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Lecture Notes
ELEC A6
Dr. Ramadan El-Shatshat
Induction Machines
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INDUCTION MOTORS
General
The induction machine is used as a
motor and as a generator. However,
it is most frequently used as a
motor. It is the Workhorse of
industry.
Majority of the motors used by
industry are squirrel cage induction
motors.
Both three-phase and single-phase
motors are widely used.
The induction generators are
seldom used. Their typical
application is the wind power plant.
Single phase induction motor
Terminal box
Name plate
Shaft
Bearing housing
End bell
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Basic principles:
An emf is induced in the
conducting bars as they
are cut by the flux while
the magnet is being
moved.
E = BVL (Faradays Law)
The emf induces or
produces a current I,
which in term produces a
force, F.
F = BIL Lorentz Force
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Stator construction
The stator of an induction motor is similar to
a stator of any synchronous motor.
Laminated iron core with slots
Coils are placed in the slots to form a three
or single phase winding
Squirrel-cage rotor construction
Laminated Iron core with slots
Metal bars are molded in the slots
Two rings short circuits the bars
The bars are slanted to reduce noise
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Wound-rotor
The picture shows the
rotor of a large wound-
rotor motor
The ends of each phase
is connected to a slip
ring.
Three brushes contact
the three slip-rings to
three wye connected
resistances.
Rotor construction
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Rotating Magnetic Field
In ac machines, the three-phase currents ia, ib
and ic, each of equal magnitude, but differing in
phase by 120, produce a magnetic field of
constant magnitude that rotates in space. Such a
magnetic field produced by balanced three phase
currents flowing in thee-phase windings is called
a rotating magnetic field (RMF). Existence of a
RFM is an essential condition for the operation
of a ac rotating machine.
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Production of RMF:
The concept of RMF can be illustrated
using the following graphical
representation. Consider a set of
balanced three-phase currents ia, ib and
ic, flowing through the three-phase
windings aa, bb and cc (for
simplicity, only one coil per phase is
considered).
The coils aa, bb and cc are displaced
in space, by 120. The currents in each
coil are responsible for producing their
own magnetic flux, a, band c
respectively.
The following figure shows the
resultant flux r that results from these
three fluxes at any given instant in
time. r is however, (i) constant in
magnitude but (ii) rotates in space with
time.
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Three-phase motors. Operation principles.
1) Energize the stator with three-phase voltage.
2) Currents in the stator winding produce a rotating magnetic field. This
field revolves in the air gap.
3) The stator magnetic field links the rotor conductors through the air
gap and voltage will be induced in the rotor conductors.
4) Currents in the rotor conductors will produce their own magnetic
field which opposes the stator magnetic field.
5) The torque developed due to interaction of the stator and rotor
magnetic fields pushes the rotor into rotation.
6) The direction of the rotation of the rotor is the same as the direction
of the rotation of the revolving magnetic field in the air gap.
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Assume that the RMF produced by the stator currents rotates in the
clockwise direction.
Hence the direction of the magnetic field (flux lines) produced by the
rotor currents is counterclockwise.
The rotor conductors are therefore pushed from left (strong field region)
to the right (weak field region). Hence, the rotor rotates in the same
direction as that of the RMF.
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Synchronous Speed and Slip
The stator magnetic field (rotating magnetic field) rotates at
a speed, n
s
, the synchronous speed.
If, n
m
= speed of the rotor, the slip s for an induction motor
is defined;
s
n n
n
s m
s
=

