RealEnglish3 WB AppendGal 11941 PDF

1
REAL ENGLISH 3 Galician B Burlington Books

Glossary
INTRODUCTION
aquarium /L'YrCLpiLl/ acuario
armchair /'ElWiCL/ cadeira de brazos
athletic /De'oCWBY/ atltico/a
bakery /'VMYLpi/ panadara
bank /VDnY/ banco
bathroom /'VEepIl/ cuarto de bao
bedroom /'VCXpIl/ cuarto, dormitorio
blanket /'VoDnYBW/ manta
bowling alley /'VLHoBn Doi/ pista de birlos
caf /'YcM/ caf, cafetara
canoe /YL'mI/ canoa
car park /'YE UEY/ aparcamento
carpet /'YEUBW/ alfombra
chemists /'YClBgWg/ farmacia
cinema /'gBmLlL/ cinema, cine
clever /'YoCdL/ listo/a, intelixente
clock /YoFY/ reloxo
cloudy /'YoPXi/ nubrado/a
cold /YNoX/ fro/a
confident /'YFmcBXLmW/ seguro/a de / con confianza en si
mesmo/a
cool /YIo/ fresco/a
department store /XB'UEWlLmW gWG/ grandes almacns
desk /XCgY/ escritorio
dining room /'XOmBn pIl/ comedor
dishwasher /'XBirFiL/ lavalouza
electronics shop /BoCY'WpFmBYg iFU/ tenda de electrnica
ferry /'cCpi/ transbordador
funny /'cJmi/ gracioso/a
garden /'ZEXm/ xardn
hairdressers /'kCLXpCgLh/ perrucara
helicopter /'kCoBYFUWL/ helicptero
hospital /'kFgUBWo/ hospital
hot /kFW/ caloroso/a, clido/a, quente
hotel /kN'WCo/ hotel
jeep /bAU/ todoterreo
kitchen /'YBWiBm/ cocia
lamp /oDlU/ lmpada
library /'oOVpLpi/ biblioteca
lightning /'oOWmBn/ raio, lstrego, relampo
limousine /oBlL'hAm/ limusina
living room /'oBdBn pIl/ cuarto de estar, saln
market /'lEYBW/ mercado
mirror /'lBpL/ espello
motorbike /'lNWLVOY/ motocicleta, moto
motorboat /'lNWLVNW/ lancha motora
nice /mOg/ agradbel, simptico/a
oven /'Jdm/ forno
pillow /'UBoN/ almofada; coxn
post office /'UNgW FcBg/ oficina de correos
pub /UJV/ pub
rainy /'pMmi/ chuviento/a
restaurant /'pCgWpFmW/ restaurante
scooter /'gYIWL/ vespa, scooter
serious /'gBLpiLg/ serio/a
shelf /iCoc/ estante, andel
ship /iBU/ barco
shower /'iPL/ ducha
shy /iO/ tmido/a, apoucado/a
sink /gBnY/ fregadeiro, pa; lavabo
snowy /'gmNi/ nevarento/a; de moita neve
stadium /'gWCBXiLl/ estadio
stormy /'gWGli/ treboento/a, de treboada
sunny /'gJmi/ solleiro/a, asollado/a
taxi /'WYgi/ taxi
toilet /'WQoLW/ bao, servizo, vter
train /WpMm/ tren
tram /WpDl/ tranva
underground /'JmXLZpPmX/ metro
van /dDm/ furgoneta, camioneta
warm /rGl/ quente, clido/a, temperado/a
washing machine /'rFiBn lLiAm/ lavadora
windy /'rBmXi/ ventoso/a, de moito vento
yacht /qFW/ iate
zoo /hI/ zoo, zoolxico
2
Glossary
UNIT 1
advice /LX'dOg/ consello
affect /L'cCYW/ afectar, influr en
amount /L'lPmW/ cantidade
baked beans /VMYW 'VAmh/ feixs estufados / cocidos en
prebe
beef /VAc/ vitela, tenreira
biscuit /'VBgYBW/ galleta
calories /'YoLpih/ caloras
carbohydrates /YEVLH'kOXpCBWg/ carbohidratos, hidratos de
carbono
care about /'YCL LVPW/ preocuparse / interesarse por
choice /aQg/ eleccin, escolla
cooked /YHYW/ cociado/a; quente
crisps /YpBgUg/ patacas fritidas (de bolsa)
dark chocolate /'XEY aFYoLW/ chocolate negro
diet /'XOLW/ dieta
fat /cW/ graxa
fattening /'cWmBn/ que engorda (be ~: (facer) engordar)
fill with /'cBo rBf/ encher de
filling /'cBoBn/ recheo
fizzy drink /cBhi 'XpBnY/ bebida gasosa
food label /'cIX oCBVo/ etiqueta alimentaria
fried /cpOX/ fritido/a
frozen /'cpNhm/ conxelado/a
healthy /'kCoei/ san/sa; saudbel
junk food /'bJnY cIX/ comida lixo
lemonade /oClL'mCBX/ limoada
mark /lEY/ nota, cualificacin
marshmallow /lEi'loLH/ nube (de caramelo)
muesli /'lqIhoi/ muesli
nut /mJW/ froito seco
oily /'Qoi/ aceitoso/a, graxento/a
olive oil /'FoBd Go/ aceite de oliva
orange juice /'FpBmb bIg/ zume de laranxa
popcorn /'UFUYGm/ flocos de millo
private /'UpOdLW/ reservado/a
protein /'UpLHWAm/ protena
raw /pG/ cru/cra
salty /'gGoWi/ salgado/a
serving /'gKdBn/ racin, anaco, porcin
shape /iMU/ forma
snack /gmDY/ parva, albaroque, algo lixeiro de comer
sour /'gPL/ agre, acedo/a
spicy /'gUOgi/ picante, moi condimentado/a
sweet /grAW/ doce
therapist /'eCpLUBgW/ terapeuta
underweight /JmXL'rMW/ con peso insuficiente, con menos
peso do debido
vitamin /'dBWLlBm/ vitamina
weight /rMW/ peso
yoghurt /'qFZLW/ iogur
UNIT 2
as for /'Dh cG/ en canto a, no que se refire a
belong in /VB'oFn Bm/ deber estar
bottle /'VFWo/ botella
bottle bank /'VFWo VDnY/ colector de vidro
can /Ym/ bote
cardboard /'YEXVGX/ cartn
carton /'YEWm/ envase / caixa de cartn
cigarette end /gBZL'pCW CmX/ cabicha
clean up /YoAm 'JU/ limpar
close /YoNg/ preto, cerca
cloth /YoFe/ tea
collect /YL'oCYW/ coller, recoller
criminal law /YpBlBmo 'oG/ dereito penal
damage (n) /'XDlBXj/ dano, estrago, desperfecto
damage (v) /'XDlBXj/ danar, prexudicar
destroy /XB'gWpQ/ destrur, esnaquizar, destrozar
environmentalist /BmdOLpLm'lCmWLoBgW/ ecoloxista
find out /cOmX 'PW/ esculcar, investigar, descubrir
glass /ZoEg/ (de) vidro
(be) good about /(VA) 'ZHX LVPW/ ser bo en, darse ben
help out /kCoU 'PW/ axudar, botar unha man
jar /bE/ tarro, bote
metal /'lCWo/ (de) metal
news conference /'mqIh YFmcLpLmg/ rolda de prensa
paper /'UMUL/ papel
peel /UAo/ monda, casca, pela
pick up /UBY 'JU/ coller, recoller
plant /UoEmW/ plantar, sementar
plastic /'UoDgWBY/ (de) plstico
pollute /UL'oIW/ contaminar
pollution /UL'oIim/ contaminacin, polucin
Glossary
3
recycle /pA'gOYo/ reciclar
recycling bin /pA'gOYoBn VBm/ cubo / papeleira de reciclaxe
regular /'pCZqLoL/ normal
rescue /'pCgYqI/ rescatar, salvar
rubbish bin /'pJVBi VBm/ cubo do lixo
save /gMd/ gardar; salvar
school project /gYIo 'UpFXjCYW/ traballo para o colexio /
de clase
test /WCgW/ analizar
textiles /'WCYgWOoh/ tecidos, teas
throw out /epN 'PW/ tirar, guindar
troublesome /'WpJVogLl/ molesto/a, incmodo/a
waste /rMgW/ desperdicio(s), lixo, restroballos
whole /kLHo/ todo/a, enteiro/a
wood /rHX/ madeira
UNIT 3
average /'DdLpBb/ medio/a
be hurt /VA 'kKW/ facerse dano, mancar, resultar ferido/a
break a record /VpMY L 'pCYGX/ superar unha marca
bungee jumping /'VJmZA bJlUBn/ facer puenting
bus driver /'VJg XpOdL/ condutor/a de autobs
career /YL'pBL/ carreira profesional
cashier /YD'iR/ caixeiro/a
childminder /'WiOoXlOmXL/ coidadora de nenos/as
cleaner /'YoAmL/ encargado/a da limpeza
climb out /YoOl 'PW/ sar agatuando / gabeando
company director /YJlULmi XL'pCYWL/ director/a dunha
empresa
cook /YHY/ cocieiro/a
cool /YIo/ xenial (be ~: prestar)
diving /'XOdBn/ (de) submarinismo / mergullo
do an extreme sport /XI Dm BY'gWpAl gUGW/ facer / practicar
un deporte de risco
engineer /CmbB'mBL/ enxeeiro/a
fair /cCL/ xusto/a
film producer /'cBol UpLXqIgL/ produtor/a de cine / cinema
firefighter /'cOLcOWL/ bombeiro/a
fly /coO/ mosca
get lost /ZCW 'oFgW/ perderse
go abroad /ZLH L'VpGX/ ir(se) ao estranxeiro
go diving /ZLH 'XOdBn/ ir mergullar / facer submarinismo
hairdresser /'kCLXpCgL/ perruqueiro/a
have an accident /kDd Dm 'DYgBXLmW/ ter un accidente
have an exotic meal /kDd Dm BZ'hFWBY lAo/ comer algo
extico
judge /bJb/ xuz/a
kick /YBY/ dar patadas a
lifeguard /'oOcZEX/ socorrista
make money /lMY 'lJmi/ gaar cartos / dieiro
motto /'lFWN/ lema
nurse /mKg/ enfermeiro/a
octopus /'FYWLULg/ polbo
owl /Po/ bufo; moucho
pilot /'UOoLW/ piloto
salary /'gDoLpi/ salario, soldo
scary /'gYCLpi/ que mete / d medo, arrepiante
several /'gCdLpo/ varios/as, diversos/as
shop assistant /'iFU LgBgWLmW/ dependente/a, vendedor/a
surgeon /'gKbLm/ cirurxin/
talented /'WDoLmWBX/ talentoso/a, con talento (be ~: ter
talento)
tank /WDnY/ depsito, tanque
top /WFU/ cumio, cume, o mis alto
train /WpMm/ adestrar, amestrar
underwater (adx) /JmXL'rGWL/ submarino/a
underwater (adv) /JmXL'rGWL/ debaixo da auga
win an award /rBm Dm L'rGX/ gaar un premio
win an unusual race /rBm Dm JmqIjHLo 'pMg/ gaar unha
carreira pouco comn / corrente
UNIT 4
beauty contest /'VqIWi YFmWCgW/ concurso de beleza
beauty treatment /'VqIWi WpAWlLmW/ tratamento de beleza
blouse /VoPh/ blusa
bracelet /'VpMgoLW/ pulseira; braceira, brazalete
cap /YU/ gorra
casual /'YjHLo/ informal, de sport
colour /'YJoL/ tinguir
controversial /YFmWpL'dKio/ controvertido/a, polmico/a
cosmetic surgery /YFhlCWBY 'gKbLpi/ cirurxa esttica
curly /'YKoi/ rizado/a, crecho/a
customer /'YJgWLlL/ cliente/a
daily /'XMoi/ cotin/
earrings /'BLpBnh/ pendentes
fashionable /'cimLVo/ moderno/a, / de moda
4
Glossary
flip-flops /'coBUcoFUg/ chancletas
formal /'cGlo/ formal; de etiqueta
helmet /'kColBW/ casco
hide /kOX/ agochar, ocultar
high heels /kO 'kAoh/ zapatos de tacn
hood /kHX/ carapucha
in /Bm/ de moda
item of clothing /OWLl Ld 'YoNfBn/ peza de vestir
leather /'oCfL/ (de) pel / coiro
lipstick /'oBUgWBY/ lapis / barra de labios, beizos
looks /oHYg/ beleza; aspecto, aparencia
make themselves beautiful /lMY fLlgCodh 'VqIWBco/ poerse
guapos/as, arranxar(se)
maker /'lMYL/ fabricante
make-up /'lCBYJU/ maquillaxe
mini skirt /'lBmi gYKW/ minisaia
modern /'lFXm/ moderno/a
modest /'lFXBgW/ pdico/a, recatado/a, apoucado/a
necklace /'mCYoLg/ colar
old-fashioned /NoX'cDimX/ antigo/a, pasado/a de moda
out /PW/ pasado/a de moda
outdated /PW'XMWBX/ anticuado/a, pasado/a de moda
pants /UDmWg/ pantalns (US); calzns (UK)
piercings /'UBLgBnh/ piercings
platform shoes /'UoDWcGl iIh/ zapatos de plataforma
practical /'UpDYWBYo/ prctico/a
pre-teen /UpA 'WAm/ preadolescente
ring /pBn/ anel
ruin /'pIBm/ derramar(se), estropear(se)
sagging /'gDZBn/ cado/a
sensible /'gCmgLVo/ prctico/a
sleeve /goAd/ manga
slogan /'goNZLm/ slogan, lema
straighten /'gWpMWm/ alisar
sunglasses /'gJmZoEgBh/ lentes de sol
tight /WOW/ cinguido/a, cinxido/a
trend /WpCmX/ tendencia, moda
trendy /'WpCmXi/ moderno/a, moda
wet /rCW/ mollar(se)
UNIT 5
anger /'DnZL/ clera, ira, carraxe; enfado
art gallery /'EW ZDoLpi/ galera de arte
basketball court /'VEgYBWVGo YGW/ cancha / pista de
baloncesto
bus stop /'VJg gWFU/ parada de autobs
busy /'VBhi/ concorrido/a, ateigado/a
concert hall /'YFmgLW kGo/ sala de concertos
damaging /'XDlBXjBn/ danio/a, prexudicial
do our best /XI E 'VCgW/ facer todo o posbel
do research /XI pB'gKa/ facer pesquisas, investigar
do some good /XI gLl 'ZHX/ facer o ben
farm /cEl/ granxa
get a degree /ZCW L XB'ZpA/ obter un ttulo
go mad /ZLH lDX/ entolecer, tolear, volverse tolo
go to university /ZLH WL qImB'dKgLWi/ ir universidade
grow /ZpN/ cultivar
hi-tech /kO'WCY/ (de) alta tecnoloxa
illness /'BomLg/ enfermidade, doenza
lorry /'oFpi/ camin
make a difference /lMY L 'XBcpLmg/ cambiar as cousas,
causar un impacto positivo
make a discovery /lMY L XB'gYJdLpi/ facer un descubrimento
make an effort /lMY Dm 'CcLW/ facer un esforzo
make friends /lMY 'cpCmXh/ facer amigos
make mad /lMY 'lDX/ entolecer, tolear, volver tolo
make money /lMY 'lJmi/ gaar cartos
make rules /lMY 'pIoh/ ditar normas
office /'FcBg/ oficina
playground /'UoMZpPmX/ parque, zona de xogos
power station /'UPL gWMim/ central elctrica
provide /UpL'dOX/ prover, subministrar
residential neighbourhood /pChBXLmio 'mMVLkHX/ barrio
residencial
skyscraper /'gYOgYpMUL/ raaceos
solar power /gNoL 'UPL/ enerxa solar
square /gYrS/ praza; cadrado
start a business /gWEW L 'VBhmLg/ abrir / comezar un negocio
take a test /WMY L 'WCgW/ facer un exame
tennis court /'WCmBg YGW/ cancha / pista de tenis
theatre /'eBLWL/ teatro
train station /'WpMm gWMim/ estacin de tren
university /qImB'dKgLWi/ universidade
Glossary
5
wave /rMd/ onda
wind energy /'rBmX CmLbi/ enerxa elica
UNIT 6
advert /'DXdKW/ anuncio
alarm clock /L'oEl YoFY/ espertador
bark /VEY/ ladrido
battery charger /'VDWpi WiEbL/ cargador da batera
browse /VpPh/ navegar, mirar
calendar /'YoBmXL/ calendario
call back /YGo VDY/ volver chamar, volver a chamada
caller ID /YGoL O'XA/ identidade do que chama
challenge /'WiDoLmb/ reto, desafo
chat /aDW/ parolar, charlar, chatear
computer program /YLl'UqIWL UpLHZpDl/ programa
informtico
digital camera /XBbBWo 'YlLpL/ cmara dixital
display /XB'gUoM/ pantalla
download onto /XPmoNX 'FmWL/ descargar(se) en
get back to /ZCW 'VDY WL/ volver chamar a; dar unha
