sxtsQRVxqsWNRP

[sos yNRPsVV ss[NRPFso

xmsVNRPTs sW : xqs*Rzqs=RRNRPV @sVgRiVLigS sVRVN]sV

xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN]sV : sVs A[RssV, [[NSsV
ssVxmsLRiRVN]sV
[sos xqs*FysV RLRi+ysV AR[ RWRRLi

LRiLig`i c [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

[sos [LRiysNTP [s ryRXaSV

[sos xqs*LSs s[sV Fs RXRxmsLRiRVN][gRisV?

FyLRis\|ms sVLjiN]s A[RsV

xmsVso DRLRisVxqsVyRV

10 RWy c }mssVsV xmsLiRRLi

A gkiNRPV N]R sLiRs[ [g][qs sVLjiRVV lLi[sW

B N]R sLiRs[ lLi[sWsV gRiWLji LiVV ryLRiV xmsrysLiRTLij
C "xmsVNRPTs sW" lLi[sW VVNRP aRPNTPs @LRisVV [xqsVN]sV
D xmsRQORPQR @sVysV ssLjiLi[ gkiNRPV N]R sLiRs xmsyV
E [soRV RLRi+ys sVLjiRVV LRiWFys Fs DxmsWgjiryRV
F xqsLixmnsV RLjiR[ xqs*FyV sVLjiRVV RLRi+yV

xmsLjiRRVsVV
Bj [sos xqs*LSs sys[ y @s[*xtsQsV gRiWLjis NRPR. y sVVR 10 xqsLisR=LS
\ZNPQQxqss sys yLjiNRP RXNRPRLi[ sLjiLiysVNRPVysV. \ZNPQQxqss RV sys
sLiRysNTP [ysV gRiVgS ysLi y sRVsWsV @sVxqsLjiLiys sLi[yTs. y
FyLRisV GNRPxmsORPQLigSsV sVWxqsFzqssVgSsV DLi[s.

\ZNPQQxqssoV [sos xqs*LSs ssgRiLRis s[sxmsVRV saRP*zqsLi[yTs. ARVs Rs sV\ss

xqs*LRiLi][ sVssV sTzmsLiRg][lLi[yRs ss[VyTs. y g]V y xqs*LRisVVsV ssVsV @s [VxqsV
xqsxtsQsVVgS FyRV. @LiVV[ s[sLiRgS xmsRVLiy [sos xqs*LSs ss[NRPF[VyTs.
@LiRVN][xqsLi @s[NRP xmsoxqsNSV Rjs[yTs, @s[NRP xqsRxqsV=NRPV LRi[VyTs, aRPRgS yNRPLi
Rjs[yTs. xmsVso xqs*LSs ssgRilgi[ yLjis xmsbPLi[yTs. @LiVV[ y @s[*xtsQ @Liy sXy
@[Vj. @LiVV[ RsV[ [sos xqs*LSs ssgRilgi[ yLjiNTP @j xqsxLigS, @[NRPgS sxqsVLij.
xqsxLigS F~LiRgRilgi[ A \sxmsoLi yZNPLiRVNRPV NRPxtsQryRLigS DLi][ yLjiNTP @LRiLi NS[RV. yZNP
xqsRVxmsy[ yLjiNTP @LRiLi NS[RV.

@LiVV[ [soRV, @s[NRPsWLRiV s[sV sLSaRPNRPV \sxmnsNRPV gRiV\lLiy, sVd sVd xmsRVLi[
y xXRRVyLiRsV RWyRV. A \sxmsoRsV s[sV xqsLiRLjiLiRVNRPVs[ ARVs ssV xqs\lLis jaRPgS
sTzmsLiyRV. ysNTP @sxqsLRi\sVss : @LiRLRiLigRi xmsaSLiRR, xqs*Rzqs=RR, RLRi+ssVV, LRiLig`i.
dsss xqssVs*RVxmsLRisxmsVRV s[ssVNRPVsysNRPLi FsNRPVsgSs[ F~Liyss gRizLiysV.
s[NRP xqs*LRiLi N][xqsLi NRPs|mssV gSs INRP sQQNTPs NRPsVg]ysV. sTzmsLixmso N]LRiNRPV NRPs|mssV gSs
INRP NSxmsLjis NRPsVg]ysV. [sos RsVV N]LRiNRPV NRPs|mssV gSs [sos NRPVsWLRiVs][ xqsxyrys
NRPsVg]ysV.

y xXRRVLi[ [sos xqs*LSs ss[LiRgRigRiRLi y*LS [VxqsV][ sVRVLRi\sVs

xqsxyrys F~LiRgRigSsV. ARVs }mssV[ xmsLjiFyLiRRVRVysV. gRisVNRP s[sV BNRP
FsLiRsWRsVV RLRiaSxqsQsVV NTPLiR DLiRsV. sRVsWV ssV xqsxyxqssVV[sNTP sTzmsLiyLiVV.
@sVjssVV xmsVso][ s[sV xqsLiLiRsVV NRPgjiRVVLiRV ss y sRsVV xqsLixmspLRiLigS
sWLRiTLij. y sQQNTPR*sVV y NRPVVLisVV, y xmsLjiRLRi @Liy yNRPV Li[ xmsVso ysNTP,
ARVs NRPsNRPLSsNTP @sVgRiVLigS xqsLji[RVRVRVyLiVV. y xXRRVsVV [sos }mssV[R
sLixmsRV][Lij gRisVNRP s[sNRP sVVsVxmss DLiRsV.
2

[soRV Rs zmsxms RWzmss }mssV, xms INRPLji][ ARVs xqsLiztsQLiRg][lLi[ ARVs yLiR,
s[sV s[LRiVNRPVs \sxmsoRsV gRiWLji yRVysNTP ssV xmsoLjiN]Lij. s[sV F~Lijs
AbdPLS*RNRPLRi\sVs xqsxyrys, xms \ZNPQQxqssoRV F~Liys[ xmsVso LSs s[sV ARVs][
xmsLiRVNRPVysV. [s xqs*LSs Fs sy, ARVs][ sVVsVVgS Fs xqsLiztsQLiy @s
s[sV gRizLiysV. @s[NRPVV C sWRs ss sWLRiLi[sNTP xqsLi][xtsQLigS xmss[bPLiysV.
xqsLixmnsVsVV [sos xqs*LSs ssRLi ARVs RLRi+ys RWRRLi FyLRiLiLiLij.
RVMxqssVRWV gRiLiyLiVV. xqssVxqssVV xmsosLRiVRLjiLiRTLij. xmssNRPV sWLRiVsVsxqsV= sxtsQRV\sV
zmsVzmsyLRiV. xqsLixmnsVsVV Rs FyxmssVV sxtsQRV\sV s[VVN]s LSjNSLRisVVsV gRiWLjis Rs
RRsV [xmsLij. [NRPLSLi sVs xmsVsoj, ARVs NUPxqsVj @soRVLij. WsVdsVR xms
jaRP[sV ARVs sVs y*LS LSFys [ryRV.
xmsV C xmsoxqsNSs DxmsWgjiLi ys \ZNPQQxqssLi[ sWRs RXNRPys, [sos][
BLRiV\sxmso xqsLixtsQ NRPgjiRVVLiRVgRiVs @}tsQNTPLiys y FyLRis. xmsVsosVLiT dsso F~Li[
}mssV, @LigkiNSLRisVV ssV @s RWsVLiT, [FysVLiT, xqsLji[zqs ds sys
sWLjis[RWs s[s V FyLjixqsVysV. [sos LSsVV[ ds ryys dsso gRiVLjiL iRVsV
\sRLRi+ssVV ds xXRRVLi[ sLiys y FyLRis. INRP sQQNTP Rs }qszRVs][ sWTsVgS
dsso [sos sVVsVVgS sWRVsxmsoRV ssVVsV NRPsVg]ys y FyLRis.

1
[sos yNRPsVV ss[NRPFso
\ssRWsVNRPLi
""sWLRiW! [!''
INRP AxmspLRi*NRP\sVs xqs*LRisVV gSRsR[sVs ssV [zms sVLiRLi dsVR NRPWL][Lij.
@Li xqs*LSs s[sxmsVRW ssNRPFLiVVy, A xqs*LRisVV [sos sVLiT sLij @s s[sV sLis[
gRizLiysV.
""GsV? GsV?'' @s s[sV @WsVRVLigS @TgSsV.
""[! y xqs*LSs Fs sy[ s[sV dsNRPV [jrysV!'' s[sV AaRPLRiLi][ ""xqslLi[, NSsso*!''
@ysV.
""[ ds A{mnsxqsVNRPV s. C L][ LS y xqs*LSs dsso Fs sy[ dsNRPV [jrysV!''
A xqs*LRisVV VVNRP xms[NRPRsV gRizLis s[sV sLis[ [ysV. A L][ LS s[sV
sW gSsVLi[ Ds xmsVso xqsLixmnsVLi[ ARVs xqssj[ sWNRPLjiLi, s[sV FsLi][ NSLigS
s[RWxqsVs sLSs xmsLjiaRPVyRVRV yNRPV ByRV. @j y sRLi[ yNRPV FsLi][
DxmsWgRixmsRgRiRs s[sV AbPLis g]xms sLRisVV. INRP xqsLisR=LRiNSLigS s[sV FsLi][ NRPxtsQxmsT
FyLRis @s[ @LiaRPLi y*LS [sos xqs*LSs ssysNTP NRPs|mssV. A RaRP[ ARVs Rs xqs*LSs
ss[ syys yNRPV yVgRiV xqsWy LRiWxmsLi[ RV[aSRV. C sysLi xNRPWNRPV 2 : 1, 2
[ yRVTsV sVsLi RWRgRiLi.
s[sV BNRPTNTP Fs sysV?
y xmsj}s[ FyRVLi[ s[sV xmsVsosV @LigkiNRPLjiLisxmsVRV, s[sV [sos yNSs
s[LRiVN]s yss y sRLi[ @sLiLi, [ysVryLRi\sVs sQQNTPgS sLiys[ sLi[y.
C N][LjiNRP y[ FsLi][ dsLigS DLi[j. sVWRV xqsLisR=LS RLRiVyR s[sV FsLi][ AxqsNTP][ LSL`iQ=
s{qsRVs \ NS[[ sVRsVV, RR*aSryQ[ Tgki N][LRiV=[ [LSsV.
NS[ sRsVV yNRPV FsLi][ D[NRPLRisVVgS @szmsLi[j. FsLiRVNRPLi[ [ys s[sV
NRPsVLigS s[LRiVN][gRiVgRiVRVysV. [ysVryLRi\sVs sQQNTPgS FsRgSs[ y N][LjiNRP xqsLiRXzmsNRPLRiLigS
DLij. s[sV NRPsVNRPsVLigS s[LRiVNRPVLiW @s[NRP @LiaSsV, ARW xmsoxqsNSsV xqsLiOTPQxmsLigS
yxqsVNRPVLiW, INRP RVs*s NSxmsLjigS yLRiLi yLRiLi ys [jxqsW sysV. @xms[ ATW
\ [NRP FsRLi][, Fy N]R sLiRs Rjs LjiNSLRiV [RVRLi][ ys sLiW y xmss
[xqsVNRPVLiW DLi[yTs.

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
ARLRi, [ysVryLRiLi, yLjiNRPLi c C sWV ssLi][ ANRPVN]s[s. INRP rysWs
gSdsV FyLiRsVV[ FyTxmsLiV xqssVXjgS Li[ ][sVLiT ss s[sV [ysVryLRi\sVs,
yxqss sRsVVsV sLiRysNTP xmsRVLi[yTs. s[sV sVVR [VxqsVsV @LigkiNRPLjiLisxmsVRV
INRP ryLixmsyRVNRP zmsxqsV xqsLixmnsVsVV[ xqsR*sVV dxqsVNRPVysV. @xmsV[ s[sV INRP NSxmsLji gS
xmss[RWs y[ N][LjiNRP NRPgjiLij. @xms sLRiNRPV yNRPV INRP \lLiRVgS sLiys DLi[j.
NS [ysVryLRi\sVs, yxqss sRsVVsV sLiRRLi yZNPLi][ {msNRPLRiLigS DLi[j.
[ysV Rjs[N]k, s[LRiVN]s[ N]k [sos xqs*LSs sys, AjNSLiRsVV sVVRVN]s xmsNRPs
gRiLiRsVVsLRiNRPV @s[NRP sVLij xmssNRPV ""xmsVso yNRPV'' @s [jLis, @s[NRP {qsQ xmsoLRiVxtsvV
sssV s[sV NRPWy ARVs xqs*LSs ssRLi Fs @s y[ AxqsNTP NRPgjiLij. NSs ARy*LS
[sos xqs*LSs ssgRigjisxmsV[ s[sV ARxqsLiLiR\sVs sQQNTPgS FsRgRigRiss gRizLisxmsVRV
ARVs xqs*LSs ssysNTP yNRPV sVlLiLi][ AxqsNTP NRPgjiLij.
NS y xXRRVLi[ [sos xqs*LSs ssysNTP NRPs|msVNRPVysV. ""Bjg][ sWLRiV!
s[sV [soRsV'' @s [soRV xmsZNP[ xqs*LRisVV N][xqsLi s[sV s[ DysV. [sos xqs*LRiLi
sVLiRryLiVV[ DLiVLiRs, ARVs sWTsxmsVRV ANSaRPLi[ sVLRiVxmso sVLRiVxqsVLiRs, |msRgS
dsxqsVLiRs, NTPNTP RVxmsoV N]VNRPVLiRVs @xmsVRV s[sV ARVs yNRPV |qss[ sWNRPV
[ys sLi[yTs.
NSs @Lij Gk xqsLisLiR[RV. ARVs xqs*LSs sy sy @s s[RWaSsV NSs
[sos xqs*LSs s[sV gRizLiR[RV. y[ gRisVLi [s Fs[ A[RsV lLi[ZNPRVRW, ssLi][
@WsVRWsNTP gRiVLji[}qss. B [sos xqs*LSs sys[ A[Rs][ xmsgRi NRPVgS NRPLiW
sR[NTP LRiVNRPVs[yTs.
BVsLi xmsLjizqs ssLi][ NSNRPV xmsLRi[j. FyLRis yNRPV FsLi xmsWsLi
NRPgjiLiR[RV, FsLiRVN][ yNRPV @LRiLi NS[RV. xaS sVLji FsNRPVsgS [ysV Rjs[
@LRisVsoRVLi[sW @szmsLiLij. @xmsVRV s[sV [sos xqs*LSs ssgRis[sW @s @sVNRPVysV.
NS [sos yNSs xmsoxqsNSVgS INRPryLjigS Rjs sVVgjiLiRRLi FyLRiLiLiysV. NSs @LiRLRiLigRi
xqs*LRiLi ssRLi gRizLiRRLi @s[j yNRPV ryRxmsR[RV.
sVssVV DxmsyxqssVVLiT AR][ FsVlgi FyLji}qs [soRV sVsNRPV yryRs s[sV
VxtsQRW 58 [ RRVsoNRPVysV. ""@xmsVRV dsso zmsVsgS Vx[y DRLRisVRVsV''
(VxtsQRW 58 : 9). DxmsyxqssVV y*LS ds AR aRPNTP, @jNSLRisVV |LixmsRVRVLiRs xmsV\ss
[VxqsV NRPWy [jLiyLRiV. @xmsVRV s[sV DxmsyxqssVVLi[ ARsV gRizLi[ aRPNTP @sRVRVLiRs
sLi DxmsyxqssVVLiRRLi FyLRiLiLiysV. @s[NRP L][V, BLiNS yLSV DsxmsNUP y
xXRRVLi[ FsVsLi xqs*LSs s[sV ss[NRPFRWsV.
INRPs[ y \ NS[[ N][LRiV= xmspLRiLiVV, TF~sW y [NTP s[xqsLjiNTP AR y*LS
[sos xqs*LSs gRizLiRgRi ryLiVV yNRPV NRPVgRiVRVLiRs sLiysV. Tgki y [NTP sLij gSs
y[ @VBV N]VsV[ A[Rs[ Rxms [sos xqs*LSs ss[NRPFRWsV. y[ @LiRLRiR
xqs*LRisVV Gk ssR[RV. }qssNRPVV GsV zmsy, yNRPsVV GsV [jLiy, s[sV sWRLi G
6

xqs*LSs ss[NRP FRWsV.

BNRP NSxmsLjigS y xmsLjiRLRisV FyLRiLiLisxmsVRV, y ALjis[xtsQs ][ FyV [sos xqs*LSs
F~LiRVNRPVLiss AbPLi FyLjiLiysV. y D[aRPLi[, [sos xqs*LSs ssNRPVLiy INRPRV NSxmsLjigS
Fs xmssRVgRiRV? xqsLixmspLRi ryLjiNRP xqsxyxqssVV[ C xmsLjizqs yZNPLi][ BLijgS
xmsLjisVLiLij. INRPs[ Fss\lLiy xtsQ][ sWRVRW xqsLi[aRPLi BsxmsVRV, @NRPR @LRisVV
xmsVyLRiV [sLiVV[ s[sV A RRsV {qs*NRPLjiLi @LRisVV [xmsgRigS. @LiVV[ s[sV [sos
xqs*LSs ss[sxmsVRV yLjiNTP @LRisVV Fs xmsgRisV? @xmsVRV y xqsLixmnsVsVV sNRP @R
[RNRPVsgS xmsLjigRixqsVLij. s[sV xmsRssVsoysV. [soRV B xmsLjizqs yNRPV xqsLisLiys
N][LRiVN][RV. NS [soRV RxmssxqsLjigS s[sV ALjis[xtsQs F~Li[ xqssVRWsNTP Rs sys dsT yNRPV
Rs xqs*LSs @sVgRizryRV @s sLiysV. y ALjis[xtsQs NSLRiNRPsVLi xmspLRiLiVVLij, NSs
FsLi xqs*LRisVV ssxmsR[RV. s[sLi][ sLRiVy=sNTP gRiVLRiRWsV. y zqss xmsRVyds
[rysV, NSs xmnsRLi aRPWsLi.
sVLRi s[sV [ysV xmsLjibdPLi RW}qs, [sos xmsV @s[NRP xqsLiRLS[ ARVs
xqs*LSs ssRLi xqsxtsQsVsoRVLij. [soRV AjNSLiRsVV sVVRVN]s xmsNRPs sLRiNRPV lLiLiRV
sLiRs[sV Rs R][ sWRRLi xqsxtsQLigS yRVT DLij. sLiRj xqsLiRLS[
ARVs Rs xqs*LSs sszmsLiyRV. y[ N]s BNRPR xmsrysxqsVysV.
Aj 3 : 8; Aj 12 : 1; sLRisV 4 : 21; j* 28 : 1; Vx[xtsvs 1 : 1; VxtsQRW 8 : 1;
LiVVLkiRW 7 : 1 c Vx[y VVRsVLiT LiVVLkiRWNRPV xmsRQORPQ \sVs yNRPV dsso Vx[y
sVLijLRi y*LRisVVs sVs T C sW @Rs[ xmsNRPLixmsosVV c Vx[yNRPV ssVryLRisVV
[RVV\ZNP LiVW y*LRisVV[T xmss[bPLiRV RVWyyLRiLS, Vx[y sW ssVT.
V|[V 1 : 3 c s[ @LiVVRs jssVVs NRPdRVV [aRPsVLiRVs ZNPLRiV sj xms[aRPsVVs
Vx[y yNRPV ??W NRPVsWLRiVRVsV RWNRPVRVsgRiV V|[VsNRPV xmsRQORPQsVVNSgS
@NRPRs[ Vx[y xxqssVV @Rs dsVjNTP ssV.
WsV 5 : 30 c y @LiR s[s[ GsVRVV [RV[sV, s[sV ssVsVgS dLRiV dLRiVRVysV.
ssV xmsLizmss ys RxmsNSLRis[V [RVg][LRiVRVsV gSs y LiVVxtsQxmsNSLRisVV [RVg][LRisV gRisVNRP y
dLRiV yRV\sVsj.
@F~. NS. 11 : 12 c @xmsVRV AR c dsso [Rs[VsVRVV [RVNRP yLji][ NRPWR ssVs yNRPV
|qsssV C ALRiVgRiVLRiV xqsx[RLRiVV y][ NRPWR sLji, s[VsVV N]lLi[ LiVVLi xmss[bPLisV.
@F~. NS. 16 : 6 c AzqsRV[ yNRPsVV xmsNRPWRRs xmsLjiaRPVyR yLji yLiNRPxmsLRisLiRVs,
yLRiV xmnsQogjiRV gRidRV xms[aRPsVV y*LS sLji. sWzqsRV RgRiLRiNRPV s RWsRVNRPV sNRPV
xmsRVRsVV [zqsLji gSs . . .
xmsNRPs 1 : 10, 11 c xmsVso jssVLiRV ARsaRPVR\sRVVLiRgS WLRiR*s sLi g]xms xqs*LRisVV c
dsso RWRVRVsj xmsoxqsNRPsVV[ yzqs, Fs|mnsxqsV, xqsVLRi, |msLRisVV, RVRV\LRi, ryLkiqs, zmnsRV,
jNRPRV @sV GRV xqsLixmnsVsVVNRPV xmsLixmsosVs xmsV y ssVNRP sLis.

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
|d 12 : 22, 24, 25 c BxmsV\[ {qsWssV N]LiRNRPVsV ssVVgRi [sos xmssVVsNRPV, @sgS
xmsLRi[NRPxmso VLRiWxtsQ[sVVsNRPVsV, s[s[N]j [sRWRVVRNRPVsV, N]RsLiRsNRPV sVRsLjiQ\Vs
[VxqsV RNRPVsV, }[VNRPLi sVLji ZaP[xtsQsVVgRi xmsVNRPV FORPQ LRiNRPsVVsNRPVsV dsVLRiV s RVVyLRiV.
dsVNRPV VjxmsVRVs yss sLSNRPLjiLixmsNRPVLiRVsV RWRVN]sVT. yLRiV WsV dsVR
sVLiT Vj zmss yss sLSNRPLjiLisxmsVRV RzmsLiRVN]sNRP FLiVVs VR, xmsLRi[NRPsVVsVLiT
VjxmsVRVs yss sxqsLjiLiRV sVssVV RzmsLiRVN]sNRP Fso sVLji saRPRVsVVgRiy.
C NRPXxms NSLi [soRV sWRLi [RV @s[ sssV s[sV @LigkiNRPLjiLiR[NRP FRVysV.
y xXRRVLi[ [sos xqs*LSs sys FsLi][ xmsLjiRzmsxqsVysV.
A xqssVRVLi[, sW rysNRP xqsLixmnsVLi[ [sos xqs*LSs ss, xmssRysV xmsZNP[ sW
xqsLixmnsV|msRsV y sRLi[sNTP xmss[aRP# |msRV. xmsVso sWsV RV.R. RxmsNRP, RR*sVV][
xmsZNP[ syys s[sLi][ AaRPLRixmsRVRVLi[yTs. NRPsVNRP @R [sos xqs*LSs ssgRilgi[
y][ @Rs @Tgji VxqsVN][ysVNRPVysV. @R\[ yNRPV xmsLRixqsLRi xqsLixtsQxmspLRi*NRP\sVs FyLRis
[RVgRilgi[ N]s V xmsgRiRV @s sLi[yTs.
[sos xqs*LSs ssysNTP Fs[ xmsRVyV [aSsV. A xqssVRVLi[ sW xqsLixmnsV|msR
FsLi][ JzmsNRPgS Rs @sVysV yNRPV ssLjiLi[yRV. @LiVVy @s yNRPV G sWRLi
DxmsWgRixmsR[RV. FsZNP[NRPV [sos xqs*LSs ssRLi @RsNTP xqsxLigS @sTLij @s s[sV
gRizLiysV. y[ NRPWR AR xmssLi @ xmsszLiys N][LRiVNRPVs[y. Fs[
ryyryysV xmsLjibdPLisxmsNUP xmnsRLi [NRPFsRLi][ sLjiNTP y[ @LiRV[s sLSaRP
][V[xqsVNRPVLij.
@ sLSaRP[ NRPXLigjiFLiVVsxmsVRV, @xqsV s[sV sLigS LRiOTPQLiRyy @s[ xmsaRP y[
RLij. s[sV RVyLRixXRRVLi][ y FyFyV IxmsVN]s NUPxqsVsV y xmsVsogSsV LRiORPQNRPVsgSsV
y sRLi[sNTP A*sLiysV. s[sV ds zmsxqssVV F~LijsxmsVRV xmsLjiaRPVyRsV F~LiRVsVgS
|msRV y RdsVR [RVVLi FyLjiLiyLRiV. [y[ FsLi F~LRiNRPV yso [Rs, Dsj
DsVgS LRiVgRiVRVLiRs ssVVRW sysV.
NRPsVNRP, saRPRVsVVgS s[sV LRiOTPQLixmsysV. @LiVV[ y xqssVxqs GsV? C sxtsQRVLi[ s[sV
NSxqs NRPhjisLigS DLiRLi, [NRP yxqssNRP RXNRPRLi NRPgji DLiRs[VsW. \ZNPQQxqsys gRiWLji s[sV
FsNRPVsgS RxqsVys[sW. BRLRi \ZNPQQxqssos yNRPV NRPgjiRVVs AR zqss xqsLi][xtsQLigS
DLiR[NRPFRVys[sW. ysR \V Dsj, xaS yNRPV [sos xqs*LRisVV @sxqsLRisVV [[sW.
yNRPV zqss xmsRVyds [aSsV. NSs Gds y[ xmss[RV[RV. yNRPV A sLRisVV[RV NRPsVNRP
[s sLSs DsVgS sLiRVN]s ssV s[sV sLiLiRVN][[sV. @j y[ [sLiVV[,
[sVgSsV DLisV.
N]LiR}qsxms RLRiVyR [aRPLi[s[ xmsgSLis \ RL`i sW xqsLixmnsVLi[
sWR[RVyRV. s[sV N]s xmsaRPV xqsLijLiysV. ""dsVlLi [sos xqs*LSs syLRiV?''
ARVs yV ssV AaRPLSsNTP gRiVLji[zqsLij. ""[sos xqs*LRisVV @s sVV zms[j ZNP[sLi sVs
sVsxqsV=[ NRPlgi[ gRiVxqsgRiVxqs[ INRP R*s sWRs[V.''

ARVs zmss sWsV sW xqsLixmnsV |msR][ FRWaSsV. @RRV FsLi][ sVLij [sos
xqs*LSs xmssLisxmsVRV @RRV saRPkNRPLjiLi[yRV. [sos xqs*LSs ss ARVs][
xqsLiztsQLiys y yxLi dLRi[RV.
[sos Rs xxqssVV][ sVssV sTzmsxqsVyRs[ @sgSxs sVsNRPV [NRPFLiVVsxmsNUP
ARVs sVssV sTzmsxqsVLiRys s[sV [sosNTP NRPXRyxqsVRVV xqsVysV. y
xmsRVRLi, xmsRWxqs sLRisVV NSNRPVLiRV ssVRsVV ARVs IN]NRP sVVgS ssV sTzmsxqsVyRV.
ARVs sTzmsLixmsosV s[sV @s[NRP xqsLiRLS[ gRizLiRRLi [RV. NSs [soRV ssV Fs
sTzmsxqsVy][ C L][ s[sV RWRgRigSsV. y[ \sxmnsV, sLSaRP sxqsQXxV, @WsVRVLi
][V[xqsVNRPVsxmsNUP ARVs xqssVrys y s[VV N]LRiNRPV LjigjixqsVyRV.

yVgRiV xqsWyV
[sos xmsRQORPQR y[ ssVjgS FyLRiLisVLiVVLij. y LRi Fy, s[sV xqsdsVxmsLi[s
INRP gSsWsNTP dsVLig`i= ssVRQ\sV ssxmsVRV @NRPR N]s xmsoxqsNSsV sNRPLiVVxqsVyLRiV. y[
INRP \sV[ ryss LRiLis "@LiRLRiLigRi xqs*xqsR' ssV ANRPVN]Lij. @xmsNTP xmsLjiRLRi N]R
NS yNRPV ys gRiVLjiLi |msRgS RV[RV.
s[sV xmsoxqsNSs N]s RRsRLi FyLRiLiLisxmsVRV @j yNRPV kssNRPLRiLigS xmsLjisVLiLij.
Fs[ xqssVxqs][ RxmsT sLjiNTP N_s=Lig`i NRPWR FsVsLi s[VV [NRPWLRi[s yLjiNTP C xmsoxqsNRPLi
INRP RNRPs yV BxqsVLiRs s[sV sLiysV. N]jNSLi RLRiVyR s[sV Fy @LiRLRiLigRi xqs*xqsR
@s[ INRP Lji [ FysysNTP ssxmsVRV @NRPR FnyRL`i= sqs, sWRW s @s[ yLjis
NRPVxqsVN][sRLi LjigjiLij. [sxqsLiLiR\sVs Fs[ xmsaRPV sW sVR ][V[xqsVNRPVsxmsNUP, \ZNPQQxqss
sRLi[ [sos xqs*LRiLi, RLRi+ssVV FsLi][ FysVVR NRPgjiss @s[ xqsLigRi RXRxmsTLij.
A RLRiVyR N]s sWryFyV s[sV FyLRis[ gRiTFysV. A xqsLiRLRisVVgS s[sV xqsVsWLRiV
FyLRissV gRiVLjiLis 25 xmsoxqsNSsV RjysV. @s[NRP sy\s FyLRis][ s[sV xmsWgSV [aSsV.
yyxmso A xqsLisR=LSLiRsVV[, INRP L][ [soRV ssV sRsVLiT [zms Rs xqs*LSs yNRPV
sszmsLiyRV. A LS [soRV yNRPV xNRPWNRPV 2 : 1, 2 sysV RWzms, @NRPR xmssNRP [sos
xqs*LSs ssysNTP Fs NRPs|msVNRPVy][, @LiRV[ ygjiRVVs xqsWysV yNRPV RVV
xmsLRiyRV. ys gRiWLji sVVsVxmso FssRV ss[RV. ys gRiWLji dsVNRPV BxmsVRV NRPVxmsLigS
ssLjirysV. A xqsWyV dsV FyLRiy sy[ Fs |msLiF~LijLiRVN][s][ LS[[V
@yRW[ sVLjiLiR sxmsoLigS saRPkNRPLjirysV.
xNRPWNRPV Rs xXRRVLi[ [sos xqs*LSs gRiVLjiLiyRV. ""xmsVso |qssyRV'' @s
@RRV @LiVyRV. Rs xmsoxqsNRPsVLiR[ xNRPWNRPV [soRV Rs][ sWyRV @s yaSRV.
NRPsVNRP @RRV [sos xqs*LSs gRizLiyRV.
[sos xqs*LSs ssysNTP sVVR xqsWRsVV, [soRV sVs[ A[Rs lLi[ZNPLiRRLi
y*LS sWRVyRV. @s xqsx ssVgS sVs[ xmsszryLiVV. NSs s[sV xmsVso RsVxqsV
sWLRiLi [ FV][ sWTs LkigS y][ sWys dsRgRi sLi][ s[sV A[LiRRLi
ss [sos][ xqsLiztsQLiys[ y @FyRVLi sLRis[LRi[RV.
9

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
@LiVV[ @sxqsLRi\sV[ [soRV N]s xms[NRP xqsLiRLS[ A sRLigS [RVgRiRV. @LiVV[
[soRV FsxmsVRV Rs xms][ Rs A[RssV sVs[ lLi[ZNPLiRV y*LS sWRVRVs[
DyRV. kss gRiWLji sVL]NRP @yRVsVV[ s[sV ssLjirysV. ksNTP Rgjis yNSyLRisVV][ y
@sVy][ xqsRxmssWsVV][ dsV][ RLjirysV.
lLiLiRs xqsWRsVV "g][xmsoLRisVV\|ms' @s yRVTs sW[ sVssVV gRisVsLiRgRiLi. Rs[
xqsxzqsRLigS xmsszLi[ [sos A[RsV ssysNTP Rs sVsxqsV=sV ssVxmsLRiRVN][ys INRP
xmsaSLiR\sVs xqssNTP ss xNRPWNRPV gRizLiyRV. sVs[ ysVLij xmsaSLiR\sVs
sVsxqsV= NRPgjiRVVLiys yLixqsVLiLi NSs @ DLiR[NRPFRVLiLi. [sos xqssj[ sVs
sVsxqsV=sV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN]s ARVs AR xmsys gRizLiRysNTP @sxqsLRi\sVs
@xqsLiNRP\sVs [s xmsLjiNRPLSsV RLRiVyR dsVNRPLijrysV.
BNRP sVWRs xqsWRLi "NRPs|msVN]sRVVLiRVsV' @s yRVTs sW[ sVssVV
gRisVsLiRgRiLi. ARVs FsLiRVNRPV A sW FyRV @s ssV s[sV xmsbPLiRVNRPVysV. "[sos
sWsV sLisV' @s NSNRP "NRPs|msVNRPVLisV' @s FsLiRVNRPV @yRV. C xmsaRP y[ @s[NRP
ysV NRPgjiLiLij. @s[NRPVV [sos xqs*LSs RWRysNTP NSNRP sssNTP zqsRsVVgS DLiLRiV.
C xmsaRPNRPV [soRV INRP sWRs xmsRQORPQRsV yNRPV RWFyRV. [sos xqs*xmssVVsV
RLRi+ssVVsV FyLRisJ F~LiRysNTP sVssVV GLRiLRiRVNRPVs[ xqssVV FysVVR szxqsVLiRs
[soRV yNRPV RWFyRV. @LiRNRPV sVVsVxmso sLRiNRPV [soRV [soRV y Rs RLRi+ssVV][
xqs*xmssVV][ y NRPsVsV sLixmsysNTP y NRPsVsV ARVsNRPV @xmsgjiLiys s[sV
gRizLiR[RV. xqs*xmssVVV, RLRi+ssVVV xmssNRP FyLRiy sRsVV[ INRP gRisVs s[sV
sxqsW DLi[yRsV. FyLRiy sRLi[ xqs*FyV RLRi+yV Fs xmss[ryW [y
AyLRiLigS s[sV dsVNRPV RLRiVyR ssLjirysV.
sLjigS, yVgRis xqsWRLi xNRPWNRPV 2 : "RLRi+s sxtsQRVsVVsV yzqsN]sVsVV' @sV
sW[ RXRxmsLRiRTLij. [sos][ xqsLixtsQsV yzqsN]sV @s[j FsLiR g]xms A[Rs!
xNRPWNRPV xmsoxqsNRPsVLiR[sV INRP sQQNTP [sosNTP [zqss FyLRisV, yy*LS @RRV F~Lijs
yVsV gRiWLji yRVTLij. ys @ yxqsVN]sVsVs zmssyRV [so[.
[sos][ xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN][sRVss[ INRP xqsLi[aSs y sRLi[ s[sV ss[RV.
sVs FyLRissV, yNTP [soRV @sVgRizLi[ yVsV yxqsVN]ssRVss[ A[Rs yNRPV
FssRV R[RV. B yxqsVN]s[ xmsNTPRVsV s[sV ""LRiLig`i'' @LiVysV. LRiLig`i/sV gRiWLji
G][ INRP lLiLiRV sRyV sWRs[V NSRV N]s sLiR @yRWV C syys
RXRxmsLRiVxqsVyLiVV. NUPLRisV, xmssNRP xmsoxqsNSV, xmsNRPs gRiLiRsVLiR[sV Fs[ DyxLRisV
sVssVV RWRgRiLi.
s[RV xqsLixmnsVsVV @s[NRP yNRPgSsV gRiWLji @s[NRP zqsyLiysV RLjirLi[ gSs Fs[
yNRPgS[ yRVTs LRiLig`i/sV gRiWLji GsWRLi gRizLiR[NRPF][Lij. LRiLig`i
yNSsVryLRi\sVs[ss, [sos xqs*LSs ssysNTP xqsRVxms[ xmsNTPRVsV gRiWLji ssLjiLiRysNTP
s[sV INRP @yRWs ZNP[LiVVLiysV. @j ARLRi[ Fs xmss[xqsVLi][ @LiRV[
ssLjiLiRTLij.

10

NRPsyV (Safeguards)
sVsLi kss gRiWLji sVLjiLiR RLjiLiRVN]s[ sVVLiRV AR xmsxmsLiysNTP xqsLiLijLis N]s
NRPsysV gRiWLji VxqsVN]LiyLi.
xqsLRi*aRPNTPgRi [sos xqs*LSs ss[ xmsNTPRV[ N]sryLRiV ryysV xqs*LSs, [NRP RsV xqs*LiR
N][LjiNRPsV gRiWLjis A[Rs][ F~LRiRyLi @s N]LiRLRiV RVxmsRyLRiV. INRPs[ @ Ljigji[
RsV AdRVsRLi yaRPsLi @soRVLiRs yLRiV RVxmsRyLRiV. NRPsVNRP ksNTP xmsLjiuyLRiLigS yLRiV
@xqsV AdRV sRLi[ NRPsVLigS sLiyLi[ ZNP[sLi [ysV @sVxqsLjiLi sRRVN]Li[
yV @s sryLRiV. [sos xqs*LSs RsV sy[ ssys xmsLiRVN][LRiV.
@s[NRPsVLij C syys[ @sVxqsLjixqsVLiLRiV, NSs [VxqsV xmsVso sVsNRPV ygSsLi [zqss
xqssVXjNRPLRi\sVs ys F~LiRVN][yLi[ ysNTP sVsLi @sVxqsLjiLiy=s xmsR Bj NSRV. @Li
F~LRiV LRigRiNRPVLiy [y[s[ @s[NRP NRPsyV [soRV @sVgRizLiyRV. sVssVV ys
@sVxqsLjiLisLiVV[ sVssVV NRPWR [VxqsV s, [sos RR[ AR, NRP xmsxmsLiy[
NSFyRRVRW ARVs s sLiRgRiVgRiVyLi.
[yV (The Scriptures)
AR xqsLiLiR\sVs xmsRWLi[ sVsNRPV NSxmsoR s[s [y[. [y xms Rgjis
sLi NRPgji DsxmsVRV F~LRiNRPV yso[NRPVLiy sVsLi gRiRxmsRgRiLi. [sos xqs*LSs
ssysNTP [y xms Rgjis sLi NRPgji DLiRLi FsLi][ @sxqsLRiLi. s[sV BRLRi xqsLixmnsW[
[jLi[xmsVRV yLRiV NRPdsxqsLi sWRs sLiRssV gRiWLjis sLi NRPgjiRVVLiys ys][FyV
FyRsLiRs NRPWR NRPsVsVVgS RRys |RLjixqsVLisV.
@Li[ [soRV Rs yNSs BLiNS RRss sWRs \ZNPQQxqsso][ sWRRs NSRV. NSs
yLRiV RsV xqssVRWs FyLRis][sV, yNRPyssVV][sV gRiRxms[NRPFLiVVsLiVV[ yLRiV R*LRi[
ARsTzmsLixmsoss*gRi xqsRWs N][[[V xmssWRLi[ xmsRyLRiV.
sVssV NSFyRysNTP [y[ lLiLiRV FyRsVNRP sWLSVyLiVV. sVVR, sVssVV
F~Li[ xms xmsRQORPQR NRPWR [sos yNRP sVgRiV[ xmsLjibdPLiRy. INRPs[ sVs xmsRQORPQR [sos
yNRP xqsRsVV][ F~xqsgRisLiVV[ sLis[ yss RXNRPLjiLiy. [sos yNRPsVV sRsVV
sVxqsVLij.
[sos xqs*LSs [sos yNRPsVV][ xmsLkiOTPQLiRRs[V NSNRP, sVssVV F~Li[ xms xmsRQORPQR NRPWR
[y\|ms NRPy. xmsVso Vx[xtsvs][ [ysV jyLSRsVV ysLi @LigkiNRPLjiLi
ysssVxqsLjiLi sRRVN][y |RLjiLiyRV. s[sV [sos yNRPsVV][ y sVsxqsV=sV,
xXRRVsVVsV sLixmsoN]sxmsVRV ARW xqsLiRLS[ xmsLjiaRPVyRVRV yNRPV ys xmsNRPsVVsNRPV
ssV sTzmsryRV. s[sV [sos\|ms AyLRixmsTsxmsVRV AR xmsyxsVV y sV[s[ysV
sgjiLi ssV sLixmsoRVLij.