100%
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Synchronous Speed and Slip
At stand still, s = 1, that is nm = 0. At synchronous speed,
nm = ns, s = 0.
The mechanical speed of the rotor, in terms of slip and
synchronous speed:
n s n
s
m s
m s
=
=
( )
( )
1
1
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Frequency of Rotor Currents and Voltages:
With the rotor at stand-still, the frequency of the induced voltages and
currents is the same as that of the stator (supply) frequency, f
e
.
If the rotor rotates at speed of n
m
, then the relative speed is the slip speed
n
slip
is the speed responsible for the induction.
But n
m
= n
s
(1 - s) by definition of slip.
Hence, n
slip
= n
s
- n
s
(1 - s), thus the frequency of the induced voltages
and currents is, f
r
= sf
e
.
n n n
slip s m
=
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Example no. 1:
A three-phase, 20 hp, 208 V, 60 Hz, six pole, wye connected induction
motor delivers 15 kW at a slip of 5%.
Calculate:
a) Synchronous speed
b) Rotor speed
c) Frequency of rotor current
Solution
- Synchronous speed: n
s
=120 f / p =(120) / 6 = 1200 rpm
- Rotor speed: n
r
=(1-s) n
s
=(1- 0.05) (1200) =1140 rpm
- Frequency of rotor current: f
r
= s f =(0.05) (60) =3 Hz
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Three phase motors. Development of equivalent circuit
The induction motor consists of a two magnetically connected systems:
Stator and rotor.
This is similar to a transformer that also has two magnetically
connected systems: primary and secondary windings.
The stator is supplied by a balanced three-phase voltage that drives a
three-phase current through the winding. This current induces a voltage
in the rotor.
The applied voltage (V
1
) across phase A is equal to the sum of the
induced voltage (E
1
).
voltage drop across the stator resistance (I
1
R
1
).
voltage drop across the stator leakage reactance (I
1
j X
1
).
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INDUCTION MOTORS
I1 = stator current/phase
R1 = stator winding
resistance/phase
X1 = stator winding
reactance/phase
R
R
and X
R
are the rotor
winding resistance and
reactance per phase,
respectively
I
R
= rotor current
V1 = applied voltage to the
stator/phase
I
0
= Ic + I
m
(I
m
= magnetizing current, I
C
= core-loss component of
current)

r
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Induced voltages:
Let E
R0
be the induced voltage in the rotor at stand-still
E
R0
= 4.44N
R

m
f
r
since, f
r
= f
e
, at stand-still,
E
R0
= 4.44N
R

m
f
e
If E
R
is the induced voltage in the rotor winding with f
r
= sf
e
, (s 1) then,
E N f
E N sf
E sE
R R m r
R R m e
R Ro
=
=
=
444
444
.
.

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INDUCTION MOTORS
Rotor Circuit alone:
I
E
R jX
s E
R s jX
I
E
R
s
jX
R
R
R R
R
R R
R
R
R
R
=
+
=

+
=
+
0
0
0
0
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INDUCTION MOTORS
The rotor circuit can be represented as:
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INDUCTION MOTORS
So, the Induction Motor circuit can be represented as:
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Transformation is done using the effective turns ratio, a
eff
for
currents.
Impedance transfer is made using the ration a
eff
2
; where R
2
and X
2
are
transferred values.
R
2
= a
eff
2
R
R
X
2
= a
eff
2
X
R
I
I
a
R
eff
2
=
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Equivalent Circuit and Power Flow
P
in
= input power to the motor
(3 phase)
P
in
=
R
1
= accounts for the stator
copper losses (P
SCL
)
R
C
= accounts for the core
losses
R
2
/s = accounts for the losses
P
FW
, P
RCL
and the output
power, P
out
P
RCL
= rotor copper losses
P
FW
= friction and windage
losses
3 3 V I V I
L L
cos cos

=
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Equivalent Circuit and Power Flow
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Approximate Equivalent Circuit:
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Approximate Equivalent Circuit:
P P P
I R
s
P I R
s
s
P P
P P P P
AG in SCL
conv AG RCL
out conv core FW
= =
=

=
= +
3
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
( )
T
P P s
s
P
dev
conv
m
AG
S
AG
s
= =

=

( )
( )
1
1
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Torque-Speed
Characteristic:
For small values
of s, the torque
is directly
proportional to
s.
For large values
of s, the torque
is inversely
proportional to
s.
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Example no. 2:
A 480 V, 50 hp, three phase induction motor is drawing 60 A at 0.85
pf lagging. The stator copper losses are 2 kW and the rotor copper
losses are 700 W. The friction and windage losses are 600 W, the
core losses are 1800 W and the stray losses are negligible, find:
The air gap power.
The converted power.
The output power.
The efficiency of the motor.
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Example no. 2 solution:
% 88
4 . 42
3 . 37
d)
kW 3 . 37 6 . 0 9 . 37 c)
kW 9 . 37 7 . 0 6 . 38 b)
kW 6 . 38 8 . 1 2 4 . 42
kW 4 . 42 ) 85 . 0 )( 60 )( 480 ( 3
) cos( 3 a)
&
= = =
= = =
= = =
= = =
= =
=
in
out
W F conv out
RCL AG conv
core SCL in AG
in
L T in
P
P
P P P
P P P
P P P P
P
I V P

