-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 15 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2008 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

v°¨æ ¡o: 1. I too, I also, I myself I myself = I myself am not going. There is
ØËØË.
äÍé Å®√n-Eo-≤ƒhߪ÷? no question therefore of my wife going there =
2. Must be, should be äÍé ØËØË- ¢Á-∞¡x-úøç -™‰ü¿’. Ééπ Ø√ ¶µ«®Ωu ¢Á∞Ïx -v°æ-¨Ïo-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.
Å®√n-Eo-≤ƒhߪ÷? OöÀ™ àC 2. Must is more powerful than should.
powerful? 3. Die (present) - Died (past) - Died (past par-
3. Die éÀ ´‚úø’ ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ ûÁL-ߪ’- ticiple)
ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. 4. éÌEo verbs ´·çü¿’ A îËJÊÆh ÅN Adjectives
4. English ™ éÌEo verbs Å´¤-û√®·. Åçõ‰ -Å®·†/ Å®·-†-ô’-´çöÀ/ Ö†o/
´·çü¿’ 'A' áçü¿’èπ◊ îË®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’? Ö†o-ô’-´çöÀ -Å®√n-©-ûÓ.
Öü∆£æ«®Ω-ùèπ◊ wake - awake, lone - alone, wait - Awake = ¢Ë’©’-èπ◊E Ö†o, alone = äçô-Jí¬ Ö†o
await.
- G. Balakrishna Reddy, Kandrapadu.
(Å®·Ø√ lone ÅØËC verb é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?)
Wait = await. È®çúø÷ verbs.
v°æ¨¡o: 1. Walked, asked ™«çöÀ °æü∆© *´®Ω ed E ï-¢√-•’: 1. éÌç-îÁç practise îËÊÆh ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ à
ï-¢√-•’: 1. I too= I also. Å®·ûË Modern usage ™ Wait for = await.
't' í¬ Öîªa-Jç-î√-©-Ø√o®Ω’. éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x
ÆæJ-§Ú-´úøç ™‰ü¿’, ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.
éπ≠dçæ ™‰èπ◊çú≈- askt, lookt ÅE pronounce
áèπ◊\´í¬ me too Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Spoken English ™ 2. dignify = 'dIgnI/ fai Éçü¿’™ I èπ◊, f èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u
îËߪ’-í∫©ç. Å™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ Öîªa-Jç-*-†-°æ¤púø™«x
also Åçûªí¬ ¢√úø®Ω’. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ as well Åçö«®Ω’. í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊E -Å-™« Åçô÷ Öçõ‰, ´’†-éπC Å™«
Uûª áçü¿’éÓ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ.
He is a student, isn't he?
Å©-¢√-õ„j-§Ú-ûª’çC.
3. Candidate †’ é¬uçúÕ-úÁ-ß˝’ö¸ ÅØ√o®Ω’. Å®·ûË
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
student 2. I éÀ f éÀ ´’üµ¿u Uûª O’È®éπ\úø îª÷¨»®Ω’? Ñ Uûª
Dr. S. Lakshminarayan úÕéπ{-†-K™ é¬uçúÕ-úøö¸
(Åûªúø’ éπü∆?)
'Yes. Me as well.' (Å´¤†’. ؈’ èπÿú≈) 446 ÅE ÖçC. àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? – >.L-"ûª, π◊®ΩN Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. ü∆EéÀ v§ƒ´·-êu´‚ ™‰ü¿’.
3. é¬çúÕ-úÁ-ß˝’ö¸/ é¬çúÕ-úø-ö¸– Ñ È®çúø÷ correct
v°æ¨¡o: 1. Home, House - -O-öÀ ûËú≈ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. Öî√a-®Ω-ù™‰. àüÁjØ√ ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË (é¬ç-úÕúÁ-
Should, would È®çúø÷ future forms. Ñ
He came to me ever y mor ning
2. ß˝’ö¸) áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖçC.

v°æ¨¡o: As clear as mud = Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç éπ≠ædç