11

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
NUPxqsV aRPLkiLRisVV (The Body of Christ)
ARxqsLiLiR\sVs F~LRi sVLiT sVssV NSFy[ lLiLiRs AdRV NRPsRsVV
kssVsxqsV=. ysVLij [sos xqs*LSs sysVs xmsVNRPVs[ N]LiRLRiV @aRPRVsVV, xqs*dss
NRPgjiRVVLiLRiV. yLji sWV Fs DLiRVLi[, ""[soRV yNRPV FyRV Bj BLi[.'' @LiVV[
[soRV @xLiNSLRiVsV FsjLjiLi ksVNRPV NRPXxms @sVgRizryRV. @Li @xLiNSLRixmspLjiR\sVs
sVsxqsV= NRPyLRiV sLji[ sWxqssVV[ xmsTFyLRiV. xms xmsRQORPQRsV xmsLkiOTPQLiy. sVssVV
FssLji\|msssV xmsVsosVVgS DLiys [soRV N][LRiRLi [RV gSs, BRLRiV xms kssVsxqsV=
NRPgjiRVVLiys ARVs N][LRiVRVyRV.
sVssVV NUPxqsV aRPLkiLRisVV[ INRP gRisVVgS DysVV. [VxqsV xmsVso G INRPLjiNTP xqsLixmspLRi
xmsRQORPQRsV @sVgRizLiR[RV. sVssVLiRLRisVV NRPWR rysNRP xqsLixmnsWsNTP RV\sV RVVyLi.
Fss\lLiy AdRV sys NRPgjiRVVLiRg][LjisLiVV[ @RRV ARxqsLiLiR\sVs A[RsNRPLRi][ Rs
xqsxyrys NRPgjiRVVLiys ARVs N][LRiVRVyRV.
sVssVV ILiLjigS sRysVN]Li[ zqsLRiVsVVgS DLiR[sVV. dsso FssLjixms
DRLRiyRsVV][ NRPWTs xqsxyrys NRPgjiRVVLiy[ dsso N][LjisLiVV[ [soRV dsNRPV
RVxmsLRiVryRV. Bj ds sysNTP aRPNTPsLiR\sVs NSxmsoRsxqsVLij. ""A[RsNRPLRiV @s[NRPVVLiRV
LRiORPQNRPLRisVV'' (rysVRV 11 : 14). C @LiaSsV gRiWLji RLRiVyR FyhS[ sxmsoLigS RLjirysV.
kssVsxqsV= (Humulity)
sVLjiN]s NRPsyV NRPWR DyLiVV. [soRV dsNRPV G[V @LiaS[ @jNSLSs RRsV
@xmsgjiry][ ARW @LiaS[s[ xmsRQORPQRsV NRPWR @sVgRizryRV. INRP {qsQ Rs NRPVVLis gRiWLji,
Rs sXs gRiWLji xmsRQORPQRsV F~LiRVRVLij. INRP xmsoLRiVxtsvRV Rs NRPVVLis gRiWLji, Rs
yFyLSs gRiWLji xmsRQORPQRsV F~LiRVyRV. INRP NSxmsLji Rs xqsLixmnsWs gRiWLji, [soRV @RsNTP G
RRsV @xmsgjiry][ yss gRiWLjis xmsRQORPQRsV F~LiRVyRV.
[soRV @sVgRizLis xmsRQORPQRsV ARVs @sVgRizLis @jNSLRi xmsLjij[s[ sVssVV
RWRgRisVV. [soRV dsNRPV G @LiaS[ RRsV @xmsgjiLiy][ ARW @LiaS[ sWRs[V
xmsRQORPQsV F~LiRVN]sgRiLi. dsNRPV LiRs @LiaS[ xmsRQORPQR NRPVgRiVRVLiRs FsRVLRiVRWRNRPV. [aRP
@RQORPVs N]LRiN][ [NRP xmsxmsLiR yRVNRPV N]LRiN][ [NRP ds RVsWs, xqsLixmnsVNSxmsLji B dsNRPV [soRV
@xmsgjiLiRs yLji xms xqsszR }qszRVsgSsV, [NRP A[RsNRPLRi gSsV RR {qs*NRPLjiLiRNRPV.
[soRV G[V @LiaSsV dsNRPV Bry][ yRVLi[ dsNRPV @jNSLRisVVsV NRPWR @xmsgjiryRV.
xmsLkiOTPQLiRV (Testing)
@Li[gSNRP sVssVV F~Li[ xmsRQORPQRs NRPWR [sos xqsLixmspLRiRsV, [sos }mssVsV
BRLRiV][ xmsLiRVN][sysNTP sTzmsryLiVV. FsxmsV\y sVs xmsRQORPQRV yaRPsNRPLRisVVgS DsQLiVV[
sLis[ sVssVV yss Azmss[zqs sVs AdRV A[RsNRPLRi xqsRWs dxqsVN][y.

12

B |RLjixqsVLiRVNRPV dsso RVsVV][ ssVNRPLis[RVsW [NRP ARxmsxmsLiys xmspLjigS

RWRWRsVgS sT|msRsW [RVsRV. dsso BLiRsLRiNRPV RLjiLis sRLigS NRPsysV dsso
@s*LiVVLiRVNRPVsQLiVV[ [sos xqs*LSs dsso RNRPgS ss AdRV sRsVV[ sLRisVV NRPgji
sLiRgRiso.
C xmsoxqsNSs Rjs[sVVLiRV ds sRLi[ C AxqsLSV NSxmsogS DyRW @s
xmsLjibdPLiRVN][ys s[sV ssV N][LRiVRVysV. INRPs[ @s ds[ [sLiVV[ RRV[zqs C
xmsoxqsNSs xmsNRPs|ms @s ds sRLi[ zqsLRixmsRVsV gRiR dxqsVN][. @xmsVRV sVLRi C xmsoxqsNRPLi[
yzqssy xmsNSLRisVV [RVsVVRV|msV.
xmsVso yNRPV @sVgRizLis xmsRQORPQRV [sos VRV dsgRigji sRRVN]s[yLjiNTP g]xms
AbdPLS*RNRPLRi\sVss NSs sVWLRiV\syLjiNTP @s ryysV RLiRsVVVgS xmsLjisVryLiVV. [sos
NRPsysV Rs RVV GLSV[xqsVNRPVs \ZNPQQxqssoRV FsxmsVRW sLiLixmsRRV. @LiVVsxmsNUP,
""gRiLjiLiRV zqsLixsVVs Fssss sVLigRiVRVy @s sRNRPVRV LRiVgRiV ryysV'' sxtsQRV\sV xms
INRPLRiV gRiLRiWNRPR][ DLiy. (1 }msRVLRiV 5 : 8).
Gyj FyV [sos xqs*LSs ssysNTP s[s xmsTs xmsRWxqs yNRPV xqsRysLij. y
sVsxqsV=sV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN]s, y[ xmsszLi[ [sos @LiRL`i xmsys ssysNTP s[sV
s[LRiVNRPVysV. y xXRRWs LRi [soRV @sVgRizLiRV xqs*FysV, RLRi+ysV s[sV
RWRRLi s[LRiVNRPVysV. @sNTP\|msgS LRi y*LS xqsLRi*aRPNTPgRi [sos][ y xqsLixtsQsV
yxqsVN][sRLi s[LRiVNRPVysV.
sVVR y RVW NRPsyV RLjiLi DLiRVsV gRiR xmsysV. \[s @ORPQLRisVVsNRPV,
ARNRPV s[RVVRssysNTP zqsRxmsysV. NUPxqsV aRPLkiLRisVV][sV, [sos A[RsNRPLRi][sV xqsxyxqssVV
NRPgjiRVVLiRysNTP BxtsQxmsys. [sos xmsRQORPQRV ARVs }mssVsV, xmsLjixmspLRiRsV BRLRiV xms
sxqsLjiLixms[RVysNTP saRPLiVVLiRVNRPVysV. @xmsVRV y sRLi[ g]xms NSLRisVVV [RVysNTP
yNRPV zqsRFyV LiLij.
[sos xXRRV yLiR
[soRV ssV FsLiRVNRPV sRyR[RV? ARVs xqs*LSs ssysNTP [soRV ssV FsLiRVNRPV
sTzmsLiyRV? [sos xqs*LSs ssysNTP s[sV FsLiRVNRPV @LiR AxqsNTP RWzmsLiysV? ylgi[
@s[NRPsVLij \ZNPQQxqssoV xmsxmsLiRyxmsLigS, @s[NRP RVVgSVgS [sos xqs*LSs ssysNTP FsLiRVNRPV
AxqsNTP RWzmsxqsVyLRiV? [sos xqs*LSs ssg][lLi[ NRPsVLi[ @s[NRPsVLij {qsQ, xmsoLRiVxtsvV RsV
sy[ Fs[ rsV sRyyLRiV. [sosNTP RsVNRPV sVR @RVgS s[ FyxmsLiNRP
@LiaSsV sT, rysWs sys yLRiV sLiyLRiV. [sos xqs*LSs sWRs[V ssVsV yLRiV
sys AaRPLiVVLiyLRiV. \sNTPgRi {qsQ, xmsoLRiVxtsvV FsLiRVNRPV BLiRgS RsVVsV ysVV
RzLiRVNRPVyLRiV? ssV s[sV FsLiRVNRPV RzLiRVNRPVysV?
FsLiRVNRPLi[ [soRV Rs zms][ xqsLiztsQLiys FsxmsVRW yLixqsVyRV.
NSLRiLisVVsVLiT ARVs N][LjiNRP B[. ARVs sVssV ry*NRPLi][sV @[ xqssVRVLi[
xmsVR][sV zmsVxqsVyRV. ARVs sVs sRLi[ [sLiVV[ sVsNRPV NRPlgi[ @xqsLiRXzmss sVsLi
RsRWys NRPWy ARVs N][LRiVRVyRV. sVs ARV gRiLiRLRig][sNTP gRiV\lLisxmsNUP, sVs
sVsxqsV=V @WsVRWsNTP gRiV\lLisxmsNUP, sVs xXRRWV xqsLiRXzms Li[ xms[NRP }mssV,
13

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
xms[NRP\sVs xqsxyry AsLiys sVsLi xXRRWLiRLSLi[ NRPgjiRVVLiLi.
G[sV sssVV[
""AysW! AysW! dssNRPR Dyso?''
C sWsV sVsLi ssxmsVRV [sos][ sWss xqsxyxqssVV gjiFLiVVs syLRigRixqsQ\sVs
jssVV sVs xqsLRiNRPV sxqsVLij. NSs @LiRNRPV sVVLiRV jsLi sLRiNRPV GsV Ljigji DLiVLi][ INRPryLji
EzLiRLiT. [soRV FsssWLRiV RxmspsV AysVV xs*][ xqsLiztsQLiRysNTP, yLji][ NRPzqs
A ssLi[ xqsLiRLjiLiRysNTP s DLiRV? ARVs FssryLRiV ""AysW! AysW!'' @s zms
DLiRV? FssryLRiV AysVV ""RLi xmsVy! s[sNRPR DysV'' @s xqsLijLi DLiRV?
C sVVgRiVLRiW xaS [RVV xmsVN]s GxmsogS Fsjgjis xmsouy sVR xmsyLRiV [RVRLi,
LRisVQ\sVs sXORPQxmnssV N][RVysNTP sRRLi sLis RWRgRiy? AysVV ysV A L][
[zqss xmssVsV ARVs][ GNRPLRiVso |ms DLi]RV. ysV Fs ANRPVV NRPLjiLiLij, ysV ys
ryLki sRyV Fs xmnsLiLij sLisds A RLiT][ INRP s zmsTs NRP[ sVLRiVxmso][
zms DLi]RV.
xs* Rs RVW LRiVgS[ LiRVsosV gRiWLji sWT DLi]RV : N][RVV Fs zms
[xtsQV [aSW, ys DRVRV Fs N][xmsLi][ gRijLiyW zms DLi]RV. AsV zmss
syys yLRiLiRLRiW sso*N]s DLi]RV. ryRVLi xqsLiRs[[ xqsWLSxqssVRV
ANSaRPsLSsV ssLigS RWxqsW xmsLRisbPLi FLiVV DLi]RV.
xqsxyxqssVLi[ B[. C }mssVsV xmsLiRVN][sysZNP[ sVsLi xqsXLiRyLi. sVs
xqsLi][uy][, sRW][ ARVssV [LSs[ [soRV sVssV N][LRiVRVyRV. sVs AsLiys,
ARVs xqsXztsQ y*LS sVsLi F~Li[ Drys, sVs][ xmsLiRVN][ys ARVs N][LRiVRVyRV.
ARVs AxmssVRVRVgS, sVs xqsxRLRiVRVgS, sVs zmsRVVRVgS DLiRg][LRiVRVyRV.
sVsLi L][Liy xmsTs aRPsVsVLiT N]LiR saSLi dxqsVN]s ARVs][ xqsLiztsQLisxmsVRV
ARVs xXRRVLi FsLiR DF~LigRiVRVLij. BLiRVssVRs[V ARVs sVssV xqsXLiRVNRPVyRV.
ARVs Rs }mssVsV xmsLiRVN]sg][lLi[ yLjiN]LRiNRPV FsRVLRiVRWxqsVyRV. [soRV }mssWxqs*LRiWzms, INRP
Fy[ xmsTsV, ""dsso B[ sLRiNRPV }mssV @s[j }mssV NSRV.'' [soRV Rs }mssVsV
F~LiRVsVgS Rs VVRNRPV s[yLjiN]LRiNRPV NRPs|msRVRVyRV.
DysssLi[ RxmspsV dLjiNRPgS xmsyLRiV [RVRLi @s[j sLRiNSRWxmss @s @s[NRP
jyV s[sV sLiysV. s[sV G][ INRP [RW gSs sLRiLigS xqssVRWs gRiRxmsNRPWRRs s[sV
sLi[yTs. @LiVV[ dLjiNRPgS xmsyLRiV [RVRLi [NRP BRLRiV][ }mssVsV xmsLiRVN][sRLi @s[s
xqssVRWs sLRiLigS gRiRxmsRLi NSRs, sVssWsRLigS DxqsLigS DLiys[ ysV N][LRiVRVyss
ARVs yNRPV }mssV][ [jLiyLRiV. @LiRVssVRs[V ARVs sVssV xqsXLi ysyLRis s[sV
gRizLiysV.
Rs][ }mssVsV xmsLiRVN][ys[ sVV[[aRPLi][s[ [soRV sVssV xqsXLiyRV. A }mssVsV
sVLRi sVssWRVsxms NRPsVxmsLRi[ rysVLSQs NRPWy sVsNRPV ByRV. @LiVV[ ssFLSLi[
14

s[sV C xqsys sVLRiFRWsV. }mssVsV |msLiF~LijLiRRLi NRPLi[ sxqsWR [RVRs[V

FysVVsVs s[sV sLiysV. [soRV Rs xqsXztsQs gRiWLji yNRPV zmsNTP sxmsVRV, xmss[V
\ssVs sLisLiRVNRPV s[sV xqsLiyxmssVV Lij, y sRLi[ }mssV[V sVVQ\sVsRs
VxqsVNRPVysV. ARVs sWsV ss, ANTPLi, sWLRiVsVsxqsV= F~Lij s[sV xmsosLRiVssVV][
sLixmsysV.
ARVs FssVN]s xmsV
G[sV sssVV[ AysVV xs*][ [soRV NRPgjiRVVs xqsxyrys [soRV sVLRi
xmsosLRiVRLjiLiRg][LRiVRVyRV. ARVs BaS[VV xms][ INRP sLiRs [zqs, ysV yLji
[soRVgSsV yLRiV Rs xmsVgS DLiLRis[ ygSys yLjiNTP RRV[aSRV. [sos xmsLRi*RsVVR
yLjiNTP Rs xqs*LSs sszmsLiyRV. [soRV Rs zms][ sWys yLixqsVyRV. yLji][
xqsxyxqssVV NRPgjiRVVLi[ ssVRs[V [soRV yLjis xqsXLiyRV.
j*d 5 : 22c31 [ sW}tsQ Ljigjis xqsLixmnsVssV sVLRi yLjiNTP sszmsxqsVyRV. [soRV
Rs xqs*LSs ssysNTP yLjis [y[ xmssRRNRPV, aRPVkNRPLRiNRPV xqsWRsgS sVs @gji][ LRisVs
FyRV. @LiVV[ [soRV yzmss }mssV xrys, xqsxyrys @LiRVN][sysNTP RVVgS yLRiV
xmsysWRV xmsLjiuyLRiLi][ sVVLiRVNRPV syLRiV. sW}tsQ][ BaS[VdRVVV, ""dsso xqsdsVzmsLi
sVs [so\s Vx[y xmsVsj RWsRV ssVsVV. @xmsVRV sVs [so\s Vx[y ds][
zmssj RWsRV dss[ sW][ zmssVR s[VsVV ss ys \lgiN]LiRVsVV'' @s FyLRiV (j*d
5 : 27). yLRiV sW}tsQs [sos][ sVVsVV xqsxyrys NRPgjiRVVLi[ AsLiRLi sT|ms,
RLRiaSryQs @sVxqsLjiLi sLiRysNTP zqsRxmsyLRiV (j*d 5 : 31).
s[sV [ysV @sVxqsLjiLi sLiy [NRP ARVs][ xqsxyxqssVV NRPgji sLiy @s[
xqsLijgRiLi[ Ds s[sV @xmssVLiT ARVs xqsxyrys[ N][LRiVNRPVysV. s[sV @xmsZNP[ N]R
sLiRs sRVsWsV @sVxqsLjiLi sLiys xmsRVLiysV. RLRiaSxqsQsVV VVNRP @LiRsVV
sVLRis[V. sRVsWV FsLiR sVLi\ssxmsNUP, y xmnsRsVV @xmsLSRss, dLRiV, saRPQXx,
xXRRVLRisVV sWRs[V.
sLjiNTP s[sV AR][ sTzmsLiRTsVR RLRiaSryQsNTP [\sRVVLiRsV @s
gRizLiysV. xqsLRi*aRPNTPgRi [sos xqsxyxqsLi[ s[sV sRVxqsW xqs*Rzqs=R\sVs sys s[sV
NRPsVg]ysV. y sRLi BxmsVRV FsLi][ [NRPgS DLij. dsVLRiV C sWV gRizxqsVyLS? @s[NRP
sRVsW LRisVV sVs\|ms BNRP [RV. sVssVNRP NUPxqsV @sV sQQNTPs @sVxqsLjiLi sryLi.
s[sV BxmsVRV RLiT ys y[ gRizLiRgRi ryLiVVNTP [LRiVNRPVysV. RLRiaSxqsQ
sRVsWsVLiT sLRiLiRLRiLi N]srylgi[, ssVsLi @sVgRizLiR[ NRPXxms\sxmso s[sV sVLiRysV.
ydsRV
[soRV Rs xms][ xqsxyxqssVV [RWs FsxmsVRW N][LRiVRVLiRgS yLRiV ARVssV
sLSNRPLjiLiRRLi y*LS xXRRWs gSRVxmsLRi RLRiaSxqsQsVV NTPLiR sLiRg][LRiVRVyLRiV. @LiVV[
FyRsLiRs RLjiR[ sRVsWss NSRs [sos xqsxyrys[ N][LRiVNRPVs INRP sQQNTPs sVsLi
RWRgRiLi.

15

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
FyRsLiRs @LiR[ [sos][ xqsxyrys @RVsR ryLiVV[ N]srygjiLis sQQNTP
xaS yds[ NSsRV. @RRV Rs A[RssV, ysV yRVN][[RV. g]RV [soss,
BaS[VV \|qsys xqsyV [zqssxmsVRV, Rs A[RssV BRLRiVV GsVsVNRPVLiLRi[, [NRP
y xmnsRs[VsVsoRVLi][ @s RVxmsR[RV. sLiRs sVLiRxqssVV VLRiWxtsQ[sVVsNRPV sVLRi
[TsxmsVRV, ydsRV Rs xqsLi][uys AsLiys @RVN][[RV. Rs LRiNRPV BLijgS
xmsLjisVLisxmsNUP @RRV ysWRVRW gRiLiRVV s[aSRV.
@[ xmsVR][ ydsRV [sos][ Rs xqsxyrys N]srygjiLiyRV. Rs[ FsVsLi
ssVV NRPgjisxmsNUP, yss s[LRiVgS xmsVso xqssj[ sQQNRPxmsLRi[yRV. @Rs FyxmsLRiLi
sWRV[sjgS DsxmsVRV NRPWy, ydsRV Rs xXRRWs [sos xqssj[ LRiRVVLiyRV :
""y ][xtsQsVV FsosV ssV gRiVgS NRPRVgRiVsVV. y FyxmssVV FsosV ssV
xmssRxmsLRiRVsVV. y @NRPsVsVVV yNRPV }qsRVVss. y FyxmssVxmsVRV yVRV
sVsj. dsNRPV ZNP[ssVV dsZNP[ sL][RsVVgS s[sV FyxmssVV [zqsRVVysV. ds RXztsQVRV
s[sV RVRssVV [zqsRVVysV. NSsos A BRVsxmsVRV dsso dssVLiRVRsogS
@gRixmsRVRVso. dLRiV dLRiVsxmsVRV sLRiVRsogS @gRixmsRVRVso. y FyxmssVVNRPV
ssVVVRso NRPsVV. y ][xtsQsVVss RVTs[RVVsVV. [y y LRiORPQNRPLRiRVgRiV [y
LRiNSxmsLSRsVVsVLiT ssV sTzmsLixmsosVV. @xmsVRV y yVNRP ds dss gRiWLji
Dy=xgSssVV [RVVsV.''
(NUPLRisV 51 : 2c4, 9, 14).
@FyRVNRPLRi\sVs xmsLjizqsRVV, RVsVV NRPsVVNRPVsxmsVRV ydsRV Rs ssWRNRPVsNTP
sVV|msRV.
""s[sV FsVlgi Vx[yNRPV sVVLRiRVRVysV. FsVlgi Vx[ysV
sWVN]sVRVysV. x ssRVsVVgS ARVs xqssjs s[sV sVV|msVRVysV.
yNRPV NRPgjis R ARVs xqssjs RVxmsVN]sVRVysV. Vx[y, dsZNP[ s[sV
sVV|msVRVysV. y AaRPRVRVLRisVV dss[. xqssoVs WsVdsVR y ry*xqssVV dss[
@s s[ssVN]Lis. s[sV y NRPVLigjiRVVysV, y sVVNRPV sVVgRiVsVV. ssV
RLRiVsVVyLRiV yNRPLi xtsvV yLji [[ sVLiT ssV sTzmsLixmsosVV.'' (NUPLRisV 142 :
1, 2, 5, 6).
Rs aRPRVsoV [zqss @yRVsVV LjiLiR[sxmsVRV ydsRV yRVsVV dLRiVsVs
yRWjxmss FsVlgi s[RVN]yRV.
""y xqsVNTP NSLRiWRVRgRiV [y, sssVVgS DLiRNRPVsVV. ssV LRixmssss
NTP{sVV RsV [LRiV NRPxmssVVgRi RsV [LRiV LRiRVVyLRiV. yLRiV ydsVR @RsVVV
xmsVN]sVRVyLRiV. ysdsVR NTP{sVs @jNSLjigS sVLiRVsVV. @xmsyj ys
NRPVTxmsNRPsV sVRVsV gSNRP. yRV ssVLRi+[sNTP [RVsxmsVRV ][ztsQRVs dLRiVLiRVsV
gSNRP. ys FyLRis FyxmssVgRiVsV gSNRP. ys sRjssVVV N]jsgRiVsV gSNRP. ys D][gRisVV
s[L]NRPRV dzqsN]sVsV gSNRP. ys RV RLiT[syLRisoRVLRiV gSNRP. ys LRi
sRsLSgRiVsV gSNRP.'' (NUPLRisV 109 : 1, 2, 6c9).

16

ydsRV AR[ xqsLi][xtsQ xqssWyyV sVssxmsVRV, @RRV sVx[y=xsVV][ [sos

xqsVLiyRV. (NUPLRisV 150 : 1, 2, 6)
BLi xqsxyrys gRiWLji sVs RLiT GLi sLi NRPgjiRVVyRV. Bj @F~. NS.
13 : 22 [ xqsxtsQLi [RVTLij. C sWsV [soRV ydsRVsV AsLijxqsVyRs
@LRisVso][Lij. C xqsxyrys ydsRV DzqsLisVgSs[ [soRV NRPWy FsLi][
AsLijxqsVyRV. BLi xqsxyrys[ [soRV sVsLiRLji][ NRPgjiRVVLiys yLixqsVyRV.
sVs xqsLi][xtsQsVV, RVMsVV, sRWV, \sxmnsV, FsRVxmss[ sVssVV [sos][s[
DLiys ARVs N][LRiVRVyRV.
ydsRV [sos][ NRPgjiRVVs xqsxyxqsLi[ s[sV gRisVsLiLi[sVLi[, sVs
yss @|msVN]s FsxmsVRV ""[sosNTP rRsVV'' @s Fy=s @sxqsLRiLi [RV @s.
[sos][ sVs xqsxyxqssVV RVyLRisVVgSsV, yxqsssVVgSsV DLiy. sVs yss, sVs
RWV, N][FyV, RV @s[ [sosNTP ryssV ARVs sVsNRPV [jLi[ sWsV
{qs*NRPLjiLiy.
@ s[sV [sos][ y ysds }qs*RgS sQQNRPxmsLRiRRLi, ARVs xqssj[
xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN][sRLi, ARVs zmss sWsV yxqsVN][sRLi s[LRiVNRPVysV. @xmsVRV ARVs
y N][Fys }mssV][sV, y sLSaRPsV AsLiRLi][sV, y sVLRis sLi][sV sLiFyRV. ARVs
sWV ss[ N]k ARVs ssVVgRi sWsV s[sV NRPsVg]sgRigSsV.
[VxqsV
[VxqsV, [sos][ Rs xqsxyxqsLi FsLi][ sVsNRPV RV[aSRV. [VxqsV Rs RLiTNTP
[zqss FyLRis[ ysVsV Rs RLiTRVV INRP[ @s FyLjiLiyRV. ARVs RsLiR ysV GjRVV
[jLiRNRP, RLiT zmss sWsV VRVyss, ARVs As[ FyxqsVyss xmsNRPLiyRV
(WsV 14 : 10). ssNTP, [VxqsV RsLiR ysV GjRVV [RV[Rs FyRV NRPWy
(WsV 8 : 28). [VxqsV Rs RLiT][ NRPgjiRVVs GNRPR*sVV, xqsxyxqssVV FsLi][ g]xmss gRisVNRP
ARVs Rs][ zmss xmsNSLRisVV sRRVNRPVyRV. ARVs Rs RLiT RsVV FsLjigji FsxmsVRV
ARVs sWNRPV s[RVVRRWRV. yLjiLjisoLRiV GNRP\sVRVVyLRiV.
sVssVV NRPWy [sos][ GNRP\sVRVVLiys, sVsLi NRPWy ARVs sWsV ss ARVsNRPV
s[RVV\sV RVVLiys, ""sVsLiR sVsLi GsV [RVRLi [Rs, ARVs sWRVRVs xmsNSLRiLi
sWys, ARVs ys sLRis[LRiVxqsVysVs'' ryORPQ sVy*s xmsVso N][LRiVRVyRV.
FsLiR g]xms sRLi Bj. ARVs RxmsNSLRisVV Rxms sVsLiR sVsLi GdsV [RVNRPFsRLi,
c @xqsV BLi sR sysLi sWssosNTP ryRs[Vy? sWssoRV WsV\|ms Fs sLiy[
xmsV\ss [VxqsV RWzmsxqsVyy [NRP [soRV C [NRPLi[ Fs sLiRgRi][ RWzmsxqsVyy?
zmns{ms 2 : 5c8 [ kenosis gSs dsVNRPV RWzmsrysV. BNRPR [VxqsV RsV ysV
LjiNRPVsgS [zqsN]s, yxqsVs xqs*LRiWFys RLjiLiRVN]s, sWssoRV C [NRPLi[ Fs sLiRgRi][ INRP
sWjLjis RWzmsLiyRV. @ s[sV NRPWy NUPxqsV Fs sLiy][ @lgi[ sLiys[ xqsyVsV
{qs*NRPLjiLiysV. WsV 5 sVLjiRVV 8 @yRW xmsNSLRiLi [VxqsV Rs RLiT ysVryLRiLigS,
17

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
ARVs RLRi+ys @sVxqsLjiLi, ARVs sWsV gRizLi sRVRVNRPVyRV. B[ [soRV
FsxmsVRV N][LRiVNRPVs[ xmsLjixmspLRiR.
@LiVVsxmsNUP, yNRPV BRLiy N]RgSsV, @ryRQ\sVsjgSsV @szmsLiLij. y @LiR s[sV
GsV [RV[s RaRPNRPV Fsxms\ZNPy [LRiVN][gRiy? FsxmsVRV RLiT sWs[ sQQNRPxmsLRiRRLi, RLiT
GsV [xqsVyRV @[ [RVRLi yNRPV ryRs[Vy? [sos xqs*LSs, RLRi+ys gRizLi[ NRPsVLi[
s[sV BLi ryLiVVs |msLiF~LijLiRVN][gRiy?
[sos xqssj[ s[sV FyLjixqsW, ARVs xqs*LSs C xqsWysV gRizLisxmsVRV,
[VxqsVs s[sV NRPWy \sNRP xqsxyrys NRPgjiRVVLiRgRiss[ zqsLRisaS*xqsLi y[ GLRiTLij.
@xmssVLiT ARVs xqs*LSsNTP, RLRi+ys RgjisVgS ssV s[sV sVRVN][sRLi Fsg][
s[LRiVN][sRLi FyLRiLiLiysV. @xmssVLiT s[sV y xqsLixqsQXNTP RWLRisVsRLi gRisVsLiysV.
@LiVV[ \ZNPQQxqssoLiRLRiV [VxqsVs sLiRg][LjisLiVV[, @LiRVNRPV C sVWs LiRNRP RxmsRV
@s s[sV gRizLiysV.
y sRLi[ C sWLRiV ][V[xqsVN][sysNTP yNRPV xqsLisR=LRiNSLi xmsLij. yLi
yLjiNRP sQQNTPNTP BLi sWLRiV INRPL][[ ryRLi NS[RV. y sRLi[ xmsVso Rs NSLRiLi
LjigjiLiRysNTP, y sR syys sWLRiysNTP FsLi][ NSLi xmsLij. y sRLi[ Bj
N]srygRiysNTP xms L][ s[sV dLSsLi dxqsVNRPVysV. [soRV y sRLi[ G syys
@sVxqsLjiLiy][ @[ xmsNSLRiLi @LiRLji sy[ sWLRiV [ys N][LRiVRVyRV. C sysLi
N]sryLRiV AxqssVVgSsV, RVMNRPLRiLigSsV DLiRsRV. @LiVVsxmsNUP, sVs xmsV\ss [VxqsV NUPxqsV
s sVsLi FsRgSLi[ @LiRVNRPV FsLiR sVWQ\sVy LiRNRP RxmsRV. yss sVsLi xqsLi][xtsQLigS
{qs*NRPLjiLiy.
sVLjiRV, sWLRi
[VxqsVsV ARVs bPxtsvVsV INRP xmsLSRVLi sWLRi BLiNTP [ysNTP zmsVsyLRiV. A
L][[ @LiRsVLijNTP [sLi [RVRLi FsLi][ aRPsV, FsLi][ xqssVRVLi][ NRPWRVN]s xmss. A
L][[ zmns, \sVN][ Jss sLis [so. RWRsV RLizms, yss aRPVxmsLRi, sxmsV dsVR NS.
L]V, ZNP[NRPVV RRWLRiV [}qs sVxtsQsV [so NS L]sV sVVR [zqs L]V, NRPWLRiV, {qs*V
RRWLRiV[RVysNTP FsLi][ xmsRWxqs, aRPNTP @sxqsLRiLi.
sWLRi [VxqsVsV ARVs bPxtsvsV Rs LiVVLiNTP A*sLisxmsVRV, AsV yLji @sxqsLSLRiLi
FsLi][ xqssVRWs, aRPsVsV ygRiLi [RVysNTP zqsRxmsTLij. [VxqsV, ARVs bPxtsvV A LiVVLiNTP
ssxmsVRV, sWLRi yLjis [sNTP A*sLi yLjiNTP xqsxmsLRiV [zqsLij. RLRiVyR yLjiNTP [sLi
zqsRxmsLRiRysNTP [sNTP sLij. Rs rRLji sVLjiRV NRPWR Rs][ [sNTP s sLi xmss[
xqsRVxmsRVRVLiRs sLiLij.
AsV N]so* xmss INRP [gRiRWRsV dxqsVN]s yss sjLi sLiNRPV zqsRxmsLRiVxqsW, L]V
RRWLRiV [RVsVs sVLjiRVNRPV xmsoLRisWLiVVLiRysNTP LiVVLi[sNTP s RW}qs sVLjiRV FsNRPy
NRPszmsLiR[RV. xaS G\sVy @LRiVso [sysNTP F~LRiVgjiLiNTP sLi[sWss sWLRi @sVNRPVLij.

18

@ @sVNRPVLiW AsV y*LRiLi RgRiLRiNRPV ssxmsVRV, sVLjiRV sWRVRVsQszmsLi,

@RVNRPV ZNP[LiVVLis gRij[sNTP ]Ligji RWzqsLij. @NRPR [VxqsV Fyy sR NRPWLRiVsj
sVlLisL][ NSRV, sVLjiRV! dgS @NRPR NRPWLRiVLij. sWLRi Rs NRPsV ssV[NRPFLiVVLij.
""dsLiRLjiNTP [sLi zqsRxmsLRiRysNTP s[sLi][ xmsRWxqsxmsRVRW, DLRiVNRPVV xmsLRiVgRiVV dxqsVLi[
sVLjiRV dgS BNRPR NRPWLRiVLij. xmss sVVRLi yNRPV sj[zqs BNRPR RNTPxmsTLi[sV? s[sV
NRPWy yLji][ FyV [VxqsV sWsV y{msgS ss[y? NS}qsxmsNTP @LiRLjiNTP ANRPs[xqsVLij.
@xmsVRV yLji xmss NRPVRVLRiVRVLij. @LiVVy [VxqsV y sWys ssV sj[zqs AsVsV @NRPR
FsLiRVNRPV NRPWL][VNRPVyRV. s[sV NRPxtsQxmsRVRVyss ARVsNRPV VxqsV. @LiVVy yNRPV
xqsRVxmsRsVs AsVZNPLiRVNRPV xms[RV?'' BLi A[Rs][ AsV DTgjiFLiVVLij.
sLjiNTP AsV sLRiVRVNRPVxmsTLij. N][xmsLi][ [xmsNTP sLij. AsV RVxqsVNRPV, [RVNRPV
g][RVsV zmsLiT sVVR xmsoVsVVNRPVLij. sgS [VxqsV sRNRPV s @TgjiLij (WNS 10 : 40).
@LiVV[ [VxqsV @ @LiRs sWLRi @xqs[sWRLi @sVN][[RV. ARVs NRP[ NRPszmsLi[
}mssV AFyRVRsV AsV GRVxmso ssLiR xmssLiVVLij. (s. 41, 42).
[VxqsV sWsV dsso syy? C [NRPLi[ IZNP[ INRP FysVVQ\sVsj: ARVs][
xqsxyxqssVV. @LiVV[ sVssWRVs][ GNUPsLiR[sVV. [RV xmsVy @j sLi NSRV, \ZNPQQxqss
sRLi[ FysVVQ\sVss Fs[ DyLiVV. }qss [RVRLi, xqsVyLRi xmsNRPLiRRLi, yRVRLi,
[jLiRRLi, }msRyLjis ARVN]sRLi sLis @ds FysVVQ\sVss[ @LisVV. ss[V @sds
FysVVs[V. NSRs FssLRiyLRiV?
[VxqsV sWV ssV FsLiRgS[ NRPjLiyLiVV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ s[sV NRPWy sWLRi sLi
xqs*sLi gRiyTs[. }msRyLjiNTP }qss[RWs[ Rxmss gRiyTs. s[sV ARVs sWsV BxmsVRV
ANTP}qs, y sys sVLRi sWLRiVN][y= DLiVLij.
NRPsVLigS xmsVso y A[Rs[s F~LRisV yNRPV FsRWFyRV. }qss[RVRLi, xqsVyLRi
xmsNRPLiRRLi, FsLi][ FysVVQ\sVss[. @LiVV[ sVs sR ORPQ sVV @s[ NSNRPWRRV. @ @LiVV[
sVsLi xqsxyxqsLi sVLiT RLRiaSryQsNTP sVLRiVyLi. @s xmsVso][ sVs xqsxyrysNTP xmnsRLigS
DLiy.
s[sV xmsVso sWV ANTPxqsVsxmsVRV ARVs y xmsss sWLRiLiRVgS xmnsLixms[aSRV.
ARVs G xmss ssVRLi ssV NRPVgRi[aS][ s[sV gRizLi y xmsss N]srygjiLisxmsVRV, y xms
xmss[ yNRPV xqsLixmspLRi sRVLi NRPgjiLij. xqsVyLRi xmsNRPs[ ARVs sTzmsLixmsosV s[sV
@sVxqsLjiLisxmsVRV, y s zmsgjiF[VLiRgS y xmsss AbdPLRi*jLiyRV. @LiVV[ BRLiy s[sV y
sRLi[ FysVVQ\sVsj c [VxqsV sW ssRLi c y sVVR FyysRgS DsxmsVRV
ryRxmsTLij.
s[sV y LRisV |ms [xqsVNRPVsj AsV yNRPV }qss [xqsVLiRs[ D[aRPLi][ NSRV. s[sV
AsVsV |ms [xqsVNRPVsj s[VsVRLRiLi INRPLji][ NRP= xqsLi][xtsQLigS sW sysV N]srygjiLiRysNTP,
xqsxyxqsLi NRPgjiRVVLiRysNTP. y LRi sR yNRPV NSs=Lij AsV }qss [NRP s[RVR NSRV AsV
}mssV. [VxqsVNUPxqsV xqsLixmnsWsNTP sLRiVRV. ARVs yss syxsWTLij @j ARVsNRPV }qss
[RWs NSRV, Rs }mssVsV xmsLiRVN][sysZNP[.
19

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
FV
FV @F~xqsVLiRLji[sV, sVxtsQsLki[sV FsLi][ g]xms sQQNTP. G @F~xqsVsNRPLi NRPWR
@RRV FsNRPVs sVLijs LRiORPQ[sNTP sTzmsLiyRV. @LiVV[ @RRV ""ARVssV FsLRiVgRiV ssVRsVV''
@s Rs xXRRWLiRLSLi[s ys sQQNRPxmsLRiVxqsVyRV (zmns{ms 3 : 10). FV Rs
sRLi[ FysVVLigS N][LRiVNRPVsj @s[NRP ARsV sTzmsLiRysNTP, [NRP xqsLixmnsWV ryzmsLiRRLi
NSRV. ssNTP ARVs @s [RVysNTP FsLi][ aRPsVLiyRV. NSs ARVs FyysR xmsVso][
xqsxyxqsLi NRPgji DLiRRLi. xmsVsosV FsLjigji RVVLiys, ARVs][ DLiys, ARVs sW
sys FV N][LjiNRP. xmsL][ ARVs }mssVsV F~Liys N][LRiVNRPVyRV. FV xmsVso][ @jNRP
xqssVRVLi gRiTzmss xmnsRLigS xmsxmsLiys sWLRigRigSRV.
sVsLi NRPWy sVVR xmsxmsLiys sWLjis[zqs RLRiVyR xmsVso][ xqsxyxqsLi
NRPgjiRVVLiRgRisVsVN][sRLi xqsLjiNSRV. }qss[RVRLi, xmnsLiRRLi, xqsVyLRi xmsNRPLiRRLi @ds
xqsxyxqs xmnsRLigS xmsyV.
xqsLixmnsVsVV
[soRV N]R sLiRs[ NRPWR sWssos][ sWRVRW Rs xqsLixmspLRi xqsxyrys
@RsNTP @LijxqsVyRV.
s[sV sVVR xmsVsosV y sRLi[ @LigkiNRPLjiLisxmsVRV, s[sV ""sRys''
F~LiRVNRPVysV. y D[aRPLi[ xmsVsosV @LigkiNRPLjiLiRRsVLi[, xqsR*sVV dxqsVN]s xmsLRi[NRP gRiss
VVRsVs xmsLjiaRPVR }msRVLRiVNRPV yss @LijLiRRLi. sRsRsVLi[ sLRiLiRLRiLi sLiRRLi.
@LiVV[ xmsVsosV gRiWLjis s[sV xqsVNRPVsxmsVRV s[sV FsLi][ AaRPLSsNTP gRiVLRiRWsV.
: ""@j*dRV xqsR[soR\ss ssVsV dsso xmsLizmss [VxqsVNUPxqsVsV FsLRiVgRiV[V sRssVV''
(WsV 17 : 3). sRssVLi[ RLiT\Vs [sos, ARVs NRPVsWLRiVs FsLRiVgRiV[V.
FsLRiVgRiV @s[ sW gkiNRPV[ ginosko @s yRVTLij. C sWNRPV Fsjlgi[, N]srylgi[
xqsxyxqsLi @s sLi. FyRsLiRs[ |qsxmsosLi @sVyRLi[ Aj 4 : 1 [, ""AysVV Rs
LRiQ\Vs xs*sV NRPWTsxmsVRV (FsLjigjisxmsVRV), AsV gRiLRis\V'' @s yRVTLij. @j
LSLRi xqsszR, sQQNTPgRiR xqsxyrys RV[xqsVLij. BVsLi xqsszR, sQQNTPgRiR
xqsxyrys sVsLi RLiT][sV ARVs NRPVsWLRiVs][sV NRPgjiRVVLiy. sRssVs[j INRP
xqsxyxqsLi.
@s[NRPsVLij xmsLRi[NSs N][LRiVNRPVs[j FsLiRVNRPLi[ ZNP[sLi C [NRPLi[ Ds NRPuysV,
RsV RzmsLiRVN][ysZNP[. sRssVLi[ Bj NSRV. [soRV sVsNRPV xmsLRi[NRPLi[ sRssVV
ARVs][ sLRiLiRLRiLi xqsszR xqsxyrys NRPgjiRVVLiRysNTP. sR }mssVNRPV\s xmsVso][
xqsszR xqsxyxqsLi [s ][V xmsLRi[NRPLi NS[RV. RLiT][sV, NRPVsWLRiVs][sV GLRi[ xqsxyxqsLi
xmsLRi[NSs WdsVRNRPV xqsVLij! dssxmsV\[ [sos FsLRiVgRiV FyLRiLiry[, RLRiaSxqsQLi sVLiT
}mssV\sxmso, sRVsW sVLiT xqsxyxqsLi\sxmso sVLRiVy[ @xmsV[ xmsLRi[NRPLi ds LiRNRPV sxqsVLij.