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INDUCTION MOTORS
Example no. 3:
A 460 V, 25 hp, 60 Hz, four pole, Y-connected induction motor has
the following impedances:
R1 = 0.641 R2 = 0.332
X1 = 1.106 X2 = 0.464 Xm = 26.3
The total rotational losses (including core losses) are 1100 W for a
slip = 2.2%, find:
(a) The speed. (d) The converted and output power
(b) The stator current. (e) The induced and load torque
(c) Power factor (f) Efficiency
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Example no. 3 solution:
kW 845 . 11 685 530 , 12
W 685 ) 641 . 0 ( ) 88 . 18 ( 3 3
kW 53 . 12 ) 833 . 0 )( 88 . 18 )( 480 ( 3 d)
833 . 0 ) 6 . 33 cos( . . c)
6 . 33 88 . 18
6 . 33 07 . 14 ) ( ) ( ) ( b)
rpm 1760 ) 1800 )( 022 . 1 ( ) 1 (
rpm 1800
4
) 60 )( 120 ( 120
a)
2
1
2
1
1
1 1 2
2
= = =
= = =
= =
= =
= =
= + +

+ =
= = =
= =
SCL in AG
SCL
in
total
phase
m total
s m
s
P P P
R I P
P
lagging f p
Z
V
I
jx R jx jx
s
R
Z
n s n
P
f
n
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Example no. 3 solution:
% 7 . 83
12,530
10,845
f)
N.m 9 . 56
4 . 184
845 , 10
N.m 8 . 62
5 . 188
845 , 11
e)
kW 485 . 10 100 . 1 858 . 11
kW 858 . 11 ) 845 . 11 )( 022 . 0 1 ( ) 1 (
= =
= = =
= = =
= = =
= = =

m
out
out
s
AG
ind
rot conv out
AG conv
P
P
P P P
P s P
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Three-phase motors. Determination of parameters from test
The motor parameters are determined from three tests:
No-load test. Provides the magnetizing reactance and core
resistance ( R
c
and X
m
). In this course we will only find X
m
and ignore R
c
Blocked-Rotor Test (Short circuit test). Provides
( R
1
+ R
2
) and ( X
1
+ X
2
).
Stator DC resistance measurement. Determines the stator
resistance value ( R
1
).
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Three-phase motors. Determination of parameters from test
Stator DC resistance measurement
The motor is supplied by DC voltage between two terminals ( A and B
at the figure).
The dc voltage and current
are measured.
The resistance is:
I
dc
R
1
jX
1
R
1
R
1
A
B
V
dc
dc
dc
1
I 2
V
R

=
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Three-phase motors. Determination of
parameters from test
No-load test
The motor is supplied by rated line -to
-line voltage (V
ml
) and the no-load
current I
nl
and the no load input power
P
nl
are measured.
The no-load input power includes
magnetizing and rotational losses.
Using the measured values, X
m
can
be calculated as follows
. .
. .
3
l n
l n
m
I
V
X =
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Three-phase motors. Determination of parameters from test.
Blocked-Rotor Test
The motor is supplied by reduced voltage V
br
(line-to-line) and lower
frequency voltage. Approximate frequency value is: f
test
=(0.258)(60)
=15 Hz. Reduced frequency simulates that rotor current frequency is
small in normal operation.
The voltage V
br
, current I
br
, the input power P
br
are measured.
The rotor is blocked slip is s =1. Magnetizing reactance and resistance
are neglected because of reduced supply voltage.
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Three-phase motors. Determination of parameters from test.
Blocked-Rotor Test
The approximate equivalent circuit is:
Blocked rotor resistance is:
- Blocked rotor impedance is:
jX
1
R
1
jX
2
I
bl
V
bl
R
2
2
br
I 3
br
P
br
R =
br
I 3
br
V
br
Z =
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Three-phase motors. Determination of parameters from test.
Blocked-Rotor Test
Blocked rotor reactance at the test frequency f
test
is:
Blocked rotor reactance at the rated frequencies:
X
br
= X
br, test
(f
rated
/ f
test
)
The equivalent circuit parameters are calculated from:
R
br
= R
1
+ R
2
and X
br
= X
1
+ X
2
R
1
is determined by stator resistance measurement.
2
br
2
br
test
br
R Z X =
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Q1:
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Q2:
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Q3: