers and flee on fooL.
uurlng Lhe fooL pursulL, an offlcer flred one round aL Lhe sub[ecL, sLrlklng hlm ln Lhe head and causlng hls demlse. 1he
sub[ecL had numerous prlor arresLs, lncludlng robbery and aLLempLed murder.

Cn AugusL 11, aL 1303 hours, ln Lhe MldLown SouLh reclncL, Lwo offlcers sLopped a sub[ecL LhaL Lhey had
observed smoklng marl[uana ln publlc. When lnformed LhaL he was golng Lo be placed under arresL, Lhe sub[ecL
brandlshed a knlfe. 1he offlcers drew Lhelr flrearms and aLLempLed Lo use verbal commands and pepper spray Lo conLaln
Lhe sub[ecL, who was walklng ln Lhe mlddle of Lhe sLreeL. 1he sub[ecL, sLlll holdlng Lhe knlfe ln hls hand, Lhen lunged aL
one of Lwo oLher offlcers who had responded Lo Lhe call for asslsLance. 1wo offlcers flred Lhelr weapons, sLrlklng Lhe
sub[ecL and causlng hls demlse. 1he sub[ecL had numerous prlor arresLs daLlng back Lo 1978, mosL recenL for felony
weapons possesslon ln 2008.

Cn AugusL 24, aL 0902 hours, ln Lhe MldLown SouLh reclncL, Lwo offlcers from Lhe 8ronx asslgned Lo a
counLerLerrorlsm posL ln Lhe vlclnlLy of Lhe Lmplre SLaLe 8ulldlng shoL and kllled a sub[ecL who was ln possesslon of a
flrearm LhaL he had used Lo shooL and klll a vlcLlm, hls former employer, momenLs before. A wlLness Lo Lhe homlclde
found Lhe Lwo offlcers on Lhelr posL, lnformed Lhem LhaL Lhe sub[ecL had shoL anoLher person, and polnLed ouL Lhe
sub[ecL Lo Lhe offlcers. 1he offlcers Lhen pursued and aLLempLed Lo apprehend Lhe sub[ecL. 1he sub[ecL removed a black
.43 callber semlauLomaLlc plsLol from a bag and polnLed lL aL Lhe pursulng offlcers. 1he offlcers opened flre, sLrlklng Lhe
sub[ecL and causlng hls demlse. 1he sub[ecL had no prlor arresL hlsLory.

Cn SepLember 7, aL 1639 hours, ln Lhe 103
Lh
reclncL, an offlcer and hls parLner responded Lo a call for an
emoLlonally dlsLurbed person who was ln possesslon of a knlfe. upon arrlvlng aL Lhe locaLlon, Lhe offlcers encounLered
famlly members who Lold Lhem LhaL Lhe sub[ecL was ln a room on Lhe second floor of Lhe house, and LhaL he was holdlng
a knlfe Lo hls own LhroaL. Cnce Lhey were able Lo conflrm LhaL Lhe sub[ecL was ln possesslon of a knlfe, Lhe offlcers
radloed for help. A sergeanL armed wlLh a 1aser arrlved and ordered Lhe sub[ecL Lo drop Lhe knlfe mulLlple Llmes. Whlle
Lhe offlcers aLLempLed Lo malnLaln lsolaLlon and conLalnmenL of Lhe sub[ecL, Lhe sub[ecL lunged aL one of Lhe offlcers
wlLh Lhe knlfe sLlll ln hls hand. 1he sergeanL Lrled Lo sLop Lhe sub[ecL wlLh Lhe 1aser, buL flred and mlssed. Cne of Lhe
offlcers flred one round aL Lhe sub[ecL, sLrlklng hlm ln Lhe shoulder and causlng hls demlse. 1he sub[ecL had several
arresLs daLlng back Lo 2003.

Lh
reclncL, a sergeanL worklng wlLh a Leam conducLlng prosLlLuLlon
enforcemenL acLlvlLles dlscharged hls flrearm aL a sub[ecL who was armed wlLh a flrearm. 1he sub[ecL, who was one of
four men ln a vehlcle who had proposlLloned a female offlcer poslng as a prosLlLuLe, fled Lhe vehlcle afLer belng sLopped
by members of Lhe arresL Leam. 1wo offlcers and Lhe sergeanL pursued Lhe sub[ecL on fooL and evenLually caughL up
wlLh hlm. A vlolenL sLruggle ensued as Lhe sub[ecL aLLempLed Lo reslsL arresL. 1he offlcers aLLempLed Lo galn conLrol of
Lhe sub[ecL by uLlllzlng a baLon and pepper spray, boLh wlLhouL success. 1he sub[ecL Lhen puL hls hand underneaLh hls
body, reLrleved a 9mm plsLol, and polnLed lL aL Lhe offlcers. 1he sergeanL flred one round aL Lhe sub[ecL, sLrlklng hlm ln
Lhe head and causlng hls demlse. 1he sub[ecL had several arresLs daLlng back Lo 2007.

34
Lh
reclncL, offlcers asslgned Lo Lhe Lmergency Servlce unlL responded
Lo a requesL for asslsLance regardlng an emoLlonally dlsLurbed sub[ecL wlLh a psychlaLrlc hlsLory who was barrlcaded ln
hls aparLmenL and ln possesslon of a knlfe. 1he sub[ecL's famlly had called Lhe pollce afLer Lrylng Lo communlcaLe wlLh
Lhe sub[ecL unsuccessfully. Cnce Lhe Lmergency Servlces unlL arrlved and Look Lhelr poslLlons ouLslde Lhe aparLmenL,
numerous unsuccessful aLLempLs were made Lo communlcaLe wlLh Lhe sub[ecL. 1he doorframe Lo Lhe aparLmenL was
breached ln order Lo lnserL a camera, whlch allowed Lhe offlcers Lo observe Lhe sub[ecL and deLermlne hls poslLlon and
acLlons. 1he sub[ecL opened Lhe door and aLLacked several of Lhe offlcers wlLh Lhe knlfe. 1he offlcers aLLempLed
unsuccessfully Lo sLop Lhe sub[ecL wlLh 1asers and a less-leLhal plasLlc round, buL he conLlnued hls aLLack. 1hree of Lhe
offlcers dlscharged Lhelr flrearms aL Lhe sub[ecL, sLrlklng hlm and causlng hls demlse. 1he sub[ecL had no prlor arresL
hlsLory.

Cn CcLober 4, aL 0313 hours, ln Lhe 113
Lh
reclncL, a deLecLlve asslgned Lo an Lmergency Servlce unlL
Apprehenslon 1eam conducLed a car sLop of a vehlcle LhaL was belng drlven recklessly and weavlng beLween lanes. 1he
deLecLlve aLLempLed Lo sLop Lhe vehlcle wlLh llghLs and slrens, buL Lhe drlver conLlnued Lo evade Lhe deLecLlve unLll Lhe
vehlcle flnally came Lo a sLop on Lhe Crand CenLral arkway. Whlle shouLlng commands for Lhe drlver Lo show hls hands,
Lhe deLecLlve approached Lhe vehlcle, whlch was occupled by Lhree people, wlLh hls flrearm polnLed ln Lhe dlrecLlon of
Lhe vehlcle. As he approached Lhe vehlcle, Lhe deLecLlve flred one round from hls weapon, sLrlklng Lhe male drlver ln Lhe
abdomen, causlng hls demlse. 1he sub[ecL dld noL have any prlor arresL hlsLory.

Cn CcLober 24, aL 1837 hours, ln Lhe 46
Lh
reclncL, an off-duLy offlcer was slLLlng ln a parked vehlcle wlLh a
frlend, when he saw Lwo men rob anoLher man aL gunpolnL on Lhe oLher slde of Lhe sLreeL. 1he offlcer goL ouL of hls car
and approached Lhe men. As soon as he ldenLlfled hlmself as a pollce offlcer, Lhe sub[ecL, one of Lhe lndlvlduals lnvolved
ln Lhe robbery, Lurned and flred one round aL Lhe offlcer, sLrlklng hlm ln Lhe chesL from abouL Len feeL away. 1he men
Lhen fled on fooL, whlle Lhe offlcer wenL back Lo hls vehlcle, cluLchlng hls chesL. 1he offlcer's frlend Lrled Lo drlve away,
only Lo geL sLuck ln Lrafflc behlnd a whlLe MusLang whlch was sLopped ln fronL of Lhem. 1he MusLang sped off and
crashed up Lhe sLreeL. 1hree lndlvlduals, lncludlng Lhe sub[ecL, fled Lhe MusLang. When Lhe offlcer saw Lhem, he
pursued, sLlll cluLchlng hls chesL. 1he offlcer ordered bysLanders Lo geL down for Lhelr safeLy, and whlle Laklng cover
behlnd a vehlcle, flred elghL rounds aL Lhe perpeLraLors, sLrlklng Lhe sub[ecL once ln Lhe head and causlng hls demlse.
1he oLher lndlvlduals who parLlclpaLed ln Lhe robbery were apprehended laLer. 1he sub[ecL had Lwo prlor arresLs, for
8obbery and Crlmlnal ossesslon of a Weapon.