20

[VxqsV sVsNRPV sRyss*ysNTP, RLiT BLiNRPsV xqsLiRLjixqsVs, }mssVxqsVs, sVRVLRi

xqsxyrys @LijxqsVs ][[sNTP sVLRi sVssV N]sFsysNTP syRV.
|d 12 : 18c25 [ sVsNRPV @sgS xqsLixmnsWsNTP INRP sW yRVTLij. BNRPR LRiRLiVVR
BaS[VdRVVsV gRiWLji sWRVRW {qsWsV xmsLRi*ys gRiWLji ssLjixqsVyRV. 25s
sRsLi[ ARVs @LiVyRV, ""dsVNRPV Vj xmsVRVsyss sLSNRPLjiLixmsNRPVLiRVsV
RWRVN]sVT.'' [soRV sVL]NRPryLji sWRVRVyRV. ARVs sVLRi Rs xqsxyrys sVsNRPV
@sVgRizxqsVyRV. ""BaS[VdRVVV [zqssV dsVLRiV [RVNRPLiT. y xqs*LSs ][zqss[RVNRPLiT.
sVLRi RLRiaSxqsQLi \sxmso sVLRiNRPLiT. ssV sVL][ryLji sLSNRPLjiLiRNRPLiT'' @s @LiVyRV.
BxmsVRV NRPWR sVsNRPV INRP @sNSaRPsVRVTLij. sVLRi ssRVRVs xqs*LSs, sxqsVs
@gjis @LigkiNRPLjiysW? [sos xqsxyxqsLi[sV, ARVs][ @sVjs xqsLixtsQ[sV sysW? [NRP
RLRiaSryQsNTP [\s, RVsVV[R ARVssVLiT \s]gji sVLRisNTP gRiVLRisoysW? BxmsV\y
sVs][ sWRVRVs ARVssV sLSNRPLjiLiRNRPVLiR gRiR szyLi.
ARVs sRVso
WsVdsVR sWss RLjiR INRP syxLi][ sVVgRiVxqsVLij. xqssVxqs xqsXztsQ, xqssVxqs saRP*sVV,
[sos xmsysNTP sRLRi+s\sVs xqssVxqs ssVV Rs NRPVsWLRiVs syxsVV \sxmso sTzmsLiRRV][Lij.
BxmsVRV sVssVV @sgS xqsLixmnsVsVV, syxsVV N]LRiNRPV ARVsNRPV xmsysLi [RVyLi. xmsysLi
[RVRyLRiV xqsxLigS GsV [xqsVLiLRiV? yLRiV INRPLji xqssVORPQLi[ sVL]NRPLRiV DLiW, RsV
}mssVsV, ysVV xmsLiRVN][[[V sysV gRiWLji sWRVNRPVLiW FsLi][ xqsLi][xtsQLigS
gRiRVxmsoRVLiLRiV.
s[sV y LRi NS[[ RRVsoNRPVs[ L][[, sW NS[ AsLRi[s INRP |msR V
xmsL][ NRPVxqsVNRPVLiW @s[NRP xqsLigRiRVV sWRVNRPVLiW DLi[yLi. A sW[sV[ yNRPV
gRiVLRiV [RV NSs s[VsVRLRiLi }mssVLiRVNRPVs[yLRiLi gRisVNRP @s[NRP xqsLigRiRVV sVVLigS sW BLRiVsoLji
syNRPV xqsLiLijLi @s[NRP xqsLigRiRVV RLjiLiRVNRPVLiW sW yV, AaRPV, AaRPRWV
sQQNUPNRPLjiLiRVNRPVLi[yLRiLi. FsLiRVNRPLi[ s[VsVV INRPLjiNRPLRiLi BxtsQxmsyLi, sW sRLi[s xms gSs
xmsLiRVN][g][LRiVRVyLi NS @ FsLiR xqssVRVLi gRiT}ms ysW }qsj NSRV.
sVsLi [VxqsVsV syxsWRysNTP ARVsNRPV xmsysLi [RVyLi. ARVs Rs
A[RssV, ysV, xqs*FysV, }mssVsV sVs][ xmsLiRVN][g][LRiVRVyRV. sVLji ds xXRRVLi
NRPWR ARVs xms @Li ss][ xqsLijLiRRLi [y? dsso xmsysLi [RVR sQQNTP][ ds
sysLiy xmsLiRVN][ys dsso N][LRiVN][sRLi [y?
sVs xqsLiRs
xmsVso yNRPV C xqsLigRiRVsV RVVxmsLRisxmsVRV s[sV INRP dLSsLi [xqsVNRPVysV. xmss
NRPLi[ }mssV FsLi][ FysVVQ\sVsj. xmnsLiRRLi NSRV C saS*sNTP ZNP[LiRLi }mssV. @xmsVRV y
sRLi[ xms ssVxtsQLi, y }mssVsV RLiT][ xmsLiRVNRPVLiW y RVV Ds y][ AsLijLiRRLi
FyLRiLiLiysV. INRPs[ y xmsNRPs FssLRiW [NRPFLiVVy, y sys, [sos xqsXztsQ[s
21

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
rLiRLSs }mssVLiRRLi s[LRiVNRPVysV.
sVLji xmss xqsLigRi[sV? s[sV sL][ FyV [}qs xmsss ysV INRP ssVxtsQLi[
[RVgRiss [soRV @s[NRPsWLRiV y][ sVLRi sVLRi RVxmsLRiyRV. y @LiR s[sV xmss [zqs
F~Lijs xmnsRLi NRPLi[, ARVs xqsxyxqsLi[, ARVs][ xqsLiztsQLi, [zqss xmssNTP Fs[lLiV
xmnsys s[sV RsRWaSsV.
s[sxmsVRV sRLi[ FsLi][ AsLiys @sVsxqsVysV. y LRi][, y zms][, y][
NRP= xmss[xqsVs xmsLjiyLRiNRPV][sV FsLi][ AsLiys F~LiRVRVysV. s[sV sVLRi ""xmss LSORPQxqsV''
NSysVN][sRLi [RV. y sRLi[ FysVVQ\sVsj BxmsVRV }mss[V.
sVLji dsVLRiV BxmsV[ C xmsoxqsNSs xmsNRPs xms[zqs [VxqsVNRPV dsV }mssVsV FsLiRVNRPV
sQQNRPxmsLRiRNRPWRRV? G][ INRP sRLigS ARVs }mssVsV gRiWLji, ARVs @sVgRizLis AbdPLS*y
y*LS dsVLRiV F~Lijs AsLiys gRiWLji dsVLRiV xmsRsW [NRP yRVRsW [RVsRV NRPy?
ARVs dsVNRPV RVVxmsLRisys gRiWLji, ARVs [zqss LRisVQ\sVs xqsXztsQs gRiWLji ARVsNRPV
NRPXRRV RV[RVsRV. ARVs dsVNRPV G\sV RVVy][ yss dsVLRiV ARVssV
}mssVLiRLiT.
dsVLRiV yzqs sVVgjiLis RLRiVyR, ARVs xmsRVRLRiLi N][xqsLi N]LiR}qsxmso NRPs|msLiT. ds
sVsxqsV=[sNTP s[ G A[Rs\sy yxqsVN][LiT. ARVs sVsVV }mssVxqsVyss xmssRV.
dsVLRiV ARVsNRPV FysVVQ\sVsyL][ RV[RVsRV. dsVNRPV xqsLiLijLis G]NRP @LiaRPLi[ dsVNRPV
sTzmsLixmsosV [NRP xqssWyys @LijLiRsRV. ARVs GsV xmsg][Ljiy, yss xmsss*LiT.
ARVs dsV N]LRiNRPV NRPs|msRVRVyRV. sVLji dsVLRiV xqsLijryLS?

22

2
xmsVNRPTs sW : xqs*Rzqs=RRNRPV @sVgRiVLigS sVRVN]sV
xqsWRsVV # 1
[sos xqs*LRiLi A[Rs xmsyxLigS sVs xXRRVLi[ sszmsxqsVLij.
NRPsVNRP, [sosNTP @sVNRPWLigS ssV s[sV sVRVNRPVsxmsVRV,
s[sV A xmsysNTP @sVgRiVLigS sVRVNRPVLiVysV.
[sos xqs*LSs sVs xXRRW[ ssysNTP sVVR xqsWRLi ARVs xqs*LRiLi Fs
DLiVLi][ VxqsVN][sRs[V. sVs [soRV Rs A[RssV ysV sVsNRPV sQQNUPNRPLjiLi sVs][
sW[ [soRV. C [NRPLi[ sVsLi xqsLji\Vs sys sLiRysNTP ARVs N]s NRPRV,
A][ NRPWTs LogossV ByRV. @[ xmsNSLRiLi AdRV }qszRVV, xqsyLRiV y*LS
NRPWR [soRV sVs][ sWRVyRV. @Li[gSNRP N]s xmsLjizqsRV y*LS NRPWy sVssVV Fs
sLiy[ ARVs Rs ysVryLRiLigS sTzmsryRV. [soRV sWssos][ sW[ @s[NRP
FysVVQ\sVs sWLS[ Bs N]s.
[soRV Rs zms][ sVL]NRP LkigS NRPWy sWRVRVLiRV. @j sVsNRPLiRLRiNRPW
zqsLi[. \[ {qsQ xmsoLRiVxtsvs[NRPVV ""xmsVso yNRPsVV yVVRNRPV ssV.'' @j aRPsQ\sVs[
NSNRPFsRV gSs ARVs xqs*LRisVV sVsNRPV xqsxtsQsVVgS sszmsxqsVLij.
@s[NRPsVLij \ZNPQQxqssoV xmsVso][ B xqsxyrys @ztsQryLRiV. @LiVV[ @j sVsNRPV
sVV NSRs [jLixmsTLij. ZNP[sLi \[s N]LiRLRiV sNRPVsV sWRs[V [soRV FssVN]s
yLji][ sWRs[V xqsLiztsQLiyRs, C xqsLixmnsVRVVgRiLi[ [soRV FssLji][sV sWRRs sVsNRPV
[jLixmsTLij. kss ssVRLi y*LS [sos][ sVRVLRi xqsLixtsQ N]srygjiLi[ g]xms @sNSaSs
sVsLi Fg]VNRPVLiVyLi.
[sos][ xqsLiztsQLis yLji[ xmssNRPQ\Vs GdRW INRPRV. @LiVVy RWN][V 5 : 17
@RRV NRPWy sVssLi xqs*sLi gRi sVsVxtsv[ @s xqsxtsQLi [RVTLij. [soRV xmsORPQFy NSRV.
xms [sos R NRPWy AysVV xs*V G[sV ][[ @sVsLis xqsxyrys, gRiVyLRiLi[
sW}tsQ F~Lijs @sVys F~LiRgRiRs s[sV ssVVRVysV.
""y g]V y xqs*LRisVVsV ssVsV.'' (WsV 10 : 27). Bj xqsRsVs s[sV
ssVVRVysV. ARVs FsxmsVRV sWRVRWs[ DyRV, ARVs g]V ARVs xqs*LSs
sLiWs[ DyLiVV. @LiVV[ sVs NSxmsLji xqs*LSs ssNRPVLiy sVs xqsLixqsQX, sVs sVsxqsV=sV
xmssRLi [xqsW sVssV @RVN]Li[j. sVs FyaSR ygRiLjiNRPR }RVyysNTP, sWssy*sNTP,
\ssNRP @LiaSNRPV FyysRsxqsW, AR xqsLiLiR\sVs xqsLigRiRVNRPV yso [NRPVLiy [rLij.
INRPs[ sVsNRPV [soRV G\y sWRs xqsLigRiRVsV RVVxmsLji}qs ""A! yN][ g]xms HTRW
sLij'', ""yNRPV g]xms yV ]LjiNTPLij'' @LiW A sLi sVs[ss, sVss[V xqssVrysNTP
sVWsVsV sLRidsgRiVyLi gSs [sos DsNTPs ARVs FyRsV gRiVLjiLiRLi.
23

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
y sRLi[ s[sV N]LiRsVLijNTP N]LiR sRsV, N]LiR RLkiRVsV B, ARVsNRPRNRPV
RNRPVs rysLi NRPLiRRLi ss [sos xqs*LSs ssgRigRiRs[V NSNRP [sos][ j*sVV xqsLixtsQ
NRPgjiRVVLi[ g]xms @sNSaRPLi NRPWR F~LiRgRigSLi.
@LiVV[ ""[sos xqs*LSs s[sV Fs gRiVLjiLiRgRisV?'' @s dsVLRiV @RVgRisRV. xaS
dsVLRiV FyaSR \ZNPQQxqss RXNRPys NRPgjiRVVsylLi[sW. @s[NRP xqsLisR=LSVgS s[sV C xmsaRPNRPV
yV sRNRPVRW DysV. N]R sLiRs saS*xqsVV sTzmsLixmsosV Fs F~LiyL][ s[sV
xmsLjibdPLiysV. xmsLjiaRPVyR sLSsV gRiWLji [sos xqs*LSs gRiWLji s[sV xms xmsoxqsNSs
xmsLjibdPLiysV.
xmsLjiaRPVyR sLSsV DxmsWgjiLiyLi[, FysVVLigS xqs*LSs DxmsWgjiLiyLi[
sVVR s[sV [sos xqs*LSs gRiVLjiLiRgRigS. sLSsV gRiWLji @s[NRP xmsoxqsNSV s[sV RjssxmsNUP
yss Fs DxmsWgjiLiys yNRPV [RxmsR[RV.
@s[NRP syVgS s[sV Gyj FyV xmsRVLi ""[y ! dsso FsNRPR Dyso?'' @s
s[sV ANRPLiRs [aSsV. @xmsoRV AR y xXRRVLi[ xqsys RVVxmsLRiyRV. [sos xqs*LSs
ARVs yNRPV INRP xqs*Rzqs=R\sVs A[RsgS yNRPV RRV[aSRV. sVWyNRPsVV xqs*Rzqs=RR.
[sos xqs*LRisVV AR AR][ Lji}ms xqsLixtsQ. xmsLjiaRPVyR y AR][ s[LRiVgS
sWRVyRV. @j INRP xqs*Rzqs=R A[RsgSsV, sWgSsV, sLigSsV, RXaRPsVVgSsV sVsLi
gRizLiRgRiLi. y sVsxqsV=[ NRPlgi[ A[RsV sZaP[xtsQRNRP\sVss. @LiVV[ y xXRRVLi[ NRPlgi[
A[RsV xqs*Rzqs=R\sVss.
[sos xqs*LSs dsVLRiV @LRiLi [xqsVN][sysNTP INRP NRPhjis\sVs xmsaRPNRPV xqsV\ss yVsV
@LijLiysV. ks][ dsVLRiV GNUPsryLRis sxqsVysV. xmsL][ sVsNRPLiRLjiNUP xqs*Rzqs=R
A[RsV NRPVgRiVyLiVV. sVLji Bsds [sos xqs*LS[y?
xms xqs*Rzqs=R A[Rs xmsLjiaRPVyR dsV][ sW[ sW NSRV. @LiVV[ xXRRVLi[
NRPlgi[ xqs*Rzqs=R A[RsNRPV, sVsxqsV=[ NRPlgi[ xqs*Rzqs=R A[RsNRPV gRi [ys dsVNRPV
RV[xqsVysV. y A[RssV sVsxqsV=[sVLiT y xXRRVLi[sNTP sVRVNRPVsxmsVRV
sZaP[xtsQRNRP A[RsV xqs*Rzqs=R A[RsVgS sWLRiRyLiVV.
y xXRRVLi[s A[RssV gRiWLji sZaP[ztsQLisxmsVRV, INRPs[ s[sV sVWRV
""xqs*LSsV'' s[sV gRiVLjiLisxmsNUP, y[ [ss ss[Liy[ s[sV gRizLiRgRisV. @s yNRPV
][sy [NRP xmsLjiaRPVyR @sVgRizLisy [NRP ryysV xms[# |mssy @s s[sV gRiVLjiLiRgRisV.
y sVsxqsV=[s A[RsV y xXRRVLi y*LS ss[LiRgRisV. FyaSR xmsxmsLiRLi[
DsyLjiNTP BLi][ FysVVQ\sVsj sj. xqs*Rzqs=R\sVs A[RssV Fs ss[Liy[ RLRiVyR
xqsssLRiLigS RLjiLiRVNRPVLiyLi.
s[sV Bs sLRi*Rys N]s [sgS][sV, N]s sLRiVxtsQ\sVs @sVy][sV
VVso [RWsVNRPVLiVysV. |d xtsQ[ paga @sVsWNRPV ""RWRXNRPLigS
xqsLijLiRV'' @s @LRiLi. Aj 28 : 11 [ RWN][V Rs sWsV LiVVLi[ sVsxmsVRV ""@RRV INRP
24

xmsVNRPTs sW : xqsxy*sNTP @sVgRiVLigS sVRVN]sV

][ [Lji (paga) F~RV gRiVLiNTPsLiRVs @NRPR A LS sFLiVV . . .'' @s

yRVTLij. @RRV xmsRWLi [xqsW @sVN][sLkigS A LS @NRPR sFRWRV. @RRV
@NRPR DLiys @sVN][[RV. @RRV xmsRWxqsW @NRPR AgjiFRWRV.
BxmsVRV yNRPV dsV gRiVLjiLi RVRV NSs dsV gRiVLjiLi FyLjiLiys yNRPV RVs INRP
A[Rs NRPVgRisRV. s[sV C sW zmssLiRVNRPV dsVLRiV AaRPLRixmsRsRV. FyLRis [NRP sxmss
@NRPryRVgS FssLRiV [ryLRiV @s sxqsRVLi LiRsRV. dsV @sVsLi[s[ ksNTP xqssWysLi
]LRiVNRPVRVLij.
INRPs[ dsso \QsLig`i [xqsVsxmsVRV, dsNRPV FssLji }ms\lLiy gRiVLRiVNRPVs yLji N]LRiNRPV FyLRis
[RWs[ RLixmso NRPgjiLiy? dsso @Rs gRiVLjiLi @xqsV A[LiRNRPFLiVV DLiRsRV. @LiVV[
A[Rs @NRPryRVgS FsNRPTsVLi][ sxqsVLij. [soRV @j [soRV ds[ xmsoLis A[Rs @s
dsso gRizLiy. @[ paga. INRP ""@sNSaRPLi'' dsNRPV NRPgji[ yss dsso ss[Liy. @ [soRV
ds xXRRVLi[ sVs xqs*LRisVV][ sWRVRVLiRV.
[sos xqs*LRisVV B[ : ds sVsxqsV=[ INRP A[Rs sLi, ds xXRRVLi[sNTP
xmsszxqsVLij. @Li[ [sos xqs*LRisVV ds sVsxqsV=[ INRP A[RsgS xmso, ds xXRRVLi[
sgjiLixmsRVRVLij. @Li xmsRQORPQR][ NRPWTs [sos xqs*LSs s[sV BLiRNRPV sVVsV}ms sysV.
@j ""xqs*LRisVV'' @s gRizLiRNRPFLiVVy y sVsxqsV=[ N]s A[RsV sxqsVyRVs yNRPV
VxqsWs[ DLij. A A[RsV xqs*Rzqs=RLigS s[s. y[ NRPlgi[ A[RsV [sos xqs*LRis[V @s
yNRPV [RxmsTLij. s[sV [sos xqs*LSs sys NRPs|mssV @Li[, [soRV yNRPV @sVgRizLi[
xqs*Rzqs=R A[RssV s[sV ANTPxqsVysV. y[ NRPlgi[ A[RssV s[sV yxqsVN]s RLRiVyR
ys s[sV sVLRi RRVsoNRPVsxmsVRV yZNPLi][ AaRPLRiLi NRPVgRiVRVLij. @xmsVRV s[sV [sos
xqs*LSs sLiVyss yNRPV @LRisVLiVVLij.
@LiVV[ xqs*Rzqs=R A[Rs y*LSs[ [soRV sWRVyRV @s xmsRLi y D[aRPLi
NSRV. C FyhRiLi FyLRiLiLi[ [soRV Rs ys RVVxmsLRi[ syysV dsVNRPV RV[RVRLi
LjigjiLij. @xmsVRxmsVRV ARVs aRPs sysLi[ NRPWR Rs xqs*LSs RVVxmsLRiVryRV.
[soRV xmsoLi[ N]s A[RssV gRiWLji s N]s ORPQsV s[sV NRPsVg]ysV. ys
y[ NRPlgi[ A[RsV [sossVLi[ NRPgjisss[ RXRsaRPRWsNTP s[sV LSgRigSsV.
y[s A[RsV y xXRRVLi sVLiT NSNRP y sVRRVsVLiT NRPgjisLiVV[ @s ZNP[sLi
y sVWLigS xmsos A[Rs[. xmsL][ s[sV G][ INRP xmss[ ssVgRisVsRLi, NRPLixmspL`i
AxmslLi[ [RVRLi, \QsLig`i [RVRLi sLisds ssV [sos xqs*LSs ssNRPVLiy
@RVNRPVLiVyLiVV. @LiVV[ BNRPsVLiT @NSNRP s[sV \QsLig`i [}qsxmsVRV ALSRs [rysV.
[VxqsV][ y }mssVsV xmsLiRVNRPVLisV. ARVs y][ sWTsxmsVRV s[sV }mssVgkiRLi FyRVysV.
y sys sWLRiVN][sRLi y*LS [sos }mssVsV F~LiRVRW ARVsNRPV RgjisVgS ssV s[sV
@sVNRPWxmsLRiRVNRPVLiW xmss [xqsVysV.
[soRV y[ xmsoLi[ A[RssV s[sV ss[Li yNTP RgjisVgS ssV
sVRVNRPVsxmsVRV ARVs yNRPV sVLjiLiR ys, @LiRL`iRXztsQs @sVgRizryRV. ARVssV
}mssVxqsVyss[ ss][ xqssVRWs sLRi xmsLRiRVN][sRLi NRPLi[ N]s yV][ s[sV zqsRLigS
25

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
DsxmsVRV y xmssNTP @s DxmsWgRixmsRyRVs s[sV sLi[yTs. @LiVV[ ARVs yNRPV
zmsLi[sVLi[, s[sV ARVssV }mssVxqsVsxmsoRV ARVs yNRPV xmnsLiRRLi, xqsXyRNRPR,
@jNSLRiLi, sV @sWsLi F~LiRRLi @sV Rs xsWysV @sVgRizryRV.
[sos xqs*LRiLi xqsVsRLigS, xqsVsogS DLiVLij. A xmsysNTP FsVsLi s ALiNRPLi
NRPgjiy @j AgjiFRVLij. [sos xqs*LSs @sVsWsLiRRLi, y ys xqssVLjiLiRVN][sRLi,
sZaP[xtsQRNRP A[RsV RRRLi sLis sVs[ RsxmsVRV ARVs sVssV gRijLiRRLi [NRP
sVLRi sVs RXztsQs ANRPL<jiLiRRLi sLis [RVRV. sVLRi sVsLi xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVNRPVs ARVs
sWsV ANTPLiRysNTP NRPs|msVNRPVs[LiRsLRiNRPV ARVs Rs xqs*LSs sszmsLiRRV.
[sos xqs*LSs ssRLi[ yNRPVs {sRsV s[sV @jgRisVLiysV. @gRiLi[
INRPryLji xmsVso y][ sWRVRW ""ssV s[sV D}msOTPQLiRVNRPVs, Rs zqsVssRVN][sVs'' FyRV.
@xmsVRV s[sV ""C xqsLigRi yNRPV sVVLi[ VxqsV! INRP [RNRPVs C @LiaSs gRiWLji @s[NRP
xmsLSRWV Dxms[bPLiysV NRPy'' @sVNRPVysV. @LiVVsxmsNUP D}msOTPQLiRVN][sRLi gRiVLjiLi yNRPV
zqss xqsLigRiRVsds yxqsVNRPVs RLRiVyR s[sV yzqss ys RRVsoNRPVysV. @
yzqssxmsVRV s[sV xqs*Rzqs=R\sVs A[RssV gSNRP y A[RsNRPV FyysRsyss
gRizLiysV. @xmsVRV s[sV yRVRLi sWs, sVLRi xmsaSLiR xqssVRVLi[ gRiTFysV.
""xqslLi[ ! xmsVy! s[sV FsNRPR sT|ms[ @NRPTsVLiT dsso FsLiRVNRPV
N]srygjiLiRNRPWRRV? D}msOTPQLiRVN][sRLi @Li[ GsV[ dss[ yNRPV RV[LiVV'' @s @TgSsV.
ARVs yyRV. ARVs [zqsLi[sVLi[ s[sV G\[ ssW[ yss[ N]LiR @sgSxs
NRPgjiLiyRV. @ y sRLi[ y xmsLjiRLRi[ y xmsNRPsV ARVs ysVryLRiLigS
sWLRiVNRPVysV.
INRPs[ dsso FsxmsV\y xmsVso xqs*LSs ALiNRPxmsLRisLiVV[ ssV dsso
NTPLiRxmsLRiRVN][sRsW, @xmsLSRss][ NRPXLigjiFsRsW [RVsRV. INRPryLji EzmsLji dxqsVN]s sVLRi
xmsaSLiRR][ ARVs xqs*LSs NRPs|msVN][.
[sos xqs*LRiLi xmsRsV xmsoLRiVxtsQ[ ssLiR xqsVVsogS sxqsVLij. DyxLRiNRPV : ARVs
y][ ""sWLRiW! s[sV ssV }mssVxqsVysV.'' A xqs*LSs dsso gRiVLjiLiRRLi[ ds saS*xqsLi xmsys
FyR szxqsVLij. FsLiRVNRPLi[ [sos VVRNRPV sRVyRV saS*xqssVV][ LSy @s[j sVsLi
gRiVLRiVLiRVN][y.
[sos xqs*LRiLi y A[Rs NRPLi[ ZaP[xtsQLigSsV, N]sryLRiV \ssRLigSsV DLiLiVV. ARVs
A[RsV ssVV][sV, NRPsNRPLRisVV][sV, ss[RyRNRPLigSsV, }mssVgRigjissgSsV DLiLiVV.
[VxqsV C [NRPLi[ INRP sWssoRVgS sRsxmsVRV @lgi[ [aSRV.
s[sV sVVR[ LRi yRVRLi FyLRiLiLisxmsVRV @LiRV[ s[sV yxqsVNRPVss ZNP[sLi
y A[Rs[ @s[ sLi y[ R ys xmsRs[RWs @sVNRPVysV. @LiVV[ s[sV ys
sVLRi RRVsoNRPVsxmsVRV y F~LRiV yNRPV zqssLij. y][ sWRVRVs sQQNTPs s[sV
RWRRLi [Rs gRizLiysV. xqsLigRiRVsV \|ms\|mss[ RWxqsW y RVW DsyLji sWV sLiW A
xmsNSLRiLi [}qsyTs.
26

xmsVNRPTs sW : xqsxy*sNTP @sVgRiVLigS sVRVN]sV

[sos xqs*LRiLi y[ INRP xms[NRP xqsLiRs NRPgjiLi[j. y[ RLRiRV xqsLi][xtsQLi, IxmsVN][V,

saS*xqsLi, xqssWysLi [sos xqs*LSs F~LijsxmsVRV NRPszmsLi[s. N]sryLRiV y AR
sgjiLixmsTsV [NRP y xXRRVLSs [VxqsV][ xmsLiRVNRPVsV @szmsLi[j.
[sos sW xqsLixmspLRi aRPNTPs y[ NRPgjiLi[j. xmsVso NST xqsVVsogSsV ARVs LRisVV
[NRPgSsV DLiVLij. sVssV yxqssVV[sNTP ss[RVRLi NSNRP sVs sy[ xqsLi][uys,
xqsLiRXzmss NRPgjiLiRRs[V ARVs RsVV. INRPs[ ARVs INRP NRPhjis\sVs xmss [RVsVs
zmssxmsNUP, @LiRVNRPV Rgjis aRPNTPs NRPWy sVsNRPV @sVgRizryRV. ARVs xmss NTP sVsLi
zqsRxmsTsxmsVRV ARVs NRPXxms sVs[ xqssVXjgS xmsszxqsVLij. ARVs AR Rs yNRPsVV y*LS
ARVs ys xqsLixmspLRiLigS sLRis[LRiVxqsVLij.
ds A[LijRWNRPV dsso FsLiR RLkiRVs}qs @LiRgS dsso [sos xqs*LSs ssgRiVgRiVyso.
sVVR, dsso [sos AaRPLRiNRPLRi\sVs A[RssV ss[LiRRLi s[LRiVN][y. [sos
A[RsV ds sVsxqsV=[ sLiRRLi dsso BxmsZNP[ gRizLiyss s[sV sxqsVysV.
DyxLRiNRPV, dsso FsLi][ NSLigS xqsRsVRsVsoRVs xqssVxqsNRPV INRP RNRPs xmsLjiuyLRiLi dsNRPV
sVsxqsV=[ sVRVVRW DLiRsRV. @LiVV[ @ ds sVsxqsV=[ NRPgjis A[RssV [sosNTP
xmnsVsR LiRNRP, dsNRPV dsso sVxmsV F~LiRsRV. @LiVV[ y[ NRPgjis A[RsV ys NSso, s[sV
FsRVL]LiVs xqssVxqsNRPV [soRV yNRPV RWzmss xmsLjiuyLSV, [so[ ys yNRPV RVV
xmsLRiyRs dsso Fy. @ [zqss^[ s[sV [sos xmnsVsxmsLRis yRssoysV.
N]LiRLjiNTP sVL]NRP sR\sVs @sVsLi NRPWy NRPVgRisRV. dsVlLixmsV\y FyLjiLi[xmsVRV
G\sy sLRiQ\sVs A[RsV sVR[ sVsVVsV jLiyRW? @s[NRPVV yNTP ys[V NSLRisVs
sxqsW, @xmsLSRsLi][ NRPXLigjiFRW DLiLRiV.
@LiVV[ @s dsV A[RsV NSNRPFsRV. ryysV dsV FyLRisNRPV LigRiLi NRPgjiLiys
ys dsV[ ys xmss[aRP# |msRVRVyRV. yNTP sVsVVsV dsVLRiV RVVgS [zqsN]s
NRPXLigjiFsRV. [VxqsV ysVLi[ ys A[RssV VyV [zqs ryysVs sg], sVLRi
[VxqsV\|ms dsV RXztsQ ryLjiLisxmsVRV sLis[ dsV sVsxqsV=[sV, xXRRVLi[sV ARVs A[RsV
xmsszryLiVV.
y[ NRPlgi[ A[RsV @s sVLi\sy xqslLi[ R\sy xqslLi[ ys s[sV RVyRRLigS
{qs*NRPLjiLiys s[LRiVNRPVysV. A[RsV sVLi\s[ A xmnsVsR [sosNTP, R\s[ A sLiR
ryysVNRPV @s*LiVVLiRRLi FyLRiLiLiysV.

27

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

lLi[sW VVNRP aRPNTP

[sos AR[R xmsVNRPTs yNSsNTP g]xms aRPNTP DsRsysNTP [y[ sRLRi+sLi. N]s
DyxLRisV RWyLi.
lLi[sW xmnsys @sVgRizxqsVLij
INRPy DRRWs {qssWsV lgisxqslLiRV xqsLRixqsV= dLSs Rs sV
aRPVxmsLRiRVNRPVLiVyRV. @RRV LSRLiy [xms N]LRiNRPV ss[zqs G xmsWsLi [NRP szqsgji
FRWRV. FsLi][ sLSaRP][ DsxmsVRV INRP sQQNTP xmsxqsLigjiLiRRLi, x sxqssVWxLi ARVs
sW[ xms sWsV aRPRgS ssRLi @RRV gRisVsLiyRV.
A [RNRPVRV sRVxqsW s Rs xmsRs FsNTP NRPWL][sRLi {qssWsV gRisVsLiyRV. {qssWsV
@NRPTNTP Rs xmsRs jgRisVs Fys xaS @sVN]s DLiRsRV. @LiVV[ sWRVRVs sQQNTP
@s[NRP sVLijs ANRPL<jiLis sQQNTP. FsgRiW gRiR LS [xmsV xms[NRPFLiVVsLiRVs xqsLiRNRPV s [LRiLi
|ms[ xmss[NRPFLiVVLij. B sLi A xmsxqsLigSs N]srygRisyRV.
@RRV A [RNRPVs sWV ssxmsVRV FsLi][ AaRPLSsNTP gRiVLRiRWRV. ARVs sWV
xqsy[y? ARVs zmssVgS [sos LSLi[ RsLi ysNTP ryssVVLiVLiy? RsLi
sVVLiT, D[NRP xqs*sLi gRiyTs Vx[y }mssVryy?
A [RNRPVRV sWTs RLRiVyR {qssWsV \sxmso Ljigji ""xqssVVRLi [RVsNRPV s ds s
s[LiVV '' @yRV. LSRLiy s[VsVV ss[zqs gSLiy xmsWsLi [NRPFLiVVLij @s sLSaRP][
FyRV. A RLRiVyR ARVs sWV aRPNTPgRiss gRizLi, ""dsso zmssLiRVs (rhema), s[VsVV
sVLRi s s[ryLi'' @s FyRV. {qssWsV Rs][ DsyLji][ sV s[RVsVs FyRV. @Li[,
FssL][ zmssVgS [xmsds A s[sNTP s xmsyLiVV. A sV zmsgjiF[VLiRgS
sLiTFRWLiVV. yLRiV RgRiLRi[ Ds yLjis zms sVL]NRP xmsRs sVs ZNP[NRPs[aSLRiV. R*LRi[s[
[xmsV sLiTs lLiLiRV xmsRsV sVVsgjiFsRLi FyLRiLiLiyLiVV.
syxqsLi FsNRPRVLij? sVVR FsLiR NRPxtsQxmsy LSs xmnsRLi BxmsV sLij? A
syxqsLi rhema. s[sV GLi [RW[, GLi A[Liy[, yNRPV BxtsQLi ssVgS [zqssxmsVRV
s[sV FsLiR NRPxtsQxmsy, FsLiR aRPNTPs, Fss ssLRiVsV ssWgjiLiy, y xmssNTP xmnsRLi N]jgSs[
DLiVLij. @LiVV[ y L][sV FyLRis][ FyLRiLiLi, [sos sTzmsLixmsosV y xqssVRWs aRPNTPs
FsNRPR ssWgjiLiy[ ARVs A[Rs N]LRiNRPV NRPs|msVNRPVsxmsVRV y sWLRisVLiR[
xqssWyys F~LiRgRisV. lLi[sW y xmss xqssVRWs, [RVszqss xqss, ys xmnsys
RWzmsxqsVLij.
lLi[sW[V sLi
sVsLi xqsxyxqsLi[ sLiy [NRP RLRiaSxqsQLi NTPLiR sLiy @s[ sLRiRVLi
dxqsVN][ys BLiRNRPV sVVsV}ms RWaSLi. @ORPQLRisVV RLixmsosV gSs AR sLixms [RVVsV. AR[V
sLixms [RVVsV .

28

xmsVNRPTs sW : xqsxy*sNTP @sVgRiVLigS sVRVN]sV

Fss\lLiy lLi[sW xmsNTPsxmsVRV, dsV AR[ DssVV, sxmsys dsVLRiV gRizLiRgRiLRiV.

Logos sVsVV yrysNTP sVLRisNTP gRiVLji[xqsVLij [NRP AR aRPNTP @sVgRizLi[ ry*RLiyQs,
ys gRiWLji [jxqsVLij. sVsLi yNSs xmsNRPxqsVyLi gSs @j xmsosLRiVysV\s NUPxqsV VVNRP
aRPNTPs gSNRP ZNP[sLi N]s NRPRsV AsV sWRs[V [jxqsVyLi. sLjiNTP [sos yNRPLi INRP
sRVsW xmsoxqsNRPLi ryLiVVNTP xmsTFLiVVLij. @LiVV[ yNSs Ay}tsQNRPLi NRPgjisjgS sVsLi Lji}qs
@LiRV[ NUPxqsV sVzsVgRi aRPNTP sVs[ Fs xmsszxqsVLi][ sVsLi RWRgRiLi.
lLi[sW @jNSLRisVV][ NRPWTs [RsV @sVgRizxqsVLij
[VxqsV [jLisxmsVRV RVWRVV ARVs [RNRPV AaRPLRixmsyLRiV FsLiRVNRPLi[ ARVs
@jNSLRisVV gRiyss [jLiyRV. ARVsNRPV C @jNSLRiLi FsNRPR sVLiT sLij? @j ARVs
\sNRP aRPNTP NSRV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ zmns{ms 2 [ sVsNRPV C xqsLigRi xqsxtsQLi [RVTLij. ARVs
RsVysV LjiNRPVsgS [xqsVNRPVs, sWssosgS sLi, RsNRPV NRPgjis xqssVxqs \sNRP @jNSLSsV,
xms[NRPRsV sT|msRV. sVLji G @jNSLRiLi][ ARVs sWyRV? WsV 14 [ ARVs
RsLiR ysV GsV sWR[Rs, RLiT ARVs[ DLiT sWRVRVyRs xqsxtsQLi
[RVTLij. BNRPR [VxqsV sWTs sWV rhema, ARVs Rs RLiT xqssj[ xqssVRWs
gRiTzms rhemasV F~LiyRV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ ARVs Rs RLiT sW[ sWyRV NS ARVs [R
@jNSLRisVV][ NRPWTsjgSsV, aRPNTPsLiRLigSsV DLij.
s[ saS*xqsVNRPV NRPWy B[ xqsRLi sLjixqsVLij. FssLji\ZNPy A[Rs }msxmsVRV, [NRP
[jLi[xmsVRV, [sos sVLiT s[sV F~Li[ rhemasV sWRVysV. A sW[ @jNSLRisVV,
sysV sWLRigRilgi[ aRPNTP DLiLiVV. B[ ""xmsLRi[NRP @}tsQNRPsVV''. rhema @jNSLRixmspLRi*NRP\sVs
[RsV @sVgRizxqsVLij.
Rhema xqsLixmspLRi AsLiys @sVgRizxqsVLij
sVsLi xqsxyxqsLi[ sLisLiVV[, [sos xqs*LSs ss ARVsNRPV
s[RVV\sVsLiVV[, sVss[Vj @RVgRiVysW yss F~LiRVNRPVLiLi. Bj yNRPV NUPLRis 37 : 4 s
sRys zmsNTP rLij.
BNRPR xms sRsLi[s sVVR gRiLi, lLiLiRs gSsNTP NUPNRPLi. xmsVs[ sVs AsLiR\sV[,
ARVssV xqsLi][xtsQxmsLRiRRs[V sVs sVVR FyysR @LiVV[, sVs yLiRV NRPWR ARVsNRPV
{msNRPLRiLigS DLiLiVV. ARVs rhema sVs[ sRVVsQ^[, @gji Rs NSLSs sVs[
LjigjixqsVLij. ARVsNRPV {msNRPLRiLi NSs N][LjiNRPV yLiRV sVs[ DsQLiVV[ ys aRPVj[xqsVN]s,
sVsLi xmssRVsVVgS [xqsVNRPVs ARVs ys sWRs[V N][LRiVN][y. xmsLjiaRPVR @gRi{qss
saS*xqsVsV B FR=zLiyRV. ""[sos }mssVxqsW, dsVNRPV {msNRPLRi\sVs Lki[ sLiRLiT.''
@Li[ @j FyxmsLi [RVysNTP @sVsVLiRRLi NSRV gSs, sVsLi sLigS [sos }mssVLisLiVV[,
ARVs RLi sLRis[LRiRs[V sVsNRPV {msNRPLRiLigS DLiVLij.

29

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
Rhema saS*rys NRPVgRi[xqsVLij
\ZNPQQxqss sRLi[ @RLiR FyysR gRij, sVVQ\sVs\s rhema sV s[sV
sT|mssV. L][sW 10 : 17 FsLi][ xqsVxmszqsR\sVs yNRPgRis[V NSs @s[NRPVV yss N]LiRsLRiZNP[
@LRiLi [xqsVNRPVyLRiV. ""ssV ss saS*xqssVV NRPVgRiVsV, ssV NUPxqsVsV gRiWLjis sW (rhema)
ss NRPVgRiVsV.'' saS*xqssVV \sNRP NSLRi xmnsRLigS NRPVgRiVRVLij. NUPxqsV VVNRP xmsVNRPTs sWsV
sVsLi ssxmsVRV sVs xXRRW[ saS*xqsLi sgjiLiRRVRVLij.
xaS dsVLRiV yss @sVsLi DLiRsRV. dsVLRiV INRP xqssVxqssV gSs, [NRP INRP aRPsVsV
gSs FsRVL]LiW DLiRsRV. dsVLRiV [sosRVLiRV saS*xqsLi DLiRg][LRiVRW DLiRsRV. [sos
ygSysds dsVLRiV ssVVyLRiV ARVs yNSs FyryLRiV gSs dsV sRLi[ ARVs Rs
NSLRiLi [ryy @s AaRPLRixmsRVRVLiLRiV. dsVLRiV INRPL][ [yV RRVsoRVsxmsVRV [NRP FyLRis
[xqsVsxmsVRV [NRP INRP Dxms[aRPsVV ss[xmsVRV, G\y INRP yNRPsVV dsV][ sWRsRV. [soRV
dsV][ sWRVRVyRs dsVLRiV gRizLiRsRV. saS*xqssVs[j sWszqsNRP RLRi [NRP AdRV
sRVsVsLi NSRV. saS*xqssVs[j yyLRi\sVsj. dsso [sos RVLiR saS*xqssVs[ AbdPLS*R zqsNTP
[LRiVNRPVyso. @j dsNRPV rhema NRPgjiLis saS*xqsLi.
ds[ @sVsWsLi RsxmsVRV ds saS*xqsLi {ssVsoRVLij. @xmsVRV dsso FyLjiLi
RLiT][ ds xXRRVLi[ sWRVsVs s[RVN][. ARVs sWTsxmsVRV saS*xqsLi ds[
NRPVgRiVRVLij. dsso FsNRPTNTP s[, RLRiVyR GLi [RW[ dsNRPV RVsxmsVRV dsso [sos
rhema ssszqss @sxqsLRiLi NRPVgRiVRVLij. saS*xqsLi][ aRPNTPsLiRLigS rygRiysNTP rhemaNRPV
@sVgRiVLigS dsso sRRVN][y : ARNRPV ryORPQ Li ds[s[ DLij.
[soRV dsNRPV INRP sVsxqsV=sV ByRV
[sos RLixmsosV {qs*NRPLjiLiyLi[ sVs sVsxqsV=[s ysV xmspLjigS sT|mssVs
ysLRiLi FsLiRsWRsVW NSRV. [soRV sVs xXRRWs, sVsxqsV=sV ByRV. ys
sLSNRPLjiLiRRsW [NRP y\|mss[ xmspLjigS AyLRixmsRRsW NSRV sVsLi [RVszqsLij. sVs sRLi[
yNTP RgRiV ryssVVLij, xqsLRi*aRPNTPgRi [soRV ys sVsNRPV xsWsLigS ByRV.
sVs xqsLixqsQX[ dss xmspLjigS RLiRRLi [NRP dss[ ALSjLiRRLi [xqsVyLi. @LiVV[
[soRV ys xqssVRVLigS DxmsWgjiLiys N][LRiVRVyRV. @[ sVsLi [RVszqsLij. sVs[
sWLRiV NRPgji, [soRV sVsNRPV Bs rysVLSQs RgRiV LkigS sVsLi ys
DxmsWgjiLiRVN][y.
[sos zqsLixqssLi sVLiT NRPlgi[ xmsRQORPQR[ lLiLiRV syysV s[sV dsVNRPV NRPVxmsLigS
ssLjirysV. BLiRVNRPV WNS sVLjiRVV WsV xmsoxqsNSsVLiT DyxLRisV RWyLi. WNS
xqsxLigS sZaP[xtsQRNRPLigS DsV NRPszmsxqsVyRV. NRPsVNRPs[ ysV xqsLigRiRVsV @sVNRPsVxmsLRiysV
gRiRgS xmsLjibdPLiysV @s VRVyRV. (WNS 1 : 3). BLiRV[ xXRRVxqsLiRs NRPLi[ y
NRPsWs gRiWLjis ssLRiNRPV FsNRPVs FyysRsxqsVyRV. Bj xmspLjigS sZaP[xtsQRNRPLigS
ssLjiLiRTs sysLi. @LiVVsxmsNUP WNS xqsVyLRi [sos xqsLixmspLRi xmsRQORPQ[V @sRLi[ FsLi
xqsLi[sNTP yso [RV.