resposta a
hang up /kn 'JU/ colgar (o telfono)
headset /'kCXgCW/ auriculares
hold on /kNoX 'Fm/ esperar, agardar; non colgar
interrupt /BmWL'pJUW/ interromper
keypad /'YAUDX/ teclado numrico
leave a message /oAd L 'lCgBb/ deixar unha mensaxe
login /'oFZBm/ apertura da sesin
miss /lBg/ perder
mobile phone /lNVOo 'cNm/ telfono mbil
nearly /'mBLoi/ case
owner /'NmL/ dono/a, amo/a
phone box /'cNm VFYg/ cabina telefnica
receive a message /pBgAd L 'lCgBb/ recibir unha mensaxe
repeat /pB'UAW/ repetir
reply /pB'UoO/ responder, contestar
ringtone /'pBnWNm/ ton da chamada
signup /gOm'JU/ rexistro
speak up /gUAY 'JU/ falar mis alto
stay away /gWM L'rCB/ non achegarse
stuck /gWJY/ nun apuro / aperto
surrounded /gL'pPmXBX/ rodeado/a
take a call /WMY L 'YGo/ coller unha chamada
touch screen /'WJWi gYpAm/ pantalla tctil
turn off /WKm 'Fc/ apagar
turn on /WKm 'Fm/ acender, prender
videophone /'dBXiLHcNm/ videotelfono
voicemail /'dQglMo/ correo de voz
UNIT 7
bank /VDnY/ beira
be bored with /VA 'VGX rBe/ estar aborrecido/a de
become familiar with /VBYJl cL'lBoiL rBe/ familiarizarse con
boating trip /'VNWBn WpBU/ paseo en barco/a
bridge /VpBXj/ ponte
campfire /'YlUcOL/ fogueira
capital city /'YUBWo gBWi/ capital
cave /YMd/ cova
channel /'aDmo/ canal, estreito
chemist /'YClBgW/ qumico/a
Christmas card /'YpBglLg YEX/ tarxeta de Nadal
cliff /YoBc/ acantilado, baixo, cantil
coast /YNgW/ costa
construct /YLm'gWpJYW/ construr
continent /'YFmWBmLmW/ continente
cooker /'YHYL/ cocia
create /Ypi'MW/ crear
crown /YpPm/ coroar
crown jewels /YpPm 'bILoh/ xoias da coroa
design /XB'hOm/ desear
develop /XB'dCoLU/ desenvolver, elaborar
discover /XB'gYJdL/ descubrir
east /AgW/ leste
efficient /B'cBimW/ eficiente, eficaz
field /cAoX/ campo, eido
flow /coLH/ flur, discorrer
gift /ZBcW/ agasallo, regalo, galano, ofrenda
give a chance /ZBd L 'aEmg/ dar / ofrecer a oportunidade
god /ZFX/ deus
graphite /'ZpcOW/ grafito
holder /'kNoXL/ cuberta, soporte, estrutura
improve /Bl'UpId/ mellorar; perfeccionar
landmark /'oDmXlEY/ lugar / monumento de sona
light /oOW/ acender, prender
lower /'oNL/ baixar; botar
match /lWi/ misto, fsforo
6
Glossary
mine /lOm/ mina
nearby /mBL'VO/ preto, cerca
north /mGe/ norte
operate /'FULpMW/ operar; manexar, guiar
pier /UBL/ resorte
plan /UoDm/ planear, desear
polluted /UL'oIWBX/ contaminado/a
prepare /UpB'UCL/ preparar
print /UpBmW/ imprimir
produce /UpL'XqIg/ producir, fabricar
relative /'pCoLWBd/ parente, familiar
sacred /'gCAYpBX/ sagrado/a
soda water /'gNXF rGWL/ auga con gas
south /gPe/ sur
suspected /'gJgUCYWBX/ presunto/a
tie /WO/ atar, anoar
toaster /'WLHgWL/ torradora
west /rCgW/ oeste
wife /rOc/ esposa, muller casada
UNIT 8
balance /'VDoLmg/ equilibrio
barefoot /'VScHW/ descalzo/a
baseball bat /'VMgVGo VDW/ bate de bisbol
baseball glove /'VMgVGo ZoJd/ luva de bisbol
blood /VoJX/ sangue
bone /VLHm/ so
boxing gloves /'VFsBn ZoJdh/ luvas de boxeo
brain /VpMm/ cerebro
coordination /YNGXB'mCBim/ coordinacin
elbow guard /'CoVLH ZEX/ cobadeira
endurance /Bm'XqHLpLmg/ resistencia
finger /'cBnZL/ dedo
gene /bAm/ xene
golf club /'ZFoc YoJV/ pau de golf
heart /kEW/ corazn
helmet /'kColBW/ casco
hockey stick /'kFYi gWBY/ pau de hckey
ice-skates /'Og gYMWg/ patns de xeo
index finger /'BmXCYg cBnZL/ dedo ndice, furabolos
influence /'BmcoHLmg/ influr en / sobre
knee guard /'mA ZEX/ xeonlleira
lazy /'oCBhi/ lacazn/ana; preguiceiro/a
lung /oJn/ pulmn
measure /'lCjL/ medir
mouth guard /'lPe ZEX/ protector bucal
muscle /'lJgo/ msculo
properly /'UpFULoi/ axeitadamente
protective gear /UpLWCYWBd 'ZBL/ equipo protector / de
proteccin
push /UHi/ premer
ring finger /'pBn cBnZL/ dedo anular; medianio, seu sobrio
skateboard /'gYMWVGX/ monopatn
speed /gUAX/ velocidade
strength /gWpCne/ forza
tennis racket /'WCmBg pDYBW/ raqueta de tenis
toe /WN/ deda
treadmill /'WpCXlBo/ cinta andadora / para correr
weak /rAY/ dbil, feble
wrist guard /'pBgW ZEX/ pulseira
UNIT 9
annoyed /L'mQX/ enfadado/a, amolado/a, molesto/a
ashamed /L'iMlX/ avergonzado/a, avergoado/a
delighted /XB'oOWBX/ encantado/a
depressed /XB'UpCgW/ deprimido/a, abatido/a
disappointed /XBgL'UQmWBX/ decepcionado/a, desilusionado/a
disgusted /XBg'ZJgWBX/ indignado/a
do better /XI 'VCWL/ facer mellor as cousas
draw the line /XpG fL 'oOm/ non tolerar / aceptar; fixar /
pr lmites
fight over /'cOW NdL/ pelexarse / rifar por
frightened /'cpOWmX/ asustado/a (be ~: ter medo)
frustrated /cpJ'gWpMWBX/ frustrado/a
furious /'cqHLpiLg/ furioso/a, carraxento/a
guilty /'ZBoWi/ culpbel
help me out /kCoU lA 'PW/ axudarme, botarme unha man
horrified /'kFpBcOX/ horrorizado/a, arrepiado/a
I cant stand /O YEmW 'gWmX/ Non podo aturar
Im feeling down. /Ol cAoBn 'XPm/ Estou deprimido/a.
Its tough. /BWg 'WJc/ duro.
Its up to you. /BWg JU WL 'qI/ Depende de ti.
I've got no idea. /Od ZFW mN O'XBL/ Non teo nin idea.
jealous /'XjCoLg/ celoso/a, envexoso/a (be ~: ter envexa)
mean /lAm/ pretender, ter a intencin de
miserable /'lBhpLVo/ triste, tristeiro/a; co nimo polo chan
Glossary
7
never mind /'mCdL lOmX/ non te preocupes; non importa,
tanto ten, d o mesmo
no wonder /mN 'rJmXL/ non me estraa (que...)
pass /UEg/ aprobar
put up with /UHW 'JU rBe/ aguantar
relieved /pB'oAdX/ aliviado/a, tranquilo/a
rivalry /'pOdLopi/ rivalidade
sibling /'gBVoBn/ irmn/
survey /'gKdM/ enquisa, estudo
take a deep breath /WMY L XAU 'VpCe/ respirar fondo
upset /'JUgCW/ desgustado/a, molesto/a
worried /'rJpiX/ preocupado/a
worry /'rJpi/ preocupacin
worry about /'rJpi LVPW/ preocuparse por
8
Grammar Appendix
INTRODUCTION
O VERBO TO BE
O verbo to be significa principalmente ser ou estar.
Afirmativa: suxeito + am / is / are. o nico verbo que
ten tres formas distintas no presente. As formas
contradas emprganse mis na conversa.
You are very optimistic. (Es moi optimista.)
Im very tired. (Estou moi canso.)
Negativa: suxeito + am / is / are + a partcula not ou a
contraccin nt (que se pode engadir a is e a are, mais
non a am).
They arent famous. (Non son famosos.)
Interrogativa: Am / Is / Are + suxeito.
Is Pau Gasol a basketball player?
(Pau Gasol xogador de baloncesto?)
Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + o
verbo to be, sen contraer en afirmativa ou contrado coa
partcula not en negativa.
Is Dylan from England? Yes, he is. / No, he isnt.
(Dylan de Inglaterra? . Si. / Non.)
Os usos do verbo to be
Definicins e feitos
xerais
Glasgow is in Scotland.
(Glasgow est en Escocia.)
Sentimentos e estados
He is happy and Im thirsty.
(El est feliz e eu teo sede.)
Idade
She is fourteen years old.
(Ten catorce anos.)
Profesins, relixins e
nacionalidades
My brother is a lawyer.
(Meu irmn avogado.)
Prezos
How much is it? Its 3 euros.
(Canto ? Son 3 euros.)
Medidas
Its 10 metres long.
(Mide 10 metros de longo.)
Tempo atmosfrico
It is sunny.
(Vai sol.)
O VERBO HAVE GOT
O verbo have got significa ter. Expresa posesin ou os
trazos de algun ou algo.
Afirmativa: suxeito + have (ve) got ou has (s) got.
I have got green eyes. (Teo os ollos verdes.)
Negativa: suxeito + have / has + not (nt) + got.
They havent got sandwiches for lunch.
(Non teen sndwichs para comer.)
Interrogativa: Have / Has + suxeito + got.
Have you got a favourite artist?
(Tes un artista preferido?)
Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito +
have / has ou havent / hasnt (sen got).
Has she got an iPhone? Yes, she has. / No, she hasnt.
(Ela ten un iPhone? Ten. Si. / Non.)
O PRESENT SIMPLE
Afirmativa: como a forma base do verbo (infinitivo sen
to) en todas as persoas ags na 3 do singular, na que se
engade -s.
He gets up early every day.
(rguese cedo todos os das.)
Nos seguintes casos, engdese -es no canto de -s:
- Se remata en ss, sh, ch e x:
pass - passes wash - washes mix - mixes
- Se remata en o:
do - does go - goes
- Se remata en consoante + y, cmbiase o y por un i:
study - studies carry - carries
Negativa: suxeito + do / does + not (nt) + verbo na
forma base.
I dont play basketball. (Non xogo ao baloncesto.)
Interrogativa: Do / Does + suxeito + verbo.
Do you like geography? (Gstache a xeografa?)
do / does ou dont / doesnt.
Does he want pizza? Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt.
(El quere pizza? Quere. Si. / Non.)
Co Present Simple adoitan empregarse as seguintes
expresins temporais: every day / week / year (todos
os das / semanas / anos), once / twice a year (unha /
das veces ao ano), on + da da semana en plural, etc.
Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais
adoitan poerse ao final.
She walks her dog every day.
(Ela pasea o seu can todos os das.)
Tamn se empegan estes adverbios de frecuencia:
always (sempre), usually (normalmente, polo xeral),
often (a mido), sometimes (s veces, algunhas veces),
rarely (ao raro), never (nunca, xamais), etc. Estes
adverbios expresan a frecuencia coa que se fai algunha
cousa. Colocnse diante do verbo, ags no caso do verbo
to be, que van detrs.
I always take the train. (Sempre collo o tren.)
He is never angry. (Nunca est enfadado.)
Grammar Appendix
9
Grammar Appendix
UNIT 1
CONTRASTE
PRESENT SIMPLE / PRESENT CONTINUOUS
O Present Simple expresa hbitos, mais o Present
Continuous sinala o que est a ocorrer mentres se fala.
I usually eat salad, but today Im eating lasagna.
(Polo xeral como ensalada, mais hoxe estou a comer
lasaa.)
Os verbos estticos
Os verbos estticos emprganse para expresar gustos,
sentimentos e desexos, actividades da mente, pertenza e
percepcin. Refrense a estados no canto de a accins, polo
que non se adoitan empregar co Present Continuous.
I want to eat pizza. (Quero comer pizza.)
I dont know the answer. (Non sei a resposta.)
O PRESENT CONTINUOUS
CON VALOR DE FUTURO
O Present Continuous expresa o que est a ocorrer no
presente, mais tamn se emprega para anunciar plans
persoais que ocorrern no futuro prximo pois fixronse
de antemn.
I am cooking for my friends today. (Hoxe cocio / vou
cociar para os meus amigos.) [xa se decidiu]
Distnguese de be going to en que expresa algo certo,
non unha intencin, e do Present Continuous normal nas
expresins temporais, que se refiren ao futuro e non ao
presente: soon (axia), later (mis tarde), tomorrow
(ma), tonight (esta noite), next week / month / year
(a semana / o mes / o ano que vn), etc.
We are visiting a chocolate factory next month.
(Visitamos / Imos visitar unha fbrica de chocolate o mes
que vn.)
Susan is coming later. (Susan vn mis tarde.)
OS DETERMINANTES
a / an
Con substantivos contbeis en singular.
Emprganse diante dun substantivo que non
coecido polo falante.
un / unha a picture, an orange
some
Frases afirmativas:
Con substantivos contbeis en plural e non
contbeis.
Frases interrogativas:
Cando a pregunta expresa unha oferta ou pedimento
e agrdase que a resposta sexa afirmativa.
uns/unhas
algns/unhas
algo de
un pouco de
(ou non se traduce)
There are some trees.
Weve got some fruit.
Would you like some tea?
Os usos do Present Simple
Verdades xerais e
descricins
The sun warms the Earth.
(O sol quenta a Terra.)
Feitos habituais
ou cotins
We stay at home on Mondays.
(Os luns quedamos na casa.)
Gustos e opinins
He likes animals.
(Gusta dos / Gstanlle os animais.)
Programas e horarios
The plane leaves at 10 oclock.
(O avin sae s dez en punto.)
O PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Expresa o que est a ocorrer no intre de falar ou no perodo
de tempo presente.
Afirmativa: suxeito + am / is / are + un verbo rematado
en -ing.
She is singing now. (Est a cantar agora.)
Nos seguintes casos, cmpre reparar nestas regras
ortogrficas para engadir -ing:
- Se remata en e mudo, prdese o e:
dance - dancing
- Se de 1 slaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante,
dbrase esta consoante:
put - putting sit - sitting
- Se de 2 slabas e ten o acento na ltima, dbrase a
derradeira consoante:
refer - referring begin - beginning
- Se remata en l, dbrase esa letra:
travel - travelling
- Se remata en ie, cmbiase ie por un y:
lie - lying
Negativa: suxeito + am / is / are + a partcula not ou a
contraccin nt (que se pode engadir a is e are, mais non
a am) + un verbo rematado en -ing. Na conversa adoita
empregarse a forma contrada.
We arent watching TV. (Non estamos a ver a tele.)
Interrogativa: Am / Is / Are + suxeito + un verbo
rematado en-ing.
Is he studying now? (El est a estudar agora?)
Am I calling Jen? Yes, you are. / No, you arent.
(Estou a chamar a Jen? Ests. Si. / Non.)
Co Present Continuous adoitan empregarse as seguintes
expresins temporais: now (agora), at the moment
(neste intre / momento), right now (arestora), today
(hoxe), these days (hoxe en da), etc. Todas poden ir ao
comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poerse ao
final.
He is going home now. (Est indo casa agora.)
10
Grammar Appendix Grammar Appendix
any
Frases negativas e interrogativas:
contbeis.
ningn/unha
nada de
(ou non se traduce)
I havent got any sisters.
She hasnt got any money.
algn/unha
algns/unhas
algo de
(ou non se traduce)
Are there any biscuits?
Have you got any water?
OS CUANTIFICADORES
a lot of
contbeis.
moito/a/os/as
unha chea /
morea de
A lot of children study here.
I have got a lot of homework.
many
Con substantivos contbeis en plural.
moitos/as Many students play football.
much
Frases negativas e interrogativas:
Con substantivos non contbeis.
moito/a
I havent got much money.
Was there much smoke?
How many ...?
Cantos/as...?
Substantivos contbeis en plural.
How many chairs are there?
How much ...?
Canto/a...?
Substantivos non contbeis.
Cando vai co verbo to be serve para
preguntar o prezo dunha cousa.
How much flour do you need?
How much is it?
UNIT 2
O PAST SIMPLE
Afirmativa: frmase engadindo -ed aos verbos regulares e
igual en todas as persoas. Os verbos irregulares non
seguen regra ningunha e por iso cmpre aprendelos de
memoria. Podes consultar a listaxe das pxinas 24-25.
I visited Larry last night. (Visitei a Larry a pasada noite.)
Nos seguintes casos, cmpre reparar nestas regras
ortogrficas para engadir -ed:
- Se de 1 slaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante,
dbrase esta consoante:
stop - stopped drop - dropped
- Se de 2 slabas e ten o acento na derradeira, dbrase a
derradeira consoante:
prefer - preferred permit - permitted
- Se remata en l, dbrase esa letra:
travel - travelled
- Se concle en consoante + y, cmbiase o y por un i:
worry - worried try - tried
- Se remata en e mudo, s se engade -d:
bake - baked
Negativa: suxeito + did not ou didnt + un verbo na
forma base.
She didnt go there. (Ela non foi al.)
Interrogativa: Did + suxeito + un verbo na forma base.
Did you call her last night? (Chamchela a pasada noite?)
did ou didnt.
Did she go to the party? Yes, she did. / No, she didnt.
(Ela foi festa? Foi. Si. / Non.)
Co Past Simple adoitan empregarse estas expresins
temporais: as que levan ago (hai) ao final de expresin,
last night / week (a pasada noite / semana), at + unha
hora, on + un da / data, in + un ano, in the past (no
pasado), yesterday (onte), etc. Poden ir ao comezo ou ao
final da frase, mais adoitan poerse ao final.
Three days ago, they called me.
(Chamronme hai tres das.)
Os usos do Past Simple
Expresarmos accins
pasadas
They went home yesterday.
(Marcharon casa onte.)
Dicirmos que foi o que
se fixo nun momento
concreto
We watched that film last night.
(Vimos esa pelcula a pasada
noite.)
Contarmos accins
pasadas consecutivas
I visited the tower. Then I went
to the museum. (Visitei a torre.
Logo fun ao museo.)
Contarmos como eran
as cousas noutro
tempo
In the past, people worked more
hours. (No pasado, a xente
traballaba mis horas.)
O PAST CONTINUOUS
Afirmativa Negativa Forma contrada
I was riding I was not riding I wasnt riding
You were riding You were not riding You werent riding
He was riding He was not riding He wasnt riding
She was riding She was not riding She wasnt riding
It was riding It was not riding It wasnt riding
We were riding We were not riding We werent riding
You were riding You were not riding You werent riding
They were riding They were not riding They werent riding
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
Was I riding? Yes, I was. No, I wasnt.
Were you riding? Yes, you were. No, you werent.
Was he riding? Yes, he was. No, he wasnt.
Was she riding? Yes, she was. No, she wasnt.
Was it riding? Yes, it was. No, it wasnt.
Were we riding? Yes, we were. No, we werent.
Were you riding? Yes, you were. No, you werent.
Were they riding? Yes, they were. No, they werent.
Grammar Appendix
11
Grammar Appendix
Afirmativa: suxeito + was / were + un verbo rematado
en -ing.
I was cooking in the kitchen.
(Estaba a cociar na cocia.)
As regras para engadir -ing atpanse na pxina 13.
Negativa: suxeito + was / were + a partcula not ou a
contraccin nt + un verbo rematado en -ing.
They werent playing tennis.
(Non estaban a xogar ao tenis.)
Interrogativa: Was / Were + suxeito + un verbo
rematado en -ing.
Was Sue taking pictures? (Sue estaba a facer fotos?)
was / were sen contraer en afirmativa ou contrado coa
Was it raining yesterday? Yes, it was. / No, it wasnt.
(Estivo a chover onte? Estivo. Si. / Non.)
Co Past Continuous adoitan empregarse as seguintes
expresins temporais: as que levan ago (hai) ao final da
expresin, at + unha hora, yesterday morning /
afternoon (onte pola ma / tarde), last night (a pasada
noite), etc. Poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, pero
adoitan poerse ao final.
They were watching a match at six oclock yesterday.
(Estaba a ver un partido onte s seis.)
Os usos do Past Continuous
Expresarmos o que
estaba a ocorrer no
pasado
At eight oclock last night, we
were swimming. (A pasada noite
s oito, estabamos a nadar.)
Describirmos das ou
mis accins
prolongadas e
simultneas no
pasado, unidas por
while ou por as
She was talking to her friend
while/as she was driving. (Ela
estaba a falar coa sa amiga
mentres estaba a conducir.)
CONTRASTE PAST SIMPLE / PAST CONTINUOUS
O Past Simple indica que a accin ocorreu e rematou no
tempo sinalado na frase, mentres que o Past Continuous
fala de accins prolongadas que estaban a ocorrer no
pasado.
He did his homework last Monday.
(Fixo os deberes o luns pasado.)
He was doing his homework yesterday afternoon.
(Estivo a facer os deberes onte pola tarde.)
Co Past Simple adoita empregarse when e co Past
Continuous as conxuncins while ou as.
We were listening to the news when Peter arrived.
(Estabamos a escoitar as novas cando chegou Peter.)
While / As we were listening to the news, Peter arrived.
(Mentres estabamos a escoitar as novas, chegou Peter.)
UNIT 3
O PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
Afirmativa Forma contrada
I have talked Ive talked
You have talked Youve talked
He has talked Hes talked
She has talked Shes talked
It has talked Its talked
We have talked Weve talked
You have talked Youve talked
They have talked Theyve talked
Negativa Forma contrada
I have not talked I havent talked
You have not talked You havent talked
He has not talked He hasnt talked
She has not talked She hasnt talked
It has not talked It hasnt talked
We have not talked We havent talked
You have not talked You havent talked
They have not talked They havent talked
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
Have I talked ...? Yes, I have. No, I havent.
Have you talked ...? Yes, you have. No, you havent.
Has he talked ...? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.
Has she talked ...? Yes, she has. No, she hasnt.
Has it talked ...? Yes, it has. No, it hasnt.
Have we talked ...? Yes, we have. No, we havent.
Have you talked ...? Yes, you have. No, you havent.
Have they talked ...? Yes, they have. No, they havent.
Afirmativa: suxeito + has / have + un verbo en participio.
We have painted our bedroom.
(Pintamos o noso cuarto.)
Negativa: suxeito + has / have + a partcula not ou a
contraccin nt + un verbo en participio.
Bill hasnt been to Paris. (Bill non estivo en Pars.)
Interrogativa: Has / Have + suxeito + un verbo en
participio.
Have you won any medals?
(Gaaches algunha medalla?)
has / have sen contraer en afirmativa ou contrado coa
Have you moved house? Yes, we have. / No, we
havent. (Mudstesvos de casa? Mudmonos. Si. / Non.)
12
Grammar Appendix Grammar Appendix
Co Present Perfect Simple adoitan empregarse as
seguintes expresins temporais e adverbios:
ever
interrogativa:
algunha vez
Have you ever travelled abroad?
negativa:
nunca, xamais
I havent ever watched that film.
never
afirmativa:
nunca, xamais
She has never called me.
always sempre Youve always been her friend.
already
afirmativa:
xa
Weve already finished the exam.
just
afirmativa:
acabar / vir de
They have just arrived here.
yet
negativa:
anda
He hasnt found his glasses yet.
interrogativa:
xa
Have you bought any fruit yet?
for
durante
ou non se traduce
My brother has been living in
Manchester for five years.
since dende
I havent heard from him
since 2002.
recently recentemente Has Lisa talked to you recently?
lately ultimamente Jim hasnt been to the gym lately.
several
times
varias veces
They have worked for us several
times.
so far
at o
momento
How long has your assignment
taken you so far?
Cmpre ter en conta que just, already, always, ever e
never, pense entre o auxiliar have e o participio do
verbo principal. Yet colcase ao final da frase, for vai
seguida dun perodo de tempo pois sinala a duracin da
accin, e since vai diante do momento en que comezou a
mesma. O resto poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase,
mais adoitan poerse ao final.
Os usos do Present Perfect Simple
Accins que comezaron
no pasado e anda
continan (leva for ou
since e tradcese en
presente)
She has worked here since
1999.
(Ela traballa aqu desde 1999.)
Accins pasadas que
afectan ao presente ou
teen consecuencias no
momento actual
I have already finished. Im
bored now.
(Xa rematei. Agora estou
aborrecida.)
Accins pasadas sen
especificar cando
ocorreron
They have enjoyed their
holiday. (Pasrono ben nas
vacacins.)
Accins moi recentes
(leva just e tradcese
por acabar / vir de +
infinitivo)
The train has just left the
station. (O tren vn de sar da
estacin.)
CONTRASTE
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE / PAST SIMPLE
O Present Perfect Simple sinala que o que ocorreu no
pasado garda relacin co presente e non di cando sucedeu.
En cambio, o Past Simple fala de accins pasadas que xa
non afectan ao momento actual e sinala cando ocorreron.
He has written many films.
(Escribiu moitas pelculas. [ata o de agora])
He bought some fruit yesterday. (Mercou froita onte.)
UNIT 4
O COMPARATIVO DOS ADXECTIVOS
Para comparar das cousas, animais ou persoas
emprganse os adxectivos en grao comparativo.
O comparativo de superioridade (mis ... que/ca/do que)
emprgase para comparar das cousas, animais ou
persoas cando unha supera outra nalgn aspecto. Para
formalo cmpre reparar na lonxitude do adxectivo:
1. Se ten 1 slaba, ou 2 e remata en y, considrase curto e
engdeselle a terminacin -er. Detrs, pnselle a partcula
than.
The red dress is cheaper than the blue one.
(O vestido vermello mis barato que o azul.)
Nos seguintes casos, o adxectivo muda ao lle engadir -er:
- Se ten 1 slaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante,
dbrase esa consoante:
thin - thinner big - bigger
- Se ten 2 slabas e remata en consoante + y, cmbiase o
y por un i:
crazy - crazier lucky - luckier
- Se remata en l, duplcase a devandita letra:
cruel - crueller
- Se concle en e mudo, s se engade -r:
nice - nicer