Cn uecember 8, aL 2243 hours, ln Lhe 104
Lh
reclncL, Lwo deLecLlves asslgned Lo Lhe narcoLlcs 8ureau flred aL a
sub[ecL who polnLed an lmlLaLlon plsLol aL Lhem. 1he deLecLlves were conducLlng a buy and busL" operaLlon and were
aLLempLlng Lo place a suspecL under arresL when Lhe sub[ecL approached Lhe deLecLlves. 1he sub[ecL lnqulred as Lo whaL
was happenlng and removed whaL appeared Lo be a black handgun from hls walsLband and polnLed lL aL Lhe deLecLlves.
1he deLecLlves boLh flred aL Lhe sub[ecL, sLrlklng hlm and causlng hls demlse. 1he sub[ecL had an exLenslve crlmlnal
hlsLory, lncludlng more Lhan 60 arresLs, 22 of Lhem felonles. 1he sub[ecL's felony arresL hlsLory lncluded elghL arresLs for
vlolenL felonles and Lhree for flrearms possesslon.


33
!""#$%&' %) -UQV#.K +!.#1 677656726

-UQV#.K- S8U$%#% QN "8T&.#1 677656726

S>I@; QJA:W /I=XABI: !=IAB K?@AJ
6776 0 20 4 0 24
677Y 1 12 10 1 24
677Z 1 13 7 0 23
677[ 4 21 3 1 29
677\ 1 16 6 0 23
6774 0 9 9 1 19
677] 0 12 6 0 18
6773 0 14 6 0 20
6727 3 9 3 1 16
6722 2 10 7 0 19
6726 1 10 3 0 13

0
10
20
30
40
30
60
70
80
90
100
n?C opulauon (8.2
mllllon)
llrearms ArresLees
(3,689)
Shooung SuspecLs (698) Sub[ecLs llred on by
ollce (43)
Sub[ecLs SLruck by ollce
Cunre (29)
Sub[ecLs Who llred aL
ollce (19)
0EB^<; IB $;_ N?<W .I@G1 6726
8lack Plspanlc WhlLe Aslan/CLher
llgure A.8

llgure A.7


36
-UQV#.K- H&TT#% QN "8T&.#1 677656726

S>I@; QJA:W /I=XABI: !=IAB K?@AJ
6776 0 7 6 0 13
677Y 1 13 0 0 14
677Z 1 6 4 0 11
677[ 0 7 2 0 9
677\ 1 9 3 0 13
6774 2 3 3 0 10
677] 2 7 4 0 13
6773 0 8 4 0 12
6727 2 1 4 1 8
6722 4 2 3 0 9
6726 2 11 2 1
16

0
3
10
13
20
23
30
2002 2003 2004 2003 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-EFD;:@= ->?@ FG 89:;<=1 677656726
WhlLe
8lack
Plspanlc
Aslan/CLher
llgure A.9

llgure A.10


37
!""#$%&' #) 6726 *&+#!+,- %&-./!+0# %#K!&T-

K8K!T *&+#!+,- %&-./!+0# &$.&%#$K- QN %!N1 6726
&%5!. &%5!! UBIB@;B@I?BAJ UBAE@>?<I`;C K?@AJ
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KE;=CAG 7 3 6 2 20
S;CB;=CAG 3 2 2 2 11
K>E<=CAG 11 2 3 3 19
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K8K!T *&+#!+,- %&-./!+0# &$.&%#$K- QN K8U+1 6726

6YY2574Y7 /?E<= 13 4 12 3 34
74Y252[Y7 /?E<= 13 6 3 4 26
2[Y2566Y7 /?E<= 19 14 6 6 43
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llgure A.11

llgure A.12


38
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K?@AJ Z[ 6Z 62 2[
27[

llgure A.13

llgure A.14


39
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2
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24
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67
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.;B@<AJ "A<W 0 0 0 0 0
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K?@AJ 26 7 \ 7 6Y

llgure A.13


60
K8K!T *&+#!+,- %&-./!+0# &$.&%#$K- QN "+#.&$.K1 Q+8$'1 6726

Z7
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K?@AJ 3 Z Y Z 67

llgure A.16


61
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llgure A.17


62
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K8K!T *&+#!+,- %&-./!+0# &$.&%#$K- QN "+#.&$.K1 -K!K#$ &-T!$%1 6726

267
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llgure A.18

llgure A.19


63
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llgure A.20

llgure A.21

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J8))"4K 64C)#8&$4) 0 0 ' 6478#+ !$&%*$ -*%./ 9G
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!"#$%#& ' G ' !%)%*")+ ,%*$ -*%./ 09
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