È®çúÕçöÀ ´’üµ¿u éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i† ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?
ï-¢√-•’: 1) Home èπ◊ House èπ◊ ûËú≈ Éçûªèπ◊
– îªçvü¿-¨Ï-ê®˝, Nï-ߪ’-†-í∫®Ωç
´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x explain î˨»ç. §ƒûª
lessons îª÷úøçúÕ.
2) Should, would È®çúø÷ future from the past,
Åçõ‰ past ™ç* future †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·.
Å®·ûË should †’ É™« ¢√úøôç old fash-
ioned. É°æ¤p-úÁ-´®Ω÷ ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Would Å™«
¢√úøû√ç.
He said that he would help me. (Ø√èπ◊
≤ƒßª’ç-îË-≤ƒh-†E ÅØ√oúø-ûª-úø’). Åûªúø’ -ņoC
í∫ûªç™. ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-†-†úøç, ņ-o°æp-öÀoç*,
future. Å™«çô°æ¤púø’, would ¢√úøû√ç.
Should present day English ™ orders,
necessity ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.
He should be here at 10.
= Åûªúø’ °æCç-öÀéÀ Ééπ\úø’ç-ú≈L... (Order)
I should start now or I'll miss the train =
train
ØËE-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√L ™‰éπ§ÚûË Åçü¿ü¿’.
(Necessity)
É´Fo clear í¬ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™
ÖØ√o®·. îª÷úøçúÕ.
ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. Telugu to English úÕéπ{-†-K™ Ñ
v°æ¨¡o: 1) He was coming to me every morning. He came to me every
morning =
¢√éπu¢Ë’ üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’. É™«çöÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-
(Å°æ¤púø’ ú≈-EéÀ Telugu to English úÕéπ{-†K Öçü∆?
2) He came to me every morning.
3) He would come to me every morning.
í∫ûªç™) v°æA-®ÓW
ï-¢√-•’: É™«çöÀ ´÷ô© expressions Å®√n©’
– ¨Ï≠æ†o, ÇüÓE
Öü¿ßª’ç Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®ΩéÀ
Ñ ¢√é¬u© Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰Ø√? ´î√aúø’/ ´îËa-¢√úø’.
ûÁ©’í∫’– ÉçTx≠ˇ dictionary ™x üËØÓx†÷ üÌ®Ω-
4) ņoç ´÷úÕ-§Ú-®·çC (´÷úÕ-§Ú-´úøç) He would come to me/
5) ؈’ ÅL-í¬†’ (Å©í∫úøç) used to come to me éπ´¤. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ à ûÁ©’í∫’ - English dictio-
every morning = M.SURESAN nary ™ èπÿú≈, word meanings ´÷vûª¢Ë’
6) îÁô’d-O’ü¿ °œôd ¢√LçC (¢√LçC) v°æA
7) DEéÀ È®çúø’ °æ¤´¤y©’ °æ‹≤ƒ®· (°æ‹ßª’úøç) Öü¿ßª’ç Åûªúø’ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éÌ- Öçö«®·. Usage, Idioms (English) ûÁLÊ°
îËa-¢√úø’ (Ç ®Ó-V™x). Telugu - English dictionary Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊
8) ´÷N’úÕ îÁô’dèπ◊ È®çúø’ é¬ßª’©’ 鬨»®· (é¬ßª’úøç) 4) The rice is charred. á´®Ω÷ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. As clear as mud ™«çöÀ
9) °Eq™¸ îÁéπ\úøç. 10) Åéπ~-®√©’ ûª’úÕ-Ê°-ߪ’úøç. 5) To be cross/ to get cross/ to be in a mood/ expressions, Oxford Advanced Learner's
-O-öÀ-E -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -á-™« -Å-Ø√-™ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. a nasty mood. Dictionary, Longman's dictionary ™«çöÀ
6) The bird alighted on the tree
ï-¢√-•’: 1) He was coming to me every morning
– öÀ, †-O-Ø˛- π◊-´÷®˝, ¢Ëîª-Í®ùÀ ¢√öÀ™ ûª°æpéπ üÌ®Ω-èπ◊-û√®·. Å®·ûË ¢√öÀéÓÆæç
7) The tree has put on two flowers (put on flowers) dictionary ¢Áü¿’-èπ◊ûª÷ Öç-úø™‰ç éπü∆.
ÆæÈ®j† sentence é¬ü¿’. DEéÀ v°æA-®ÓW Åûªúø’ Ø√ 8) The mango tree has borne two fruit (English Standard English authors ®√ÊÆ books,
ü¿í∫_-JéÀ ´îËa-¢√úø’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’, was coming ™ fruit = é¬ßª’/ °æçúø’. äÍé- îÁô’d é¬ßª’©’/ °æçúø’x novels, standard English magazines, jour-
Ééπ\úø ÆæÈ®j† verb é¬ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ééπ\úø í∫ûªç™ = fruit) (bear fruit =îÁô’d-é¬-ߪ’©’ é¬ßª’úøç) nals îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púø’ ÅN ûªí∫’-©’-ûª’ç-ö«®·. Å™«
(Åûªúø’ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ®√´úøç) äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ (éÌçûª- 9) Sharpening the pencil. ´’†ç ¢√öÀE Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’.
é¬-©ç-§ƒô’ v°æA-®ÓV é¬èπ◊çú≈) ïJ-T† °æE-é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. 10) Eraze/ rub off letters.