30

xmsVNRPTs sW : xqsxy*sNTP @sVgRiVLigS sVRVN]sV

@LiVV[ WsVj sQQ\sVs \sLji. Bj sVLRisVV][ NRPWTs RXN][Li. (xmsNRPs 1 : 10,

11). RXaRPxqsLiLiR\sVs C sysLi NRPWy xqsLixmspLRi xmsRQORPQR NRPgjis[ . C lLiLiRV sRXNRPyV
NRPgjis xmsRQORPQRV [sos sVLiT NRPgjiss[.
@lgi[ dsso NRPWy xmsLjiaRPVyR xmsRQORPQRsV sQQ\sVs RXNRPy][ RWRgRiso. C
lLiLiRV syV ARW RXNRPyV NRP sNRPVNRPV Rgjis LkigS [sos yNSs @sgSxs
[xqsVN][sysNTP DxmsWgRixmsRyLiVV.
xqsxLigS sVsNRPV N]RgS Ds RXNRPys sVsLi xqsVVsogS @LigkiNRPLjiLiRysNTP BLij
xmsRVRVLiLi. sZaP[xtsQRNRP \sVs sQQNTP [s\sy Rs RXNRPRLi[sVLiT xmsLjibdPLi sWRs[V
ssVVyRV. @LiVV[ @LiRL`iRXztsQ NRPgjis sQQNTP xmsLjiaRPVyR aRPNTPs saRP*zqsLi ARVs [R
sTzmsLiRRVRW xqsys VxqsVN][sysNTP xmsRVQryRV.
@LiVV[ [soRV sVsNRPV Bs xmsRNRPRsV C lLiLiRV syyy*LS NRPWR F~LiRsRV.
C lLiLiRV syysV sVsLi xmnsVsxmsLRiy. WNS RXNRPRLi[ s[sV [ysV ysLi ys
y sVsxqsV=[ xmsjxmsLRiRVNRPVsxmsVRV xmsLjiaRPVyRVRV yNRPV Rs ysVryLRi\sVs sss[Rs][
y xXRRWs sLixmsoyRV. NS yNRPV sZaP[xtsQ rysVLRiQLi @[ xqssVRVLi[ [sos xmsys
gRiVLjiLiRgRilgi[ @LiRL`iRXztsQ C lLiLiRW @sxqsLRis[V.
DyxLRiNRPV, s[sV INRP xmsxqsLigSs zqsRxmsLRiRVNRPVs[xmsVRV, ysNTP NSszqss
yNRPgSss @RRVsLi [xqsVNRPVLisV. A xqssVRVLi[ xmsLjiaRPVyRVRV yNRPV INRP g]xms
RLixmsosV @sVgRizLisxmsVRV s[sV A xmsys F~LiRysNTP zqsRLigS [NRPF[ xmsLjiaRPVyR
sTzmsLixmsosV s[sV ][zqss[zqssyRssoysV.
NRPsVNRP C lLiLiTLis s[sV xqssVs*RVxmsLRiRVNRPVsxmsVRV y xmsRVRLi][FyV [sos
xmsLjiaRPVyR sTzmsLixmso ][RsRLi][ y xmsLjiRLRi[ ARVs NSLSs sRVsLiRLigS
[zqssyRssoysV.
sVssVV G syys AyLRiLi [xqsVN][y[, ARVs sVssV FsNRPTNTP sTzmsLiy[
xqssVrys ARVs sVsNRPV RVxmsLRiVryRV. INRPs[ ds[ sVdsVLjis sZaP[xtsQRNRP ][LRi
DsQLiVV[ [soRV ds @LiRL`iRXztsQs |msLiF~LijLiRVN][sVs |RLjiryRV. INRPs[ ds[ sVdsVLjis
@LiRL`iRXztsQ DsQLiVV[ [soRV ds[ sZaP[xtsQRNRP RXNRPys |msLiF~LijLiRVN][sVs
|RLjiryRV.
INRPryLji s[sV xmsVso][ xmsVy sZaP[xtsQRNRP RXNRPRLi gRi yNRPV @LiRL`iRXztsQ][ NRPWTs
[Rs [RVsVs FsLiRVNRPV A[bPLiyso @s sVV|mssV. @xmsVyRVs sZaP[xtsQRNRP RXNRPRLi
NRPsQQNTP @LiRL`iRXztsQs gRiWLji s[LRiVNRPVsQLiVV[ @R[ yss RNRPgS yLjisVR ssLjiLiRgRiRV
@s FyRV. s[sV xmsVso][ GNUPsLiysV.
@LiRL`iRXztsQ NRPgji [sos][ xqsLiztsQLiRys ysR s[LRiVNRPVsyLRiV y NRPLi @jNRP
RLiRVV F~LiRRLi, [sos xqs*LSs ssRLi[ yNRPLi[ g]xms @sVysV F~LijsxmsVRV
yZNPLi R NRPVgRiRV. \|msgS s[sLi][ xqsLi][ztsQrysV FsLiRVNRPLi[ NUPxqsV aRPLkiLi[ sVsNRPV FsLi
FRR*Li DLiRRV sVsLi sVs sLS][ INRPLjiN]NRPLRiLi }qss[xqsVysVV. NRPsVNRP dsV xmsRQORPQRsV,
ss[RssV y][ dsVLRiV xmsLiRVNRPVsQLiVV[ [soRV Rs xqsLixmnsVsVV[ sVzsVxmsLRiRRyRV.
31

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
ds xXRRVLi[ sgRis DLiRVN]s FyLjiLiRV
V|[V 14 : 4 [ ""RsV sryLRi\sVs sgRixsVVsV RsV sVsxqsV=s
sgRixsVVsV sVxmsoN]s RsVNRPV ][xtsQsVV NRPVgRi[zqsN]s RsV VRV @LiRLRisVVsV |msVN]s
xmssNRPVVRNRPV sRV BaS[VdRVVLiRLRiV RsV sgRixsVV sVWsVVgS yNRPV @sVQ\Lji'' @s
yRVTLij. Bj FyLRis[ @xmsxqssQ\sVs syys gRiWLjis xqsys sVsNRPV RV[rLij.
@s[NRPVV C LkigSs[ FyLjixqsVyLRiV.
s[sV [sosNTP FyLjiLi[xmsVRV s[sV INRP xqssRWgRisVVgS sWLRiRVRVysV. FyLjiLi[
xqssVRVLi[ y xqs*RsVV, y N][LjiNRPV sLi ysds s[sV sT|ms ARVs ysNTP
@xmsgjiLiRVNRPVLiVysV. s[sV FyLjiLi[ xqssVRVLi[ y RLixmsoNRPV FyysR DsQLiVV[ y
FyLRis [sos ysVryLRi\sVsj NSRV, FsLiRVNRPLi[ [sos zqsLixqssLi sVLiT sVs[ xmsRQORPQR][
NRPWTs RLRiLigSsV y sVsxqsV= @LiRVN][sRLi [RV.
sVL][sW[, y FyLRis[ s[sV INRP xqsLigRis sVsxqsV=sLiRVLiRVN]s FyLjiLisLiVV[
y RLRi+ssVV y sVsxqsV= xmsssVV][ NRPWTsjgS DLiVLij. @xmsVRV s[sV [sos sTzmsLixmsosV
F~LiR[sV. INRPs[ y FyLRis[ s[sV [sos RLRi+ssVV N]LRiNRPV NRPs|msVNRPVs FyLjiLisLiVV[ s[sV
F~Li[ yV y N][LjiNRPsV NSNRP [sos ysVryLRisVVgS ARVs xqsLixmspLRi xmsRQORPQR][
NRPWTsjgS DLiVLij.
BNRPR sVV xqsWRs[VsVLi[ y sVsxqsV=[ FsVsLi RLRi+ssVV [NRPVLiR y RXztsQs
saS*xqssVVsNRPV NRPLRiRVV yss N]srygjiLiRVyRV\ss [VxqsV\sxmso ryLjiLisxmsVRV sWRs[V s[sV
xmsLjixmspLRiQ\sVs \sysVryLRi\sVs RLRi+ys F~LiRgRisV.
BLiRVNRPV INRP DyxLRisV xqsLiNSLiRsVV[ sVsLi RWRgRiLi. NRPV
BaS[VdRVVsV aRPzmsLiRysNTP LSszqsLijgS sVV][ xmsysNTP Rs RWRsV xmsLiFyRV.
C sxtsQRV\sV sVV [sos @TgjisxmsVRV [soRV ""dsso yLji][ sNRPWRRV, A xmssV
aRPzmsLixmsNRPWRRV, yLRiV AbdPLRi*jLixmsTsyLRiV'' @s sVV][ FyRV. BNRPR sVV Rs
sVsxqsV=[ FsLi zqsLSFyRVLi [NRPVLiy [sos ysNTP RsV @xmsgjiLiRVNRPVs ARVs ys
@TgSRV gRisVNRP [soRV @RsNTP Rs ys RVVxmsLRiyRV.
NRPV sVL][ryLji Rs }qssNRPVsV sVVRNRPV xmsLiFyRV. CryLji @RRV "y sW ss
dsso BaS[VdRVVsV aRPzms}qs, ssV xmnsVsxmsLRiVrysV, dsso Gj N][Lji[ @j BrysV' @s sVVsV
xms[# |msysNTP xmsRVLiyRV. xaS sVV sVsxqsV=[ sLiTLigSLSV NSys[ N][LjiNRP
DLi[sW @LiRVZNP[ @RRV "sLiTLigSLSV yNTPy, s[sV [sos [sW dsVLRi[sV, @LiVVy
[soRV yNRPV GsV Vy][ zqsN]LisV, C LSNTP dsVLRiV BNRPR DLiRLiT' @yRV.
@RRV xmnsVsRsV, LigSLSs, xqsLixmsRsV N][LRiVNRPVyRV NS ysV sVLRi [sos @Tgji
VxqsVNRPVLiss yLji][ FyRV. @RRV Rs xXRRVLi[ INRP sgRis sVxmsoNRPVyRV.
sVVR ssRs zmss [soRV @Rs xXRRVLi[s sgRis RW BxmsVRV yLji][ s
@yRV. @LiVV[ sVV sxtsQRV\sV [soRV AgRizLi RsVV RLjiLis RWRsV @Rs
sWLRisVV[ sFyRV (xqsLi 22 : 22).

32

xmsVNRPTs sW : xqsxy*sNTP @sVgRiVLigS sVRVN]sV

sVs xXRRVLi[ sgRis sVxmsoNRPVs FyLjiLisxmsVRV xmsVso sVLiT rysVNRPWLigS

NRPs[ yVsV sVsLi F~LiRVNRPVLiLi. NSs @j sVsNRPV yaRPys N]sxqsVLij. NRPsVNRP sVsLi
FyLjiLi[xmsVRV sVs RLRi+sLi xmssR\sVsjgS DLiRVsV sVs RXztsQs [VxqsV\sxmso DLiy.
@xmsV[ sVsLi F~Li[ yV xmssRLigSsV, yyLRi\sVsjgSsV DLiVLij.
[g][qs sVLjiRVV lLi[sW
sLjigS Fy RWLigki ][ gSLji sWsV BNRPR DLiNTPxqsW C @yRWs
sVVgjixqsVysV. [soRV dsV xXRRVLi[ sWRVRVyRV @s[ xqsys ssLjiLiRysNTP [soRV
xmsNTPs sW[ rhema @s ARVs RV[aSRV. [ysV gRiRgS xmsLjibdPLis RLRiVyR
s[sV ARVs][ GNUPsLiysV. kss gRiWLji dsVLRiV sVLji FsNRPVsgS zqsN][ys ""gkiNRPV N]R
sLiRs[ Logos sVLjiRVV Rhema'' @s[ @LiaSs @sVLiRLi c A [ @lgi[ ""Rhema
VVNRP aRPNTPs @sgSxs [xqsVN]sV'' @s[ @LiaSs @sVLiRLi c C [ ssLjiLiysV.
@xmssVLiT [soRV sVs xXRRW[ sW[ sWV Rhema @s RV[aSsV.
sZaP[xtsQ RXN][Li sVLiT AdRV RXNRPRLi GLRiLRiRVN][sysNTP yZNPLi][ NSLi xmsLij. @LiVV[
s[sV NRPsVLigS A sWLRiLi[ sRsRLi ss yNRPV A sWLRiLi xqsVRLRiLi @LiVVLij. NRPsVLigS
AdRV RXNRPRLi NRPgjiRVVLiRRLi ""y xqs*sLi'' gS sWLjiLij.
BxmsVRV dsVLRiV N]LiR sLSsVLi dxqsVNRPVs INRP HRV ssVuyV dsVLRiV s[LRiVNRPVs @LiaSs
xmsWgSRNRPLigS xmsLjibdPLiys N][LRiVRVysV. INRP }msxmsL`i, |mssV dxqsVNRPVs [VxqsV][ dsVLRiV
gRiRVxmsoRVs xqssVRWs gRiWLji RLji+Liys N][LRiVRVysV. ""xmsVy, s[sV s[LRiVNRPVs @LiaSs
gRiWLji dsso yZNP[sV [jLiRg][LRiVRVyso?'' @s yxqsVN][LiT.
RLRiVyR dsVLRiV @LiRL`is[ysV NUPxqsV dsV][ Ds RLRi+sLi\|ms ryLjiLiRLiT. saS*xqsLi][
dsV[ xmsszLi[ A[RssV yxqsVN][LiT. ys xmsLjibdPLiRRsW, @sVsWsLiRRsW [RVsRV.
INRP szmsys s ys RVyRRLigS {qs*NRPLjiLiRLiT.
Bj INRP xmsWgRiLi sWRs[V @s gRiVLRiVLiRVN][LiT. yV\lgiRV ssVuy RLS*R, xmsyxLi
s FLiVVs RLRiVyR, @xmsVRV dsVlLi[sV yxqsVNRPVyL][ yss xmsLjibdPLiRLiT. dsVLRiV yzqssj
[y][ xqsLjiFLiVVLiy? @j [soRV dsVNRPV xmsg][Ljis sW[V @s dsVNRPV @szmsrLiy? N]RgS
[sos][ xqsLixtsQ FyLRiLiLi[yLjiNTP Bj INRP s @xqsLi sLij.

33

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

34

xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN]sV : sVs A[RssV, [[NSsV ssVxmsLRiRVN]sV

3
xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN]sV : sVs A[RssV,
[[NSsV ssVxmsLRiRVN]sV
xqsWRsVV # 2
y[ xmsszLi[ [sos A[RssV, ysV gRizLiRVsV, y A[RssV,
ysV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN]sV s[LRiVN][y.
ryyLRiLigS s[sV FyLjiLi[xmsVRV s[sV [}qs \sLijs NSLSV, y xmssFyV @s
@LiaSV FyLRis[ ][V[xqsVN]s[s. y xmss s, RRV y FyLRis GNSgRiRsV
d}qss. y gRij RVxmsoV sVWzqss[zqs [sos][ xqsLiztsQLi[yTs NSs Gs[[ A[RsV
ssV RVVsVV[s.
dsVlLixmsV\y xmsj}sV ssVuy FyV FyLRis [zqssxmsVRV dsV sVsxqsV= @s[NRP @LiaS
RVW xqsLiRLjiLi xqsRsVRsV[V @sVsLi dsVNRPV FsRVLRiLiVVLiy? @LixmsoRV dsVLRiV INRP sVWRV
ssVuyFyV xmsLjiaRPVyR sTzmsLixmso N]LRiNRPV s[RVN]s dsV sVsxqsV=sV ssVxmsLRiRVNRPVs FyLRissV
N]srygjiLiyLS?
dsVLRiV @ [zqssLiVV[ dsV A[RssV ssVxmsLRiRVN][ysNTP dsVLRiV [zqss
xmsRVRsVLiy sLRisVsRLi gRisVsLi DLiRV. @j dsVLRiV sRxmssxmsVRV sVLiRLi dsVR
FsLiR}qsxmso F~LSTy sR LSNRP N]VsVTsVLiVLij.
@s[NRP xqsLiRLS[ s[sV [sos][ sWys xmsRVLi sxmnssVsRLi y*LS y[
sLSaRP, sLRiVy=xLi ][V[xqsVNRPVyLiVV. xmsLjiaRPVyR xqs*LSs y xXRRVLi[ ss[NRPFsRLi
ssLi][ NRPXLigRi[zqsLij. xmsryLji yyxmso BLRi\sssVuy FyV s[sLi][ xmsRWxqsxmsTy y AR[
s[sV [sos][ sWTs @sVsLi F~LiR[NRPF[VyTs. BRLiy yNRPV sLRiLigSsV, y
xqssVRWs Fg]VN][sRLi gSsV @szmsLi[j.
[sos][ sWRysNTP ARVs LRiWF~LijLis \ NTPN`PsV Fs F~Liy[ dsVNRPV sVL]NRP
xqsLiRLRiLi[ RV[rysV. xqsLRi*aRPNTPgRi [sos][ sWRysNTP FyLRis INRP[ ryRsLi NSRV.
FyLRis ORPQ Li @j INRP[ NSRV. @j ZNP[sLi sVVR sVV sWRs[V.

35

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
ELRiNRPVLiRVT, zqsN]sVT . . .
NUPLRisV 46 : 10 [ ""ELRiNRPVLiRVT s[s[ [soRss zqsN]sVT'' @s yRVTLij.
@sgS sVs sVsxqsV=sV , [sV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVNRPVs ELRiNRPVsxmsVRV sVsLi [sos][
sWRRLi Fsg][ VxqsVN][gRiLi. C @sVsLi[sNTP sVsLi ssxmsVRV INRPs[ sVsLi NRPxtsQLi[
DsxmsVRV NRPWy sVs sVsxqsV=[ xqssWysLi GVRVLiVLij.
ELRiNRPVLiRRLi @Li[ GsV[ VxqsVN][sysNTP N]s xmsysWRV xmsysV xmsLjibdPyLi.
xmsRWxqsxmsRV sWss[RVRLi, saSLigS DLiRRLi, sVVLiRVNRPV rygjiFsRLi''. C xmsy yds
y sVsxqsV=sV s[sV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVNRPVsxmsVRV yNRPV @sVsxmspLRi*NRP\sVss[.
y[ ][V [xqsVNRPVs sVL][ \sLji @ss INRP AgS dxqsVN][sRLi. y RXztsQ[
sRsVLi[ INRP xmss. s[sLi][ NRPxtsQxmsT xmss[}qsyTs. sLjiNTP s[sV A[xmsVRV NRPWy yss
INRP xmss [}qsyTs. xms xmsss {qsLjiRVqsgS [RVRLi yNRPV @yVgS DLi[j. @xmsVRV
xmsVso yNRPV xqssVrys ys[ [xqsVyss, ys[ A xmsss N]srygjixqsVyss, y xmss ZNP[sLi
ARVs xmsys xmsVN][sRLi sWRs[Vss RWzmsLiyRV. @xmssVLiT [sN][xqs\sVy s[sV
xmsRWxqsxmsRNRPVLiy ARVs xmsLjixmspLRi aRPNTPs AaRPLiVVLi saSLigS xmssVV N]srygjixqsVysV.
y syLRiV][ INRPRsV BLi xqssVxqssV NRPgji yss Rs LRi[ yxqsVNRPVyRV.
""RLiU, C L][yZNP[sV @sxqsLRiLi? [s RXztsQ ryLjiLiy[ yNRPV RVRLi [RV. RVLi,
}mssV, xmsaSyxmsLi, xqs*xqsR, ssWRs, G @LiaRPLi? ds sRNRPV Fs LSy[ yNRPV RVRLi [RV. ''
""dsso zmsssds y @sxqsLRis[V. NSs @sNRPLi[ sVVQ\sVsj y xqssj[, y
Fyy sR dsso xmsaSLiRLigS DLiT ssV gRiWLji s[LRiVN][sRs[V. y xqssj[ dsso DsxmsVRV ds
xqs*LiR xmsRVy][ G][ [|qsRWs xmsRWxqsxmsRsRV. s[sV sVVLiRVgS zmssV sVVR ds
sVsxqsVsV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN]s y xqssj[ NRPWL][. xmsaSLiRLigS, saSLigS DLiRV, s[sV ds
[soRsV. ''
y sR sVLiT F~LiRysNTP ssV zqsRxmsLRiRVN][. ds [RVV yzms ysVLiT F~LiRysNTP
zqsRxmsLRiRVN][. G][ LRiVgRi[][LiRs ds sVsxqsV=[ @NRP[Li [xqsVN][sRV, @TNTP yss*sRV.
xmsaSyxmssVV FsLi][ @sxqsLRis[V gSs ysNTP Rgjis xqssVRVsVVLij.
ds NRPsVV LRi y\sxmso RWRV. ds NRPsVRXztsQ y\|mss[ DLiRV. ds sVsxqsV=sV y\|ms szms
y }mssVsV gRizLiRV. s[sV dsNRPV @sxqsLRi\sVs yss [rysV. y sRNRPV LS, saSLi F~LiRV,
s[sV @sVgRizLiRV ys F~LiRV. ssV xRVNRPVs, ds\|ms kssV xqssVXjgS NRPVLjizmsLiRVsV y
sRNRPV LS. xqssVrys INRPryLjigS s[LRiVN][[so. xqsys, xmsRQORPQRsV N]j N]jgS, L][ L][NRPV,
s[LRiVN][gRiso. sVVR ds sVsxqsV=sV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN][, ssVxmsLRiRVN][. @xmsV[ y xqs*LSs dsso
ssgRiso.''

36

xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN]sV : sVs A[RssV, [[NSsV ssVxmsLRiRVN]sV

sVxms ALiNSsV ]gjiLiRVN][

@LiVV[ s[sV xmsaSLiRRsV Fs F~LiRgRisV? @LiRVNRPV sVVR sVV sVxms ALiNSsV
]gjiLiRVN][sRs[V. sWLRiV 1 : 35[ [VxqsV FyLjiLiRysNTP GNSLiR xms[aSsNTP sRV.
xmssNRPQ\Vs xNRPWNRPV [sos xqs*LSs ssysNTP g][xmsoLRisVV dsVRNRPV sRV. GdRW [sos
xqs*LRisVV Rs sRNRPV ssxmsVRV INRP xmsLRi*R gRiVx sR GNSLiRLigS DyRV.
s[sV sVVR y sVsxqsV=sV xmsaSLiR xmsLRiRVN][ys @sVNRPVsxmsVRV yNRPV xmsaSLiR
xqssVV, FssLRiW BLijxmsLRiRs xmsaSLiR yysLRisVV, GNSLiRsVV @sxqsLRisVs gRizLiysV.
NRPsVNRP @ yysLRisNTP s[NRPVssVV @sV\ssj @s gRizLiysV. A xqssVRVLi y sVsxqsV=NRPV
FsLi][ ARNRPLRiLigSsV, y xqssWyys NRPVgRi[xqsVLij. NRPsVLigS ssV ALiNRPxmsLRi[ y[
Fns NRPWy INRP @s gRizLiysV. @LiVV[ FnssV ZNP[sLi INRP gRiLi}qsxmso xmsNRPs |msRLi
ss A L][Liy xmsaSLiRR xqssWyy][ N]srygRiysNTP dsso][Lij.
sVVR N]s yLSV ZNP[sLi DRRVNSLi sWRs[V yNRPV @sVNRPWLigS DLi[j. ysNTP
][RV yLjiNRPR y sVsxqsV=[ INRP sgRixLi xtsQs[xqsVN][sRLi ss @j y FyLRisNRPV ALiNRPLigS
DLi[j. @LiVV[ DRRVNSs s[sV [s sLis[ [sos ALSjLiRRLi, xtsQsL`i NTPLiR FyV
FyRRLi y*LS A L][Liy s[sV ARxmspLRiVRsVgS DLiRRLi yNRPV @sTLij.
@[ sysLi N]srygRiRLi ss [sos xqs*LSs ssRLi yNRPV xqsVRLRisVLiVVLij.
NRPs[V y NRPVsWlLi yLji NRPWy y][FyV DRRWs[ [sRLi FyLRiLiLiLij. @LiVV[ y
LRi Fy LSRLiy sW sFyxmssV NRPs|msVNRPVs DLiRRLi ss s[NRPVss[ AsVsV [xmsRLi yNRPV
BxtsQLi [NRP FyxmssV RWxqsVNRPVLiWs[ [sos][ y xqsLixtsQsV N]srygjiLiRRLi @sLRiVNRPVysV.
@xmsVRV AaRPLRiNRPLRi\sVs sWLRiV y[ NRPsTLij. y NRPVsWlLisV RWxqsVNRPVVsxmsNUP @j yNRPV
FsLi ALiNSs NRPVgRi[RV[RV. @xmssVLiT Fss ALiNSV FsRV\lLiy xmsVso xqssj[ y
sVsxqsV=sV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN][sRLi @sLRiRVNRPVysV.
rNRPLSs @sLRiVN][sRLi
y sVsxqsV=sV, xXRRWs xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN][sys ALiNRPxmsLRi[j sVL]NRP DLij : y
aRPLkiLRisVV. y aRPLkiLRiLi[ G gRi\sVy sTNTP, @rNRPLSsNTP gRiV\lLisxmsVRV s[sV xqsLjigS FyLjiLiR[sV.
DyxLRiNRPV FyLjiLi[xmsVRV s[sV FsNRPVs }qsxmso sWNRPLjiLi DsQLiVV[, N]LiR}qsxmsNTP y
sWNS zms xmsoRVRVLij. NS sWNS zms xmsosxmsVRV, y sVsxqsV= FyLRis dsVR
DLiRRV. NS FyLjiLi[xmsVRV y FyLRiy LigjisV FsLi][ FysVVLi. s[sV sWNRPLjiLiRRLi NRPs
y Lid dsVR NRPWLRiVs, |mssV, }msxmsL`i zqsRLigS DLiRVN]s FyLjiLiRRLi yNRPV rNRPLRiLigS
DLiVLij. ydsRV NRPWy FyLjiLi[xmsVRV N]sryLRiV NRPWLRiVs FyLjiLi[yRV (1 js 17 : 16).
@LiRLRiLigRi ALiNSsV ]gjiLiRVN][
@LiRLRiLigRi ALiNSsV ]gjiLiRVN][sRLi NRPs sVxms ALiNSsV ]gjiLiRVN][sRLi
xqsVVso. s[sV FyLjiLi[xmsVRV xmsaSLiR yysLRiLi, s[NRPVs sVVs [sRLi FsLi][
ZaP[RVxqsLRiLigS DLiVLij. @LiVV[ @LiRLRiLigRiLi[ FsxmsVRV G[ A[RsV, s NSNRPV
xmsLRiVxqsVLiLiVV. Dyee NSLRiV[ ALiVV [R[, [NRP s[sV sW RRLiRVNRPV Fns [RVNRPFsRsW
37

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
gRiVLRiVNRPV s y FyLRissV ALiNRPxmsLRiVryLiVV. ys xmsNRPs |ms FyLRis N]srygjiLiyLi[, sRs[
N]k sVLRi @s[ A[RsV sVVxqsVLRiVN]LiW DLiLiVV. sVLji ys xmsLjixtsQLjiLiRRLi Fs? ys
INRP xmsoxqsNRPLi[ yxqsVNRPVs xmsNRPs |msVN][sRLi y*LS ys s[sV sLRiORPQ Li [RV[Rs, ys
RLRiVyR [ryss[ A[Rs LSsRLi y*LS y sVsxqsV=[ xmsaSLiRR GLRiRVRVLij.
@xmsVRV sVLRi s[sV xmsVsoNRPV @s[RVVRsVgS Dyss[ sVL]NRP xqs*LRiLi y
@LiRLRiLigRiLi[ sszmsxqsVLij. sVLRi y sVsry=QOTPQ ""dsso @xmsLSjs, @xmsLSjs'' @s ssV s[
RWxmsoRVLij. @LiVV[ s[sV xmsVso][ y xqsxyrys N]srygjiLiyLi[ xmsVso FsLiR
NRPXFysVRVV][ s[sV gRiVLRiV[xqsVN][y. s[sV [zqss RxmsVsV ARVssV s[RVNRPVLi[ ARVs
ssV ORPQsVryRV. @xmsVRV ARVs Ksys y FyFyV ORPQsVLiRT ARVs[
N]srygRigRiVgRiVysV.
sVs RXztsQs sVs FyxmsLi, {sR\|ms NSNRP NUPxqsVQ\|msssV, ARVs sVzsV, NRPXxms\|ms
DLiy. BLiRVNRPV ARLRis[ yNRPgSs sVsLi RjssxmsVRV @j sVssV FsLi][
xmsLRiVxqsVLij. ""sVssVLiRLRisVV sVVxqsVgRiV[s sVVsVV][ xmsVNRP sVzsVsV @RsVVs
xmsxmnsLixms[RVVRV, sVzsVsVLiT @jNRPsVzsVsV F~LiRVRV, xmsVsgRiV AR[R A FNRPgSs[
sWLRiRVRVysVV.'' (2 N]LjiLik 3 : 18).
|d 12 : 2 [ xmsTsVgS sVs RXztsQs NUPxqsVQ\|ms DLi, gRid 3 : 27 [
xmsTsVgS ARVs dss RLjiLiRVNRPVsxmsVRV, sVssVV ARVs xqssjs, sVzsVsV dss
F~LiRgRiLi. @LiVV[ sVs RXztsQs FsNRPR |msRVRVysVs[j BNRPR sVVLi. sVs RXztsQ sVs\|msy
[NRP NUPxqsVQ\|msy? sVs FyxmssVV\|msy [NRP ARVs ds\|msy? NS FyLjiLi[ sVVLi[ G @LiaRPLi\|ms
RXztsQ ryLjiLiy[ sLRiLiVVLiRVN][. FsLiRVNRPLi[ RxmsVRV RXztsQ sVLRisNTP, xqsLji\Vs RXztsQ ysNTP
yLjidryLiVV.
sVsxqsV=sV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN][sRLi @Li[ sVs sVsxqsV=sV dgS DLiRVN][sRsVs NRPWy
NSRV. sVs sVsxqsV=sV RLi [}qsys RWLRixmsLRiRVN]s sVs xmsVsosV gRiWLjis A[Rs][
Lki [xqsVN][y.
ARVs\|ms RXztsQ RVVLiRRLi
xmsVso\|ms RXztsQ RVVLiRysNTP @s[NRPsVLij \[s sNRPVV DxmsWgjiLis ryRsLi
xqsLigkiRLi. Fsduy [sos yNSs sys AbPLisxmsVRV, @RRV ds yLiVVLiRgRi INRPss
RssRNRPV zmszmsLiRVNRPVyRV (2 LSV 3 : 15). s[sV NRPWy [sos xqssyys F~LiyLi[
[sos xqsVLi NUPLjirysV. xmsxmsLiRyxmsLigS Ds @s[NRPsVLij NRPWy [sos xqssj[ N]srygRiysNTP
B[ syys AaRPLiVVxqsVyLRiV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ yLji sVsxqsV=[ xmsaSLiRRsV xqsLigkiRLi
NRPVgRi[rLij.
ds sVsxqsV[ INRP FysV FyRVRW, A Fy[ Ds ys dsso A[}qs @[ @LiaSs
gRiWLji [soRV ds][ sWRVyRV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ dsso [ss gRiWLji FsNRPVsgS A[ry[ @[
@LiaSs gRiWLji xqsxLigS [sos][ sWRyso. @xmsVRV [soRV NRPWy @[ @LiaSs gRiWLji
dsNRPV [jryRV.

38

xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN]sV : sVs A[RssV, [[NSsV ssVxmsLRiRVN]sV

INRPs[ y sVsxqsV=[ FyxmssVV sVLjiRVV @xmsRVLi ssV NRPsLRixmsLRisxmsVRV s[sV

""xmsVy! sVV, xmsVy, ssV gRiVgS NRPRVgRiVsVV, ssV xqs*xqsxmsLRiRVsVV, xmsVy! sVV''
@s[ Fy FyRysV. A Fy y*LS y sVsxqsV[ s[Rs RsV xmsVsoNRPV sQQNRPxmsLRiVrysV.
xmsjssVuy RLRiVyR y[ dNRPV ]gjiFsRLi s[sV gRisVsrysV. ds xqsWLRiVRV y[
DRLiVVLiRRLi y*LS y xXRRVLi[ saS*xqsLi sLkiORPQ, }mssV, xqsLi][xtsQLi, [sos sLi, ARVs
xqssj y[ DsLixms[RVRyLiVV.
dNRP rysLi[ sVgRiV, @sVsWsLi rysLi[ saS*xqsLi, sLSaRP rysLi[ sLkiORPQ, Bsds
INRP @sVsLigS y[ LRiWxmsojRVNRPVLiLiVV. [sos xqssj[ DsyRV [sos xqsys
xmsVNRPVyRV @s NUPLRisNSLRiVRV RV[xqsVyRV. NRPsVNRP sVssVV [sos xqssj[sNTP
xmss[bPLisxmsVRV sVs sVsxqsV[ Ds ysV RVyLRi xXRRVLi][ ARVsNRPV
RV[RW.
xXRRWs xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN][sysNTP \[ xmsTs sVLji lLiLiRV syyV
RLRi+ssVV, }mssV. xmsVso y][ sWRVRVs RLRi+ys s[sV RWsxmsVRV A RLRi+sLi y[
Ds ALiNSss ]gjiLis[xqsVLij. s[sV [VxqsVsV RWsxmsVRV ARVs xms yNRPVs
}mssVsLiRs sQQNRPxmsLRiVrysV. @xmsVRV y xXRRVLi[ xmsaSLiRR AsLjixqsVLij.
AR, EzmsLji @sV sWNRPV
|d gkiNRPV xtsQ[ IZNP[ sW yRTLij. y
ARsV xmsaSLiRR[sNTP dxqsVNRPVLSsysNTP s[sV EzmsLjis ryRsLigS yRysV. y EzmsLji
saRP*zqsLisxmsoRV s[sV y FyFys sVLjiRVV @xmsLSRys xmsVso xqssj[ IxmsVNRPVLisV.
sVLRi s[sV EzmsLji {mssxmsVRV xmsLjiaRPVyR ssV NRPTgjis[xqsVsV RWrysV. B[ @rys
N]srygjiLisxmsVRV NRPsVLigS y[ xqssWyssVV |msLiF~LiRVRVLij.
@LiRLRiLigRi xmsaSLiRR VVNRP sVV D[aRPLi [soRV sVs sVR xqsLiRLjiLiRys
gRiVLjiLiRRLi N]LRiZNP[. ""Vx[y VRV sssVVgSsVLiT ARVs N]LRiNRPV NRPs|msVN]sVsVV.'' (NUPLRi
37 : 7). @ s[sV xmsaSLiRLigS DsxmsVRV xmsLjiaRPVyR Rs yV, A[RsV, RLRi+ysV
y[sNTP xmsszLixms[ryRV.
sVs [aRPLi[ NS*NRPL`i= @sV sLSsNTP LijsyLRiV NRPWy [sos xqs*LSs ssysNTP RsV
NSLRiNRPsWss xmsNRPs |ms=s @sxqsLSs gRiVLjiLiyLRiV. RsV sV\ss xqssVRWs [sos
xqssj[ xmsaSLiRLigS gRiTzmssxmsVRV, xmsVso sVs][ sWRys sVsLi gRiVLjiLiRgRiLi. [sos
xqssj[ @ gRiRxmsRLi ss sVs[ xqssWysLi, xqsLixmspLRiR, HNRPR @s[s sLixmsRVRVyLiVV.
FsLiRVNRPLi[ [VxqsV sVs[ sxqsVyRV. sVs AdRV sRLi[ sRVLi ryjLiRysNTP, sVs[
}mssV, saS*xqssVV, aRPNTP, Bsds sVsNRPV @sVgRizLiRRVRVyLiVV.
xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN][sRLi @Li[ G][ RVysNTP xmspsVN][sRLi NSRV. sVs sVsxqsV=
xmsVso][ @sVxqsLiysLiRT DLiRRLi. xmsaSLiRR N][xqsLi sVsLi aRPsVxmsRssxqsLRiLi [RV. @j FsLi][
xqsVVsogS Ljilgi[j. xmsaSLiRR @Li[ C ORPQsVLiRV [VxqsVNUPxqsV ][ NRPzqs DLiRRLi. s[sV
DsyRsV @LiVyyRVs. sVs gRiys gRiWLji [NRP sxtsQ`sV gRiWLji sVsLi LiLiy=s
@sxqsLRiLi [RV. @j C ORPQLi[ xmsVsosV AsLijLiRRs[V. s[sV }mssVLi[ y xmsVso][ y
xqssVRWs gRiRxmsRs[V.

39

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
RWLRiV sVRsW? [NRP ss RVVgRisW?
xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN][sRLi @Li[ N]LiRsVLij RWLRiV [aS sVRsVs [NRP WgS, ysLi,
s sLiss N]LiRLRiV @FxxmsRyLRiV. sVLjiN]LiRLRiV ss RVVgRi zqsyLiR\sVs RRWsV
sVsxqsV=[sNTP A*sLi[ syssVs sryLRiV. ss[V, N]s xqsLiRLS[ AR xmsxmsLiRLi[ C
syyV NRPWy ][V[xqsVNRPVs[ xmssWRsVVLij. N]s sLSV kss @jNRPLigS xmsyLRiLi
[xqsVyLiVV. @LiVV[ sVsLi xmsLjiaRPVyR][ xqsxyxqsLi [xqsVysVV. NRPsVNRP sVs syys @j
sVLi][ NS][ yNRPLi][ xmsLjibdPLi VxqsVN][y.
RWLRiV sVy xmssLi NRPgji s syLRiVsV s[sV [jLi[xmsVRV yLjis \|qsydsRV
xmsxmsLiRLi sVLiT sVxmsNTP [sysNTP N]s xqsWRsxqsVLisV. NSs syLRiNRPLRis[VsVLi[ A sRLigS
y xqsWRsV FyLi[xmsVRV yLRiV @xqsV AR xmsxmsLiRLi[ sVLiT RVNRPV s xmsLjiaRPVyR
aRPNTPs NRPWy sLSNRPLjiLi[ zqsNTP [LRiVNRPVLiVyLRiV. ssNTP xmsLjiaRPVyRRVLiRV ssVVgRi
xqsxyrys sVsLi FsxmsVRV NRPgji DLiRgRisVs [sos yNRPLi [jrLij.
LS[[V @yRW[ sVs @sVysV Fs xmsLjibdPLiRVN][y, [sos yNSsNTP
Fs s[RVVLi NSy, NUPxqsV aRPLkiLRiLi[ Fs xqsxyxqsLi NRPgjiRVVLiy @s[ sxtsQRWsV gRiWLji
sxmsoLigS RLjirysV. BxmsV\[ \ZNPQQxqsssVV VVNRP sVV RRsV dsVNRPV xqsxtsQLi [rysV. Bj
ssVVgRi [sos][ xmsL][ N]srylgi[ @sVjs xqsxyxqsLi. Bj [soRV Rs xmsNRPV
@sVgRizLis g]xms xsWsLi. @LiVV[ aRPRV\ss ryysV ysV sVgRiV RWR s[xtsQLi
RLjiLiRVN]s kss sNTPd Rs sR DLiRVNRPVs [soRV Rs xmsNRPV @sVgRizLis g]xms
xsWys ]LigjixqsVyRV. A RVLi][s[ s[ xqsLixmnsVLi @xqsV [sos][ AR xqsxyrysZNP[
RWLRi\sV [sosNTP RWLRisVso][Lij.
@LiVV[ sNTPds gRiVLjiLiyLi[ sVsLi lLiLiRV @LiaSsV gRiRgS gRisVsLiy. sVVRj :
FssLRiW 21 LRiWFyRV ]LigRi[V sVVjLiRLRiV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ ]LigRi[V RRWLRiV [RWLi[ @j
BLiRVsVLiRV s\sVs yss DLiy. @Li[ sNTPd @xqsVj INRP DLiRs[yss VVso
[rLij. lLiLiRsj : ]LigRi [V sVVjLi[ yLRiV INRP LRiWFyLiVV [sV sVVjLiRLRiV. FsLiRVNRPLi[
yLRiV [}qsj ]LigRi yFyLRiLi NS ryRQ\sVsLiR R*LRigS FsNRPVs xqsLiFyjLiRysNTP
xmsRVxqsVLiLRiV. @lgi[ ryysV NRPVRLiRLi xmsLjiaRPVyR xqsxyxqsLi FsLi][ g]xms sVsgRiRs
xqsLigRis VVso [rLij.
sNTPdj DLiRs[ NSLRis sVsLi @xqsV [VsV RXNRPLjiLiR[sVV NRPy. @LiVV[ [V
sVLi][ NS][ sVsLi gRiRgS xmsLjibdPryLi. @lgi[ ryysV xmssLi DLiRsRs[ @sVsWsLi][,
xmsLjiaRPVyR xqsxyrys sVsLi RXNRPLjiLiR[Li. sVsLi s[RVR][ [sosNTP [TsxmsVRV ARVs
Rs yNRPsVV y*LS, Rs xqsLixmnsVsVV y*LS sVsNRPV NSxmsoRsryRV. xqsLixmnsVsVV [VxqsVNUPxqsV VVNRP
@jNSLRisVV][ \LRisVVgS FsRVLRiV s ryysVsV sg].
@LiRLRiLigRi xmsaSLiRR, AdRV xqsxyxqssVV @s[s xqsLixmnsWsNTP [soTs sLSV. C
LkigS sVs][ xqsxyxqsLi NRPgjiRVVLiys[ [soRV sVssV xqsXLiRVNRPVyRV. sVs xmsNRPV
FysVVLigS sVs RVs*sxqsVNRPV xmsLjiaRPVyR xqsxyrys sVsLi xmsLjiRRVLi [RVs^[ yLRiV
ryysV VVNRP @RsVV[ xmsTFLiVV xmsRs\sVFyLRiV.

40

xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN]sV : sVs A[RssV, [[NSsV ssVxmsLRiRVN]sV

INRP ryORPQ sVV

INRP ryORPQ sVV][ C @yRWs sVVgjiLiRg][LRiVRVysV. C RVssxqsVRV [sos][
xqsLixtsQsV gRiWLji s[LRiVNRPVsxmsNUP ysV ryysV sWxqsLi[ xmsTFRVys[sWss @Rs
sVsxqsV=[ @s[NRP @sVsWyV R[ s. BVsLi @sVsWyVsyLjiNTP NRPWy C ryORPQ Li
DxmsWgRiNRPLRiLigS DLiVLiRs sxqsVysV. C ryORPQ Li RLRi+ys gRiWLjis @LiaSsNTP INRP
xmsLjiRRVLi @s NRPWy sxqsVysV. C ryOSQQs sWRWL`i[s, |mns[[ Ds s yLi
sW \LRiNRPL`i @LiVVs Fy FsR*L`i gSLji @sVsV][ BNRPR dsVNRPV @LijxqsVyLi.
""[sos][ xqsLixtsQ @s[ @LiaSs gRiWLji s[sV ssxmsVRV yNRPV @j sLiRgS @szmsLi
s*Lij. y D[aRPLi[ @j RWLRiV sVR xqsLixmsyRWsV \ZNPQQxqssLi[ ]zmsxqsVyLRis
@szmsLiLij. FsLiRVNRPLi[ s[sV [sos][ xqsxyrys NSNRP FsxmsVRV ZNP[sLi FyLjiLiRRLi, [sos
yNSs RRsRLi ss sWRs[V \ZNPQQxqssLi[ sNRPRgS DLiRgRiss sLiysV.
s[sV 1970 [ s[sV NS[ syLjigS DsxmsVRV, y sR xmsLRisWLRiLi, xqssWyssVV
@s[ yN]LRi\ZNP y @s[*xtsQsV N]srygjiLi WgS, ysLi, \sVLi` NRPLi[, ALRiVNRPV sVRV
xmsyLSV sLi ys AaRPLiVVLiysV. sLjiNTP [sos RVLi[ xqssWyssVV, sR xmsLRisWLRiLi
DyRVs gRiVLjiLi [sos NRPsVg]ysV. Bj y sRLi[ xmnsLiLiRs[ sLiysV gSs sVLRi
y[ N]s @sVsWyV RyLiVV.
N]s xqsLisR=LS\s RLRiVyR s[sV [VxqsVsVNRPsVg]ysV. ARVs FsxmsVRV
DLiRVyRs gRizLi [VxqsVsV y LRiORPQNRPVsgS {qs*NRPLjiLiysV. ARVs yNRPV sRNRPVRVs
xqssWyys yNRPsVgRizLiyRV. @LiVV[ ARVs xqsxyrys N][LRiVNRPVsxmsVRV sVLRi y[
}RVyR RXNRPRLi R C xqsxyxqsLi \|qsydsRV\sVsj @s @szmsLiLij.
[sos][ xqsLixtsQ @s[ @LiaSs gRiWLji sVLji VNRPVsgS VxqsVN][sysNTP s[sV sWL`i
sL`iNRPL`i gSLjis NRPVxqsVNRPVysV. @xmsVyRVs y][ y RLRi+ysV [soss[ @s gRizLiRysNTP
ys yNRPxmso sVgRiV[ xmsLjibdPLiRsVs FyLRiV. Ry*LS y RWV, @LiRLSV ]gji A
RLRi+yV [sosy [NRP ryysVy @s gRizLi[ @sNSaRPLi NRPgjiLij.
s[sV xmsVsosV AaRPLiVVsxmsVRV, ARVs Rs][ xqsLiztsQLiRRLi @s[j Rs][ NRPgjiDLi[
s\sVs xqsxyxqssVs ryysV yss Rs xms sRsVLiT ]LigjiLiyRs yNRPV RWFyRV. INRP
s DyxLRisV dsVNRPV RWzmsrysV. s[sV s yLi \LRiNRPL`igS DsxmsoRV s[sV xmsRs NTP
LSysW [RWsVNRPVysV.
""xmsVy, yNRPV xqssWyys, ds xqs*ys RRV[LiVV. y sRLi[ s[s[sV [RWs
dsso N][LRiVRVy[ yNRPV RVRV. NRPsVNRP y sRLi[ INRP sVLi sLRiRVLi dxqsVN]sVsV ds
xmsNRPsV yNRPV NRPsVxmsLRiRV.''
s[sV FyLjiLisxmsVRV FyLRis[ [VxqsV yNRPV INRP L] sVVNRPsV @LijLi, dxqsVN]s sV,
Bj s[sV dsNTP[ xqssWysLi @yRV. RLRiVyR ARVs INRP ALRi |ms B yss LRiVso
@yRV. s[sV LRi RW}qs @LiRV[ INRP FsLRis ZNPLixmso DLij. ARVs kss sV, Bj s[sV dsNTP[
AsLiRLi @yRV.

41

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
RLRiVyR xmsVso xxqsLi INRP y*LSs LRiLij. @LiRV[NTP RW}qs @NRPR @gji
NRPszmsLiLij. ARVs gS RLRi RWRV @yRV. s[sV [xmsNTP RWsxmsVRV @NRPR A @gji[
INRP s sLis NRPsTLij. s[sV A sLis dsVR sysV. y RVW @gji *V
FsgRizqsxmsRVRVyLiVV. @xmsoRV xmsVso yNRPV INRP ys B ks xqsRVLi][ xmsTFNRPVLiR zqsLRiLigS
sRV @yRV.
@xmsoRV xmsVso ssV A sLisNRPV sVLjiLiR xqsdsVxmsLigS dxqsVNRPVsRV. A sLis
sVlLisL][ NSRV [V}qs. A sLis xmsNRPs [sos xqssjNTP yLjid}qs sVV DyLiVV.
A RLS*R yNTPLiZNP[sV NRPsR[RV. @xmsVRV xmsVso y][ B @yRV. ""Fy! dsso
@s[NRP aRPsV F~LijsxmsVRV, y RVLiR saS*xqssVVLisxmsVRV \sNRP xqs*sORPQsVV dsNRPV
@sVgRizLixmsRyLiVV. A @gji* sVR dsso xmsTFyss RVLi ds[ NRPgjisxmsVRV dsso
y\|ms RXztsQ ryLjiLis^[, yNRPsVs[ RLi dsNRPV @sVgRizLiRT ssV xmsTFsRVNRPVLiR zqsLRiLigS
sRVRVLij. C a][RssV RzmsLiRysNTP y xqssWysVV, xqsLi][xtsQsVV dsNRPV B ss
zqsRxmsLRiy[ RWRV. s[s[ ds xqssWyssVV, ds xqsLi][xtsQsVV @s xqsy gRiVLRiVLiRVN][.''

42

4
[sos xqs*FysV RLRi+ysV AR[ RWRRLi
xqsWRsVV # 3
s[sV FyLjiLi[xmsVRV xqsLRi*aRPNTPgRi [sos xqs*FysV RLRi+ysV RWRVsV [VxqsV\|ms
RXztsQ RVVLiRVysV.
y FyLRiy sRLi[ [soRV yNRPV @sVgRizLis sVWRs xqsWRsVV, RLRi+ys
DxmsWgjiLiRRLi. xNRPWNRPV [sos RLRi+ys RWRV\ZNP NRPs|msVN]s RVVyRs yRVTLij
(xNRPWNRPV 2 : 1). xqsLRi*aRPNTPgRi [sos][ AdRV xqsLi xtsQ\ZNP xNRPWNRPV C RLRi+ys
ssWgjiLiRVNRPVLiVyRV. xNRPWNRPV 1 : 1 [ [[NTP xNRPWNRPVsNRPV RLRi+sLki[ sLiRs
yRVTLij. @s[NRPsVLij xmssNRPV NRPWy RLRi+sLkigS [sos yNRPVsV xmsNRPLiyLRiV (Dy:
VxtsQRW 1 : 1; 2 : 1 ; 6 : 1; 13 : 1).
Bj yNRPV INRP N]R A[RsgS NRPsTLij. [soRV FsxmsVRV sVs xXRRW[
xqsLiztsQxqsWs[ DyRV. @LiVVsxmsNUP RLRi+ys [soRV sVs][ sWRysNTP ryRsLigS
yRyRs s[sV sLiR[RV. @LiVV[ [soRV AjNSLiRsVV sVVRVN]s xmsNRPs sLRiNRPV @s[NRPryLRiV
@s[NRPsVLij][ xqs*FyV RLRi+y][ sWyRV.
@sVLiRLi E [ s[sV N]s yNRPgSsV DRxLjiLiysV. [yLiR[ [soRV
sWsso][ Fs sWy][ @NRPR VVso [RVTLij. dsVNRPV xqssVRVsVVsxmsVRV ys
ys}qs xqs*FysV RLRi+ysV [soRV Fs yRVNRPVLiRV dsVNRPV @sgSxs NRPVgRiVRVLij. C
@yRVLi[ s[sV xms[[V xqsLigRiRVNRPV NRPWy @s xmsoyj sLis.
@F~.NS. 2 : 17 ARVs C sRLigS |qssyRV ""@LiRjssVVRVLiRV s[sV
sVsVxtsvLiRLji dsVR y ARsV NRPVsVLjiLiRsV. dsV NRPVsWLRiVVsV dsV NRPVsWlLiVsV
xmssLiRLRiV dsV RssVNRPV RLRi+ssVVV NRPVgRiVsV. dsV sXRVV NRPV NRPLiRVLRiV.''
@LiRjy[ xmsLjiaRPVyR sVs[ xqsLiRLjixqsVsxmsVRV RLRi+yV xqs*FyV @s[s
s[LRiV[RVRssgS sVsNRPV NRPszmsxqsVyLiVV. sVssVV C sLji jy[ DysVV gRisVNRP [soRV Rs
ARsV Rs xqsLixmnsVsVV\|ms sVLji VNRPVsgS NRPVLjizmsLi sVsNRPV Rs xqs*FyV RLRi+ysV @jNRPLigS
@sVgRizryRV.
s[sV BxmsVRV [aRPyxmsLigS yLSLiy[ [jLi[ |qssVyLRiV xqs*FyV RLRi+ysV
F~LiRRLi[ ALiNSV FsRVL]syLjiNTP C yVgRiV xqsWyV sLjisgS DxmsWgRixmsRyLiVV.
[sos AdRV xqsxyxqsLi N][LRiVNRPVsyLRiV sVs xqsLixqsQXs sT|ms. @LiVV[ \ZNPQQxqssoV
[sos AyLRiLi [xqsVNRPVs ssLiRNSLi FsLi ALi][sNRPV yLjis NRPjLiR[so. yLRiV FsLi
ALiNSNRPV yso[NRPVLiy [sos][ xqsxyrys N]srygjiLiRsRV. @sVLiRLi E [ [soRV Rs
RLRi+ysV xmsLjiaRPVRVgRiV NRPVNRPV Fs RWzmsLiy][ sVsLi RWRgRiLi.
43

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
@j FysVVQ\sVsy?
zqss=y[ s[sV sLRi*zLis |qssVyL`i[ @NRPR FysyLRiLiRLjiNUP [sos RLRi+ys
RWRysNTP RsV sV[ s[ysV, ARVs yNRPVsV ssysNTP RsV sosV DxmsWgjiLiys
zmssxmsVRV @NRPR DsyLji[ lgi[L`i zqss=y xqsW Amns R \ |mszqsLi @LiVVs
lLislLiLi`. {msL`i= B xqsLijLiyLRiV :
""xmsVy, y sV[s[yV sVs xqsxyrysNTP, sVsLi NRPzqs sRsysNTP FsLiR
FysVVQ\sVss?''.
[sos xqsLiRs : ""INRP gRiVTy, ds RRLiRVsV RWys DLiy @s @Tgji[ @RRV
Fs xqsLijryRV? Rs RRLiRVsV RWys FsLi][ xqsLi][xtsQLi][ lgiLiRVV s[ryRV NRPy.
aSLkiLRiNRPLigS gRiVTy\s sQQNTP Rs RRLiRVsV RWRg][LjisxmsVRV, AdRV gRiVTyR\ss
dsso ds sV[s[yV LRi ssV RWys N][LRiVN][y? y][ }mssV NRPgjiRVVLiys, NRPzqs
sRys N][LRiVN][y? xqssV [NRP BRLRiV Fs NRP= sRsgRiLRiV? ssV RWys[ N][LjiNRP ds[
BLiNS xmso[y?''
rys xqsLiRs : ""xmsVy s[sV ssV RWRg][LRiVRVysV.'' [sos xqsLiRs : ""dsso
RxmsNRP ssVRWRgRiso rys''
sVL]NRP xqsLiRs |mns` yys :
""xmsVy, y sV[ s[yV FsLiR FysVVQ\sVss? s[sV ys BLiRNRPV sVVsV}ms
DxmsWgjiLiyy? ys s[sV Fs DxmsWgjiLiyy?''
""@s FsLi][ FysVVQ\sVss, sWss s[y][ dsso ZNP[sLi INRP sQQNTP RLjiLis
sryQsV, @Rs sVVs sWRs[V RWRgRiso. sV[s[y][ sQQNTP @LiRLRiLigSs, xmsLjizqsRVsV
NRPWy RWRgRiso. ds sV[s[y][ ssV NRPWy RWRgRiso. @Li[gSNRP @LiRLji[sV ssV
RWRgRiso. BRLRiVV NRPWy ssV ds[ RWRgRiLRiV.''
\|ms lLiLiRV ryOSQQsV yLji @sVsV][ BNRPR xmsrysLiRRLi LjigjiLij. dsy*LS [soRV
Rs xqsLixmnsVLi[ xmsV Fs yLji FyLRiy sy[ AdRV RLRi+ysV @sVgRizxqsVyRV
@s[yss gRizLiRgRiLi. AjNSLiRLi sVLiT xmsNRPs sLRiNRPV gRi yNSyLS[ yy sy\s
RLRi+yV, ssR ryLiVV[s RLRi+ysV gRiWLji sVsLi RWRgRiLi. @j sVsNRPV INRP xmsyxLi s
@sVgRizLixmsRVRVyLiVV. C RLRi+ysV sVsLi F~Lijs RLRiVyR ys sVssVV yNRPsVV][
xmsLjibdPLiy.
[sos xqsLiyLSs RWRV
BNRPR s[sV NRPV @Li[ xmsgRi NRP gRiVLjiLi sWRRLi [RV. sV[ s[y[ [sos
xqsLiyLSs gRisVsLiys sVsVVsV N][LRiVRVysV. [sos AR xqsLiyLSs RWs {qsQ,

44

 [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

xmsoLRiVxtsv\s xmssNRPV kLRiRLji+V @s zmsVsyLRiV (1 xqssVW 9 : 9). BNRPR lLiLiRV
xmsxmsLiyV lLiLiRV sy NRPsVV DyLiVV.FV Fs|mns{qsRVVsV gRiWLji, yLji sV[s[yV
sgjiLixmsys FyLjiLiyRV (1 : 17, 18). sVsLi NRPWy AR xmsxmsLiRLi[ sLiyLi[,
xmsLjiaRPVyR NSLSsV @sgSxs [xqsVN][yLi[ sVs sV[s[ysV RxmsNRP DxmsWgjiLiy.
RLRi+ssVV @s[NRP syVgS xmsWsNRPLRi\sVsj. sVs xmsNRPs INRP sQQNTP NRPWLRiVs
sWRVRVsVgSs[ sVs xmsV\ss [VxqsV][ NRPWy sVsLi sVVsVVgS sWRgRiLi. xqs*xqs R
xmsLjiRLRi[ NRPWy RLRi+ysV sVsLi DxmsWgjiLiRgRiLi. [VxqsV NRPWy ysV @s[NRP L][gRiVsV A
LkigS xqs*xqsxmsLRiyRV.
yy sy\s RLRi+yV
RLRi+yV HRV syV. @ds xqssWss[V. xms yss NRPWy [sos yNRPsVV][
xmsLjibdPLiy.
sVVRj LSs[[ NRPlgi[ RLRi+ssVV. Bj FV 16 : 9 [ F~LiyRV. @RRV @s[NRP
xms[ [sos yNSs xmsNRPLiRg][LSRV. @LiVV[ @RRV xmsLjiaRPVyR [R ALiNRPxmsLRiRyRV.
sVL]NRP LS @RRV sWzqs][sRV[ INRP sQQNTP xqsRVLi N]LRiNRPV @LjiLiRRLi RLRi+sLigS RW
@NRPRNRPV sTzmsLiRyRV.
s[sV sjLi[xmsVRV NRPWR y[ @LiRNRPVsVVLiRV ][V [xqsVNRPVs RWLi][ssV
[soRV yNRPV RWzms ssV sTzmsryRV. [sos][ xqsLixtsQ NRPWy 1 LSV 3 [ r~sWsV s
ys[VV 7 [ ys[VV s DLiVLij.
@s[NRP xqsLisR=LS NTPRLi, s[sV szmsysgS DsxmsVRV s[sV [VxqsVNUPxqsV xqsLixmnsVLi[
sT DLiRRLi RLRi+sLi[ RWysV. @xmsVRV y xXRRVLi[ gRiWRVNRPVN]s Ds INRP
xmsaRPsV @TgSsV. ""s[sV ds xqs*LSs Fs ssgRisV?'' ARVs y][ ""dsso xqsLji\Vs
sWLRisVV[s[ Dyso. ds sWLSs sT|mssRV'' @yRV. C @sVsLi ssV Fy=xxmsLRi
y sLkiORPQ[ N]srygRiysNTP sLij. y syLRiV[ @s[NRPVV BLi @sVys
F~LijsylLi[. C @sVyV yLjiNTP RLRi+sLi VVNRP FysVVRsV RVFyLiVV.
lLiLiRs sR\sVs RLRi+sLi ARsaRPVgRiV : }msRVLRiV C @sVys @F~.NS. 10 : 10c16.
C RLRi+ssVV[ @RRV aRPyjxms\Vs N]lLi[ds DyxLRigS RW @ssVNRPV NRPWy [soRV
}mssVxqsVyRs, yLjiNTP NRPWy LRiORPQ xqsVyLRi xmsNRPLiRys }msRVLRiV VxqsVNRPVyRV.

sVWRs sR\sVs RLRi+sLi, sVs sV[s[y][ ARxqsLiLiR\sVs xqsLigRiRVsV RWRV.

@F~.NS. 7 : 55, 56 [ |qs|mnssV xmsLRi[NRPsVV[ [VxqsV [sos NRPVTFyLRi+Q*sVVs sVRVLiRV
RWyRV. @RRV Rs x NRPsVV LRi RWxqsVyRV gSs @Rs sV[s[yV AR
xqsLigRiRVsV RWxqsVyLiVV.
C xmsoxqsNRPLi[ s[sV \|mss }msL]sTs sVWRV sy\s RLRi+ysV gRiWLji RLjiLiRRLi
45

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
[RV. [soRV sVssVVs LkigSs[ sWRg][lLi[ RLRi+yV Bs. @LiRVZNP[ N]sryLRiV sVsLi dss
RNRPVsgS @LiRy s[RVRLi LRiVgRiV][Lij. @LiVV[ C lLiLiRV RLRi+yV xqsVsR\sVss,
xqsV# \sVss, rysWsQ\sVss.
yVgRis sR\sVs RLRi+sLi xqsx\sVsj. @j s[sV FyLjiLi[xmsVRV [soRV
FyLRiysxqsLRiR gRi INRP sQQNTP }msLRiVsV y[ RVs sgjiryRV. @lgi[ A sQQNTP sVVLi, yLji
yV INRP RXaRPLigS yNRPV Fs[ryLRiV NRPszmsLiLij. BLi @sVsLi y syLRiVNRPV NRPWy
Fs[ryLRiV NRPgjiLij.
BNRP sLji sR\sVs RLRi+sLi yVgRis RLRi+sLi sLi[. Bj FyLRis[ [NRP RLRi+ssVV[
NRPszmsxqsVLij. s[sV FyLRis[ sWNRPLjiLisxmsVRV [y y xXRRWs ds yNRPsVV][ [NRP ds
RLRi+ssVV][ sLixmso @s FyLjiLisxmsVRV C RLRi+ssVV NRPVgRiVRVLij. C sR\sVs RLRi+ssVV[
FsNRPVsgS ssLjixqsVysV.
kLRiRLji+Q\Vs ys[VV
@LiVV[ B sVs sVsxqsV=[ sVj[ ysV [sos RLRi+yVgS sLiRsy?
RxmsNRPVLiy sLiRsRV @s \ |qssrLij. ys[VV 4 : 13, 14 [ LS\s sVNRPLRiV
B @LiVyRV. ""sVLjiRVV s[sV y xmsRNRPdsVR xmsLiRVN]s RVVLiT y sVsxqsV=sNRPV NRPgjis
RLRi+ssVVsV RWRVRVLiRgS, gRiLRiWNRPVRgRiV INRP xmsLjiaRPVRVRV ANSaRPsVVsVLiT jgji s CgRiV
gRiLRigS xmsNRPLisV.''
@LiVV[ sVs[ ysVLij [sRWR B sVs sVsxqsV=[ RLRi+y y*LS
sWRyRs ssVLRiV. @LiVV[ [ssVV C xqsys xqsxtsQLigS ssLjirLij. ys[VV 7 : 1, 13
sVLjiRVV 15 sRysV gRiRgS gRisVsLiRLiT. ys[VV FyRsLiRs NSLi[s[ sVsVxtsQ
NRPVsWLRiVs Fs VVNRPs RWyRV. ""V[sV LSgRiV <xqs=LRiV VVNRP xmsLjiFys[ sVVR
xqsLisR=LRisVVs ys[VVsNRPV RLRi+ssVVV NRPlgisV; @RRV Rs xmsRNRPdsVR xmsLRiVLiT VVNRP NRP NRPs
A NRP xqsLigRis xqsLiZOP[QxmssVVgS ssLjiLi y|qssV.'' ""LS NRPgjis RLRi+ssVVsV s[sLiNRP
RWRVRVLiRgS, ANSaRP# s[VxmnsWLRiWRV\ sVsVxtsQNRPVsWLRiVs Fs VVNRPRV s, A
sVsXRVRgRiVys xqssjs xmss[bPLi, ARVs xqssVVsVVsNRPV [sV.'' ""yNRPV NRPgjis
RLRi+ssVVV ssV NRPsLRixmsLRiRVRVsLiRVs ys[VsV s[sV y [xsVV[
sV[RVMsVVgRiyR\ss.''

[s xmsoyj
\LiR[ sVssVV gRiRgS gRisVs}qs [sos xqsLixtsQ[ xqs*xmssVVV, RLRi+ssVVV
NRPWy INRP gRis[V @s sVsNRPV xqsxtsQsVsoRVLij. FyR N]R sLiRsV lLiLiTLi[sV [soRV
lLi[sWsV RLRi+ys DxmsWgjiLiyRV.
[sos][ sVs xqsxyrys N]srygjiLiRysNTP DxmsWgRixms[ lLiLiRV AdRV BLijRWV
46

 [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

DyLiVV. Aj 12s @yRVLi[ [soRV @sVV][ ssV g]xms yLigRisVVgS [ryss
ygSsLi [aSRV. Bj lLi[sW, [soRV @Rs][ xmsNTPs sW. @sVV [sos sWNRPV s[RVV\
ARVs zmssVgS RVV[LSRV. [soRV sVLRi @sVV][ sWyRV.
""sVLjiRVV ds xqsLiyssVVsV WsVdsVRsVLiRV lLi[Vsos sxqsLjiLixms [|qsRsV; FssgS
INRPRV WsVdsVRsVLiRV lLi[VsosV NTPLixmsgRigjis VR ds xqsLiyssVVsV NRPWy
NTPLixmssRVsV.'' ""sVLjiRVV ARVs sVxmsNTP @Rs dzqsN]s s c dsso ANSaRPsVV\sxmso
[LjiRW sORPQ RsVVsV NTPLiRVNRPV ds [R\s[ NTPLiRVsVs zms c ds xqsLiyssVV AgRisoss
|mssV.'' (Aj 13 : 16; 15 : 5).
[soRV @sVVsNRPV Rs lLi[sWsV gRiWLjis INRP RXaSs RWzmsLiyRV. @RRV ANSaRPLi
\sxmso RWy, s[sV RWy, @RRV [sos ygSys saRP*zqsLiyRV. RLRiVy sRsLi RLRi+sLi
VVNRP aRPNTPs NTP V][Lij.
""@RRV Vx[ysV ssVsV; ARVs @j @RsNTP dsgS FsLisV.'' (Aj 15 : 6)
Bj FsLiR g]xms xmsNRPs. C RLRi+sLi @sVV VVNRP saS*rys sVLjiLiR xmsLRiLij.
[sos xqs*LSs ss[ aRPNTPgRi xmssNRPQ\Vs sVV FsLiRgS xmszqsj F~LiyRLi[ sWRWV
LS NRPWR @Rs xqsRWs @LjiLiyRV. sVV sVVR [sos xqs*LSs ss A sW
xmsNSLRiLi [}qsyRV, BaS[VV xmssV aRPzmsLiRysNTP Rs @LiVVxtsQR RV[zqssyRV. xqsLi 24
: 2c4 sVLjiRVV 15, 16 sRy[ B yRVTLij. ""NRPsVV LRisysNTP ss [[NTP.
[syNRPVsV sss ys yLRi. sVx[sRVs sR sLjigjis ys yLRi. @RRV xmsLRisaRPV\ NRPsVV
LRisy\ xqsLRi*aRPNRPVs RLRi+ssVV F~LisV.'' @RRV lLi[sW sVLjiRVV RLRi+ssVV y*LS
xmsRQORPQRsV F~LiyRV.
[VxqsVNUPxqsV xmsLjiRLRi[ NRPWy RLRi+sLi |msR FyR FztsQLiLij. WsV 5 : 19, 20 [
ARVs B @yRV. ""RLiT [Vj [RVV NRPVsWLRiVRV RWRV[, @[ NSs RsLiR ysV
GjRVV [RVs[LRiRV; ARVs s[s [RVV[, ys[ NRPVsWLRiVRVsV @lgi[ [RVVsV. RLiT,
NRPVsWLRiVs }mssVLiRVRV, ysV [RVVyssV ARVsNRPV @gRixmsLRiRVRVyRV . . . ''
sVWRV @yRW RLS*R, ARVs @s[ sWV sVLRi VRVyRV. ""s[sV y
RLiTVVR RWs xqsLigRiRV[ [jLiRVRVysV.'' (WsV 8 : 38) ARVs RsLiR ysV
GsVRVV [RVRLi [Rs xmsNRPLiyRV. Rs aRPNTP @jNSLRisVV Rs RLiTss NRPgjisj. Rs RLiT
L][gRiV\|ms [RVVLiRRLi RWsxmsVRV [VxqsV L][gRiV\|ms [RVVLi yLjis xqs*xqsxmsLRi[yRV. Rs
RLiT RRWsV sg]RLi RWsxmsVRV [VxqsV NRPWR RRWsV sg][yRV. Rs
RLiT NTPRVsV lLi[sW y*LS sss xmsNSLRisVV, RLRi+ssVV[ RWs xmsNSLRisVV [VxqsV xqssVrys
[aSRV.
s[sV NRPWy [VxqsV s sLiys y AR[ dLSsLiRVNRPVysV. y x NRPsVV
RW}qs y xmsNSLRiLi NSNRP y sV[s[yV RW[y xmsNSLRiLi sLiys INRP g]xms sLRiRVLi
dxqsVNRPVysV. ""GRVsgS RXaRPQ\sVss @sRsVVV; @RXaRPQ\sVss sRsVVV.'' (2 N]LjiLik 4 :
18). [soRV ssV }mssVxqsVyRs, s[sV y NRPsVV LRi ARVs ysV [RVVys yNRPV
47

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
RWxmsoyRs gRizLiysV.
[VxqsV ysV RLRi+ysV RWRRLi sWRs[V NSNRP sVNRPV RXaRPLRiWxmsLi[
Dxms[bPLi[yRV. sVRLiVV 13 : 35 [ ""[VxqsV C xqsLigRiRVsss sxqssVWxsVVNRPV
DxmssWsLkigS [jLisV; DxmssWssVV [NRP yLjiZNP[sVRVV [jLixms[RV.'' @s yRVTRVVsj.
DxmssWssVV sW][ NRPWTs RLi. [VxqsV N][RNRPV ss xmsLisV gRiVLjiLi [, [sos
LSsNTP zqsRxmsRsVs |RLjixqsVyRs @LRiLi. yOSQss gRiVLjiLi [, NUPxqsVsLiRV s
xmnsLiRsVs @LRiLi.
N]{qs= 1 : 15 [ RWs^[, ""[VxqsV @RXaRP [sos xqs*LRiWzms\VRVVyRV'' @s
FV RV[aSRV. FyRsLiRs @LiR[ [soRV RsV sWssoNRPV NRPsVxmsLRiRVN]sg][Lji yLjiNTP
Rs AsV, sLiRssV xmssNRP y*LS @sVgRizLiyRV. gRiVyLRisVV[ yLjiNTP RsV gRiVLjiLi
RV[aSRV.
@LiVVy xmsV ARVssV @LRiLi [xqsVN][[RV. s[RV sVsLi NRPWy @LRiLi [xqsVN][sRLi [RV.
[soRV NRPXxms[s yRs FyxmsLi [zqssyLRiV RLigS bPORPQNRPV gRiVLRisoyLRis s[ [RNRPVV
[jxqsVyLRiV. @LiVV[ [soRV Rs }mssVsV xmsNRPLiRysNTP Rs NRPXxmssV sT [RVysNTP Rs
zmsRVNRPVsWLRiVs C [NSsNTP xmsLiFyRV. ARVs sVssVR sszqsLi [soRV [NRPsVVsV FsLi][
}mssVLisy\ Rs NRPVsWLRiVs xmsLizms ARVs y*LS sWsyNTP FyxmsORPQsWxmssV @sVgRizLiyRs
RV[aSRV.
BLiRNRPV sVVLiRV s[sV zmssVgS xmsLjiaRPVyR NSLSNRPV xqs*FyV, RLRi+yNRPV RgRiLji
xqsLiLiRLi DLij. @F~.NS. 2 : 17 ""@LiRjssVVRVLiRV s[sV sVsVxtsvLiRLji dsVR y ARsV
NRPVsVLjiLiRsV. dsV NRPVsWLRiVVsV dsV NRPVsWlLiVsV xmssLiRLRiV dsV RssVNRPV RLRi+ssVVV
NRPVgRiVsV. dsV sXRVV NRPV NRPLiRVLRiV.''
xmsLjiaRPVyR xqssVXjgS NRPVsVLjiLixmsRVRVs NSLi[ sVsLi sxqsVysVs s[sV
sxqsVysV. @F~.NS. 2 : 17, xmsLjiaRPVyR ss sVsNRPV xmssRyV, xqs*FyV, RLRi+yV,
xmsyxLi s NRPVsVLjiLixmsRVRVyLiVV. NS s[ saS*xqsVV NRPWy C xqsys saRP*zqsLi C
xmsys F~LiRysNTP RsV sV[s[ysV LRiy.
@lgi[ xmsNRPs 1 : 10 [ NRPWy WsV ARsaRPV\, [sRWR][ sWyRs sVsLi
RRVsgRiLi. ""xmsVso jssVLiRV s[sV AR saRPVR\sRVVLiRgS WLRiR*ssLi g]xms xqs*LRisVV c
dsso RWRVRVsyss xmsoxqsNRPsVV[ yzqs, . . . xqsLixmnsVsVVNRPV xmsLixmsosVs y][ xmsV y ssVNRP
sLis.''
WsV ARsaRPV\ xmsLjiaRPVyR][ sLiRVN]sRVVyRV. @RRV INRP xqs*LSs (lLi[sW)
syRV. xmsRQORPQRsV LRi[ yzqsN]yRV. @RRV INRP RLRi+ys RWyRV. A RLRi+sLi[sNTP
xmss[bPLiyRV. RWR][ sWyRV. AR xmsxmsLiRLi[ ysV gRiLi NSsys RWyRV.
NS, AjNSLiRLi sVVRVN]s xmsNRPs sLRiNRPV [soRV sWsy][ RLRi+y y*LS
sWRVRW syRV. C RLRi+y sVs saS*rys |msLiRVyLiVV. Bs AR xmsxmsLiysNTP INRP
VVsogS DyLiVV. [soRV RXaRPLRiWxmsLi[sV NRPR LRiWxmsLi[sV FsLiRVNRPV [jxqsVyRV? C
48

 [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

NRPR ss @s[NRP [yFyRWV, syyV DRssVsoRVyLiVV. [sos yNSs NRPR
LRiWxmsLi[ NSNRPVLiy NRPsVxmsR[ s[LRiVNRPVLi[ sVsNRPV FsLi xqssVxqsV FsRVLRiV NSso NRPy?
@LiVV[ [soRV Rs yNSs NRPR LRiWxmsLi[, RXaRPLRiWxmsLi[ xmsysNTP INRP NSLRiLi
Dsj. @s[NRP sW NRPs INRP RXaRPLi y*LS @s[NRP xqsLigRiRVV R*LjiRLigS @LRiLi NSsysNTP
@sNSaRPLi DLij. xqsLi gRiRVsV sZaP[ztsQLiRRLi sVsxqsV=NRPV AsLiys NRPgjixqsVLij gSs. [soRV sVs
xXRRWsV xqsQXbPLiys N][LRiVRVyRV. NRPsVNRP [sos gRiVLjiLi sVsLi VxqsVN][szqsLij sVsNRPV
RXaRPLRiWxmsLi[sV, DxmssWsLRiWxmsLi[sV @LijLiRTLij.
RLRi+ssVV VVNRP FyysR
xmsxmsLiRLi[s[ @ |msR xqsLixmnsWsNTP NSxmsLji\Vs yee [s` (Fy RWLigki) ][ gSLRiV NRPWy
RXaRP aRPNTPs FsNRPVsgS saRP*zqsLi[yLRiV. ARVs ryORPQ sVxqsW xmsLjiaRPVyR Rs][ sWRg][LjisxmsVRV
xqs*FysV, RLRi+ysV DxmsWgjiryRs FyLRiV. @LiRVNRPV A RLRi+ysV xqs*FysV
F~LiRysNTP sVsLi NRPWy zqsRLigS DLiys }msyLRiV.
ARVs RLRi+ssVV[ INRP xqsLixmnsV xqsV xqs @jNRPsVsRLi NRPWy INRP. BxmsVRV A
xqsLixmnsV xqsV xqsLi 7,00,000 yLij. @LiVVsxmsNUP, BxmsVyRVs ysV NRP s[y][
RWxqsVs xqsLixmnsV xqsVNRPLi[ sV[s[y][ sVLjiLiR |msR xqsLisV RWxqsVyRV.
RLRi+ysV RWRysNTP sVsNRPV xqsXyRNRP sVsxqsV= DLiy. @xqsV sVssV xqsXLis
sV[so[ g]xms xqsXyRNRP NRPgjisyRV. ARVs Rs xqssVxqs xqsXztsQs xqsXyRNRP][
xqsXLiyRV. ARVs [s ys DsV zmsVsgS @s NRPgjisss sVssVV AjNSLiRsVV sVVR
@yRVsVV[ RWRgRiLi.
dsso G\y INRP yss N]RgS RRWLRiV [RWLi[ sVVR yss gRiWLjis ERLi
ds sVsxqsV=[ sVRVRVLij. gRigRissLRiLi [}qs \|qs#ryQxmsL`i s[sVLiT sLigjiZNPgRiLRiysNTP sVVLiRV
yss RRWLRiV [zqss sQQNTP Fs xmss[xqsVLi][ Fs[ LkiRVVgS EzLi yss @s[NRP syVgS
xmsWgjiLi LRiWF~LijryRV. \sVZNP[Li[ INRP FyLSs RWsxmsVRV @LiRLRiV RWsVgS NSNRP
sVVR ys LRiWFys EzLi Rs ExNRPV @sVgRiVLigS yss NTP ydsRV bPs
NSRV.
[soRV xqsLRi*sWssoLiRLjiNUP AR @s[yss @sVgRizLiyRV. B[ sWssoNRPV
LiRVsoNRPV gRi [RsVV. sWssoNRPV AR DLij NSs LiRVsoNRPV AR [RV. @LiVV[ [s oRV
sWssoLiRLjiNUP FsLi][N]LiR xqsXyRNRPRsV @sVgRizLiyRV. sVssVV xmsLjiaRPVyRNRPV sVssV
@xmsgjiLiRVNRPVsxmsVRV ARVs sVs xXRRW[ A xqsXyRNRPRsV sLixmsoyRV. @Li[
Gxmss\sy sVsLiR sVsLi [RVRLi NSNRP NRPVsVLji ys [[s FyRVgS ARVsNRPV
@xmsgjiLiRVNRPVsxmsVRV ARVs sVssV Rs RxmsNSLRisVV sVVryRV.

49

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

@sVV : INRP @RVRLi sLiRRLi

[sos xqsXyRNRP @RVysNTP @sVV INRP g]xms DyxLRigS sVxqsVyRV.
sVVR [soRV @sVV][ sWyRV :
""Vx[y dsso [ ds [aRPsVVsVLiTRVV ds LiRVso VVRsVLiTRVV ds RLiT
LiVVLisVLiTRVV RVV[Lji s[sV dsNRPV RWzmsLiRV [aRPsVVsNRPV ssVV. ssV g]xms
ssVVgS [zqs ssV AbdPLRi*jLi ds ysVsVVsV g]xms [RVVRVsV, dsso AbdPLS*RsVVgS
sVLiRVso.'' (Aj 12 : 1, 2).
RLRiVyR, [soRV @sVV xXRRVLi[ INRP RXaSs yRV. xmsVso INRP
RLRi+ssVV[ @Rs VVRNRPV syRV (Aj 15 : 1). A RXaRPs[V @Rs sRLi[ INRP
@RVRLkigS sLRis[LRiTLij. ""sVLjiRVV ARVs ([soRV) sVxmsNTP @Rs (@sVVsV)
dxqsVN]s s c dsso ANSaRPsVV\sxmso [LjiRW sORPQ RsVVsV NTPLiRVNRPV ds [R\s[
NTPLiRVsVs zms c ds xqsLiyssVV AgRisoss |mssV.'' (Aj 15 : 5). xqsLRi*aRPNRPVQ\s [soRV
@sVVxXRRVLi[ ys RXaRPLi BxmsVRV @Rs xXRRVLi[ INRP xqsXyRNRPgS sLi
@Rs saS*rys |msLiF~LijLi [sos ysNTP @sVNRPWLigS LRiWxmsojRVNRPVLij. [soRV A
saS*rys gRiWLji ryORPQ sVyRV NRPWy. ""@RRV Vx[ysV ssVsV; ARVs @j @RsNTP
dsgS FsLisV.''(Aj 15 : 6).
[sos][ xqsLiztsQLi, ARVs lLi[sWsV RLRi+ys F~Li[ xms sQQNTP NRPWy BLi
@sVys RsRWryRV. xqsLRi*aRPNTPgRi [soRV @sVgRizLi[ xq>sVyRNRP A[RsV yLji saS*xqs
ryLiVVs xmsLRiVxqsVLij. [sos][ xqsLiztsQLiRyLi y*LS s[sV NRPWy RVsVV][ NRPWTs
sLSaSRXNRPRLisVLiT saS*xqssVV sLiTs AaSRXNRPysNTP sWLSsV.
@sVV Rs xXRRVLi[ [sos lLi[sWsV RLRi+ys xmsjxmsLRiRVNRPVyRV.
""@saS*xqssVVss [sos ygSssVVsV gRiWLji xqsLi[zLixmsNRP [sos sVzsVxmsLRi, ARVs
ygSssVV [zqssyss sLRis[LRiVNRPV xqssVLRiVRs LRiWTgS saRP*zqsLi saS*xqssVVss
sVVLisV.'' (L][sW 4 : 20c 21).
BxmsVRV [soRV @sVVNRPV GsVs ygSssVV [aS][ yss DRLjixqsVyRV. [soRV
@Rs][, ""sVLjiRVV BNRPdsVR ds }msLRiV @sVV @sRRV; ssV @s[NRP ssVVNRPV RLiTsgS
sRVsVLis gRisVNRP ds }msLRiV @sVV @sRVsV.'' (Aj 17 : 5). @sVV @sgS
@s[NRPVNRPV RLiT. [soRV @RsNTP ysV [zqss ygSys FsxmsVRV @sgS Rs }msLRiV
DRLjiLi[xmsV xmsNRPLiRsVs VRVyRV.
@sVV [sos ygSysNTP @sVgRiVLigS saS*xqssVV][ sRRVN]sLiRVss [soRV
@RsNTP Bs AbdPLS*ys @Rs LRiQ\Vs aSLS @RsNTP ygSsxmsoRV NRPsj. (Aj 21 :
1c5). [soRV sVs AR y*LS sLis xqsXyRNRP saS*ry y*LS Rs D[aSsV
NRPxmsxmsLiRLi[ sLRis[LRiVNRPVLiRsysNTP Bj FsLiR g]xms @RVR\sVs DyxLRi.
@lgi[ [sos][ xqsLiztsQLi[ xms saS*zqs ysV BLiRNRPV sVVLisRW RsRWRs g]xms
50

 [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

@sVys F~LiRVyRV. B[ xqsLixtsQ BxmsVRV [soRV Rs [VxqsVNUPxqsV xqsLixmnsVLi[
xmsosLRiVRLjiLiyRV. BxmsVRV xqsLixmnsVLi xmsxmsLiRLi[ xqsXyRNRP aRPNTPgS FsRVgRiV][Lij. s[ xmsxmsLiR
xqssVxqssV xqsLixmnsVLi Rs xqsXyRNRP xmsLjiuyLS y*LS xqs*xqsxmsLRiVrLij. [sos NRPVsWLRiVRV
Fy{qsy WgRiLi dsVR sRs NSLi sVLiT [NRPLi Fg]VNRPVs C @sVys sVLRi
F~LiRV][Lij. [sos][ BLi xqsLixtsQ y*LS y sRLi NRPWy sVLRi xmsosLRiVRLjiLiRTLiRs
s[sV ryORPQ sVxqsVysV.
sWssos AR[ xqsXyRNRP aRPNTP DLi Rs s[RV sWssyyRVV NRPWy gRiVLjixqsVyLRiV.
xqsLRi*xqsRLi[sNTP sTzmsLiRTs \ZNPQQxqssoV ysVV xqsXyRNRP aRPNTP y*LS [}qs NTPRVNRPV
LiRszqss xmnsVsRsV, sVzsVsV [VxqsVZNP[ Liy.
AR y][ G\y sW[xmsVRV, ARVs Rs sWsV xmsNRPsVVLiRVN][ysNTP N]s
RXaSsV @sVgRizryRV. s[sV Dxms[bPLiR sVVRV|mssxmsVRV ARVs sTzmsLixmsoN]LRiNRPV AR
@sVgRizLi[ RLRi+sLi N]LRiNRPV s[RVNRPVLisV. [sos ygSsLi y sRLi[ sLRis[LRi[sVVLi[
yss RLRi+sLi[ RWrysV. [VxqsVNUPxqsV xqsLixmnsVLi [sos][ xqsszR xqsLixtsQsV
xmsosLRiVRLjiLiRVNRPVs[sVVLi[ yss gRiWLjis RLRi+ys s[sV RWRgRiVgRiVysV.
dsss gRiVLjiLi[ RLjiLi[ sVVLiRV INRPryLji saS*xqsVNRPV RLiT\Vs @sVVsV
gRiWLji A[yLi.
sVVR RaRP c gRiLRiyLRi
1. @RRV xmsVso xqs*LSs syRV (Aj 12 : 1c3).
2. @RRV saS*xqs s[y][ RWyRV (Aj 15 : 5, 6).
lLiLiRs RaRP c F~RVgRiV
3. @RRV saS*xqsxXRRVLi][ WLiyRV (L][sW 4 : 20, 21).
4. @RRV yNSs gRiWLji saS*xqsxmspLjiRLigS sWyRV (Aj 17 : 5).
5. @RRV saS*xqsLi][ Rs NTPRVsV N]srygjiLiyRV (Aj17 : 23).
sVWRs RaRP c sLiRV
6. @RRV saS*xqs ygSys F~LiyRV (Aj 21 : 5).
F~LiRysNTP zqsRxmsRRLi
yNRPV xmssLi[ sRVxqsV=sxmsVRV, y[ Ds ERNRP aRPNTPs, RLRi+s aRPNTPs
@ssxqsLRi\sVsjgSsV, zms[xtsQgSsV sLi xmsNRPs |mssV. y RXztsQ[ yZNPLi
Fyysy [RV. sRVsLiR\sVs sysNTP sRVVNRPQ\sVs, sZaP[xtsQRNRP, }RVyR RXNRPRLi
@sxqsLRisVs sLiysV. A sRLigS [soRV yNRPsVgRizLis ERNRP aRPNTPs, RLRi+s aRPNTPs
sxqsLjiLisLiRV[R sVLRi @s yNRPV NSysVNRPVsxmsVRV yNRPV @s Li NS[RV. [sos
ERNRP aRPNTPs, RLRi+s aRPNTPs F~LiRysNTP @sxqsLRi\sVss FysVVLigS sVWRV @LiaSV DyLiVV.