2. Se o adxectivo ten 2 slabas ou mis, longo e a
comparativa frmase con more + adxectivo + than.
My trainers are more comfortable than yours.
(Os meus tenis son mis cmodos que os teus.)
O comparativo de inferioridade frmase con
less + adxectivo + than (menos ... que / ca ou do que).
The book is less popular than the film.
(O libro menos popular que a pelcula.)
O comparativo de igualdade frmase usando (not) as +
adxectivo + as ((non) tan / tanto ... como/a).
My office is not as large as hers.
(O meu despacho non tan grande coma o seu.)
O SUPERLATIVO DOS ADXECTIVOS
Emprgase para compararmos mis de das cousas,
animais ou persoas e dicir que unha destaca sobre as
demais. Leva the diante do adxectivo e tamn cmpre ter
en conta a sa lonxitude:
Grammar Appendix
13
- Se curto, engdeselle a terminacin -est segundo as
mesmas regras que vimos para formarmos o
comparativo con -er.
Paul is the strongest boy that I know.
(Paul o rapaz mis forte que coezo.)
- Se longo, ponse diante the most.
This is the most elegant shirt in the shop.
(Esta a camisa mis elegante da tenda.)
O superlativo pode ir seguido das preposicins
in, of e on.
She is the best actress of all / on TV.
( a mellor actriz de todas / da televisin.)
Para sinalar que algun ou algo inferior que o resto
nalgn aspecto emprgase a estrutura the least +
adxectivo.
This is the least interesting book in the library.
(Este o libro menos interesante da biblioteca.)
Os adxectivos irregulares
Ao non seguiren regra ningunha, cmpre aprender as sas
formas comparativa e superlativa de memoria.
Adxectivo Comparativo Superlativo
good (bo/boa) better best
bad (malo/a) worse worst
far (afastado/a) farther / further farthest / furthest
little (pouco/a) less least
TOO ... , (NOT) ... ENOUGH
Too vai diante do adxectivo e sinala que a cualidade
expresada por este excesiva. Significa de mis,
demasiado.
These heels are too high for me.
(Estes tacns son altos de mis para min.)
En cambio, enough ponse detrs do adxectivo e significa
(o) bastante, abondo ou (o) suficiente.
That dress is elegant enough for the wedding.
(Este vestido (o) bastante / abondo elegante para a voda.)
E not + adxectivo + enough significa non abondo,
non (o) bastante ou non (o) suficientemente.
Those boots are not practical enough to go hiking.
(Estas botas non son abondo / suficientemente prcticas
para ir de excursin.)
UNIT 5
O FUTURO CON WILL
I will listen Ill listen
You will listen Youll listen
He will listen Hell listen
She will listen Shell listen
It will listen Itll listen
We will listen Well listen
You will listen Youll listen
They will listen Theyll listen
Negativa Forma contrada
I will not listen I wont listen
You will not listen You wont listen
He will not listen He wont listen
She will not listen She wont listen
It will not listen It wont listen
We will not listen We wont listen
You will not listen You wont listen
They will not listen They wont listen
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
Will I listen ...? Yes, I will. No, I wont.
Will you listen ...? Yes, you will. No, you wont.
Will he listen ...? Yes, he will. No, he wont.
Will she listen ...? Yes, she will. No, she wont.
Will it listen ...? Yes, it will. No, it wont.
Will we listen ...? Yes, we will. No, we wont.
Will you listen ...? Yes, you will. No, you wont.
Will they listen ...? Yes, they will. No, they wont.
Afirmativa: suxeito + o auxiliar will + verbo na forma
base. igual en todas as persoas.
Na conversa, will contrae co suxeito (ll) e pronnciase
como un s l.
I will work in an office. (Traballarei nunha oficina.)
Negativa: suxeito + will + a partcula not (ou a
contraccin wont) + o verbo na forma base.
You wont need your car. (Non precisars o coche.)
Interrogativa: Will + suxeito + verbo na forma base.
Will she come with us? (Vir connosco?)
will ou wont.
Will you live in a city? Yes, I will. / No, I wont.
(Vivirs nunha cidade? Vivirei. Si. / Non.)
14
Grammar Appendix
Os usos do futuro con will
Anunciarmos accins
ou feitos futuros
Kim will come to our concert.
(Kim vir ao noso concerto.)
Predicirmos o que se
cre que ocorrer
I think it will snow tonight.
(Coido que nevar esta noite.)
Expresarmos decisins
sbitas
Im tired. Ill take a taxi.
(Estou cansa. Collerei un taxi.)
O FUTURO CON BE GOING TO
I am going to run Im going to run
You are going to run Youre going to run
He is going to run Hes going to run
She is going to run Shes going to run
It is going to run Its going to run
We are going to run Were going to run
You are going to run Youre going to run
They are going to run Theyre going to run
Negativa e forma contrada
I am not / Im not going to run
You are not / You arent / Youre not going to run
He is not / He isnt / Hes not going to run
She is not / She isnt / Shes not going to run
It is not / It isnt / Its not going to run
We are not / We arent / Were not going to run
You are not / You arent / Youre not going to run
They are not / They arent / Theyre not going to run
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
Am I going to run? Yes, I am. No, Im not.
Are you going to run? Yes, you are. No, you arent.
Is he going to run? Yes, he is. No, he isnt.
Is she going to run? Yes, she is. No, she isnt.
Is it going to run? Yes, it is. No, it isnt.
Are we going to run? Yes, we are. No, we arent.
Are you going to run? Yes, you are. No, you arent.
Are they going to run? Yes, they are. No, they arent.
Significa ir / non ir + infinitivo.
Afirmativa: suxeito + to be en presente + going to +
verbo na forma base.
Paul is going to wait at the bus stop.
(Paul vai agardar na parada de autobs.)
Negativa: suxeito + to be en presente + not (nt) +
going to + verbo na forma base.
They arent going to go to the art gallery.
(Non van ir galera de arte.)
Interrogativa: to be en presente + suxeito + going to +
verbo na forma base.
Is she going to meet us at the concert hall?
(Ela vai quedar connosco na sala de concertos?)
Are you going to live in Oslo? Yes, I am. / No, Im not.
(Vas vivir en Oslo? Vou. Si. / Non.)
Os usos do futuro con be going to
Falar de intencins,
plans ou decisins
Im going to paint the house.
(Vou pintar a casa.)
Expresar o que vai
ocorrer pois hai
indicios diso
Shes going to have a baby.
(Vai ter un beb.)
Con will e be going to adoitan empregarse as seguintes
expresins temporais: later (mis tarde), soon (axia),
in an hour (dentro dunha hora), tomorrow (ma),
next year (o ano vindeiro), in the future (no futuro),
in + un ano, etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final
da frase, mais adoitan poerse ao final.
In the future, more people will live in the city.
(No futuro, mis xente vivir na cidade.)
Im going to see Michael later.
(Vou ver a Michael mis tarde.)
O PRIMEIRO CONDICIONAL
Emprgase para falar de accins que ocorrern se se
cumpre a condicin sinalada.
Afirmativa: a condicin (oracin subordinada) exprsase
con if + Present Simple, e o resultado (oracin principal),
adoita ir en futuro con will.
I will stay home if I dont finish my homework.
(Ficarei na casa se non remato os deberes.)
Se a condicin vai primeiro, ponse unha vrgula entre a
oracin principal e a subordinada.
If I dont finish my homework, I will stay home.
(Se non remato os deberes, ficarei na casa.)
Negativa: pdese negar o verbo en presente, o verbo en
futuro ou ambos os dous.
If you dont come, I will be sad.
(Se non vs, estarei triste.)
If you come, I wont be sad.
(Se vs, non estarei triste.)
If you dont come, I wont be sad.
(Se non vs, non estarei triste.)
Interrogativa: Will + suxeito + predicado da oracin
principal + oracin subordinada.
Will he come to the theatre if he feels better?
(Vir ao teatro se se sente mellor?)
Grammar Appendix
15
will ou wont.
Will you go to the park if it is sunny? Yes, I will. /
No, I wont. (Irs ao parque se vai sol? Irei. Si. / Non.)
Para expresarmos que algo ocorrer ou non ocorrer se non
se cumpre a condicin, a subordinada introdcese pola
conxuncin unless, que equivale a if not (a non ser que,
a menos que, se non).
Unless he finishes this, he will stay in the office.
(A non ser que remate / Se non remata isto, quedar na
oficina.)
UNIT 6
CAN / CANT
I can swim I cannot swim I cant swim
You can swim You cannot swim You cant swim
He can swim He cannot swim He cant swim
She can swim She cannot swim She cant swim
It can swim It cannot swim It cant swim
We can swim We cannot swim We cant swim
You can swim You cannot swim You cant swim
They can swim They cannot swim They cant swim
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
Can I swim? Yes, I can. No, I cant.
Can you swim? Yes, you can. No, you cant.
Can he swim? Yes, he can. No, he cant.
Can she swim? Yes, she can. No, she cant.
Can it swim? Yes, it can. No, it cant.
Can we swim? Yes, we can. No, we cant.
Can you swim? Yes, you can. No, you cant.
Can they swim? Yes, they can. No, they cant.
Can expresa habilidade ou capacidade para facer algo
(saber, ser quen de), posibilidade (poder) e tamn se
emprega para solicitar permiso ou favores (poder).
Afirmativa: suxeito + can + verbo na forma base.
Lisa can swim very well. (Lisa sabe nadar moi ben.)
They can go out tonight. (Poden sar esta noite.)
You can take my phone. (Podes coller o meu telfono.)
Negativa: suxeito + cannot ou a forma contrada cant
+ verbo na forma base.
I cannot play the piano. (Non son quen de tocar o piano.)
Interrogativa: Can + suxeito + verbo na forma base.
Can they come with us? (Poden vir connosco?)
can ou cant.
Can you play tennis? Yes, we can. / No, we cant.
(Sabedes xogar ao tenis? Sabemos. Si. / Non.)
COULD / COULDNT
I could sing I could not sing I couldnt sing
You could sing You could not sing You couldnt sing
He could sing He could not sing He couldnt sing
She could sing She could not sing She couldnt sing
It could sing It could not sing It couldnt sing
We could sing We could not sing We couldnt sing
You could sing You could not sing You couldnt sing
They could sing They could not sing They couldnt sing
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
Could I sing? Yes, I could. No, I couldnt.
Could you sing? Yes, you could. No, you couldnt.
Could he sing? Yes, he could. No, he couldnt.
Could she sing? Yes, she could. No, she couldnt.
Could it sing? Yes, it could. No, it couldnt.
Could we sing? Yes, we could. No, we couldnt.
Could you sing? Yes, you could. No, you couldnt.
Could they sing? Yes, they could. No, they couldnt.
Could expresa habilidade e posibilidade no pasado e tamn
se pode empregar para solicitar permiso ou favores de xeito
mis educado ca con can.
Afirmativa: suxeito + could + verbo na forma base.
Robert could talk when he was one year old.
(Robert saba falar cando tia un ano.)
They could finish their homework on time.
(Puideron rematar os deberes a tempo.)
Negativa: suxeito + could not ou a forma contrada
couldnt + verbo na forma base.
They couldnt come to my party last year.
(Non puideron vir mia festa o ano pasado.)
Interrogativa: Could + suxeito + verbo na forma base.
Could you take me home? (Poderiades levarme casa?)
could ou couldnt.
Could you do the exam? Yes, we could. / No, we
couldnt. (Puidestes facer o exame? Puidemos. Si. / Non.)
16
Grammar Appendix
SHOULD / SHOULDNT
Afirmativa Negativa
I should use I shouldnt use
You should use You shouldnt use
He should use He shouldnt use
She should use She shouldnt use
It should use It shouldnt use
We should use We shouldnt use
You should use You shouldnt use
They should use They shouldnt use
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
Should I use? Yes, I should. No, I shouldnt.
Should you use? Yes, you should. No, you shouldnt.
Should he use? Yes, he should. No, he shouldnt.
Should she use? Yes, she should. No, she shouldnt.
Should it use? Yes, it should. No, it shouldnt.
Should we use? Yes, we should. No, we shouldnt.
Should you use? Yes, you should. No, you shouldnt.
Should they use? Yes, they should. No, they shouldnt.
Should emprgase para dar consellos e para dicir o que se
debera ou non facer.
Afirmativa: suxeito + should + verbo na forma base.
You should call your parents.
(Deberas chamar os teus pais.)
Negativa: suxeito + should not ou shouldnt (a mis
empregada a segunda) + verbo na forma base.
They shouldnt send so many text messages.
(Non deberan enviar tantas mensaxes de texto.)
Interrogativa: Should + suxeito + verbo na forma base.
Should I buy a new mobile phone?
(Debera mercar un telfono mbil novo?)
should ou shouldnt.
Should we leave at six oclock? Yes, we should. / No, we
shouldnt. (Deberiamos marchar s seis en punto?
Deberiamos. Si. / Non.)
MUST / MUSTNT
Afirmativa Negativa
I must tell I mustnt tell
You must tell You mustnt tell
He must tell He mustnt tell
She must tell She mustnt tell
It must tell It mustnt tell
We must tell We mustnt tell
You must tell You mustnt tell
They must tell They mustnt tell
Afirmativa: suxeito + must + verbo na forma base.
Expresa a obriga e a necesidade ou conveniencia de facer
algo, e significa deber.
You must turn off your phones.
(Debedes apagar os telfonos.)
Negativa: suxeito + must not ou mustnt (a mis
habitual a segunda) + verbo na forma base. Expresa
prohibicin, que algo non est permitido, e tamn que
algo non se debe facer porque non conveniente ou
correcto facelo.
They mustnt use their laptops here. (Non deben
empregar os seus porttiles aqu.) [Est prohibido]
She mustnt lie to her parents.
(Non debe mentir a seus pais.) [non correcto]
Interrogativa: Must + suxeito + verbo na forma base.
Neste caso, must expresa obriga ou necesidade, anda
que este verbo modal non se adoita empregar na forma
interrogativa.
Must we tell Sally about the party?
(Debemos dicirlle a Sally o da festa?)
must ou mustnt.
Must I invite Ben? Yes, you must. / No, you mustnt.
(Debo convidar a Ben? Debes. Si. / Non.)
HAVE TO / DONT HAVE TO
Afirmativa Negativa
I have to go I dont have to go
You have to go You dont have to go
He has to go He doesnt have to go
She has to go She doesnt have to go
It has to go It doesnt have to go
We have to go We dont have to go
You have to go You dont have to go
They have to go They dont have to go
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
Do I have to go? Yes, I do. No, I dont.
Do you have to go? Yes, you do. No, you dont.
Does he have to go? Yes, he does. No, he doesnt.
Does she have to go? Yes, she does. No, she doesnt.
Does it have to go? Yes, it does. No, it doesnt.
Do we have to go? Yes, we do. No, we dont.
Do you have to go? Yes, you do. No, you dont.
Do they have to go? Yes, they do. No, they dont.
Afirmativa: suxeito + have / has to + verbo na forma
base. Significa ter que e expresa, como must, a obriga
ou necesidade de facer algo. A diferenza que have to si
se conxuga e, por iso, emprgase nos tempos que must
non ten.
Grammar Appendix
17
We have to send her an e-mail right now.
(Temos que lle enviar un correo electrnico agora mesmo.)
Negativa: suxeito + dont / doesnt have to + verbo na
forma base. Significa non ter que / por que.
He doesnt have to buy her a present.
(Non tes que / por que comprarlle un agasallo.)
Interrogativa: Do / Does + suxeito + have to + verbo
na forma base.
Do you have to do any homework this afternoon?
(Tes que facer deberes esta tarde?)
do / does ou dont / doesnt.
Does she have to take care of Paul? Yes, she does. /
No, she doesnt. (Ten que coidar a Paul? Ten. Si. / Non.)
Anda que o uso de have to e must semellante, must
adoitan empregalo as persoas que teen autoridade
(profesores, pais, mdicos, etc.), mentres que have to o
emprega todo o mundo.
You must be on time for the exam.
(Debedes chegar a tempo ao exame.)
I have to do many exercises.
(Teo que facer moitos exercicios.)
UNIT 7
A VOZ PASIVA EN PRESENTE E PASADO
Presente am / is / are
+ o participio do verbo
principal
Pasado was / were
Afirmativa: suxeito + to be como auxiliar no tempo
correspondente + o participio do verbo principal.
Sarahs novel is written in French.
(A novela de Sarah est escrita en francs.)
Witches were thrown into the Thames a long time ago.
(s bruxas guindbanas ao Tmesis hai moito tempo.)
Se se quere amentar quen realiza ou realizou a accin,
ponse ao final da frase precedido de by.
This bridge was built by the Romans.
(Esta ponte foi construda polos romanos.)
En ingls sase moito a pasiva, mais adoita traducirse o
verbo na forma impersoal ou na voz activa.
This tower is used as a museum.
(Esta torre utilzase como museo.)
Negativa: suxeito + to be como auxiliar no tempo
correspondente + not ou nt + o participio do verbo
principal.
Cars arent designed to transport big boxes. (Os coches
non estn deseados para transportar caixas grandes.)
Those caves werent discovered until 1920.
(Estas covas non se descubriron at 1920.)
Interrogativa: to be como auxiliar no tempo
correspondente + suxeito + participio do verbo principal.
Nas respostas curtas curtas emprgase o pronome
persoal suxeito + to be como auxiliar no tempo
correspondente, sen contraer en afirmativa ou contrado
coa partcula not en negativa.
Were those books sold in this bookshop? Yes, they
were. / No, they werent. (Estes libros vendronse nesta
librara? Vendronse. Si. / Non.)
En preguntas con partcula interrogativa tamn se invirte a
orde de to be e o suxeito, ags se a partcula fai de
suxeito pois nese caso non cambia a orde.
When was the project developed?
(Cando se elaborou o proxecto?)
What is said in this article?
(Que se di neste artigo?)
Cando o verbo principal da oracin rexe unha
preposicin, esta ponse sempre ao final da pregunta.
What is Loch Ness known for?
(Por que coecido o Lago Ness?)
Os usos da voz pasiva
Salientarmos a accin
e non o suxeito que a
realiza
This picture was taken in Italy.
(Esta foto fxose en Italia.)
Cando o suxeito que
realiza a accin
obvio, descoecido ou
non se quere nomear
New museums are opened every
year. (brense novos museos cada
ano.)
Como pasar unha oracin activa a pasiva
Ponse to be no mesmo tempo que tia o verbo principal
en activa, e este verbo en participio.
Activa: They opened a shop a few days ago.
Pasiva: A shop was opened a few days ago.
Ponse como suxeito o primeiro complemento que haxa detrs
do verbo na voz activa, sexa o directo ou o indirecto.
Activa: They invented sunglasses to protect our eyes.
Pasiva: Sunglasses were invented to protect our eyes.
Se o complemento un pronome persoal, cmbiase pola
sa correspondente forma de suxeito.
Activa: Paul told me all his plans.
Pasiva: I was told all his plans.
Psase o suxeito da oracin activa ao final da oracin
pasiva precedido de by.
Activa: Many people visit London every year.
Pasiva: London is visited every year by many people.
Se o suxeito un pronome persoal, cmbiase polo
pronome obxecto correspondente.
Activa: He found the wallet.
Pasiva: The wallet was found by him.
As expresins temporais que se empregan na voz pasiva
son as mesmas que na activa. Polo tanto, se o verbo est
en presente: every day / week / year, once / twice a
year, on + da da semana en plural, ou adverbios como
usually, sometimes, etc. Se o verbo est en pasado: last
night / week, at + unha hora, on + un da / data, in +
un ano, in the past, yesterday, etc.
18
Grammar Appendix
UNIT 8
OS ADVERBIOS DE MODO
Os adverbios de modo describen a forma en que se
realiza a accin. Con eles respndese s preguntas que
comezan con How ... ? (Como...?).
Os mis deles frmanse engadindo a terminacin -ly ao
adxectivo correspondente.
They run slowly. (Corren moi amodo.)
Se o adxectivo remata en consoante + y, cambiamos o y
por un i e logo engdese -ly.
It all ended happily. (Todo rematou felizmente.)
Algns son irregulares e, ou ben non se asemellan nada
ao seu adxectivo, ou ben son iguais.
She sings very well. (Ela canta moi ben.)
He studied hard. (El estudou moito.)
O comparativo dos adverbios
Serve para comparar das accins e frmase as:
more / less + adverbio + than.
You listened to it more carefully than I did.
(Escoitchelo con mis atencin ca min.)
Con as + adverbio + as indcase que das accins se
realizan do mesmo xeito.
We ran as fast as you. (Corremos tan prsa coma ti.)
Os adverbios irregulares
Ao non seguiren regra ningunha, cmpre aprender de
memoria estes adverbios e a sa forma comparativa.
Adxectivo Adverbio
Forma
comparativa
fast (rpido/a)
fast ( prsa,
rapidamente)
faster than
hard (duro) hard (arreo) harder than
high (alto/a) high (alto) higher than
far (lonxano) far (lonxe) farther / further than
good (bo/boa) well (ben) better than
bad (malo/a) badly (mal) worse than
My horse ran farther than yours.
(O meu cabalo correu mis lonxe que o teu.)
Sam speaks French worse than my brother.
(Sam fala francs peor que o meu irmn.)
SUBJECT / OBJECT QUESTIONS
Os pronomes interrogativos who, what e which
emprganse para pedir informacin sobre o suxeito o
sobre o obxecto directo.
- Se fan de suxeito, a orde das palabras na pregunta
igual que o dunha frase afirmativa.
What makes you feel happy?
(Que che fai sentir feliz?)
- Se fan de obxecto, a orde das palabras igual que o
dunha frase interrogativa.
Which is your favourite sport?
(Cal o teu deporte preferido?)
- Cando o verbo rexe unha preposicin, esta ponse ao
final da pregunta.
Who did you play baseball with?
(Con quen xogaches ao bisbol?)
Con where, when e why nunca se pregunta polo
suxeito, senn polo obxecto circunstancial (lugar, tempo
ou causa), de xeito que sempre hai que inverter a orde
suxeito-verbo ou empregar do, does ou did.
Why is Beth crying? (Por que est a chorar Beth?)
Where does she have lunch? (Onde come ela?)
UNIT 9
REPASO
Present Simple (vxase a px. 8)
Usos
Verdades xerais e descricins.
Feitos habituais ou cotins.
Gostos e opinins.
Programas e horarios.
Expresins temporais: every day, on Mondays, etc.
Adverbios de frecuencia: always, usually, often, never, etc.
Present Continuous (vxase a px. 9)
Usos
Accins que estn a ocorrer mentres se est a
falar ou no perodo de tempo presente.
Expresins temporais: now, these days, right now, etc.
Present Continuous con valor de futuro
(vxase a px. 9)
Usos
Accins que ocorrern no futuro prximo pois
xa se fixaron de antemn.
Expresins temporais: soon, later, tonight, next year, etc.
Past Simple (vxase a px. 10)
Usos
Expresarmos accins pasadas.
Dicirmos o que se fixo nun momento concreto.
Contarmos accins pasadas consecutivas.
Contarmos como eran as cousas noutro tempo.
Expresins temporais: a week ago, last night, yesterday, etc.
Past Continuous (vxase a px. 10)
Usos
Accins que estaban en progreso no pasado.
Accins que eran simultneas no pasado.
Expresins temporais: at half past two, last night, etc.
Grammar Appendix
19
Present Perfect Simple (vxase a px. 11)
Usos
Accins que comezaron no pasado e
continan.
Accins pasadas que afectan ao presente.
Accins ocorridas no pasado sen especificar
cando ocorreron.
Accins pasadas recentes.
Expresins temporais e adverbios: since, for, never, just, etc.
will (vxase a px. 13)
Usos
Anunciarmos accins ou feitos futuros.
Predicirmos o que se cre que ocorrer.
Expresarmos decisins sbitas.
be going to (vxase a px. 14)
Usos
Expresarmos plans, intencins e decisins.
Expresarmos o que vai ocorrer pois vense sinais
diso.
Expresins temporais: later, soon, in the future, etc.
Primeiro condicional (vxase a px. 14)
Usos
Expresarmos o que ocorrer se se cumpre a
condicin sinalada.
Condicin: If / Unless + Present Simple
Resultado: futuro con will
Os modais (vxanse as pxs. 15 e 16)
Can / Cant
Usos
Expresarmos habilidade ou capacidade (saber).
Expresarmos posibilidade (poder).
Pedirmos permiso ou un favor (poder).
Could / Couldnt
Usos
Expresarmos habilidade ou capacidade no
pasado.
Expresarmos imposibilidade no pasado.
Facermos unha peticin de xeito educado.
Should / Shouldnt
Usos
Darmos consellos.
Dicirmos o que se debera ou non facer.
Must / Mustnt
Usos
Obriga e necesidade ou conveniencia de algo.
Prohibicin, que algo non est permitido ou
non se debe facer por non convir ou non ser
acado.
Have to / Dont have to
Usos
Obriga ou necesidade de facer algo.
Expresarmos que non preciso facer algunha
cousa.
A pasiva (vxase a px. 17)
Usos
Salientarmos a accin e non o suxeito que a
realiza.
Cando o suxeito que realiza a accin obvio,
descoecido ou non se quere nomear.
Subject / Object Questions (vxase a px. 18)
who / what / which
Emprganse para pedirmos informacin sobre o suxeito
ou sobre o obxecto directo.
- Se fan de suxeito, a orde das palabras na pregunta
igual que o dunha frase afirmativa.
- Se fan de obxecto, a orde das palabras igual que o
dunha frase interrogativa.
where / when / why
Emprganse para pedirmos informacin sobre o
complemento circunstancial (lugar, tempo ou causa), de
xeito que se invirte a orde suxeito-verbo ou se emprega
do, does ou did.
Cuantificadores e determinantes
(vxanse as pxs. 9 e 10)
Substantivos contbeis en singular: a / an
Substantivos contbeis en plural: some, any, a lot of,
many
Substantivos non contbeis: some, any, a lot of, much
Os adxectivos (vxanse as pxs. 12 e 13)
Comparativo
- De superioridade: -er / more ... than - mis ... que /
ca.
- De inferioridade: less ... than - menos ... que / ca.
- De igualdade: (not) as ... as - (non) tan ... como/a.
Superlativo
- De superioridade: the -est / most ... - o / a mis....
- De inferioridade: the least ... - o / a menos....
too ... - de mis, demasiado....
(not) ... enough - (non) (o) bastante / abondo /
suficientemente.
Os adverbios de modo (vxase a px. 18)
Describen a forma en que se realiza a accin e con eles
respndese a How ... ? (Como...?).
Comparativo
Serve para comparar das accins:
- more / less + adverbio + than
- as + adverbio + as
20
Irregular Verb List
BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO
be /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estar
beat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpear, bater
become /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ chegar a ser, converterse
begin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ comezar
bend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ dobrar(se)
bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostar
bite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ trabar
bleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrar
blow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soprar
break /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ crebar, romper
bring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traer
build /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construr
burn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ queimar
buy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ mercar
catch /Ya/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coller, agarrar
choose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ elixir
come /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ vir
cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ custar
cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortar
dig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavar
do /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ facer
draw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ debuxar
dream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soar
drink /XpBnY/ drank /XpnY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beber
drive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducir
eat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /AWm/ comer
fall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ caer
feed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentar
feel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir(se)
fight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ loitar, pelexar
find /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ atopar
fly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ voar
forget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ esquecer
forgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdoar
freeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ conxelar(se)
get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir, acadar; chegar
give /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /ZBdm/ dar
go /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ ir
grow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer, medrar; cultivar
hang /kn/ hanged/hung /knX/kJn/ hanged/hung /knX/kJn/ pendurar
have /kd/ had /kX/ had /kX/ ter; haber
hear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ or, ouvir
hide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ agochar
hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ golpear, bater, pegar
hold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ suxeitar, termar de
hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ ferir, mancar; doer
keep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gardar, manter
know /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, coecer
lay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ poer, pr; estender
lead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conducir
Irregular Verb List
21
BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO
learn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprender
leave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ deixar; marchar, irse, sar
lend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ emprestar
let /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permitir, deixar
lie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ tombarse, deitarse
lie /oO/ (regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentir
light /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ acender, prender
lose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perder
make /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ facer, fabricar
mean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, querer dicir
meet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ coecer a; xuntarse /
quedar con
pay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagar
put /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ poer, pr
read /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ ler
ride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ montar
ring /pBn/ rang /pn/ rung /pJn/ chamar, telefonar
rise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ elevarse, erguerse
run /pJm/ ran /pm/ run /pJm/ correr
say /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ dicir
see /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ ver
sell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vender
send /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviar
set /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ colocar
shake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ axitar
shine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillar, escintilar
shoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ disparar
show /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ amosar, ensinar
shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ pechar
sing /gBn/ sang /gn/ sung /gJn/ cantar
sink /gBnY/ sank /gnY/ sunk /gJnY/ afundir
sit /gBW/ sat /gW/ sat /gW/ sentar
sleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ durmir
smell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ ulir, cheirar
speak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /gULHYLm/ falar
spell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ soletrear
spend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar; pasar (tempo)
stand /gWmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar a p
steal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ roubar
stick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ pegar
sweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ varrer
swim /grBl/ swam /grl/ swum /grJl/ nadar
take /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ coller; levar
teach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ ensinar
tear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ rachar, esgazar
tell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ dicir, contar
think /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ coidar, pensar
throw /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ tirar; guindar, lanzar
understand /JmXC'gWmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprender, entender
wake up /rMY 'JU/ woke up /rLHY 'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm 'JU/ espertar
wear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ levar posto, vestir
win /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ gaar
write /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escribir
22
Writing Guide
AS MAISCULAS
(Capital letters)
Escrbense con maiscula:
os nomes e ttulos de persoas: Michael Kors,
Mr Rose, Dr Brent
os nomes de lugares como cidades, pases, continentes,
edificios de sona, museos, etc.: London, Peru, Asia, Tower
Bridge, the Louvre
as nacionalidades: Irish, German, British
os das: Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday
os meses: January, March, July
a primeira palabra dunha oracin: This is a good
restaurant.
o pronome persoal I: I like Italian food.
os idiomas: French, Swedish, Chinese
as palabras importantes dos ttulos de libros e pelculas,
cancins, festividades e xogos de ordenador:
Alice in Wonderland
This is the Life
Easter, Christmas
Sim City
AS PREPOSICINS DE TEMPO
(Prepositions of Time)
Emprganse distintas preposicins diante das horas e os
perodos de festa, os das e as datas, os meses, os anos e as
partes do da. moi importante que saibas empregar a
correcta en cada caso. Prstalle atencin a estes exemplos:
at horas: at four oclock
festividades: at Christmas
on das da semana: on Monday
datas: on 15th August
on Christmas Day
in meses: in September
estacins: in summer
anos: in 2012
partes do da: in the morning
Ags: at the weekend
at night
REPASA O ESCRITO >> Checking your work
A PUNTUACIN
(Punctuation)
O punto (.) vai ao final das oracins afirmativas e
negativas.
I never eat junk food.
A vrgula (,) emprgase para separarmos palabras ou
ideas. Polo xeral non se pon diante de and.
Im buying some popcorn, crisps, nuts and biscuits.
O sinal de interrogacin (?) ponse ao final das preguntas.
Do you have muesli for breakfast?
O sinal de exclamacin (!) ponse ao final da frase para
expresarmos unha emocin ou un sentimento e para
facer fincap en algo.
Wow! There are a lot of snacks!
opening sentence
body of paragraph
closing sentence
ANTES DE ESCRIBIRMOS >> Brainstorming
Fai unha listaxe de ideas ou un mapa de preguntas
relacionadas co tema (who?, what?, when?, where?,
why?).
Leas e risca as que cres que son pouco importantes.
Pon as que queden na orde en que queiras presentalas.
A ESTRUTURA DO TEXTO >> Paragraph structure
Un texto divdese en tres partes:
O limiar ou primeira oracin (opening sentence), que
presenta o tema.
O desenvolvemento ou corpo do texto (body of
paragraph), que ampla a idea principal con informacin
importante.
A conclusin ou derradeira oracin (closing sentence),
que resume o tema e repite a idea principal con outras
palabras.
Last week, our school organised a
Clean Up Our Town day.

Students
cleaned up five neighbourhoods
and three parks. There was a lot of
rubbish, so we worked very hard.
Next month, we are going to clean
up the other neighbourhoods.
The town already looks better and
we hope the people will keep it clean.
23
Writing Guide
A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: SUXEITO - VERBO
(Word order: Subject Verb)
O suxeito da oracin ponse diante do verbo.
The sausages are spicy.
s v
Mais nas preguntas vai detrs do verbo.
Are the sausages spicy?
v s
A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: AS EXPRESINS
TEMPORAIS
(Word order: Time Expressions)
As expresins temporais poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da
frase, malia que mis comn poelas ao final.
Tom Hanks started acting in the 1980s.
expr. temp.
De iren ao comezo, sepranse da oracin cunha vrgula.
In the 1980s, Tom Hanks started acting.
expr. temp.
A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: OS ADXECTIVOS
(Word order: Adjectives)
Polo xeral van diante dos substantivos.
the beautiful dress
adx + sb
Tamn detrs do verbo to be.
The necklace is expensive.
v + adx
E detrs dos verbos estticos.
It looks nice.
v + adx
Se hai varios adxectivos, adoitan ir nesta orde:
opinin, tamao, cor
Shes got a beautiful, tiny black kitten.
o t c
A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: OS ADVERBIOS
(Word order: Adverbs)
Os adverbios de intensidade e de modo van detrs do
verbo.
You sing quite nicely.
Os adverbios de frecuencia van diante do verbo nas
oracins afirmativas.
He always acts in comedies.
adv + v
Mais se o verbo to be, o adverbio vai detrs.
Celebrities are usually very rich.
v + adv
OS ADXECTIVOS POSESIVOS E OS PRONOMES
(Referencing)
Serven para facer referencia aos substantivos amentados
anteriormente e non repetilos.
My house is in a nice neighbourhood. It is near the square.
Ben and I are going to the playground. Do you want to
come with us?
Jades keys are under the desk. These are her keys.
AS CONXUNCINS
(Linking words and Connectors of Cause and Effect)
Son palabras que unen das ou mis ideas. As mas comns
son:
Copulativas: and.
The blanket is black and the pillows are pink.
Adversativas: but.
I like the pillows, but I dont like the blanket.
Causais: because, because of e since.
I couldnt call because my phone wasnt working.
We stayed home because of the rain.
I dont use my laptop a lot since its very old.
Consecutivas: so e therefore.
Your phone was ringing, so I turned it off.
I forgot my phone, therefore I didnt get your message.
OS CONECTORES DE SECUENCIA
(Connectors of Sequence)
Os conectores de secuencia amosan a orde en que
ocorreron as cousas. Os mis empregados son: first, first
of all, before, after, after that, then, next, later, by
the time, eventually, finally, in the end e at last.
First of all, we couldnt have a shower because there was
no hot water. By the time we were ready, it was too late
to eat. Eventually, we took the train to town. At last, we
got to the park but it was very late. In the end, we only
had time for a quick game.
A ESCOLLA DAS PALABRAS
(Word Choice)
Engade adxectivos ou adverbios e emprega sinnimos para
mellorar a ta redaccin e facela mis interesante.
The amazing athlete won the race easily.
adverb of degree adverb of manner
24
3. Mimi is asking Angela about Marty. Write the dialogue between them.
1. Mimi pregntalle a Angela cantos anos ten Marty.
Mimi:
2. Angela di que Marty ten 14 anos.
Angela:
3. Mimi pregunta polo aspecto que ten Marty.
Mimi:
4. Angela di que alto e atltico, e que ten o pelo castao e crecho e os ollos azuis.
Angela:
5. Mimi pregunta como Marty.
Mimi:
6. Angela di que divertido, simptico e moi listo.
Angela:
Write the Dialogue
unit (Page 7)
11
unit (Page 9)
22
Write the Dialogue
Language Builder
3. Dan is at a caf. Write the dialogue between Dan and the waiter.
1. O camareiro pregntalle a Dan que quere.
Waiter:
2. Dan dille ao camareiro que quere pedir unha hamburguesa.
Dan:
3. O camareiro pregntalle se quere algo para beber.
Waiter:
4. Dan dille que quere zume de laranxa.
Dan:
5. Dan pregntalle ao camareiro canto custa.
Dan:
6. O camareiro dille a Dan que custa oito euros.
Waiter:
3. Brians mum is asking Brian about his activities. Write the dialogue between them.
1. A nai de Brian pregntalle onde estivo.
Mum:
2. Brian dille que estiveron na casa de Mark.
Brian:
3. A sa nai pregntalle que fixo al.
Mum:
4. Brian dille que fixeron unha escultura con lixo.
Brian:
5. Ela pregntalle a Brian por que o fixeron.
Mum:
6. Brian dille que o fixeron para un traballo de clase.
Brian:
25
Language Builder
Write the Dialogue
unit (Page 11)
33
unit (Page 13)
44
Write the Dialogue
Write the Dialogue
3. Sarah is asking Lucy about an unusual experience. Write the dialogue between them.
1. Sarah pregntalle a Lucy se algunha vez rompeu a perna.
Sarah:
2. Lucy dille que si.
Lucy:
3. Sarah pregntalle que ocorreu.
Sarah:
4. Lucy dille que baixaba esquiando por unha montaa cando caeu.
Lucy:
5. Sarah pregntalle cando ocorreu.
Sarah:
6. Lucy dille que ocorreu hai dous anos.
Lucy:
3. Emma is asking Jade what she should wear. Write the dialogue between them.
1. Emma pregntalle a Jade que debera poer para ir discoteca.
Emma:
2. Jade dille que debera poer a minisaia vermella.
Jade:
3. Emma pregntalle a Jade se pode poela coa blusa rosa.
Emma:
4. Jade di que esa unha grande idea que est moi de moda.
Jade:
5. Emma pregntalle a Jade se cre que pode poer as chanclas.
Emma:
6. Jade di que cre que non, pois son demasiado informais.
Jade:
26
Language Builder
Write the Dialogue
unit (Page 15)
55
unit (Page 17)
66
Write the Dialogue
3. Mr Brown is asking his students about their plans for the future. Write the conversation between them.
1. O Sr. Brown pregntalle a Lauren que far cando remate o colexio.
Mr Brown:
2. Lauren di que cre que estudar ciencias na universidade.
Lauren:
3. O Sr. Brown pregntalle a Dawn cales son os seus plans de futuro.
Mr Brown:
4. Dawn di que, no futuro, se cadra abrir un restaurante.
Lauren:
5. O Sr. Brown pregntalle a Bob cal o seu soo.
Mr Brown:
6. Bob di que o seu soo ser xogador de ftbol profesional.
Lauren:
3. Scott is asking Paul about using a mobile phone on a trip. Write the dialogue between them.
1. Scott pregntalle a Paul se debera levar o seu telfono mbil viaxe.
Scott:
2. Paul dille que pode levalo, mais debe apagalo cando estean no avin.
Paul:
3. Scott pregntalle a Paul se pode deixar o seu telfono aceso no aeroporto.
Scott:
4. Paul di que pode usar o seu telfono no aeroporto.
Paul:
5. Scott pregntalle a Paul se debera chamar a seus pais desde o aeroporto.
Scott:
6. Paul di que ten que chamar a seus pais antes de que o avin saia.
Paul:
27
Language Builder
unit (Page 19)
77
unit (Page 21)
88
Write the Dialogue
Write the Dialogue
3. Chris is telling Jay about something his parents have just bought. Write the dialogue between them.
1. Jay pregntalle a Chris que .
Jay:
2. Chris dille que unha lavadora para gatos e cans.
Chris:
3. Jay pregunta que pode facer.
Jay:
4. Chris di que pode lavar e secar gatos e cans.
Chris:
5. Jay pregunta canto custou.
Jay:
6. Chris di que custou $25.000.
Chris:
3. Megan and Beth are at a sports shop. Write the dialogue between them.
1. Megan pregntalle a Beth qu quere mercar.
Megan:
2. Beth di que precisa un casco novo.
Beth:
3. Megan suxire un rosa.
Megan:
4. Beth di que caro de mis.
Beth:
5. Megan di que o negro non tan caro coma o rosa.
Megan:
6. Beth di que bo abondo e que cre que o mercar.
Beth:
28
Language Builder
unit (Page 23)
99
Write the Dialogue Write the Dialogue
3. Lynn is telling Jim about her problem. Write the dialogue between them.
1. Lynn dille a Jim que est deprimida porque a sa mellor amiga est enfadada con ela.
Lynn:
2. Jim di que para el que debera chamar sa amiga.
Jim:
3. Lynn di que a chamou, mais non lle contestou o telfono.
Lynn:
4. Jim pregntalle por que non lle enva unha mensaxe de texto.
Jim:
5. Lynn dille que lle enviou unha mensaxe de texto, mais non respondeu.
Lynn:
6. Jim suxire que quizais ela pode ir sa casa e levarlle algo de chocolate.
Jim:
29
29
Translation Exercises
UNIT 1
1. Con que frecuencia comes comida lixo?

2. O leite de camelo non ten moita graxa.

3. Cantas caloras precisa un adolescente ao da?

4. Estamos a mercar algo lixeiro para comer.

5. Gostarame pedir muesli con iogur.

UNIT 2
1. Comezamos a reciclar latas hai moito tempo.

2. A fbrica estaba a contaminar o ro.

3. A choiva danou a nosa casa esta noite.

4. Que estaban a plantar cando os vimos?

5. Estaban a recoller botellas mentres chova.

UNIT 3
1. Tim traballou de condutor de autobs ao longo de
tres anos.

2. O perruqueiro vn de cortarme o pelo.

3. Ese produtor de cinema xa gaou un premio?

4. A mia mellor amiga nunca foi ao estranxeiro.

5. O sbado pasado fomos practicar o mergullo con
tiburns.

UNIT 4
1. Os meus zapatos de tacn son mis altos que os teus.

2. Esta blusa non tan moderna coma a mia.

3. Esta minisaia a mis bonita da tenda.

4. Os alumnos non poden levar chanclas porque son
demasiado informais.

5. Este lapis de labios non escuro abondo.

UNIT 5
1. No futuro, os robots limparn as casas dos barrios
residenciais.

2. Barry vai traballar nunha oficina dun raaceos.

3. Se Carmen fai un esforzo, obter un ttulo.

4. Vereite na pista de tenis 1 ags se chove.

5. De gaarmos moitos cartos, abriremos un negocio.

UNIT 6
1. Deberas deixarlle unha mensaxe.

2. Non debedes empregar os vosos telfonos mbiles
aqu.

3. Non puiden responder ta mensaxe de texto.

4. Non tes que erguerte cedo ma.

5. Podes ver o calendario na pantalla?

Check Your Progress
Check Your Progress
30

UNIT 9
1. Jasmine estaban encantada cando seus pais lle
deron unha festa sorpresa.

2. Estiven deprimido desde o ano pasado.

3. Non deberas aturar a un amigo coma el.

4. Estaba triste pois as sas amigas non a axudaron.

5. Teo envexa do meu irmn.

UNIT 7
1. A mido constrense hoteis pola costa.

2. Descubriuse unha cova o vern pasado.

3. Deseronse das pontes novas o ano pasado.

4. Que vios famosos se producen nesta zona?

5. Esta illa foi descuberta por un explorador espaol.

UNIT 8
1. Cmpreche forza e coordinacin para patinar.

2. Os mellores corredores do mundo corren descalzos.

3. Estas luvas de bisbol quedan mellor ca esas.

4. O cerebro traballa mis arreo que o corazn?

5. Cantos cascos se venden aqu semana?

31
IH-007-741
TEMPOS VERBAIS TENSES OUTRAS EQUIVALENCIAS
PRESENTE PRESENT SIMPLE
eu xogo
ti xogas
el, ela xoga
ns xogamos
vs xogades
eles, elas xogan
I play
you play
he, she, it plays
we play
you play
they play
PERFRASE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FUTURO: PERFRASE
eu estou a xogar / xogando
ti ests a xogar / xogando
el, ela est a xogar / xogando
ns estamos a xogar / xogando
vs estades a xogar / xogando
eles, elas estn a xogar / xogando
I am playing
you are playing
he, she, it is playing
we are playing
you are playing
they are playing
eu vou xogar
ti vas xogar
el, ela vai xogar
ns imos xogar
vs ides xogar
eles, elas van xogar
FUTURE: BE GOING TO
I am going to play
you are going to play
he, she, it is going to play
we are going to play
you are going to play
they are going to play
FUTURO FUTURE: WILL
eu xogarei
ti xogars
el, ela xogar
ns xogaremos
vs xogaredes
eles, elas xogarn
I will play
you will play
he, she, it will play
we will play
you will play
they will play
PRETRITO IMPERFECTO PAST CONTINUOUS PERFRASE
eu xogaba
ti xogabas
el, ela xogaba
ns xogabamos
vs xogabades
eles, elas xogaban
I was playing
you were playing
he, she, it was playing
we were playing
you were playing
they were playing
eu estaba a xogar
ti estabas a xogar
el, ela estaba a xogar
ns estabamos a xogar
vs estabades a xogar
eles, elas estaban a xogar
PAST SIMPLE
I played
you played
he, she, it played
we played
you played
they played
PRETRITO PERFECTO
eu xoguei
ti xogaches
el, ela xogou
ns xogamos
vs xogastes
eles, elas xogaron
PRESENT PERFECT PERFRASE
I have played
you have played
he, she, it has played
we have played
you have played
they have played
eu teo xogado
ti tes xogado
el, ela ten xogado
ns temos xogado
vs tedes xogado
eles, elas teen xogado
Cadros resumo das equivalencias dos tempos
verbais entre o ingls e o galego

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