v°æ¨¡o: 1. 'To whom soever it may concern' DE Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? Usage ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. v°æ¨¡o: á´÷t®Óy (MRO), áO’u¢Ó v°æ¨¡o: 1. 'read' ´‚úø’ tense ©†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.
2. If I were a king I could rule the country very well. I ûª®√yûª were ÅØËC (MEO), (MLA),
á¢Á’t™‰u £æ«¢√y®Ω÷u 2. ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´Ææ’hØ√o, ´’ç* accent ´÷vûªç ®√´úøç ™‰ü¿’. ᙫ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√L?
ᙫçöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ´Ææ’hçüÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ( how are you), ¢ËK->ö¸ (where 3. ≤ÚpéπØ˛ ÉçTx≠ˇ öÃ*ç-í˚™ ÂÆöÀ™¸ 鬢√-©E éÓJéπ. DEéÀ úÕvU-ûÓ-§ƒ-ô’í¬ ÉçÍéç îËߪ÷L?
3. Affect, effect OöÀ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈, usage ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. is it), (This is)
ï-¢√-•’: 1) Read èπ◊ past tense and past participle (read) †’ red (È®ú˛) í¬ØË pro-
CÆ‘ñ¸ – ûÁ©’-í∫’™ – ¨»u´’©, N¨»-ê-°æôoç
4. Letters ™ Thanking you ÅE ®√ߪ’úøç áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ææ••’? Thanking you ´÷C-Jí¬ Ææçüµ¿’-©’-îËÆæ÷h éπL°œ °æ©-éπ-
ÅØË structure éπÈ®é¬d é¬ü∆? ™‰ü∆ Thank you ÅE ®√ߪ÷™«? èπÿ-úø-ü¿E, NúÕ-N-úÕí¬ (áçÇ-®˝ã, nounce îË≤ƒhç. Kú˛ ņúøç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.
áçÑ¢Ó, áçá-™¸à) °æ©-é¬-©E 2) ´’ç* accent ®√¢√-©çõ‰ phonetic symbols ¶«í¬ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊E English news tele-
ï-¢√-•’: Certificates, Important information, ÇÆæ’h© ûªí¬-ü∆-©†’ í∫’Jç-*† N≠æߪ÷™«xç-
– áçúÕ. Å@ñ¸, *†o-é¬-°æJh
casts regular í¬ N†çúÕ. ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ ÆæÈ®j† accent ´Ææ’hçC.
Åçö«®Ω’. Eï-¢Ë’Ø√?
öÀN á´-JéÀ ûÁ©-§ƒ™ Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø’, •£œ«-®Ωç-í∫çí¬ ûÁL-°œûË, ¢√öÀ™ ÇÆæéÀh – áç. ´’ü¿-Ø˛-¢Á÷-£æ«-Ø˛-®√´¤, 3) Spoken English trainer í¬ settle Å¢√y-©çõ‰, degree ûª®√yûª P.G îËÆœ, Diploma
ï-¢√-•’: éπL°œ °æ©-éπ-èπÿ-úø-ü¿ØË rule
Ö†o¢√∞¡Ÿx Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√©ØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ To whomesoever it may N’®√u-©-í∫÷úÁç In Teaching English (CIEFL, Hyderabad) course îËߪ’çúÕ.

v°æ¨¡o: 1) Be ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ past tense- was/

concern ÅE v°æéπ-öÀ≤ƒhç/ ®√≤ƒhç. DE Å®Ωnç Ñ éÀçC N≠æ-ߪ÷™x ÇÆæéÀh/ Ñ
éÀçC N≠æߪ÷©ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç, éπ©-¢√-È®-´-J-ÈéjØ√ ÅE Å®Ωnç. Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√®Ω’ Ééπ\úø ûÁL-°œ† àO’-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË abbreviation Can't but situation = ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ °æJ-Æ œnA
N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ í∫´’-Eç-î√-©E èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç. N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, ü∆ØÓx Ö†o Åéπ~-®√©’ were ÅE, past perfect tense èπ◊ Certainly = ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈
2) ÉC v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æߪ’ç. ØËØË (É°æ¤púø’) ®√V-ØÁjûË (ÅßË’u v°æ¨Ïo ™‰ü¿’), ü˨»Eo ûÁLÊ° ¨¡¶«l-©†’ ´÷vûªç correct í¬ been ÅE ®√¨»®Ω’. Is ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ was Ñ È®ç-úÕçöÀéà ûËú≈ ÖçC éπü∆?
îªéπ\í¬ §ƒL-≤ƒh†’. (®√V Å´yúøç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË, ÅC Å´yü¿’, ü˨»Eo îªéπ\í¬ pronounce îËߪ ÷-LqçüË éπü∆. - were Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆. Å™«-é¬-èπ◊çõ‰ is I can't but go now = ؈’ ¢Á∞¡xéπ ûª°æp-ü¿-éπ\-
§ƒLç-îË-D ™‰ü¿’ ÅE). É™«çöÀîÓôx were/ past forms ´≤ƒh®·. ûª®√yûª Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ éÌEo Ææçüµ¿’©’ éπ©-´-éπ- èπ◊tense àN’öÀ? úÕéÀ (Ø√ éÀ≠dçæ ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Éûª®Ω’©, °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©,
N¶µ«-í∫ç™ would/ should/ could/ might ®√¢√L. ÉC N´-®Ωçí¬ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’ §Ú-´îª’a. 2) î√™«-´’çC ´÷ô™x 'é¬çö¸-•ö¸— Åçô’ç- •©-´çûªç ´©x.)
lessons ™ ûÁL§ƒç îª÷úøçúÕ. MRO = á¢˛’-Ç-ã-Ö ˛ (Ö èπ◊ -§Ò©’x)– ö«®Ω’. ü∆†®Ωnç ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ ÅØ√? Å™«Íí I'll certainly go there = ؈’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈
3) §ƒûª lessons îª÷úø-í∫-©®Ω’. Ééπ\úø ÆæçCµ, R †’ British English 'certainly' ÅØ√o 'ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ— ÅE Å®Ωnç
4) Thanking you ®√ߪ’úøç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. (O’èπ◊ üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª÷ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Ñ ™™«, Ç Åçö«´÷ ™‰ü∆ éπü∆. Ñ °æü∆Eo áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-Ω’? ¢Á™‰ü∞¡-û¿’.)√†’ (á´®Ω÷ ††’o •©-´çûªç îËߪ’úøç
American English ™™«, Ç®˝ 3) Sorry, apology èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? 3) Sorry= Nî√-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’/ *çA-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.
phrase correct, Å®·ûË letters ™ ¢√úø-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’ èπÿú≈.)

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Fly = áí∫’®Ω’, áí∫’-®Ω-¢Ëߪ·. Ñ verb ï-¢√-•’:

™«í¬ transitive, intransitive verb í¬
°æE-îËÊÆ véÀߪ’-©†’ í∫’Jç* v°æûËu-éπçí¬
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË ´÷®Ω_ç îÁ°æpçúÕ.
2. -Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ English ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?
Åûªúø’ ´çí¬-úø’.
éÌ´’t ´ç-Tç-C.
Ç¢Á’ ņoç AE-°œ-≤ÚhçC.
– Èé. XE-¢√-Ææ-®√´¤, °æ¤L-¢Áç-ü¿’©
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Åçö«´÷ ÅØË ü∆E-O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ
Öç-ô’çC. This is N≠æ-ߪ’ç™
1. Oxford Dictionary ™«çöÀ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’, CÆœñ ¸ ÅE éπLÊ°
´’ç* dictionaries É™«çöÀ Åçö«ç. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ üˆo-®·Ø√
ï-¢√-•’: 1) be ÅØËC ÅEo be forms èπÿ (Åçõ‰
°æü∆©†’ Ææp≠ædçí¬ N´-J- v§ƒ´·êuç É*a °æ©-é¬-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-
≤ƒh®·. é¬Ææh ã°œ-éπûÓ °æ¤púø’, This Éñ¸ important
îª÷-úøí∫-L-T-ûË .. Åçô’çö«ç. (Ééπ\úø This èπ◊
2. He bent down v§ƒ´·êuç. Å™«Íí Where is it
The branch bent down
èπÿú≈. Where É>ö¸?/ ¢Ë| (-®˝)-
She is feeding somebody.
Éñ¸ it? etc.
È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ 'éπ~´÷-°æù— ÅØË Å®Ωnç éπü∆. Apology = éπ~´÷-°æù. -ÑÈ®çúÕç-öÀéà ûËú≈:
àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x OöÀE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷T≤ƒh®Ó Sorry: I'm sorry I am late = Ç©-Ææuçí¬
N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.
– Èé. XüËN, ¨¡%çí∫-´-®Ω-°æ¤-éÓô ´*a†çü¿’èπ◊ *çA-Ææ’hØ√o.
؈’ ûª°æ¤p-îË-¨»†’ 鬕öÀd *çA-Ææ’hØ√o.)
´Jh-Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË to be = is. 鬕öÀd be ´’†ç îËÆœ† ûª°æ¤pèπ◊ ´’†ç-ûªô- ´’†ç
(is) èπ◊ past tense, was/ were, past per- *çAÊÆh sorry. Apology Åçõ‰ éπ~´÷-°æù
fect, been. Is - present tense éπü∆? éπü∆. Apology E demand îË≤ƒhç.
2) Can't but = îËߪ’-éπ-ûª-°æpü¿’. He can't Apology îÁ•’û√ç. äéπ®Ω’ sorry Å®·ûË
but go there = Åûª-úø-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡xéπ ûª°æpü¿’.
(*ç-AÊÆh) ¢√∞¡x-°æ¤púø’ apology îÁ°æp-´îª’a.