51

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

sVVRj, ERNRP aRPNTP, RLRi+s aRPNTP VVNRP sVssV s[sV gRiVLjiLiy. y sVV\ZNP[,
[sos yNSs ALRiLiLi sVLiT @LiRLi sLRiNRPV gRi VVsoss xmsLjibdPLi gRizLis
RLRiVyR y sV[s[yV LRiRVN]s xqsLRi*aRPNTPgRi [soRsVgRizLiRV RLRi+s aRPNTPs F~LiRysNTP ssV
s[sV zqsRxmsLRiRVNRPVysV.
@s[NRP xqsLisR=LSVgS dss DxmsWgjiLiRsLiRVs y RLRi+srysVLSQs s[sV
Fg]VN]ysV. @LiRVs sVLRi RLRi+ys RWRgRilgi[ rysVLSQs sVLRi F~LiRysNTP s[sV
FsLi][ aRPsVLiy= sLij. s[sV [zqss lLiLiRs xmss, [sos RLRi+ys y sV[s[RLi[
RWRysNTP N]LiR xqssVRWs ZNP[LiVVLi, xmsaSLiR xXRRVLi][ ""RLiU s[sV RWRysNTP dsso
G\sVy @sVgRizLiRg][LRiVRVyy?'' @s xmsbPLiysV. @xmsVRV s[sV y RXztsQs [VxqsV\|ms DLi,
ARVs N]LRiNRPV NRPs|msVN]s ARVs RLRi+sLi N]LRiNRPV JzmsNRP][ s[RVVysV. (Dy: ys[VV 7 :
2, 9, 13 sVLjiRVV 8 : 2, 3, 5). @xmsVRV y sV[s[RLi[ [sos xqsLiyLSs gRizLiRgRigSsV.
s[sV sVVR [sos RLRi+ys RWsxmsVRV, ARVs y][ RXaRPxmsLRiLigSsV, RLRi+y
y*LSsV sWRyRs xmsLjixmspLRiLigS saRP*zqsLiysV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ |d 11 : 6 B
RV[rLij. [sos VVRNRPV sRVyRV ARVs DyRsRVV, RsV sRNRPVyLjiNTP xmnssVV
RRV[RVVsV @sRVV ssVssV gRiy. [soRV y][ RLRi+y y*LS sWRyRs, Rs
xmsRQORPQR @sVgRizryRs s[sV ssVsLiVV[, y @sVsWsLi, xmsbPLi[ RR*Li y*LS [sos][
sW[ @sNSaSs, RsRsV s[sV Fg]VNRPVLiVysV. kss gRiWLji LS[[V @yRW[
sVLjiLiR sxmsoLigS RLjirysV. @LiVV[ saS*xqssVV y*LSs[ sVssVV [sos][ xqsLiztsQLiRgRisVs[
xqsys sVssVLiRLRisVV gRizLiy.
sVs sV[s[ysV @sXj xmsLRiRVN]sV (Fs|mns{qs 1 : 18)
AR BLijRWsV DxmsWgjiLiRRLi y*LS @s sVLjiLiR xmsRyRVs \
V][Lij. AR[ RWRysNTP N]s sRVsV [RVszqs DLiVLij. @LiRV[ xqsVV\ssj,
sVsNRPLiRLjiNTP xmsLjiRRV\sVsj \ NRPR[sNTP xmss[bPLiRRLi. \ NRPR[s INRP RXaRPLi[sNTP
xmss[bPLi xmsLjiaRPVyRVRV dsNRPV @NRPR GLi [jLiRg][LRiVRVy][ NRPs|msVN]s RVVLiRV. C
RXaRPLi[ dsso INRP }msORPQNRPVsgS NSNRP RVLRiV\ZNPs FyRgS FysV.
szms dsTW zqsLkiqs xqsWxmsL`i VN`P BLiRVN]NRP g]xms DyxLRi. BLiRV[ ys
Fnys=r, NSLRisV RNRP xqsLigkiys @LijLiyLRiV. dsLjiRLRiV @}tsQNRPLi F~Lijs FyLRiRLiVVRV.
yLji FyV @s[NRPLi \ NRPRNRPV D[NRPLRiLigS DyLiVV. C FysV FyRVN]sRLi y*LS sVsLi
sVL][[NRPLi[sNTP xmss[bPLis @sVW F~LiRVyLi.
y |qssVyL`i[ Fys[ \ZNPQQxqssoNRPV s[sV G][ INRP \ NRPRsV B A RXaRPLi[sNTP
xmss[bPLiRsVs yLjiNTP VysV. yLji[ sVWTLi lLiLiRV sLiRVsVLij @ [RVgRiLRiV. INRP
sLiRV [RV[LRiV. AaRPLRiNRPLRiLigS, lLiLiRV sLiRV sVLij \ NRPRsV sZaP[xtsQR RXztsQ][
RRVsoRVLiRgS, INRPsLiRV \ NRPRsV RRVsoRVsxmsVRV A RXaS[sNTP xmss[bPxqsVyLRiV.
52

 [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

sVssVV [sos VVRNRPV szmss LSys [soRV N][LRiVRVyRV NRPsVNRP sVsNRPV
NRPWy [sos yNSs INRP NRPR RRVsoN]s A RXaRPLi[sNTP xmss[bPLiy. s[sVLiT [sos
yNSs RXaRPLRiWxmsLi[ RRVsoN][ys sVsLi dLSsLi [xqsVN][y. [ysV sVs
sV[s[yV sgjiLiRRRLi y*LS RLRi+srysVLRiQLi][ RRVsoN][ys s[sV sVsVVsV
FR=zxqsVysV (Fs|mns{qs 1 : 18).
xmsLjiaRPVyR sVs[ sszqsxqsVyRs[ xqsys sVsLi sVLRiFyRV. ARVs Rs[VsV[
sVsNRPV FsNRPTNTP sTzmsLiy[ sVsNRPV RVxmsLRi sTzmsryRV. xmsLjiaRPVyR ssV Fs
sTzmsxqsVy][ A RXaSs dsso RWRV. ARVs RLRi+ssVV ds[ xmsyxLigS Fs xmsszxqsVLi][
RW}qs dsso AaRPLRixmsRyso. sVsLi @RgRisLiRVs F~LiRRLi [Rs yNRPLi RV[rLij
(WsV 16 : 24; RWN][V 4 : 2).
FyLRis[ RWRRLi
AR[ RW[ sVL]NRP xqsLiRLRiLi FyLRiy xqssVRVLi. y sVsxqsV=sV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN]s,
xmsVso yZNP[sV RWxmsg][LRiVRVy][ @Tgji VxqsVNRPVLisV. [VxqsV y sRs[ DLiT y][ sW[
sWsV sLiVs RXaSs y sVsxqsV=[ AsxtsQLjiLiRVNRPVLisV. RLRiRVgS xmsVso y][
xqssVVRdLRiLi[ sWRVRVsV, [NRP sVVR NRPWLRiVLiT sWRVRVsV s[sV y
sVsxqsV=[ RWxqsVLisV.
@LiVV[ G RXaSs RWRg][Ljiy @j sLiRsVV][ NRPWTsjgS DLiRNRPWRRV. @j
xqsxLigS sVs[ xmsszLi[ RXaRPLigS DLiy. sVsNRPV FysVVLi ARVs xqssj sWRs[V.
s[sV, y LRi Fy, y][ sVs sVLjiN]LiRLRiV s[VsVV [VxqsVNUPxqsV sVVs RLRiRVgS RWR[RV.
ARVs xqss[ sVsVVsV xmsLRiVxqsVLij. ARVs }mssWsVRVVRV, gRizLixms aRPNRPsVVNSs @gS}ms
}mssVsV sVs\|ms NRPVsVLjiLi[yRV. RLRiVyR NRPsVNRPsVLigS ARVs sVVs BLi FyLRis[
RWxqsVLisVV. @LiVV[ ARVs xqssj, }mssVV sVsNRPV sVVLi. BNRPR FysVVQ\sVsj sVssVV
[VxqsVsV NRPVxqsVN][sRLi RLRiVyR xmsLjiaRPVyR sTzmsLixmsosV F~LiRRLi.
s[sV [VxqsVsV RLRi+sLi[ FsLi][ AxqsNTP][ RWrysV. @LiVV[ @LiRVN][xqsLi s[sV |msRgS
aRPsVxmsRsV. s[sV saS*xqsLi][ [VxqsVsV RWxqsW, y RXztsQs, gRisVys ARVs\|ms DLiRVysV.
@xmsVRV xmsLjiaRPVyR ssV sTzmsryRV. [VxqsV y][ sWRVRW ARVs }mssVsV,
xqssWyys, ys, ys yNRPV @LijLiRys s[sV RWxqsVysV. xmsRQORPQRLijs
WsVs s[sV NRPWy ARsaRPVR\s AR[ RWRRLi, ssRLi LjigjiLij.
s[sV BRLRiVN]LRiNRPV sxmss [}qs xqsLiRLS[ NRPWy y sV[s[y[ AR yLjis
sTzmsLiRys RWaSsV. ARVs yLji][ sWRLi yLjiN]LRiNRPV Rs NTPRV LjigjiLiRRLi ARVs
yLji\|ms [RVVLi yLjis xqs*xqsxmsLRiRRLi yLjis xRVN]s sVlLi[ sWssoRV RWxmss ARLRi RWxmsRLi
sLi ys RWaSsV. sVL]NRP xqsLiRLRiLi[ INRP {qsQ xqsLRiLki ssVRQ\sV AxmslLi[xtsQs j[VL][
DsxmsVRV s[sV FyLjiLiRgS xmsVso yNRPV AsVsV Rs xry][ FsRVNRPVs Rs LiVVLiNTP dxqsVN]s
ss RXaRPLi NRPsTLij. s[sV sLis[ AsV AxmsoNRPV A sxtsQRWs RV[zqs xmsVso ys
{qs*NRPLjiLiRysNTP zqsRLigS DLiRsVs FysV. xmsVso yNRPV RV[zqssVgSs[ AsV sVLRiLi
xmsVso xqssjNTP [LRiVN]Lij.
53

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

BLi xqsLiRLS[ sVs FyLRiy sRLi[ sVsLi RWRsRV. sVsLi AR[

FyLjiLisxmsVRV ARVs Rs lLi[sWsV RLRi+ys sVsNRPV @sVgRizryRV. ARVs sVs FyLRiy
sxmssNRPV @sVgRiVLigS NSNRP Rs ysVryLRiLigS sVsNRPV Rs xmsRQORPQRsV @sVgRizxqsW Rs
NSLSsV sVs[ N]srygjiryRV.
sVL]NRP xqsLiRLRiLi[ s[sV @sVLjiNS NSLilgiqs xqsV N]LRiNRPV FyLjiLisxmsVRV s[sV
xmsVsosV FssLji A[RsV, sLRiRWV C xmsxmsLiysNTP DxmsWgRiNRPLRisW yNRPV RWxmsosVs
s[RVNRPVysV. ARVs yNRPV yLRiLiRLRiW NRPWTRVVs sys, @LiRV[ xms INRPLRiW yLji
ryy[ DLiRys RWFyRV. A RLRiVyR yLRiLiRLji dsVR xmsLRi[NRPLisVLiT INRP sVgRiV xmsxqsLjiLiRRLi
RWaSsV. @xmsVRV s[sV A sVgRiV y*LS yLRiLiRLRiV sLi][sV, xmssRR][sV sLixmsys
FyLjiLiysV. y RLRi+ssVV NRPsVsVLRiVgRi[VsLRiNRPV A sVgRiV yLRiLiRLjidsVR xmsxqsLjixqsWs[ DLij.
ALSRs[ RWRRLi
s[sV [sos ALSjLi[xmsVRV xmsLjiaRPVyR y RLRi+ys sTzmsxqsW, y xqsV ALSRsNRPV
INRP N]R @LSs aRPNTPs ByRV. s[sV ARVs bPLRixqsV= sLis FysV FyTsxmsVRV, ARVs FyR
sR sWNRPLjiLiRys, ARVs s gRiWLji FyTsxmsVRV ARVs Rs ys y\|ms
NRPVsVLjiLiRys, ARVs xmsVsogS sRVsVLiRTs @jNSLSs gRiWLji FyTsxmsVRV ARVs
zqsLixqssLi FsRV s[s[ RWR][ NRPzqs ARVssV xqsVLis RXaSV y RLRi+sLi[
NRPsyLiVV. s[sV RXaSs y sVsxqsV=[ DLiRVNRPVsxmsVRV ARVs Rs RxmsNSLRisVV y
RLRi+ys sTzmsryRV. N]sryLRiV ARVs xqsLixmnsVLi sVR[ xqsLiRLjiLiRRLi, xms @sxqsLRiRsV
dLRiRLi, N]sryLRiV yLjiNTP Rs }mssVxmspLRi*NRP\sVs RWxmsosV yLji\|ms xmsxqsLjiLiRRLi [ryRV.
sVL]NRP xqsLiRLRiLi[, y LRi Fy, xqsV ALSRs[ DsxmsVRV AsV INRP RLRi+sLi[sNTP
sTzmsLiRTLij. AaRPLRiNRPLRiLigS A Fy sVVgjizqss @LRigRiLi RLRiVyR NRPWR A s[xmsRRXaRPLi @lgi[
sFLiVVLij. (C NRPRsLi RLRiVyR @yRVLi[ ssLjiLiRTLij). sVs AR BLijRWsV
sVRVN]s [sos RLRi+ysV RWRysNTP @sVsVLisxmsVRV @s g]xms AdRWsVyVgS
sVs[ sVryLiVV.
s[sV \ZNPQQxqss xqssWs[aSV sLRi*zLisxmsVRV yVgjiLi INRPsLiRV ALSRs[ ysVV
FyRVRVs Fy RXaSsV RWRysNTP RsV sV[s[ysV xmsLjiaRPVyRNRPV
@xmsgjiLiRVNRPVsxmsVRV ARVs Rs ysVryLRisVVgS RsV RLRi+ys sTzmsLiRys
@sVsxmspLRi*NRPLigS gRiVLjiLiyLRiV. ARVsNRPV RsV BLijRWsV @xmsgjiLiRNRPF[ ARVs ys
xmnsLjiLiRLigS sLixmsRV. xmssNRPV ""kLRiRLRiV+V'' NSsysNTP NSLRiLi yLRiV ""RWRVyLRiVgS''
DyLRiV.
sR[ RWRRLi
s[sV F~Lijs xqs*FyV RLRi+yV y @LiRLRiLigRi sRLi[ xqsx sQQNUPNRPLRi @s s[sV
LRiWTxmsLRiRVNRPVysV. xqs*FyV @s[s xmsgRiLiy sVsLi xmss [zqs @zqsFLiVVsxmsVRV
RWRXNRPLigS NRPlgi[s NSso. @s sVs xXRRWLiRLS[ NRPgji Ds y sQQNUPNRPLRi. @s
54

 [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

AdRV @sVysNTP INRP sRLRi+yV. r~sWsV ssVV N]LRiNRPV [sos xqs*xmsLi[s[
s[RVNRPVyRV (1 LSV 3 : 5c15). ys[VV F~Lijs @s[NRP xmssRyV xqs*xmsLi[ F~Lijss[
(Dy: ys[VV 7 : 1). sWzqs][sRW[ xmsLjiRLRi N]LRiNRPV FV RLRi+ssVV[s[ zmsVsyRV
(@F~.NS. 16 : 6, 9).
y sRLi[ xqs*FyV FysVVQ\sVsss s[sV gRiVLjiLisxmsVRV, s[sV ys gRiRgS
xmsLjibdPLiRRLi FyLRiLiLiysV. @LiVV[ yNRPV xqsLisR=LSsNTP INRP lLiLiRV xqs*FyV sWRs[V
gRiVLRiVLi[s. NRPsVNRP y xqs*FyV, RLRi+ysV gRiWLji s[sV dsLigS A[LiRRLi sVVRV|mssV.
s[sV gRi sLRiRVLi dxqsVNRPVs A LS s[sV sLjiQxtsQ\sVs sVWRV RLRi+yV NRPgjigSLiVV. y
syLRiVNRPV NRPWy @s[ RLRi+yV LSsRLi gRisVsLiysV. s[VsVV sW RLRi+yV sV\ssss
gRiVLjiLisxmsVRV @s sW sy[ FsLi][ FyysR xqsLiRLjiLiRVNRPVyLiVV.
xqs*FyV xmsWsNRPLRiLi NSyLi[, sVVR @s sVsNRPV gRiVLRiVLiy. A RLRiVyR ys
sVsLi @LRiLi [xqsVN][y. NRPsVNRP yNRPV xqs*xmsLi NRPgjis sLis[ [ ys[VV s ys INRP
xmsoxqsNRPLi[ yxqsVN][sRLi FyLRiLiLiysV. ""@RRV (ys[VV) Rs xmsRNRPdsVR xmsLRiVLiT VVNRP NRPNRPs
A NRP xqsLigRis xqsLiZOP[QxmssVVgS ssLjiLi y|qssV'' (ys[VV 7 : 1). @xmsVRV s[sV y NRP
ys RV[RVsVs xmsVsosV s[RVNRPVysV. ARVs ys[VVNRPV [zqss[ dsNRPV, yNRPV
[ryRs s[sV saRP*zqsxqsVysV. ""ys[VsV s[sV C RLRi+ssVV RWs; ys zqsN]sRgjis
ss[NRPsVV F~LiRsss RVVLiRgS; sVsVxtsvs LRiWxmssVVgRi VVNRPRV y VRV ssV. @LiR
ELiVV skdLRisVV sVR s xmsVNRPVRVs VVNRP sVsVxtsvs xqs*LRisVV sLis; @j c
gRi[VW, LiVW RLRi+sssVVsV BRsNTP RV[RVVsVs |mssV.'' (ys[VV 8 : 15, 16).
NRP ysV gRiWLjis @LiaRPLi FsLi][ ANRPVNRPVs[j. yss gRiVLjiLi VxqsVNRPVs[ N]k
[sos][ ds xqsxyxqsLi FsLi][ LigS N]srygRiVRVLij. dss gRiWLjis lLiLiRV FysVVQ\sVs
xmsoxqsNSV |LRis Lki|mns LRiLis Dream Interpretation sVLjiRVV {qss, \ds d LRiLis
xmsoxqsNSV Dream Dreams RRys s[sV sVsVVsV N][LRiVRVysV.
INRP @LiRLRiLigRi LRi c sVWRV RXaRPRVLiyV
sVs RXaRPrysVLSQs RWyLi[ sVsNRPV sVWRV RXaRPRVLiyV @sxqsLRiLi. INRP
ryysV RXaRPRVLiRLi, INRP sVs RXaRPRVLiRLi, sVLjiVVNRP xmsLjiaRPVyR VVNRP
RXaRPRVLiRLi.

55

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
INRP @LiRLRiLigRi LRi c sVWRV RXaRPRVLiyV
sVsLi [s\s[ xXRRVxmspLRi*NRPLigS [sosNTP @xmsgjiLiRsW @j ryysV
saRPsVsoRVLiRs[j AdRV xqsWRLi. sVs sV[s[ysV [sosZNP @xmsgjiLiy[ xqsLixmnsVLi sVsNRPV
[jLiRsLiRV[R ys ryysV ry*ksxmsLRiRVNRPVLiVyRV. NRPsVNRP sVs EaRPNTP NSsVLi, LiR,
@xmsRVLi, JsV sLi RVRsLi][ sLixmsRV][Lij. @Li[gSNRP ys ryysV VVNRP
ryRyVgS sWLRiRsNTP @sNSaRPsV aSFysNTP gRiVLRisoRVyLi.
sVssVV FsRVLRiVRWRs xqsLixmnsVs[ sVs sVszqs Fs DLiVLij? INRPs[ dsV LRi
BLiNTP LSsRLi AxqssVLiVV[ dsV sVsxqsV=[ FsLi yV NRPVgRiVyLiVV. G\y xmssWRLi?
[NRP @NRPsVxqsLiLiRLi? ryysV BLi A[RssV dsV sVsxqsV=[ sLixmsoyRsRLi[ FsLi
xqsLi[xLi [RV.
ryysV sVs sV[xmnsNRPLi xmsRLji+Li[ BLi RXaSsV sVsLi sLis[ sL][jLiy.
sVs[ NRPlgi[ xms A[RssV NUPxqsVNRPV [RVsVgS LRixms (2 N]LjiLik 10 : 5). AR[
[soRV @sVgRizLi[ AaRPLRiNRPLRi\sVs xsWys RW[ rysVLSQs ARVs sVsNTPyRV.
NRPsVNRP [VxqsVNUPxqsV VVNRP AjxmsRsVV[ sVsLi \|msNTP [ ARVs D[aSNRPV @sVgRiVLigS
sVVLiRVNRPV rygRiVyLi.
y RXaRPRVLiRLi
s[sV FsNRPVsgS y RXaRPRVLiys DxmsWgjirysV. yss sVLiN][ [NRP RVN][
DxmsWgjiLiRgRi aRPNTP yNRPVLij. INRP {qsQs sWxxmso RWxmso][ RWRRLi syLRiLi @s [VxqsV
@yRV. @LiRVNRPV s[sV ryysVsV sLijLiRRLi [RV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ @j y[ sVVZNPs A[Rs.
s[sV {qsQs G RXztsQ][ RWry[ A xmnsRLi yNRPV Bs*RVRVLij. y sVsxqsV[ sVjs {qsQ
NSys s[sV yLiLi sNSLRixmso A[RsV y[ |msLiRVNRPVysV. B y sV[xmnsNRPLi\|ms s[sV
sVVjLiRVN][ysNTP y RXaRPRVLiys s[sV DxmsWgRixmsLRiRVNRPVysV.
@LiVV[ y sV[s[ysV s[sV xmsVsoNRPV @xmsgjiLiRVN][yLi[ ARVssV y
sV[xmnsNRPLi\|ms sVxmsoN]s, ARVssV y[ xmspLjigS sLixmsosVs xmsLjiaRPVyRsV s[RVN][y. B
s[sV [zqssxmsVRV, xmsVso y[ xqsLiRLjiryRV.
s[sV sxmsVRV FyR RLRi [ xmsLixmsosV AxqsNTPgS gRisVsLi[y. @LiVV[ ys][ IZNP[
INRP xqssVxqs DLi[j. ys N][xmsVRV IN][ryLji ds LSNRPF[ INRP s FyR][ N]LiR dsLRiV
dxqsVNRPVs @LiRV[ Fzqs N]T[ @xmsVRV sVLidsLRiV s[j. sVsLi F}qs dsLRiV ss sosj,
DxmsVds\lLiy xqslLi[ xmsLixmso N]sxmsVRV s[ dsLRiV sWRLi FsLi][ RVs sVLidsLRiV s[j.
A xmsNSLRis[V sVsLi RW}qs RXaRPLi G\sxmsNUP, sVs sVsxqsV= xXRRWsV
xmsLjiaRPVyRNRPV @xmsgjiLiRVNRPVsxmsVRV ARVs sVsNRPV xmsLjiaRPVR\sVs xmssR\sVs dss @sVgRizryRV.
sVs RXaSV sVs soss, Fy\ss @LiVVy ARVs sVsNRPV ys xmsLjiaRPVR\sVs RLRi+yVgS
sV @sVgRizryRV. sVs sysV Rs xmssR sWLRiLi[ sTzmsryRV.
@F~xqsV\s WsV xmsNRPs gRiLiRLi[ ysV RWs RLRi+ys yaSRV. ""xmsVso
56

 [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

jssVLiRV ARsaRPVR\ss'' @s @RRV @yRV (xmsNRPs 4 : 2). @RRV sVVR ysV
RWRgRiss[ saS*xqsLi][ RWyRV. @LiVV[ @RRV sVsxqsV[ GLRiLRiRVNRPVs RXaSsV NSNRP
xmsLjiaRPVyR @RsNTP Rs ysVryLRi\sVs RXaSsV RWFyRV.
WsV 1c3 @yRW[ RLRi+ysV RW xmsRQORPQRsV F~LiyRV. sVWRV
@yRW RLRiVyR @Rs RLRi+yNRPV INRP s sLSsVLi sLij. xmsVy yNRPV sVLjiLiZNP[sV
RWxmsg][LRiVRVyso @s @RRV sVLRi @RVgRiVRVyRV. BNRPTNTP FsNTPLRisVV @s[ xqs*LSs @RRV
sVLRi sLiVyRV. @Li[gSNRP @RRV [sRWR][sV, xmsLRi[NRPxmso sNRPV][sV xqsLiztsQxqsVyRV.
BLi RLRi+ssVV ZNP[sLi xms[NRP xmsLjiaRPVRVNRPV sWRs[V NSRV. sVssVLiRLRisVV LS\s
RWNRP xqssVWxsVV @s [yV RV[xqsVyLiVV. [soRV yLjiNTP @sVgRizLisVgSs[
sVsNRPV NRPWy g]xms sLSsV @sVgRizxqsVyRV. ARVs[ FsVsLi xmsORPQFyRsVV [RV.
sVssVLiRLRisVV [sos sLSsV F~LiRVN][sysNTP sVs @LiRlLi[LijRWsV ARVsNRPV
@xmsgjiLiRNRPVsxmsVRV ARVs yLjiNTP @sVgRizLis yss sVsNRPV NRPWy @sVgRizryRV.
y syLRiV[ \sVN`P @s[ INRP sQQNTP Rs LRi[ B yxqsVNRPVyRV. [y[s
NRPVs sVssVV NRPWy sVs RXztsQs aSaRP*R\sVs y\|ms DLisxmsVRV [sos RLRi+ysV
F~LiRgRiLi. "sW}tsQ @RXaRPVQ\s yss RWRVsVgS' . . . "saS*xqssVVsNRPV NRPLRiRVV yss
N]srygjiLiRVyRV\ss [VxqsV\sxmso RWRVRV' . . . "N]LiR\sxmso y NRPsVRV RVysV, yNRPV
xqsRVsVV FsNRPRsVLiT sRVsV' . . . @s[ yNSV sVssVV sVs NRPsVsV [sos RLRi+yV
F~LiRysNTP ryRyVgS DxmsWgjiLiys RV[xqsVyLiVV.
y ARVVNRP RXaRPRVLiRsVV
sVWRs RXaRPRVLiRsVV xmsLjiaRPVyRNRPV Lijsj. sVssVV EzLiRVyNRPLi[ g]xmsQ\ss
RLRi+ysV ARVs sVsNRPV @sVgRizryRV. xmsNRPs 4 : 2 [ WsV RWRVNRPV Rs
sVsxqsV=sV zqsRxmsLRiRVNRPVs RLRiVyR xmsLjiaRPVyR @RsNTP g]xms RLRi+ysV @sVgRizLiyRV.
xqsLRi*aRPNTPgRi [sos RWRV
[VxqsV C [NRPLi[ Fs sLiy][ s[sV NRPWy @lgi[ sLiys FsLi][ AbPxqsVysV.
[VxqsV ysV WsV dsVR [zqss xms xmssNRPWR ARVs [sos sR RWs[. sVssVV NRPWy
ARVs s sLiyLi[ sVVR ARVssV RWy. @Li[ sVssVV xmsLjiaRPVRVsVVgS
sLiRysNTP s[LRiVN][g][LjisLiVV[ sVVR sVssVV kLRiRLRiV+sVV NSy. sVs }RVyR
xqsLixqsQXRVV [VxqsVsV RWRNRPVLiy sVssV sL][jxqsVyLiVV. \[ Ljigjissds sVs sy[
LRiVgRiVyRVs saRP*zqsLiRRLi NRPWy INRP g]xms sVVLiRRVlgi[.
sVsLi ssVy ssVNRPFLiVVy AR xmsxmsLiRLi @s[j saRPRVLigS DLij. yssVLiT
sVssVV INRP kLRiRLRiV+sVVgS RLRi+yN]LRiNRPV NRPs|msVN]s y y*LS AdRV xmsWyV
F~LiRszqs DLij. saS*xqssVV @s[ s NTPRV y*LS sVs RXaRPrysVLSQs [soRV xmsLRi
sVsNRPV @s[NRP RLRi+ysV @sVgRizryRV.

57

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
RXaRPrysVLRiQLi ss sVsNRPV [VxqsV s sLi[ g]xms @sNSaSs RsRsV [soRV
sVsNRPV @sVgRizryRV. C @sNSaRPLi xmsLjiaRPVyR @sVgRizLi[ sLRiLiRLRi RLRi+s xmsyxLi y*LS
NRPVgRiVRVLij.
BaS[VV xmssNRPLiRLRiV [sosVRV RsVVsV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVNRPVs RWyLRiV (Dy:
ys[VV 7 : 2, 9, 13). sVs RXaRPrysVLSQs DxmsWgjiLiRVNRPVs, xmsVso xqssj[ sVssV
xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVNRPVs @LiRlLi[LijRWsV ARVsNRPV @xmsgjiLiRVN][sRLi ss xqsLRi+aRPNTPgRi [sos
RLRi+ysV RWRgRiVgRiVRVysV.
C RLRi+yV \ZNPQQxqssLi[ xmsLjiRRVLi [RVys [sos xqsLiNRPsVV. BLiRV[ sVWRV
sVV DyLiVV. 1) FyxmssVVsV sWLRiVsVsxqsV= F~LiRRLi (FyxmssVV [sos sLSsV
@RgjixqsVLij) 2) [soRV sVs @LiRLjiLijRW[ EzmsLji ERVsV s[RVN]sV. 3) [soRV sVsNRPV
@sVgRizLi[ RLRi+ysV {qs*NRPLjiLiRysNTP zqsRLigS DLiRRLi.
BLiRsLRiNRPV [sos RLRi+ysV xmnsVsxmsLRiRsLiRVs [sos ORPQsWxms\ZNP s[RVNRPVysV. y
xXRRVLi[ Ds sgRis ]gjiLiRVN][ysNTP xmsLjiaRPVyR xqsRWs F~Lij, y xqsLixqsQXs
ysVLiT RWLRixmsLRiRVNRPVs [sosNTP xqsdsVxmsLigS sLiys dLSsLiRVNRPVLiVysV. A sRLigS y
sNRP saS*rys sWLRiVNRPVysV. [soRV Rs xqsLixmnsVsVV sVR BLiNRPsV sxqsW C
RLRi+ysV Aj NSLiRsVV sVLiT xmsNRPs sLRiNRPV G LkigS sLRi*zLiy][ @[ LkigS s[RVsV
[xqsVyRs gRizLiysV.
sVssVV ssVRgRis yLRi\sVsxmsNUP [soRV Rs ygSs sxtsQRVsVV[ ssVRgjisyRV
NSNRPFRV. saRP*zqsLiRVyLRiLiRLjiNTP xmsORPQFyRsVV [NRP ARVs Rs aRPNTPs xqsLixmspLRisVVgS sVs sy[
@sVgRizxqsVyRV. WsV 4 s @yRVLi[ s VVR xmsVso INRP xqssVLRiRV {qsQ][
sWTs xqsLixmnsVssV xmsLjibdPyLi. s[sV C RXaRPLi[ xmss[bPLiRg][LjisxmsVRV AsV rysLi[ s[sV
DsV EzLiRVNRPVs xmsVso][ xqsLiztsQrysV. @xmsVRV y xXRRVLi[ ARVs xqsLiRLjiLi
yNRPV Rs yNRPsVVs y sRLi[ ssV sVVLiRVNRPV sTzmsryRV.
y sRLi[ s[sV RLRi+ys B[ sysLi[ RWRRLi FyLRiLiLiysV. @xmssVLiT
[soRV Rs NRPXFyzqsLixqssLi sVLiT Rs RLRi+ysV yNRPV @sVgRizxqsVyRV.
sVs RxmsVRV
saS*xqssVVsV xqsLji[xqsVN]s [sos yNRPsVV[ xmsTs xmsNSLRisVVgS sVs RLRi+ysV N][LRiVNRPVs
ys @sVxqsLjiLi sLiRgRisVV.
@LiRLSV
@LiVV[ N]LiRLRiV N]s @LiRLSV [ssRVyLRiV. RLRi+ysV sVssVV RWR
xmsRVLiRRLi y*LS [sos }mslLi[xms][ NRPWTs RLRi+ysV sVsLi @RVNRPVLiVysVV NRPy?
NSs [soRV Rs RLRi+ysV RWys yLiRsV gRiVLjiLi sVssVV sVs @LiRLjiLijRWsV
ARVsNRPV @xmsgjiLisxmsVRV sVs sVsxqsV=[ G RXaSVsxmsNUP sVs AdRV s[VVN]LRiNRPV
ys xqsLji\Vs jaRP[ sTzmsryRV. sVLjiN]LiRLRiV RLRi+ssVV ARVs @sVgRizLi[ sLRiNRPV
s[RVVLiRNRPVLiy dsVlLi[ sVVLiRVgS FsLiRVNRPV RWys RVxqsVyLRiV. yNRPsVV B
|qssrLij. [sos VVRNRPV LRiLiT; @xmsoyRVs dsVVVRNRPV sRVsV. sVVR sVs BLijRWsV
ARVsNRPV @xmsgjiLiRVNRPVs RLRi+ysV F~LiRysNTP zqsRLigS DsxmsVRV sWRs[V ARVs sVsNRPV
58

 [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

Rs RLRi+ysV @sVgRizryRV.
xaS sVs RLRi+ssVV sVssVLiT NRPgjisj, [sos RLRi+ssVV xmsLRi[NRPsVVsVLiT
NRPVgRiVRVLij @s N]LiRLRiV sryLRiV. @LiVV[ sVs BLijRWsV ARVsNRPV @xmsgjiLi ARVs
N]LRiNRPV sVsLi NRPs|msVNRPVs sVsLi F~Lijs RLRi+ys sVLRi yNRPxmso sVgRiV[ xmsLkiOTPQLisxmsVRV
sWRs[V ys szqss sVsLi VxqsVN]sgRiLi. BLiRNRPV sVVsVxmso xmsVNRPVsV sVVR xmsLixmso[
DxmsVds\lLiy xqslLi[, N]LisVV Fzqs xmsLixmso N]T[ RLRiVyR ZaP[xtsQ\sVs sVLi dss sVsLi F~LiRgRiLi.
@lgi[ sVs xXRRW[ FsVsLi A[RsV Ry ys [sosNTP @xmsgjiLiRVNRPVsxmsVRV
ARVs ys AbdPLS*RNRPLRi\sVs RLRi+yVgS sWLRiVryRV.

NSs B RLRi+ysV RWRysNTP sVsLi xmsRVLiys \[ FsNRPRVLiRs N]LiRLRiV

@RVgRiVRVLiLRiV? @LiVV[ yLjis s[sV @Tlgi[ xmsaRP GsVLi[ @ xmsRVLiRNRPWRRs \[
FsNRPRVLij? xms \ZNPQQxqssoRV Rs AyNRP FsRVgRiVRNRPV [sos][ xqsxyxqsLi [RWs
N][LRiVN][ys[ [soRV N][LRiVRVyRV. ysNTP Bj NRPWy INRP g]xms sWLRisVV, @sNSaRPsVV.
Bj yyNRPLigS xmss [}qs ryRsLi sWRs[V NSRV syLiRLi sVsLi [sos][ sQQNTPgRiR
@sVLiys rydsVxmsRsV N]srygjiLiRysNTP [soRsVgRizLi[ g]xms xqsRsNSaRPLi. kss
NSLSRVRLi [sos sWLSs sT|msRs[V @soRVLij.
sVsLi sLi[ xqssWLi BLi xqsxyrys FssRW xL<jiLiRRV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ sVVR
ZNP[sLi [sos ys NSNRP NTPNRP ys sWRs[V sVsLi AaRPLiVVxqsW sVs syy[ [sos
VxqsVN][ys sVsLi xmsRVxqsVyLi. NRPsVNRP sVs syNRPV @s[NRP sVLij \ZNPQQxqssosVs
xmsVN]s[ylLi[ @RLiNTPgS sWLSLRiV. [sos NRPsV F~Lijs W}qsxmsosV \|qsRLi @Rs
NRPVVLixqsV[ sLRiVy=xxmsLjiyLRiV. @Rs RLRi+srysVLSQs RNRPVsgS RWaSLRiV. s[RV @sVLjiNS
NRPWy A sRLigS [sos RLRi+ysV, ARVs sVsNTPs RXaRPrysVLSQs RVNRPsgS RWrLij.
yLji @]NRP sLiRgS @szmsrLij.
NS sVsLi BLiRsLRiNRPV sLis syys xmsaSyxmssVV F~Lij sVs g]xms
DyxLRi @LiVVs [VxqsV s sVssVV C [NRPsVV[ sLiRysNTP ARVs s lLi[sWsV,
RLRi+ys F~Lij RVsRsVV sLiy. [VxqsV y xmssV LiTxqsW, [ssVVRVLiRV
sRssVV NRPRs RLiRVRV ys xmsLjia][jLiRVRVyLRiV, @s[ ssV gRiWLji
ryORPQ sVRVRVss. @LiVV[ dsVNRPV ssVV NRPVgRiVsV dsVLRiV yVVRNRPV LSLRiV @s @yRV
(WsV 5 : 39, 40).
xmsVy, s[VsVV dsVVVRNRPV sxqsVysVV. sW xqsLixqsQXs sW ss\ZaPs sT s[VsVV dsV
RLRi+ysV RWRysNTP sWNRPV RXaRPrysVLSQs @sVgRizLiRVsVs FyLjixqsVysVV. sVsVVsV
ORPQsVLi, sW sV[s[ysV sgjiLi, sWNRPV dsV xqs*FysV, RLRi+ysV RWxmsosVs
FyLjixqsVysVV.

59

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

RLRi+ys xmsLkiOTPQLiRRLi
@s[NRPVV ysVV F~Li[ RLRi+yV INRPs[ ryysV @sVgRizLi[s[sWss @sVsWsLi][
RsV sV[xmnsNSs sVWzqss[xqsVyLRiV. @LiVV[ BLiRVNRPV FV INRP RNRPs xmsLjiuyLSs
RWzmsxqsVyRV. xqssVxqssVVsV xmsLjibdPLi s[V\syss [xmsVT, Ryss @xqszLiRVN]s
sVLiyss xRVN]sRVVLiRVT @s VRVyRV. @lgi[ RLRi+ysV lLi[sWsV F~LiRysNTP
sVWRV ssLRiV y*LSs[ ryRxmsRVRVLiRs sVsLi xmsNRPsVVLiRVN][y.
AR
sVs sVsxqsV=[ xmsLjiaRPVyRVRV Rs RLRi+ysV INRP RXaRPLRiWxmssVV[ @sVgRizryRV.
@s sVsxqsV[ Fs sVVZNPRVyW yNTP AyLRiLi \[y @s sVsLi xmsLjibdPLiy.
INRPs[ @j ryysV Bs RLRi+s\sV[, @j sVLRiNRPLRisVVgSsV, ys @LiaSV
gRigSsV, ORPQ sVV [sjgSsV DLiVLij. [sos xqsys][ ryysV sWV F~xqsgRiso. @j
NRPs[V [VxqsV RWLRiLigS sVs A[RssV sTzmsxqsVLij. C sR\sVs xmsLkiORPQsV ylLiqs |tsQs
xmss[aRP# |msRV. ARVs C syysV In His Steps @s[ Rs xmsoxqsNRPLi[ ssLjiLiyRV.
xmsRQORPQR[s A[RsV
@j [sos\[, A RLRi+ssVV VVNRP xqs*ssVV INRP sxmsyxsVV s DLiVLij. y
sVsxqsV= [VxqsV\sxmso sTzmsxqsVsQLiVV[ @j sxmsyxsVV][ NRPWTs [sos RLRi+ss[V @s
LRiWTxmsLRiRVN]ssRV. BLiRVN]LRiNRPV A[RsNRPLRiV @s[NRPVV DLiRV LRiORPQNRPLRisVVgS DLiVLij.
sVssVV r~LiR A[Rs [RsV ryysV NRPVRVVNRPV [R sLiLixmsRNRPVLiRVsVsV [soRV
AdRV @jNSLRisVVsV INRP g]RVgRiVs zqsLRixmsLRi RVVyRV. sVssVV ARVs RLRi+ssVVNRPVsV
xqs*LRisVVsNRPVsV xqsLizqsRV\sV RVVLiRgRisVV.
xms xmsRQORPQR [sos yNRPsVV [R zqsLRixmsLRiRy, @Li[NSNRP [sos A[Rs ]xmsos
ARVs sTzmsLixmsoNTP dsso [Rsss s[sV sVsVVsV FR=zxqsVysV. sVLji G BRLRi sNRPVNRPV
ds @FyRWs dsso xmsssxqsLRiLi [RV. G sLRiRWV dxqsVN]sszqs ssxmsVRV ssV
sTzmsLiRysNTP AR xmsyxLi y*LS dsNRPV xqsRVLi [ryRV.
[soRV @sVgRizLi[ xms A[RssV xmsLkiOTPQLiRysNTP sVsLi zqsRLigS DLiy. FsLiRVNRPLi[
ryysV sVgRiVRWRs s[xtsQsVV RLjiLiRVN]s RVVyRV. @LiVV[ xqssWysNRPLRiQ\Vs [soRV sVs
xXRRVsVV[ sszqsxqsVyRV (N]{qs= 3 : 15). N]sryLRiV [sos RLRi+yV yNRPV
yRVxqssVRLi yNSsVryLRiLi @szmsLisxmsNUP @s sLRis[LRi[xmsVRV @s yNRPV @rNRPLRiLigS
@szmsLi[s. @Li N]s xqsLiRLS[ s[sV y sVsxqsV= }msys NSNRP [sos yNSs
sVLRi sVLRi xmsLjibdPLiRysNTP xmsRVLiysV.
[sos yNRPLi lLi[sW, RLRi+sLi y*LS sVsNRPV @LijLiRRyLiVV. sVsNRPV G\y aSLis
60

 [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

xqssWyys @sVgRizLiRNRPFLiVVsLiVV[ @j [sos y*LS NRPgjisj NSRV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ ryysV
RLRiV, A[RsV xqssWys xqsLiLiR\sVss NSso. @LiVV[ [sos xqssVxqs A[RsV, NSLSV
xqssWys xqsLiLiR\sVRVss.
xmnss xmsLkiOTPQLiRRLi
xms V ys xmns gRiVLjiLiRRVRVLij (sVRLiVV 7 : 16). y[ RV A[RsV
NRPgjisLiVV[ y NTPRVV RsgSsV, y A[RsV sVLi\s[ y NTPRVV sVLisgSsV
NRPsRyLiVV. BRLRiVV y A[RssV s[LRiVgS gRizLiR[LRiV gSs y NTPRV y*LS y
sVsMxqs*ys @LiRy s[RVgRiLRiV. @lgi[ y xXRRVsVV [sos yNRPsVV][
sLixmsTsLiVV[ y xmnsV sVLisgS sWLRiRyLiVV.
ryysV VVNRP xmnsV RVsVV, LiRNRPsVV, ALi][s, @WsVRVsVV. @s ssV
s[RVR\sxmso sTzmsLiRso. ryysV ""s[sV"" @xLisLi][ NRPWTs sVsxqsV=sV sVs[ NRPgjiryRV.
NUPxqsV aRPLkiLRisVV, ARVs xqsLixmnsVsVV, sVssVLiRLRisVV ARVs xmsLi @s[ ys sVs[
NRPgjiLiRRV. kss sVssV xmssRLi [}qsj ryysV A[Ry [NRP [sos A[Rs @s[j
sVsLi gRizLiRgRiLi. ryysV VVNRP NRPVRVVNRPVsV C LkigS sVsLi RzmsLiRVN][gRiLi.
@[ sVsLi F~Li[ RLRi+sLi xmsLjiaRPVyRQ\[, sVs sVsxqsV= ARVs ssVV][
sgjiLixmsRVRVLij. sVs[ saS*xqssVV, xqssWyssVV, NRPVgRiVRVLij. A sRLigS sVs[ [sos
xmsyxsVV @RVRLigS ][V[xqsVNRPVs xmsszxqsVLij. xqsLRi*aRPNTPgRi [sos xqsxyxqssVV sVsNRPV
NRPVgRiVRVLij. BLi xqsxyrys[ sW}tsQ [sos][ NRPgji ARVs][ sVVsVVgS sWRVRW,
WsV dsVR ry*NRPVRV @szmsLiRVNRPVyRV.
RLRi+ssVV VVNRP xqs*xqsRxmsLRiRV aRPNTP
C @yRWs INRP syLji VVNRP ryORPQ Li][ sVVgjirysV. y syLRiVsV y][ NRPzqs
RLRi+ysVsLi[ FyLiRsVs zmssxmsVRV AsV Rs sVsxqsV=[ WsV 4s @yRVLi[
INRP {qsQ s VVR [VxqsV][ sWTs RXaSs, A {qsQ rysLi[ RsV EzLiRVNRPVLij. AsV
Rs @sVys B ssLjiLiLij.
""gRiLRis\ss s[sV yVgRiV s NTPRLi AxqsVxmsNTP ssV. ssV xmsLkiOTPQLis yNRPLRiV
yNRPV xms= [NRPFsRLi RWzqs ssV @T [xqsVNRPVyLRiV, y NRPVsWLRiV y sR sVLiT
dxqsVNRPVyLRiV. y sWszqsNRPLigS FsLi][ s[RsxmsysV, yNRPV sVsaS+Li [NRPVLiy FLiVVLij.
LSRV sR [NRP FsLi][ LRiLigS gRiTyLiVV. s[sV NRPR sRsVLiT [sxmsVRV y NRPVsWLRiVRV
L][sV s[sV AxqsVxms[ RWzqssVgS ssVV[NRPVLiy, y [RV[ y sgS DyRV. s[sV
xmsVsoNRPV LRiLigS FyLjiLi, y NRPVsWLRiVs xqs*xqsxmsLRiRVsVs s[RVNRPVysV. gRiRyLRiLi s[sV
sVVR NRPWLRiVLiT RVVsxmsVRV xmsVso y sRNRPV s dsNRPV RgS DLiRs yNRPV VxqsV,
LS, BRLRiLi NRPzqs sRVyLi @yRV.
ARVs ssV INRP xmsNRP \sVysLi[s INRP V dsRNRPV ][RVN]s s, ANSaRPLi \sxmso [Lji
RWRV @yRV. yNRPV GsV NRPszmsLiR[RV. sVLji N]LiR}qsxmso gRiRs sVLRi s[sV RWzqss RLRiVyR
INRP [syLRiWxmsLi NRPsTLij. @j y NRPVsWLRiV[. ARVs y NRPVsWLRiV y [RV[ DLi RsV
61

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
gRiRgS DLiRVN][. BNRP ssW @yRV. @xmsVRV s[sV y NRPVsWLRiV [VxqsVNRPV @LijLiysV.
ARVs sVLRi yNRPV y NRPVsWLRiV B, y][ LS @yRV. s[VsVV lLiLiRV sVWRV
@RVgRiVV s[aSNRP sW gRisVsLi ANSaRPLi\sxmso rygjiLij. DsR xqsLi[ RNRPs xms[aRPLi[ s[VsVV
sVRVysVV. xmsVy C xqsLi FsLi][ LRisVLigS DLij @ysV. ds NRPVsWLRiVRV BNRP[
DLiR[RVyRV @yRV xmsVso. s[sV y NRPVsWLRiV A xqsVLiRLRi xms[aRPLi[ xmsRVN][ ARVsNRPV
NRPXRRV FysV. sVLRi s[VsVV @RVgRiVV s[xqsVNRPVLiW WsV dsVRNRPV sysVV.
C @sVys s[sV F~Lijs yLRiLi RLRiVyR y sVsxqsV FsLi][ NRPVRV xmsTLij. gRiR N]s
sVgS s[sV F~Lijs sV[s[RssVLiT s[sV ry*LiRs F~LiysV. C @sVysNTP sVVLiRV y
NRPVsWLRiVs AxqsVxms[ ssVV [sysgS RWysV. NSs BxmsVRV @RRV [VxqsV [RV[ ZOP[QsVLigS
DLiRys RWxqsVysV.

DxmsxqsLiLRiLi : INRP yLRiLi RLRiVyR AsV INRP RLRi+ys F~LijLij. @LiRV[ xmsVso AsVNRPV
sVL]NRP NRPVsWLRiV @sVgRizryss ygSsLi [aSRV. @Rs }msLRiV [xqss sWRW. [xqss @Li[
xqs*xqsxmsLRiRVyRV, sVRLiVV @Li[ [sos xsWssVV. xmsVso AsVsV VxtsQRW 61 : 1c3
sRy][ AsVsV ARLjiLiyRV. ""xmsVsgRiV Vx[y AR y dsVjNTP sRVVsj. ksVNRPV
xqsVsLRisWssVV xmsNRPLiRVNRPV Vx[y ssV @}tsQNTPLisV. sgjis xXRRVsVVgRiyLjis
RXRxmsLRiRVNRPV LRi[sVsyLjiNTP sRVRsV LijLixmsTs yLjiNTP ssVVNTPs xmsNRPLiRVNRPVsV . . .
ARVs ssV xmsLizmsRVVyRV.''

N]syLS RLRiVyR AsV gRiLRisVV RLjiLiLij. [soRV AsVNRPV RLRi+ssVV[ RWzmss

LkigSs[ ]sVjs RLS*R [xqss sWRW sLiyRV. @ [sos ygSssVV AsV
sRsVV[ sLRis[LjiLij.
dsVNRPV N]s AdRV xqsWRs][ C @yRWs sVVgjirysV. sVssVV NRPWy
Blgi[ xmsVso sVsNRPsVgRizLi[ RLRi+ysV yxqsVNRPVs ys yNRPxmso sVgRiV[ xmsLkiOTPQLi @s
[sossVLiT NRPgjisss sLSLRi [xqsVNRPVs [sos][ @sVLiys xqsxyrys
|msLiF~LijLiRVN][y. ys BRLRiV][ xmsLiRVNRPVs yLji AdRV FsRVgRiVRNRPV xqsRVxmsRV.

62

 [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

5
LRiLig`i c [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV
xqsWRsVV # 4
LRiLig`i y*LS sVs FyLRissV [sos yVsV yxqsVN][sRLi, [sos xqs*LSs
ssgRilgi[ g]xms ry*RLiyQs BxqsVLij
[soRV @sNS[sV sWsso][ sWRVRVyRV. gSs sWssoRV [sos xqs*LSs
gRiVLjiLiRRLi [RV. [soRV xNRPWNRPVNRPV [zqsssRLigS sVs FyLRisNRPV NRPWy ARVs
yryRs sVsLi ssV[NRPFRVyLi. @LiVVsxmsNTP @j [ysVryLRi\sVs xqsRs[V.
\[s @s[NRP @yRWV LRiLig`isV VVso xmsLRiVxqsVyLiVV.
DyxLRiNRPV
NUPLRisgRiLiRsVV[s @s[NRP gSV, xmssNRP gRiLiyV, xmsNRPsgRiLiRsVV LRiLig`i NRPV
xqsLiLijLiLi[. sVs s[sLiRVNRPV yss gRiWLji A[LiR[NRPFRWsV? sVVsVV
xqsLixtsQ [soRV sVs][ sWRVRVyRV. sVs ARsV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVNRPVs [sos][
sVsLi sWy.
LRiLig`isV INRP xmsNTPRVgS sLi ysdsVR xmsWgRiLi [RVRLi sVVRV|mssV. [sos
}mslLi[xmsNRP xmsys ss[LiRysNTP @]NRP g]xms ryRssVs s[sV gRizLiysV. LRiLig`isV
y}qsxmsoRV FsNRPVs xqssVRVLi saS*xqsxqszRLigS gRiRVxmsoRW A LRiLig`isV [sos sVLiT
F~LiRVRVyss saRP*LiysV.
LRiLig`i sVVR xmsRVLisxmsoRV sVVR[ xqsLi[xsVV ssV xqsLi[xLi RVVsVVLij.
@LiVV[ yss R*LRigS ]gjiLiRVN]s LRiLig`i [ysVryLRisVs gRizLi [soRV BxmsVRVNRPWy
Rs zms][ C LkigS sWRVRVyRs[ xqsLigRis gRiVLjiLiysV. NUPLRis gRiLiRLi @s[NRP gS[
|qs @s yRVT DLiVLij. ysNTP @LRiLi xqsLigkiRLi[ INRP s sLSsVLi. A xqssVRW[ ydsRV
RsV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVNRPVs [soB][ xqsLiztsQLi[yRV. A @sVy[ @Rs NUPLRis[ xmsxmnsLi[s.

LRiLig`i VVNRP V
s[sV sVVR xmsVso xqs*LRisVV ssysNTP zqsRxmsTsxmsVRV, y sVsVxqsVsV
xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN]s xmsVso VVNRP yV N]LRiNRPV NRPs|mssV gSs, y xXRRVsVV[ xmsVsosV
s[sV LiRVN]s[RV. N]s yVV y sVsxqsV[sNTP ssxmsNUP @s [sos sVLiT
syRW @s ssV s[sV xmsbPLiRVN]s[yTs. s[sV sWxqsgjiLixmsR NRPWRRs[ gRiR][ @
[}qsyTs. NSs xmsbPLiRVN][sRLi ss y[ NRPlgi[ ARxmsyys yNRPV RVNRPVLiRs[
@RVN]s[yTs. @LiVV[ [sos VVRNRPV sRVyRV ARVssV saRP*zqsLiy. y saS*xqssVV 15
|qsNRPLiR FyV, xmsRQORPQR F~LiRRLi 3 |qsNRPs FyV, A RLRiVyR @sVsWssVV][ A xmsyysVV
AgjiFsoRLi; BNRP s[sV GsV ssysNTP @sNSaRPsVV [RV. B[ y @xqsV xqssVxqs. saS*xqssVV][
ssRLi][ FyV yss s[sV Fs xmsLkiOTPQLiy?
63

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
y xqsLijgRiRNRPV LRiLig`i INRP xmsLjiuyLSs RWzmsLij. LRiLig`i y*LS xmsVso yNRPV
@sVgRizLi[ ys saS*xqssVV][ {qs*NRPLjiLi ys yxqsVN]s[yTs. IN]NRP }msLS IN]NRP }ms
B yxqsVNRPVLiW s[yTs. xmsRQORPQRsV F~Li[xmsVRV ys xmsLkiOTPQLiRszqss @sxqsLRiR [RV.
FsLiRVNRPLi[ ys dLjiNRPgS xmsLkiOTPQLiRVN][sysNTP y sR BNRP FsxmsVRW A LRi DLiVLij NRPsVNRP
xmsRQORPQR FsLiR}qsxmso N]srygji[ @LiR}qsxmso FsVsLi ALiNRPsVV [NRPVLiR LRiLig`i y*LS [sos][
xqsLiztsQLi[ RsRsV s[sV F~LiRgRilgi[sV.
LRiLig`i[ sVL]NRP # s[VsVLi[ y s[VRxqsV= FsxmsVRW xmss[ ssVgRiQQ\sV DLiVLij.
s[sV xmsRQORPQR F~Li[xmsVRV y sys sRVLiR[sNTP RVN][sysNTP @j yNRPV
DxmsWgRixmsRVRVLij. xmsLjiaRPVyR][ s[sV xqsLiztsQLi[xmsVRV y sVsxqs=Liy ZNP[LikNRPLjiLi
ZNP[ssVV RLRi+ys
yxqsVN][sysNTP sWRs[V ZNP[LiVVLiRRLi ss y sVsVxqsVsV
sRVLiLiRVN]s FsVsLi ALiNRPsVV [NRPVLiR xmsRQORPQRsV xqsLixmspLRiLigS F~LiRgRilgi[yTs.
xNRPWNRPV 2 : 3[ LRiLig`isV gRiWLjis sVWRs xmsWssVV yRVTLij. [soRV
NSsNTP @dRVRV gRisVNRP N]sryLRiV ARVs zmss sW sLRis[LRiysNTP xqssVRVsVV xmssRV.
sVs RXztsQ[ sLis[ @Li[ lLi[so [NRP INRP yLRisVV NSsRV; NSs [sos RXztsQ[ INRP xqsLisR=LRisVV
NSsRV. (Bjg][ s[sV R*LRigS sRVRVysV @s ARVs lLiLiRVs[ xqsLisR=LS NTPRLi FyRV
c xmsNRPs 22 : 20).
LRiLig`i[ yxqsVN]sNRPF[ xmsVso [zqss ygSysV sVssVV sVLRiF[V @sNSaRPsVV
DLij. sVs saS*xqsLi xqssgjiVRVLij. xmsVso ygSysV sVssVV yxqsVN]sQLiVV[ ARVs
ygSys gRiWLjis @sVsWsLi FsxmsV\y Rgji[ sLis[ LRisV LRi RRsRLiy*LS sVs
saS*xqsLi, sLkiORPQ sWRsxmsLRiRRyLiVV. A ygSsLi sLRis[LRiTsxmsVRV sVs saS*xqsRNRPV sVs
LRi INRP ryORPQ LigS sVxqsVLij.
LRiLig`i y*LS xqsLi[aRPsVV NRPLiNRPxmsLRiRRNRPVLiR DLiVLij. N]sryLRiV LRi
yxqsVN]s[xmsVRV As[aRPLi[ xmsVso sWsV RxmsVgS @s*LiVVLiRVN]LiLi. sVs N][LjiNRPV,
yLiRV, ARVs GsV |qssxqsVy][ VxqsVN][NRPVLiR @RVxmsRyLiVV. y A[Rs xmsNSLRisVV
s[sV sRVRVN]Li[ s[sV sxmnsLi @soysV. NSs y LRisV s[sV sVLRi RjssxmsVRV s[sV
FsNRPR F~LRiFyV [aS[ gRizLiRgRisV. @xmsVRV xmsVso y Rzmsys FsRWzms ssV
xqsLji[ryRV. y @s*RVsVV NSRV, ARVs sW[ FsxmsVRV sLRis[LRiVyLiVV.

LRiLig`i[ N]s xmnsyV :

xmsL][ LRiLig`i ss s[sV [sos][ xqsszR xqsyyxqsLi NRPgjiRVVLiRysNTP @sNSaRPLi
GLRiTLij. ARVs][ xqsxyxqsLi y[ g]xms sWLRiV NRPgjiLiLiT. [soRV y RzmsysV
dsLigS LiTLi[ yRWjxmsgS NSNRP FsLi][ NRPLRiVNRPORPQsVVV gRiyRs s[sV gRizLiysV.
ARVs][ FsNRPVs xqssVRVLi gRiRVxmso y*LS ARVs }mssVsV gRizLi s[sV NRPWy [sos xms, y
NRPVVLisVV xms y }qszRV xms }mssV NRPgji sRRVN][gRiVgRiVRVysV. [soRV sVVR ssV
}mssVLiyRV NS s[sV }mssVsV gRiWLji VxqsVNRPVysV. y FyFys gRiWLji s[sV xms[ xms[
[sosNTP ssxmsLi [zqssxmsVRV ""sWLRiW! s[sV ssV ORPQsVLiysV, ssV dsso ORPQsVLiRVN][[y?''
@yRV. bPOTPQLiRLi, RXNRPLjiLiRV @s[s ARVs xmsNRP[ gSV NSso. ARVs Rs DR
64

 [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

NRPXxmssV sVsNRPV @sVgRizLiys N][LRiVRVyRV. LRiLig`i y}qs G \ZNPQQxqsso\y, [soRV
sVssVsVNRPVsLiRgS dLRiV dlLi[yRV NSRs gRizLiRgRiRV.
LRiLig`i y*LS y AdRV zqss xmsLjiaRPVyR y[ sszqsLiRys s[sV
gRizLiRgRigSsV. y sVsxqsV, AR, aRPLkiLRisVV, @sVy y*LS aRPLkiLRi xqsLiLiR\sVs zqss gSNRP
ARxqsLiLiR\sVs zqss NRPgji xmsVso ysVryLRisVVgS sLiRgRiVgRiVRVysV. @s
xqsLiRLS[ s[sV xqsLixmspLRiVsgS sLiR[NRPFLiVVsxmsNUP, NRPsVLigS FsRgRigRiVgRiVRVysV.
y LRi[ xmsVso y sRsTNRPsV gRiWLji sWRVRVyRV. y N][xmssVV, AgRixsVV,
dLRiV @sVys sT, xmnsVsR, }mssV, xRVN]sV @sVys NRPgjiRVVLiys N][LRiVRVyRV.
y FyFys gRiWLji NSNRP y FyFysNTP sVW\sVs ys gRiWLji ARVs sWRVRVyRV. ARVs
FyFys @xqszLiRVNRPVLiRV. @LiVV[ @[ xqssVRVsVV[ FyxmsNSLRis ARVs sVs[sVLiT
dzqss[ryRV gSs sVssV yaRPssVV [RWs N][LRiVN][RV.
LRiLig`i y*LS N]s y[ dsRsV RgjiLiRVN]s xqssVRVR NRPgji DLiRRLi
@sLRiVNRPVysV. DyxLRiNRPV xqsLixmnsVsVV[ @s[NRP dsyV gRi saS*xqsVV xqsRsVVs[
zqsLRixmsLRiVxqsVyLRiV NSs ARW sLS xmsV G][ INRP xqsys[ gRigS xmsVN]s, sVgjis
saS*xqsVV yss LRixqsLjiLisxmsVRV [yV RRVyLiVV.
BLi dsRsV s[sV IN]NRP yss xmsLjibdPLi[ yTs. y ORPQ Li AdRV xmsRVsLi.
sVVR sVV, lLiLiRs sVV, sVWRs sVV B IN]NRP yss xmsLjibdPLi Gj yNRPV
@sVNRPW}qs yss gRigS [xmsVN][sRLi @s[ s[LRiVsV AxqsLSgS [xqsVNRPVysV. RLRi+ssVV @s[j
NRPWy @Li sV[ INRP. AR xqsLixtsQ][ RLRi+ssVV VVNRP aRPNTP, ys sVssV s[sV
gRizLiysV. NS sRWsNTP A s[LRiVsV INRP xqsWRLigS xmss[aRP# |mssV.
INRPL][ RLRi+ys gRiWLji s[sV [jLiRysNTP zqsRxmsTsxmsoRV, xmsVso y][ sWyRV.
RLRi+ssVV \sxmsoR NRPLi sVLjiZaP[xtsQ\sVsj. A RLRi+sLi[ s[sV sWRs[V FysVVR szrysV.
xqssVrys s[s[ sLRi*zrysV. y sV[s[y][ s[sV RWRRsVs[j ssLi][ ANRPVNRPVLij. @j
[sos xqsLijLiRRLi. ""sWLRiW! RLRi+ys RWRys INRP \sxmsoRgS sLiRNRPV. LRiLig`i y
ss[Ry aRPNTPNTP, @LiRL`iysNTP sVR gRi @LiRLSs ]gjiLi INRP xqssVRVRsV Lij.
@Li[gSNRP @s[NRP @LiaS[ y RXNRPRLi[ sWLRiV NRPgjiLiLij.

LRiLig`i xqsxtsQsVVgS RW[ @sNSaSs NRPWR NRPgjiLiLij. N]s xmsLjizqsRV[ sVssVV

RV\|ms RXztsQ ryLjiLi[ xmssWRsVVLij. sVs RXNRPys N][[LiVV BRLRiVV sVsZNP[][ s,
@xmsNSLRiLi R|msRyLRis yLji xms xmsNRPWys GLRiLRiRVNRPVLisVV. LRiLig`i y*LS
xqsLigRiRVsV Dss DsVgS yxqss RXNRPRsVV[ sVssVV RWRgRisVV.
INRP xmsLSRVLi y sRNRPV BRLRiV RLixmsRVV INRP xqssVxqs][ syLRiV. yLji NRPVsWlLi NSk @LjigS
DLiW NSxqsV[ RNRPVs sWLRiVV RVNRPVLi[Lij. xmnsRLigS yLRiV AsVsV ssVLji+xqsW,
ryjLiRRLi sVVRV|msLRiV. AsV xms yLji }mssV RgjiLij. N]sryLRiV NRPVVLi FyLRis NRPWR
sWs[ryLRiV. NSks yLRiV RsV[ INRP gRiLigS NSNRP, INRP aRPRVsogS RWRRLi FyLRiLiLiyLRiV.
65

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
s[VsVV NRPzqs FyLjiLis RLRiVyR, A xmsLjizqss INRP LRi[ yxqsVN][sVs FysV.
yLSsRLigS [zqssxmsoRV xmsVso yLjiNTP INRP RLRi+ys RWFyRV. xmsVso yLji sRNRPV LSsRLi, Rs
[RV][ yLjis xRVN]sRLi, ysV yLjis FsLiRgS }mssVxqsVy][ yLjiNTP RWFyRV. @[ xmsNSLRiLi
NSkxms ssxLjiLiRsVs xmsVso yLji][ FyRV. sV, xqsWxqssV RsV NRPVsWlLi xms xtsQLRiRV[s
}mssVsV RWzms, xmsLRi[NRP LS xqsWysV @sVxqsLjiLi sRRVN][ys ARVs FyRV. NSk
RsV aRPRVso NSRs, yLji }mssVNRPV xmsLRiWxms\sVs zmsRVNRPVsW\lLi @s yLRiV gRizLiyLRiV.
yLRiV NUPxqsVsV RsV NRPVsW\lLisV }mssVLiRRLi y*LS yLji sy[ g]xms sWLRiV
][V[xqsVNRPVLij. NSk xmssLRis[ NRPWy g]xms sWLRiV NRPsTLij. Rs xqsW[ DsRLigS
FsLiRRV][Lij. AsV[ NRPgjis sWLRiVsV AsV RL`i NRPWR sVRVN]Lij. yLRiV xmsVso
xqsxyrys xRVN][sRLi FyLRiLiLisxmso[ C sWLRiV xqsLisLiLiRs gRizLiyLRiV. NRPVVLi
FyLRisV NRPWR yRVNRP ]xmsVs NSNRP aRPRgS [RVRLi FyLRiLiLiyLRiV. sV, xqsWxqssV RsV
NRPVsW\lLixms xqsLji\Vs RXNRPys xmsVso F~LiyLRiV.

N]s @sVxqsLRiRV\sVs xqsLigRiRVV :

y xqsXztsQNRPLRi, y FxtsQNRPV\s xmsVsosV xqsLijLiRysNTP s[sV s[NRPVs sVVs[ LRisV
FyLRiLiLi[yTs. @j ssV s[sV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN][ysNTP Rgjis xqssVRVsVVgS DLi[j. [sos][
xqsLixtsQ FyLRiLiLis sVVR[ C DRRVNS xqssVRVLi yZNPLi][ @sVNRPWLigS xqsRVNRPLRiLigS
DLi[j. @LiVV[ BxmsVRV xmsVso][ s[sV G xqssVRVsVLi\y xqsLiztsQLiRysNTP @sVsogS ssV
s[sV sVVRVNRPVysV. N]LiRsVLij sVRLS[ LRi yxqsVN][sRLi @j yLjiNTP @sVNRPWLigS
DLiVLij. yLRiV G xqssVRWs FssVNRPVy @j xmsVsoNRPV sVsVVsV xmspLjigS xqssVLjiLiRVN]s[jgS
DLiy.
LRiLig`i yxqsVN][sysNTP s[sV sVVR[ INRP s xmsoxqsNSs y[ yTs. ryLiZNP[NRP
@sXjs RLRiVyR ss NRPLixmspL`i yZNPLi][ DxmsWgRiNRPLRiLigS DLij. RWRNRPVLiy \xmso
[}qs @sNSLiaRPLi DLiRLi ss y NRPsVV @LiRLRiLRi+sLi\|ms gRiLi [}qs @sNSaRPLi DLiVLij. INRP
syLji LRiLig`i [RVsNTP NSLRiV \QsLig`i [}qsxmsVRV @sVNRPWLigS DLiRLi gRizLiyRV.
@RRV \QsLig`i [xqsWs[ |msRgS FyLjixqsW xmsVso sWsV [ms[ LjiNSLRiV [xqsVN]LiRV.
LRiLig`i [}qs xqssVRVsVV, [}qs syssVV xmsysLi NSRV, @j yNRPV G s[VV
NRPVgRi[xqsVLij @s[j sVVLi. y LRiLig`i xmspLjigS y sQQNTPgRiRLi. @s[NRP NSgjiy\|ms s[sV
yxqsVNRPVs @LiaSV sVLjiN]sNTP N][` xtsQ[ yxqsVNRPVysV. NRPLixmspL`i LRiLig`i[ FyqssL`i
|msVN][sRV. ysVsxqsV=sV xmsVsoNRPV xmspLjigS RV[zqs ARVs A[RssV {qs*NRPLjirysV. @s
yNRPV gSNRP sVlLisLjiNUP RVso.
@s[NRPsVLijNTP \LigjiNRPR INRP |msR xqssVxqs. sWssoRV AR[sV, \LigjiNRPR[sV NRPWR dsR
NRPgjiRVVLiRs s[sV y xmsLjiRLRi @sVsLi[ gRizLiysV. [soRV sVs \LigjiNRP dsRsV
xqs*xqsxmsLRiRg][LRiVRVyRV. y LRisV INRP GyjFyV yxqsVNRPVs RLRiVyR s[sV sVLRi
sVVRsVLiT yss LRi RRVsoNRPVsxmsVRV xmsVso, s[sV FsLiR xqssVRVLi C @LiaSs gRiVLjiLi
RLjiLiysW gRizLiysV.
66

 [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

yyxmso RW\ }msNRPV \|msgS @[ @LiaSs gRiWLji s[VsVV RLjiLiRVN][sRLi gRisVsLi
s[sLi][ AaRPLSsNTP gRiVLRiRWsV. @j y[ @LiR RVLRiWFys RLjiLiRVN]s DsRs s[sV
gRizLiR[NRPFRWsV. s[sLiR \LigjiNRP sNRPV gRiVLRi[V sQQNTP[ A RW\ }msV RRVsoNRPVs
RLRiVyR s[sV gRizLiysV.
s[sV xms sxtsQRVsVV NRPWR [j][ xqs, xms sxtsQRWs FsLi][ sVVQ\sVsjgS, y
AdRV sRLi[ [sos][ @sVLiys |msLiF~LijLiRVN]s[ sRLigS sVRVNRPVysV. [soRV
yNRPsVgRizLi[ NRP gRiVLjiLi y ysV gRiVLjiLi ARVs yNRPV GsV |qssxqsVy][ yss
s[sV RVyRRLigS yxqsVNRPVs[yTs. yNRPV FsRVLRi[V R, s[Rs, aRPsVV, BLRiVNRPVV BLiRVV,
xqsLi][xtsQsVV, NRPXRRV dsss y LRi[ yxqsVNRPVs[yTs. y LRi y AdRV
RWR[ INRP \LkigS DxmsWgRixmsTLij. @j yNRPV xmsVso }mssV][ Bs INRP zmsNRPgS sLij.
s[sV FyLjiLi[xmsVRV [soRV N]LiRLRiV sNRPVsV gRiWLji, [NRP N]s @LiaSsV gRiWLji
s[sV FyLjiLiys N][LjisxmsVRV s[sV yss y LRi[ yxqsVNRPVs RLRiRVgS ys
RWxqsVNRPVLisV. @[ xqssVRVLi[ ZNP[sLi A ys[ @sVxqsLjiLiRNRP [soRV }mslLi[xms NRPgjiLis
xmsNSLRisVV ARVs ssV sTzmsLis xmsNSLRisVV y FyLRissV N]srygjirysV.
LRiLig`i y*LS xmsLjiaRPVyR @sVgRizLi[ ZOP[QsWsXjs, |RLjiNRPsV, ARLRisV s[sV
F~LiRVNRPVysV. NRPs[V ARVs yNRPV Rs }mssVsV, xmsLjixmspLRiRsV F~LiRysNTP @sxqsLRi\sVs
sWLSs yNRPV @sVgRizLiyRV. sVVR[ N]s sWryFyV y LRi[ s[sV xmsVso][
NRPgjiRVVs xqsxyrys sWRs[V yxqsVNRPVs[yTs. BRLRiVNRPV DxmsWgRiNRPLRiLigS ARsLSsV
sxqsLjiLi[ syys s[sV gRizLiR[RV. xmsVso xqs*LSs s[sV ss[LiRRLi
FyLRiLiLisxmssVLiT y RXNRPRLi[ sWLRiV NRPgjiLij.
[sos s ss[NRPsVV][ NRPWTs A[RssV {qs*NRPLjiLi y A[LijRWsV s[sV xmsRVsV
|msVNRPVs RLRiVyR s[sV F~Lijs sLSV BRLRiVNRPV NRPWy DxmsWgRixmsyLiVV. sVs[ \sxmsoRsV,
ARsaS*rys |msLiF~LijLiRVN]sysNTP sVVLi[ [sos sLSsV sVssVV DxmsWgji}qs, [sos
g]xms AbdPLS*ysV, [VxqsVNUPxqsV VVNRP }mssV xqsxyrys ARVs N][LRiVNRPVs sysLi[ sVsLi
F~LiRVN][gRiLi.
FyLRiLiLi[ s[sV N]s xqsLisR=LSFyV C xqsxyrys sT|mss[ a][RsNRPV
gRiVLRiRWsV. N]sryLRiV s[sV xmsVsosV RWR[NRPF[VyTs. sVLjiN]sryLRiV ARVs][
sWTs sW[ ARVs A[RsNRPLi y A[Rs[ ssV xmssRLi [}qss.
sVLjiN]sryLRiV [sos VVRsVLiT NRPgjis A[Rs @s yNRPV Gj ][}qs @[ [}qsyTs.
xms INRPLji AdRV sRLi[ BLi a][RsV FsRVLRisoRW DLiLiVV. @LiVV[ sVssVV
sLSaRP LiRNRP sVs xmsRVys, sVs xmsss sLji*xmnsVLigS N]srygjiLiy. sVs[ RgjisLiR
saS*xqssVV [NRPFLiVVsxmsNTP, sVs[ xmnsLjiRLi NSsxmsNUP sVsLi yss sT|msNRPWRRV. s[sV
sLSaRPNRPV gRiVLRiLiVVsxmsVRV NRPWy y LRisV s[sV N]srygjiLisLiRVss[ s[sV C L][
@LiRLRiLigRi xqs*LSs sLiW sLiRgRiVgRiVRVysV. s[sxmsVRV N]sryLRiV LRi yRVNRPVLiys[
saS*xqsLi][ y NSxmsLji xqs*LSs ssgRiVgRiVRVysV. yNTPxmsVRV LRi @sxqsLRiLi [Rs NSRV gSs
s[sV sVVR[ AyLRixmsTsLiRgS BxmsVRV LRi\|ms AyLRixmsRszqss @sxqsLRiR [RV.

67

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
G\y INRP xmss sVsLi FyLRiLiLisxmsVRV ys[ xmsLjixmspLRiR LiRNRPsVVLiRV Fs[ryLRiV
]VysVs[ xqsLigRi sVsNRPLiRLRiNRPV zqsLi[. sWRRLi s[LRiVN][sRLi[gSs, \N`P \QsLig`i
[RVRsVg][ s[LRiVN][sRLi[gSs, zLRiLigRiLigS sWRRsVg][ s[LRiVN][sRLi[gSs, xms
N]R @LiaRPLi[sV sVsLi F~LRiFyV [xqsWs[ DLiLi. FsNRPy G F~LRiFyV [RVNRPVLiy xmsLjixmspLRiR
ryjLiRRsVLiW FsLiRV[sW LRiVgRiRV. LRiLig`i[sV B[ xqsWRLi sLjixqsVLij. ARW xqssVRW[
]RLi, xmsTFsRLi, Ljigji [ s]NRPVN][sRLi Bsds xqsxLi. INRP N]R sxtsQRVLi
s[LRiVN][sRLi[ BLiRNRPLi sVL][ sWLRiLi [RV. LRiLig`i @sVsLi[ Bj N]s ssV
]gjixqsVLij.
INRP |qssVyL`i[ INRP sVz Rs][ [soRV sWyRs RLigS sLRiWxms @LiVV[s[
ys Rs LRi[ yxqsVNRPVLiss xmsVLij. AsV sVsxqsV=[ @s[NRP A[RsV
NRPVgRiVRVsxmsNUP [soRV sWyRs[ saRPRVRNRPV AsV LS[NRPF][Lij. @xmsVRV s[sV AsVsV
N]LiLi LjiN`P= @LiVV, F~LRiFyV Ljigjiy xmsLRiy[RV, LRiLig`i yRVRLi sWRLi sWsNRPV @s
FR=zLiysV. AsV @ [zqsLij. NRPs[V AsV A[Rs[ zqsLRiR*Li GLRiT, LRiLig`i
y*LS [soRV Rs][ sLigS sWRRLi gRizLi AaRPLSsNTP gRiVLRiLiVVLij. ryRssVVs xmssVV
xqssVNRPWRV @sVgS sVsLi xmsRVQ}qss[ xmssVV ryjLiRgRiLi. F~LRiV LRiVgRiVyRVs[
RVLi][ xmsss FyLRiLiLiRs^[ @xqsV A xmss FssNUP FyLRiLiLiR[sVV.
sVL]NRP sVz ysV gRizLiRVys LRi[ yxqsVN][sysNTP AxqsNTP RWxmsRLi [RV.
@LiRVNRPV NSLRiLi ysV y}qs y[ gSLijNRP[FyV, @ORPQLRi][uyVLiRVs sLiRRs[V.
@LiVV[ [soRV ys xmsLiRVN][Rs s[sV LRiWTgS ssVVRVysV. gSLijNRP[FyV, @ORPQLRi][uyV
sVs LRi[ FsVsLi xmsys RWxmsso. uy][uy sLi FysVVLi [s ys
xmsVso][ ds xqsxyrys LiRVN][sRV.
NS FsVsLi xqsLiN][RLi [NRPVLiy sLRiRVLigS xqsLi][xtsQ sRsLi][ ds xmsWgSs
FyLRiLiLiRV. ds[ xmsszLi[ AR xmsys RWzqs dss[ AaRPLRixmsRyso. [soRV @LiRLjiNTP
sVVLigS Rs zmsNRPV Rs xqssVXj[sVLiT @sVgRizryRV. NRPsVNRP [sos zmssVVgS sVssVV
ARVs xqssj[ F~LiRVN][sysNTP zqsRxmsRVyLi. ARVssV ssVs dsssRW sLSaRPNRPV gRiVLji NSss
s[sV sxqs=Li[xLigS xmsgRisV.
sVs @LiRL`i RXztsQs |msLiF~LijLiRVN][sysNTP, sVs[ NRPlgi[ ysV ss[LiRysNTP
LRiLig`i INRP ryRsLigS xqsxNRPLjixqsVLij. sVs xXRRW[ lLi[lgi[ xqsxR ysV
gRizLiRysNTP @j sVsNRPV xqsRVLi @LijxqsVLij. AR xmsys xmsVNRPVs[ s[LRiV INRPryLji
@syNRP, @s[NRPVV LRiLig`i [NRPVLiys[ [sos][ xqsxyrys NRPgjiRVVLiRgRiLRiV.
sVssVV [sos][ sRVxqsW, ARVs][ xqsLiztsQxqsVsxmsVRV sVsLi NUPxqsV[ sszqsLiRRLi
FyLRiLiryLi. [sos][ xqsLiztsQLiRRLi s[LRiVNRPVs RLRiVyR, LRiLig`i [NRPVLiys[ s[sV ARVs
xqssj[ sszqsLiRRLi s[LRiVNRPVysV. @Li[ s[sV LRiLig`i sWs[ryss NSRV, NSs s[sV
LRiLig`i xmsLjijNTP sVLis zqs[ [sos xqsLijxqsVysV @s gRizLiysV. BxmsVRV FsNRPQ\y,
FsxmsV\y, G LkigS\sy s[sV [sos][ xqsLiztsQLiRgRiVgRiVRVysV. [sos][ xqsxyxqssVV[
LRiLig`i INRP sWLRisVV. xmsVso][ s[sV xqsszR xqsxyrys NRPgjiRVVLiRgRi @sNSaSs yNRPV
@LijLis INRP sysLi LRiLig`i.

68

 [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

RWLiNRPLigS yRVRLi
lLiLiRV xmsaRP][ C sgSs s[sV sVVgjirysV. sVVRj, ""INRPs[ sVsLi RWLiNRPLigS
y}qs? \|qsydsRV xmssLi [R NRPWy sVsLi LRiLig`i yxqsVNRPVs[ xmssWRLi DLij NRPy?''
ss[V, y D[aRPLi[ RWLiNRPLigS yRVRLi \|qsydsRVs[V. NSs LRiLig`i[ @
LRiVgRiRV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ LRiLig`i[ sVVR sVs[ A[Rs sLi, sVsxqsV[ sVVjLiRTs
RLRiVyR, [][ yRVRLi FyLRiLiryLi. RWLiNRP yR[, RVLSR sVssV saRPxmsLRiRVN]s
yLiVVryRV. BLiRV[ xXRRWsNTP, sVsxqsV=NRPV xmss[VRVLi DLiRRV. @Li[NSNRP BLiRV[ saS*zqs
NUPxqsVQ\|ms RXztsQRVVLiRRV. ZNP[sLi @[RsVRVgS, saRPxmsLRiRVNRPVsyLRiV zmss ys yxqsVN][sysNTP
zqsRLigS DLiRV. NRPsVNRP @RRV ryysV xmssLi[ xmsRsV ORPQ LigS DLiRV.

sVssVsLjiNTP FyLRis [RW?

C xmsaRP ssV @s[NRPsVLij @TgSLRiV. s[sV NRPWR xmsVsosV @TgSsV. FssLjiNTP sVssVV
FyLRis [RW? RLiTNS? NRPVsWLRiVsNS? s[sV saRP*zqsLisys xmsNSLRi\sV[, RLiTNTP, NRPVsWLRiVs
y*LS, xmsLjiaRPVyRsV FyLRis [RW. @xmsVRV y*sNTP sVs FyLRis[ xqssVFyysR
BssoRVLij.
sVL][\sxmso WsV 15s @yRVLi[ sVssVV NUPxqsV[ sRVVLiyLi[, ARVs[
sszqsLiys yRVTRVVLij. ARVs[ sszqsLiRRsVLi[ ARVs][ xqsLiztsQLiRRLi NRPWy @s
s[sV saRP*zqsxqsVysV. s[sV ARVs \sy*s RLRi+sLi[ RWRg][LjisxmsVRV [VxqsV xqs*LRiWxmsLi
yNRPV RLRiRVgS NRPszmsxqsVLij (N]{qs= 1 iM 15). s[sV @jNSLRisVV][ FyLjiLisxmsVRV s[sV [VxqsV][
yNRPVs ryszys, }qsxys xmsNRPLi [xqsVN]s RLiTNTP FyLjirysV. @[ xmsNSLRiLi
@LiRLji][ NRPzqs ALSRs[ FyLjiLi[xmsVRV [NRP INRP RLRigRi FyLRiLiLi[xmsVRV xmsLjiaRPVyRVRV
Rs xqssj xmsys NRPsVxmsLRiRVsV ARVssV A*sxqsW ARVsNRPV FyLjirysV.
sVssVV [sos][ DsxmsVRV [sos yNRPsVVsV VxqsV N]sVNRPV, sVssVV ARVs
gRiVLjiLi yRVVNRPV, RRVsoNRPV Rgjis sRLigS FsLiRVNRPV yRV[so? BxmsVRV yxqsVN]sVNRPV
FsLiRVNRPV xmsRVRsVV [RVNRPWRRV?
INRP }msxmsL`i, |mss=, dxqsVN]s yRVVsVV. ARVssV ysLiRVsVV, ds sVsVxqsV[
Dsj, dsso GsV A[LiRVRVy[, @j yRVVsVV ARVssV @RVgRiVsVV. [soRV yNRPsVV
}mslLi[zmsLisxmsoRV yss yxqsVN]sVsVV A sRsVVgS dsNRPV }mslLi[zmsLiRNRPFLiVVsLiVV[ [sos sVLRi
@RVgRiVsVV. ssV dsso xmsbPLiRVN]sVsVV sbPLiRgS DLiT Vs s saS*xqssVV DLiRVsVV,
yss yxqsVN]sVsVV. @xmsoRV ARVs gRiVLjiLi VxqsVN]LiRVso.
xmssNRPQ\Vs, xNRPWNRPV sVsNRPV sVLi Dy :c @RRV [sos gRiVLjiLi 4 DxmssWyV
sVsNRPV RV[RVVRVyRV.
xXRRVsVV[ DsVsLi ssVVV.
xmsVso sVVLiRV @RRV sWNRPLjiyRV, xmsVsosV s[RVN]yRV.

69

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
@RRV [sos RLRi+ssVV RWaSRV.
@RRV [sos gRiVLjiLi FyLRis [zqs xmsVso RVVxmsLRis yNRPsVVsV yxqsVN]sRVVyRV.
xNRPWNRPV @ss INRP ][ xqssVNRPWLjiyRV.
s[sV dsVNRPV 1979 [ LjigjisVsLi @sVssVV dsVNRPV RV[RVVRVysV. s[sV
sVVsVVRryLji yxqsVNRPVs ys gRiVLjiLi RV[RVVRVysV. INRP @LiRVLS\s @sWLiVV
gRiVLjiLi s[sV xmsTs RV A @sWLiVV sW NRPVVLiLi[ FsLi][ RsVsogS DLi[j. sW
NRPVVLi sRVsWsV DLizmnsVLisj. s[sV Fs[sWLRiV AsVNRPV sRVsV sLiRsV gRiVLjiLi
FysVV. sW VVNRP NRPVVLisRVsV sLiRsV C sRsVVgS DyLiVV. A sRsVVgS
[RVsVR dsso sW][ xqsyyxqssVV [RVsRs FysV. AsV TNTP sFLiVVLij. s[sV
[sos yNRPsVV Rjs FyLjiLiRVVysV. AsV gRiVLjiLi FsRVLRiV RW RVVysV.
y zqssVsLi yNRPsVV s[sV yxqsVN]s RVVs yNRPsVVsV AsVNRPV Fys
@sVNRPVysV s[sV xmso |msLjigjis FyLiRsVV, FyT, xmsaRPVsoV DLiTss. @NRPR Fs[ soV
DyLiVV. yNRPV WsV 4 :c @yRVsVV xqsLjiFRVLij s[sV A sRsVVgRi EzLi xqssVLjiRV
{qsQs [sos][ s RgRiLRi NRPWLRiVLiT RVVLisV ys FyRsVVV NTPLiR Dss. s[sV [sos RV
RWysV ARVs sVVsVV xmsNSaRPsLiRLigS Dsj. FsLi][ }mssV][ sLiTRVVsj. s[sV
ARVs VsVV RV RWysV s[sV ARVs ssV }mssV][ ssV RgRiLRiNRPV dxqsVNRPVyRs @s
s[sV ssVVRVysV.
s[sV [sos N]s sxtsQRVsVVgRiVLjiLi FyLjiLiys RLiysV, s[sV A sRsVVgS
[sosNTP FyLjiLiysV A @sWLiVV sxtsQRVsVV[ s[sV FyLRis[ |msysV s[sV y NRPsVV
sVWzqsN]s [sos RLRi+ssVV gRiVLjiLi ARVs FyLRis[ GsV |qssRV[ ys gRiVLjiLi FsLi][
AxqsNTPgS RWzqsysV sVso* sW[xmsVRV G sRsVVgS [ry[ @[zqsysV. @xmsVRV y
sVsxqsV[ A[Rs sLij . dsso }mssV][ LiVVLiRVsVV }mssVLiRVsVV @s. @xmsVRV s[sV
NRPsVV LRi A xmsNSLRisVVgS yxqsVNRPVysV. @xmsVRV s[sV sVLRi [sos RV RWzqsysV xmsVso
dsso BLiNS G\sVy RVVxmsLRiys N][LRiVRVyy @s s[sV @TsxmsVRV yNRPV FsVsLi
xqssWyssVV LiR[RV. yNRPV INRP A[Rs y sVsxqsV[ sLij @s y RXztsQNTP ssj.
C sxtsQRVsVV yVVNRP RXztsQNTP ssj s[sV [sos RV RWzqsysV @xmsoRV s[sV
@sVNRPVysV Bj[V xqsLji\Vs sWLRisVs CVVNRPRLixmso yNRPV LS[RV [soRV C RLixmsosV
yNRPV ByRs sLiysV (A @sWLiVV sxtsQRVLi[ s[sV FsVsLi sLRiRVsVV dxqsVN][y
@j }mssV][ aSLi xqssWyssVV][ xqsxyxqssVV AsV][ ssxLjiLiys. AsV xms FsVsLi
sLRiRVsVV dxqsVN][y. @s A[xqsVysV.
[sos yNTPs xqssWyssVV xqsLji\Vsj @s s[sV @sVNRPVysV. AsV][ g]Rs, [y
\sLRisVV][ LiTLiRRLi xqsLji\Vs sWLRisVV NSRs AsVNRPV }mssV][ AFyRVR][ ssxLjiLiRRLi
xqsLji\Vs xmsR @sVNRPVysV. }mssV][ AsV][ sWTysV. sW NRPVVLisVV VVNRP }mssV,
AFyRVR, [sos VVNRP }mssV AsVNRPV }qs [rysVV. AsV gRiVLjiLis RV @FyRVsVV
]gjiFVsV. AsV sW NRPVVLiLi][ INRP xqsLisR=LRisVV FyV DLisV. sW NRPVVLi
xqsVLSgS sW][ DLij sWNRPV sL][RsVV @s RLis s[VsVV AsV[ sWLRisV gRisVsLiyLi.
70

 [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

[soRV yNRPV |qsss xmsNSLRisVV s[sV yxqsVN]ysV. A sRsVVgS yNRPsVV y*LS
sWLRiVsV gRisVsLiysV Bj @LiRRVV [sos VVNRP NRPXxms, ARVs VVNRP AaRPLRiNSLRisVV s[sV
yxqsVN]s sRsVVgS xmsWgSV [RVV ALRiLiLiysV. xms jssVV [sos xqssj[
FyLjiLiRVRVLis. jsjssVV ARVs yNRPsVV ysLiRV RVysV. ARVs ssVV gRi
yNRPsVV FsLi][ RRVsoRVysV. L][, L][ s[sV [sos xqssjNTP RgRiLRigS, sRVRVN]Lis ssV
RVMxmsLji[s NSNRP, ARVs gRiVLjiLi [RVgS VxqsVN]sVNRPV FsLi][ ][RTLij Bj @LiRRVW
[sos VVNRP NRPXxms @s AaRPLRisVs RLiRVRVysV.
sVVR lLiLiRV yLSV s[sV yxqsVN]ss yNRPsVVsV y LRi][ RLjiLiRVNRPVysV.
sVLjiRVV y VVNRP AdRVV sVRV][ |msR][ s[sV yxqsVN]s yss RLjiLiysV . yLji][
xmsLiRVNRPVysV s[sV yzqsN]sj [soRV yNRPV @sVgRizLis yNRPsVV @s yLRiLiRLRiW A
sRsVVgS saRP*zqsLiyLRiV. [soRV yNRPV RVVxmsLjis yNRPsVV yLji[ RLjiLiRV FsLi][
@sxqsLRisVV @s s[sV @sVNRPVysV. [soRV sVs @sVgRizLis yNRPsVV G sRsVVgS y][
zmsRVVy][, ARVs VVNRP xqs*LRisVV sLi[ A sRsVVgS yLji][ RLjiLiysV. sVsNRPV
zqss sxtsQRVsVVV NRPdsxqssVV BRLRiV AdRVV][ xmsLiRVN][ys sLRiLiVVLiRVNRPVysV . yLRiV
FyxtsQL`i [sos }qssNRPVV @s ssVRsVV [RV [sos yNRPsVV zqsRVVLiRV yV @s
@sVNRPVysV
[sos VVNRP yNRPsVV BRLRiV][ xmsLiRVN][sRLi y*LS, zqss yLji][ RLjiLiRRLi
y*LS sVs[ sVsNRPV @sVssVV sxqsVLij. [sos[ FsLi][ @sXj LiRVysVV. [soRV dsNRPV
@sVgRizLis yNRPsVV, dsNRPV RVVxmsLjis BRLRi @sVs][ RLjiLiRRsVV y*LS sVssVV
FsLi][ @sXj LiRVysVV.
C sRLigS RLjiLiRRsVV y*LS [sos[ @sXj LiysV. sVVR N]s L][V
B [RVRLi y*LS y[ ARsaS*xqssVV ssj. y VVNRP AyNRP sRLi[
@LiLiVgS [sos[ @sXj LiysV. Fs[ \sVVLSsV @jgRisVLiyso. sLigS Bj
FsLi][ AaRPLRiNRPLRi\sVs sxtsQRVsVV ssVaRPNRPsVV NSsj. Fs[ xqsLisR=LSV xmsLjia][jLiysV yNRPV
Rgjis sRLigS xmsxmnssVV Lisj. [sos VVNRP yNRPsVV y xXRRVLi[ sLixmsoNRPVysV.
ARVs xqs*LRisVV s[sV sysV A sRsVVgS sRVRVNRPVysV. s[sV [sosRVLiRV LRiORPQ
F~LijRVVysV C sRLigS sRLi[ NRPuysV, Fs[ \sVVLSsV @jgRisVLiysV. y VVNRP
\ZNPQQxqss sRLi[ Fs[sWLRiVV RWzqsysV. N]s xqsLisR=LRisVV FyV LSRxmspLRi*NRPsVVgS
yxqsVN]sRLi ss FsLi][ s[LRiVNRPVysV. [sos[ @sXj LijysV. [sos VVNRP
xmsLjiaRPVyR G sRsVVgS |qssRV[ s[sV A sRsVVgS [zqsRVVysV.

xmssNRPQ\Vs xNRPWNRPV @sVssVV :

xmssNRPQ\Vs xNRPWNRPV [sos][ sTsyRV. [sos VVNRP xqs*LRisVV ss NRPVRV
@RsV G sRsVVgS sRVRVNRPVy][ VxmsoRVyRV. s[sV G sRsVVgS [sos yNRPsVV y*LS
AbdPLS*LixmsTyRV, ARVs yNRPsVV RRVso ss FsV AbdPLS*jLixmsTyRV sVsNRPV
RV[RVVRVyRV.

71

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
lLiLi][ @yRVLi[ sVVR sRssVV[, sVWRs sRssVV sLRiNRPV ARVs [sosVVNRP
xqssWyssVV gRiVLjiLi s[RVVyRV. s[sV [soTNTP s[RVVR\s DLisV [soRV Bs sW\|ms
ARVsNRPV }qssNRPVR\s DLisV. ARVs GsW |qssRV[ s VVgji DLisV, ARVs sW
gRiWLji s[RVVLisV.
ARVs y FyLRisNRPV yV B[ [soRV. ARVs y FyLRisNRPV yV
BRVVyRV. xmsVso B xmsVRVyRV dsso yVVNRP RLRi+ssVVsV, RWRVRV ys
RxmsLRiRVsVV ys Rjss yLjiNTP DRLRisVRsV. dsso Rjss yss FyLRis [RVVyLjiNTP
DRLRisVRsV. yLRiV yVVNRP RLRi+ssVVsV RWRVRVLRiV. yLjiNTP s[sV FsxmsVRV
xqsRVxmsRVRVsV.
lLiLi][ sxtsQRVsVV GsVsgS NRPVQ\s xNRPWNRPV [sos ysLiRVRV [sos VVNRP sW
N]LRi\ZNP s[RVVyRV. [sos xqssWyssVV N]LRiNRPV s[RVVyRV. sVs[ FsLi][ sVLij C
sxtsQRVsVV ssVVRVyLRiV. dsVLRiV A sRsVVgS [RVVRVyLS? NRPVQ\s xNRPWNRPV sVsNRPV
sVLi DyxLRi. ARVs G sRsVVgS [sos gRiVLjiLi NRPs|msRVVy][ sVssVV ARVs
gRiVLjiLi s[RVVLiRssV. GNSLiRsVV[ ARVs sVVLRi|mss][ sVsNRPV ARVs xmsRVRLRisVV
BRVsV. s[sV ARVsNRPV FyLjiLiRVRVysV. s[sV [sos][ sWTsV EzLi RVVysV.
ARVs G sRsVVgS RLRi+ssVV BRV[ sVsNRPV RVRV sVsNRPV FysVVQ\sVs sxtsQRVsVV
GsVsgS [sos VVNRP xmsLjiaRPVyR G sRsVVgS sTzmsLiRV[ sVssVV A sRsVVgS [RVVRVsVV.

[sos VVNRP RLRi+ssVV sVs sVsxqsV dsVR, A[Rs[ FsLi][ g]xms xmsssVV
DLiVLij.
sVVRj sVs VVNRP ssVNRPsVV |msLiRVsV sVs xXRRVsVV LRiRVsV. lLiLiRsj. sVs sVsxqsV
sVs sRVLiR[ DLiVLij. FyLRis[ sVs sVsxqsV sRVLiRLiRVsV. FyLRis sVR[ ALiNRPsVV
NRPVgRiVRW FsLi][ sLRiVy=xsVVsNRPV [ssoysVV. @VsLi xqssVRVLi[ BRLRi xmss[ sVsxqsVsV
gRisVV [RVssV. FyLRis xqssVRVLi[ ALiNRPsVV NRPgjisxmsoRV BVsLi xmssVV [RVV FsLi][
s[VV.
GsVsgS NRPVQ\s xNRPWNRPV [sos RV RWRVVyRV. xmsVso FyLRis[ GsV
|qssRV[ ys gRiVLjiLi ARVs FsRVLRiVRWRVRVyRV. [soRV sVsNRPV G sRsVVgS
}mslLi[zmsLiRV[ sVs sVsxqsV, A[RsV, A sRsVVgS [RVVsV A sRsVVgS ARLRi[
|msVRVsVV [soRV [sos xmsLjiaRPVyR [R RVVxmsLRiRVRV s[sV A sRsVVgS [zqss. yNRPV
[soRV AgRiVs NSLRisVVV sLRis[LjiyRV.
1 N]LjiLik 2 : 9, 10; 1 N]LjiLik 6 : 17 [sos xmsLjiaRPVyR [R y][ sWTyRV.
ARVs yNRPsVVV y sVsxqsV[ LiRTss. ARVs xmsssVV y\|ms DLiTsj. @
LjigjisxmsoRV sVssVV A sRsVVgS [RVVRVsVV.
yVgRis ALji sxtsQRVsVV zmssj GsVsgS xNRPWNRPV ysV VxqsVNRPVs sxtsQRVsVV
[soRV ARVsNRPV }mslLi[zmsLis [soTs yNRPsVVsV yxqsVN]sVRV, [soRV @RsNTP
RVVxmsLjis yNRPsVVsV yxqsVN]sRVVyRV. [sos VVNRP yNRPsVsV xmsNRPdsVR
yzqsRVVyRV, Fss\lLis A yNRPsVV Rjs A sRsVVgS sRRVN][ys ARVs VVNRP
72

 [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

D[aRPsVV. ALji @yRVsVV @sNRPLi[ FsLi][ FysVVQ\sVsj. s[sV NRPWy y @sVjs
sRLi[ A sRsVVgS sRVRVN]Lis. [soRV yNRPV RVVxmsLRis yNRPsVVsV yxqsVN]sVRV A
sRsVVgS xqsLjiLi RVVysV. yxqsVN]sV ss Fs[ V Dss. A sRsVVgS [RVV
ss sVsxqsV DxqsLigS Dy=xLigS DLiRVRVLij. jsjssVV ARVs[ @sXj LiRVysVV.
C sRLigS [soRV ssV FsLiRgS[ AbdPLRi*jLiRVVyRV. s[sV F~RVs [ ARVs
xqsLjiLiRVVysV. C syssVV ssV FsLiRgS[ AsLiRxmsLRisj. \[ xmsTs sRLigS
FsLi][ @sVssVV][ yNRPsVV [xmsTsj. \ zmss sRLigS NRPVQ\s xNRPWNRPV G sRLigS
[zqsy][ ARVs VVNRP FyLjiLis syssVV sVLjiRVV WsV NRPVRV NRPWR @[ syssVV
@sVxqsLjiLi RVVyRV. xmsNRPs @yRVsVV xmsNRPs 1 : 10, 11, [ zmss sRsVVgS WsV
A sRsVVgS [sos][ @sVLiRsVV GLRiLRiRVN]sRVVyLRiV.
1. yLjiLRiVsoLRiVsV ARVs[ RXR xqsLiNRPsVV NRPgjiRVVyLRiV.
2. xmsVR][ ARVssV xqsVLiyLRiV, xmnsVsxmsLjiyLRiV.
3. ARVs RLRi+ssVVsV RWRVVyLRiV.
4. [soRV RVVxmsLjis yNRPsVVsV yxqsVN]s RVVyLRiV.

xqsRVNRPLRi xqsWRsV
LRiLig`i FyLRiLiLiRysNTP Bs dsVNRPV xqsRVNRPLRiLigS DLiLiVV. [soUsRsVVgS @s[NRP
xqsLiRLS[ sVs][ sWRVRVyRV. @LiVV[ [sos xqs*LSsNTP, sVs xqs*LiR A[RsNRPV gRi
syrys sVssVV zqsN][sRsVV [RV. ks saS*xqsxqszRsVVgS sVVLiRVNRPRVgRiV
s[RV[NRPFRVysVV. [soRV sVs][ sWys xqsxtsQLigS gRiVLjiLiRRsVV s[LRiVNRPVLi[,
ARRVLiRV sVLjiLiR saS*xqsLi][ sRRVN][gRisVV. [sos A[RssV jsRLRi xmsoxqsNRPsVV
y*LS xmsLjibdPLiRVN][gRisVV.
[sos][ xqsxyxqssVV NRPgjiRVVLi[xmsVRV, jsRLRi xmsoxqsNSs @sLiLiRRsVV ss
sVs[ NRPgjis RLixmsoV [VxqsV ss NRPgjisss gRiVLjiLiRgRisVV. @sVsWysV, }RVyR
RXztsQs xmsNRPs , ys yxqsVN]s, RLRiVyR ys xmsLkiOTPQLiRsRVsV. INRP xqsLigRis
yzqsN]s[sVVLiRV, sVVR [sos A sxtsQRV\sV xmsbPLi, ysNTP xmsgS yNRPV A[Rs NRPgjisxmsoRV,
@j y sVLiT NRPgjiLiy [y [sos ss NRPgjiLiy @s ss[rysV. @sVsWssVV][ C xmss
[RVRsVV ss [sos A[Rs xmsyxsVV AgjiFRVLij.
dsso F~Li[ lLi[sW xmsys yxqsVN]s, ys ds xXRRVsVV[ sLixmsoN][. [sos sWsV
dsso F~LijsxmsoRV @s LRiVgRiNRP sVVLi[ dsso RWRgRiVgRiVRVyso gRisVNRP ys yxqsVN]sxmsVRV,
@s sW sWNTP ds [sos sWsV xmsNRPsVV [xqsVLij. jsRLRi xmsoxqsNSs yRVRsVV
FyLRiLiLis 10 xqsLisR=LRisVVV RLRiVyR NUPxqsV][ yNRPV NRPgjis [\s xqsxyrys sW[
xms[sV. y AdRV FsRVgRiVRNRPV Bj g]xms xqsxNSLjigS DLij. A[Rs NRPlgi[xmsoRV ys
RVyRRLigS yxqsVN]s ys RLRiVyR dsVsLi xmsLjibdPLiRsRV.

73

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

NSxqssVRWsV gRiWLji @RVgRisRV

ds LRisV yxqsVNRPVsxmsVRV @s FsxmsVRV sLRis[LRiRyRVs [sos syLjiLiRsRV.
FsLiRVNRPLi[ NSsVVsV xqssVRVsVVsV RLiT Rs ry*kssVLiRVLiRVNRPVs RVVyRV.
RWLiNRPLigS y}qsyLRiV ryysV }msLRi][ y}qs, jsRLRisV y}qsyLRiV ARsV
yxqsVyLRiV. yLji[ INRPRsV ysV \ZNPQQxqssoRV NSNRPsVVLiRV Rs [s RWLiNRPsVVgS G][ INRP
aRPNTP sTzmsLi[Rs FyRV.
sVL][\sxmso [soRV Rs yxqsVNRPV RV[RVNRPVLiy G NSLSs [RVRV @s AsWxqsV
3iM 7 [ xqsxtsQLi [RVTLij. @LiVV[ jsRLRisV y}qsyLjis [soRV xXRRV }msLRiy*LS
yLiVVxqsVyRV. jsRLRiV y}qs yLji xXRRVsVV, sVsxqsV= RWLiNRPsVVgS y}qsyLjiNTP
xxqssVV sWRs[V FysVVR szxqsVLij. @s[NRPVV jsRLRi yR [yNRPV sVLjiN]LiR
NRPVxmsRs[Vss @LiRLRi |msRyLRiV. Bj sLiVVd][ NRPWTs @LiRLRis[V. FsLiRVNRPLi[ [yNRPV
sVlLi[k NRPVxmsRsVV, dzqss[RVRsVV s}tsQjLiRTLij. C lLiLiTLiNTP gRi [y, [soRV sVs][ s[RV
sW[ sWV, xqsLixmnsVsV, yRVTs [s[ DRxLjiLiRyRW @s FRWy.
sVVLigS ARVs sWRVLiRV saS*xqssVVLiy. @LiRLRiW xmssLiRgRiLRiV @s 1 N]LjiLik 14 iM
31 [ yRVRLij.
LRiLig` @s[j INRP g]xms @xqsLi. ryyLRiLigS sLjiLi[ xmssRysV \[
sVsLiRWRgRisVV. C xmssRysV AyNTP sWRs[V gSNRP sxtsQRVNRPV NRPWR sLjiLi[ xmssRyV.
Bs NSxmsLjisV[s, xms RLSsNTP xqsLiLijLis xmssRyV. @s[NRP xqsLiRLS[ [sos ARsV
[VxqsV VVNRP xqs*ys sVsLi {qs*NRPLjiLiRVss sVs sysV sVRVN][sysNTP BLiR
g]xms @sNSaRPLi!
JLRi LSL`iQ= @s[ xmssVV @sVLjiNRPs xqsVyLjiNRPVRV [sos xqs*LSs ssysNTP sVssVLi][
@}msORPQ NRPsVxmsLRiRszqss yLRi\sV RVVyLi @s RV[aSRV. sVssVV [sos xqs*LRisVV
xmsRQORPQsVVgS ssV[V NSNRP NRP y*LS NRPWR ARVs xqs*LRisVVsV sssRVss
xmsNRPLiRVRVyRV. "AdRV\sVs A[RysVssVV" @sV @yRVsVV[ C sxtsQRVsVVsV
gRiWLji ssxLjiLiRsVV. RRV[zqs [soRV NRP y*LRi sVs][ xqsxyxqssVV [RVVRVyRs
ys ssVRsVV AaRP NRPgjiRVVLiRVT [ssVV sLiR RW\ NRPV Dss.sVLjiRVV xms NRPy*LRi
[soRV sWRVRVyRV. NRPNRPV sVs xmsRVRLRisVV ys[VV [zqss ys s DLiRssV.
sVs xXRRVsVV[ ARVs xqs*LRisVV xmsszLiRysNTP N]LiR xqssVRVLi @xqsLi
@sxqsLRiLi. @LiVV[ @s[NRP ryLRiV sVs[ FsNRPVs sVLijNTP [sos xqs*LRisVV
ANRPzqsNRPRLixmsos,RLRi+ssVVs xqsLRi+ [NRP @sVssVVs sRVss sVsLi gRizLiy.
sVssVV AR VVNRP xqs*LSs gRiVLjiLisxmsVRV sVssV F~R=zLisj [sos xqs*LRis[Vss
sVssVV gRiVLjiLiy. @LiRVss s[sV [sos xqs*LRisVVsV sssssN][Ljis VR @ zqsRFyVsV
NRPgjiRVVLiy. Bs sVsNRPV RLRiaSxqsQxqsLiLiR\sVs sRVsV, AyLSsV NSNRP @j*dRV
[sos NRPXxmssV sVsLi @sVgRizLixmsRyLiVV.
74

 [sos][ sVs xqsLixtsQsV yxqsVN]sV

VVso xmsLRiRTs N]s ryOSQQV

sVssVV [sos xqs*LSs ss[LiRysNTP N]s xmsoxqsNSsV RRsRLi @sxqsLRiLi. s[sV y RXztsQs
[VxqsV\|ms szms ARVs xqssj[ ssVjgS sVLiT y xXRRVsVLiR sxtsQRVsVVsV ARVs][
xmsLiRVN]ssxmsVRV, C lLiLiRV sRsVV xqsLixtsQ xmsR FyLRiLisVgRiVsV.[sos zqsLixxqsssVV
sVLiT B RLixmsoV xmsszLi RVRVLiRgS sVsNRPV sVWRV xqsLigRiRVV xqsxtsQsVsoyLiVV.
1. [sos xqs*LRisVV xqs*Rzqs=RLigS sxqsVLij.
2. sV[s[yV RXaSsV RWRysNTP [sos[ DxmsWgjiLiRRyLiVV.
3. dss yxqsVN][sRLi FsLi][ FysVVLi.
BLiRVNRPV xmsWsNRPLRiLigS RgRiq ds` yzqss Hear His Voice @s[ xmsoxqsNRPLi dsVLRiV Rjs
@LiRV[s xqsLigRiRVV gRizLiys N][LRiVRVysV. @LiRV[ y sVsxqsV= NRPWLRiVs INRP
@sWLiVVs RWrLij y RLixmsosV s[sV xmsjxmsLRiRVNRPVysV [sos RLixmsoV ysRNRPV
syLiVV @s N]s sW V yRVyLiVV.

NRPLjiry @s[ ALjiNRP[ Lki sWN`P @N][L` 1981 [ Rs A[RssV B

sQQNRPxmsLRiLij. 1) RXaSV [soRV Rs xmsNRPV RLRi+ysV xqs*FysV Fs NRPsVxmsLRiyRV. 2)
[yV [soRV [ysV Fs yLjiNTP @xmsgjiLiyRV. 3) Rs sWsV yLjiNTP Fs
ARLRiNRPLRiLigS @LijLiy][ RV[zqsLij. dsso xmssR\sVs [sos sWsV {qs*NRPLjiLiRg][LRiVRVs
VR dsso NRPRNRP sNRPRgS DLiys gRizLiRRLi sVVsVV. dsso NRPRNRP RVVLiTsLiVVs][
[sos sWV NSNRP ZNP[ssVV ds xqs*LiR RLixmsos[ {qs*NRPLjiryso.
s FyN`P lgi[qs @sV zRVLjiLig` zqs yLiVVqs @s[ xmsoxqsNRPLi[ Ums BLi|m xtsQs=sV gRiVLjiLi
sxmsoLigS ssLjiLiyRV. yee LSL`iQ= @s[NRP RLRi+ysV xmsVsosVLiT F~LiyRV. A xmsNSLRis[V
Fnys=qs sVN`Ps [sos sTzmsLixmso @LiRL` sLigS sVsNRPV INRP sLigS sszmsxqsVLij @s
RV[aSRV. s[sV xmsVso xqs*LSs sysV. PxmsVso y][ sWyRV @s VRW [soRV
Rs AR y*LS y[ sWRVRVsxmsVRV @j INRP sRLigS y[ LRiWxmsojRVNRPVLiVLij.
xmsVso y][ sWyRV @s xmsgRiVgRiVRVyRV. lgis NSL`i xmsNSLRiLi [VxqsV Rs EaRPNTPs
ssWgjiLiyRV. ARVs Rs xmsoxqsNRPLi r= zqss=RVL` T\|qsL` [ dsso [VxqsV \sxmso ZNP[LikNRPLjiLis
VR dsso @xmssR\sVs xmsyxsVVsV F~LiRVyso. dsso ds NRPsVsV [VxqsV\|ms szms[ [VxqsV
y*LSs[ dsNRPV RLixmso xmsyxsVV ds xXRRViLi[ xmsszxqsVLij @s RV[aSRV.
C sW y*LS dsVLRiV NRPWy AR xmsys F~Liys s[sV sVsVVsV
N][LRiVRVysV. ds[Ds \sVs N][LjiNRP RVLiRV dsso sRVVs VR C N][LjiNRP
sVWsVVgSs[ dsNRPV RLixmso xmsyxsVV sRVsV.dsNRPV xmssR\sVs xmsyxsVV NSszqss][
75

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
sVVsVVRgS dsso NRPRNRP sNRPRgS DLiRssV.lLiLiRsjgS y NRPsVsV [VxqsV\|mss
sLixmsssV.s[sV sVLRi xmsV RVysV.ssVjgS ds LSsV ALSjxqsW, @V RLRiVyR B
ssVjs {qs*NRPLjiLiRNRPso.C sRsVVgS[zqss][ x xqsVsVV. BLiRV[s yVgRiV @LiaSsV
sVLRi dsVNRPV xmsNRPLi [rysV. ssV dsso xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN][sRLi; RLRi+ys RW LRiLig`
yxqsVN][sRLi; ys lLiLiRVyLS N]NRPryLji xmsRVLiRRLi; ys INRP xmsWgRiLi
xmsLjibdPLiRRLi; B sVWRV s FyV xmsRVLi saS*xqsLi][ [sos xqssjNTP s}qs [soRV dsNRPV
xqsRVLi [ryRV. xqsLRi*aRPNRPVQ\s [soRV xmsLjiaRPVyR y*LS ds][ xqsLiztsQryRV.
ARVs dsNRPV INRP sVLi }qszRVRVgS DLi[ @sNSaSs ARVsNRPV Bryy?

76

[sos [LRiysNTP [s ryRXaSV

6
[sos [LRiysNTP [s ryRXaSV
xmsVso][ s[sV xqsLiztsQLiRysNTP y sVsxqsV=sV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN]s ARVs
@sVgRizLi[ xqs*Rzqs=R, RLRi+ysV, xqs*FysV, ysV y LRi[ yxqsVN][ys s[sV
yNRPxmsNSLRisVV gRizLiysV. @s xqssVRW[sV sVsLi F~Li[ RLRi+ysV, xqs*FysV,
ysV [NRP sVssVV ss[ @RVs xqs*LRisVV [sos ss NRPgjiss NSNRPFsRV. C xmssWRsVVLij
NRPsVNRPs[ sVssVxmsVRV gRiR NRPgji sVsLi RLRi+ysV, xqs*FysV, ysV [NRP ARVs
xqs*LRiLi ssRLi sLis [sos NRPgjisy NSy @s [y sVgRiV[ xmsLkiOTPQLiRVN]y.
gRiVyLRisVV @s[j [y[ INRP xmssVVQ\sVs @LiaRPLi. yyxmso [ys[ xqsVsWLRiV
50 NRPV \|msgS @yRWV C @LiaSs gRiWLji RLjixqsVyLiVV. y sVVRsVV sVRLiVV sWLRiV
xmsoxqsNS NRPLi[ FsNRPVs[. NRPsVNRP C @LiaRPLi FsLi][ FysVVQ\sVsRs s[sV sxqsVysV.
BaS[VdRVVV [sos [LRiysNTP [soRV yLjiNTP @sVgRizLis xmsNRP Bj. Bj yLji sy[
FsLi][ FyysR NRPgjisjgS sVsLi RWRgRiLi. Bj sVsNRPV NRPWy FsLi][ FysVVQ\sVsj.
FsLiRVNRPLi[ N]R sLiRsNRPV Bj INRP sWjLji, xmsLRi[NRPxqsLiLiR\sVs sxqsVsoNRPV
yRWxqsLiLiR\sVsj. kss gRiWLji |d 8 : 5 [ RWRgRisVV. [sos xqssj[sNTP
xmss[bPLiRysNTP sVsLi Fs zqsRxmsy[ C gRiVyLRisVVsV gRiWLjis @LiaRPsVV sVsNRPV RV[xqsVLij.
kss @RRVssVV [RVRLi y*LS y RXNRPRLi[ FsLi][ sWLRiV NRPgjiLij.
gRiVyLRisVV[ Ds sVWRV sxqsVsoV sWss xqs*sLi[ sVWRV @LiaSNRPV sRLRi+yV.
AsLRisVV sWss aRPLkiLSsNTP xqsWRsgS Dsj. @lgi[ xmsLjiaRPVR xqssVV sVs ysNTP, @ xmsLjiaRPVR
xqssVV sWss ARNRPV xqsWRsgS Dss. C gRiVyLRisVV[ sxqsVxqsLiLiR\sVss ALRiV Dss. Bs
[s os [LRiysNTP sVsNRPV DxmsRVVNRPsVVgS Dss.

AsLRisVV
AsLRisVV @s[j saS FyLigRisVV][ NRPWTs xqssVV. Bj gRiVyLRisVV RVVN]s
DLiVLij. xqsWLRiRLiRV NSLi s[LRiVgS BNRPR xmsxqsLjixqsVLij. C AsLRisVV sWss [sNTP
sRLRi+ssVV, ks y*LSs[ [sos ys F~Li[ xmsLi[LijRWV xmss[ryLiVV.
AsLRisVV[ lLiLiRV sxqsVsoV DLiLiVV. @s : BRT {mshRisVV sVLjiRVV gRiLigSsVV.
BRT {mshRisVV y*LRisVVsNRPV s[LRiVgS DLiVLij. sVsVxtsv FyxmsxmsLjiLSLRiLi Li[ g]zms
VV ks\|ms @LjiLi[yLRiV. [sos xqssjNTP s[sVVLiRV sVsLi BRT {mshRiLi sR sT
Liy.

77

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

BRT {mshRisVV zqsVsNRPV sRLRi+ssVV. Bj [VxqsVNUPxqsV][ sVs @sVjs sys

N]srygjiLiRysNTP sRLRi+ssVVgS DLij. L][sW 12 : 1, 2 sRy[ "xmsLjiaRPVRsVVsV [sosNTP
@sVNRPWsVV\ss xqssRWgRisVVgS dsV aRPLkiLRisVVsV ARVsNRPV xqssVLjiLiRVN]sVT' @s
yRVTLij. [VxqsV Fs\lgi[ ARVs aRPLkiLSs sVs N]LRiNRPV @LjiLiy][, @lgi[ sVssVV NRPWy
sVs aRPLkiLSsV xqssRWgRisVVgS @LjiLiys N][LRiVRVyRV. @LiRVZNP[ FV, s[sV NUPxqsV][ NRPWR
zqsVs s[RVTRVVysV'' @LiVyRV (gRid 2 : 20).
AsLRisVV[ lLiLiRs DxmsNRPLRisVV gRiLigSsVV. Bj INRP gRiVLiRs FyR. Bj g]sV
Bs RLRiVyR RWNRPVV RsVVsV ysVV aRPVj [xqsVNRPVLiLRiV. BLiRV[ yLRiV RsV [RVsV,
NSsV NRPRVgRiVN][ysNTP lLiLiRV ryLiVVV DLiLiVV. kss sVzV yRVNRPVs[ @RLi s sVsVxmso
[RVTs BRT][ [ryLRiV.
gRiLigSsVV [sos yNSsNTP xqsWRsgS Dsj. Fs|mns{qs[ FV [sos yNSs ds][
FRV. sVs sysV aRPVj [}qs xmssLi [g][qsNRPV DLij. sVs[ Ds [FysV [sos
yNRPsVV][ xqsLji[zqsN]s sVsLi xmsLjiaRPVRVsVVgS sLiyLRizRVsVVgS [sos AsV @sVxqsLjiLi
sVVLiRVNRPV N]srygRigRiLi. A sRLigS sVsLi @sVjssVV [sos yNRPsVs[ ds [R sVssV aRPVj
[xqsVNRPVsQLiVV[ sVsLi NRPWy sVs RVsWs s xmsLjixmspLiR VLi NSgRiLi.

78

[sos [LRiysNTP [s ryRXaSV

vh
RWN][V [sos yNSs INRP @RsVV sLij @s VRVyRV. [sos yNSs ss
A sWNRPV [Rs yRV @RsVV[ Rs sVVs RWRVNRPVs AsNTP s Rs sVVs
sVLRi F[Vys DLiRV @s RV[aSRV. @LiRVsV [ Bj [sos yNRPsVV @s BNRPR
xqsWLiRTLij. @LiRV[ sVs [FyV NRPszmsLisLiVV[ sLis[ sVsLi ys xqsLjijRVN][giR Li.
@RLi[ sVVs Fs xqsLji[xqsVNRPVLisW @lgi[ [sos yNSs NRPWy @ sVsLi
yRVNRPVsQLiVV[ sVs syV xmsssLiRLigS DLiLiVV.

xmsLjiaRPVR xqssVV
AsLRisVV[xms[ gRiVyLRisVV NRPTLij. Bj xmsLjiaRPVR xqssVV @ xmsLjiaRPVR xqssVV @s
lLiLiRVgS sLixmsT DLiVLij. BLiRV[ xmsLjiaRPVR xqssVV sWss ssVVsNRPV (soul) sRLRi+ssVV.
BLiRV[sNTP xmsNRPX NSLiRVV xmsxqsLjiLiRRso.
xmsLjiaRPVR xqssVV[ sVWRV DxmsNRPLRiV DLiLiVV. @s : xqsVsVVxmso L] , ALRiV
N]sVV gRi kxmsxqsLisVV, sVLjiRVV RWxmss[jNRP. xmsLjiaRPVR xqssVV[sNTP xmss[bPLiRgSs[ NRPVT\sxmsos
xqsVsVVxmso L] @sVLRiT DLiVLij. ks FsRV lLiLiRVsLRi @RVgRiVV. Bj LigSLRisVV][
F~RgRiT DLiVLij. ks\|ms xmssLiRV s xmsoRVs L]V, LigSLRiV DxmsNRPLRiV @sVLRiT
DLiLiVV. @s INRP yLRiLi FyV @NRPR DLis RLRiVyR ys @xL][sV @Rs NRPVsWLRiVV
VryLRiV.
L]V [RVysNTP zmsLiT gRiVgS sVgRig]TsVgS sVs RLi NRPWy @lgi[ [sos [[
sVgRig]y. RWNRPV s NRPzqs VLiRV NUPxqsV aRPLkiLRisVV[ sVssVV NRPgjiRVVs
xqsxyxqssVVsNRPV xms VLS [ ssVVsNRPV xqsWRsgS Dsj. ""BsVsVV [R BsVsVV xmsRVsgRiVsV,
@V INRPRV Rs NSsNTP ss[NRPsVV xmsoLiRVsV.'' (rysVRV 27 : 17). NUPxqsV xqsxyxqsLi[ sVs
xqs*LiR sLRiRWV sVgRig]y. sVssV sVssVV D}msOTPQLiRVNRPVs xqsx[RLRiVLiRLRiLi
}mssVgRigji sLiy.
sVs xqs*LiR sLRiRWsV RLi sVs xXRRWsV xmsVso @jNSLRisVVsNRPV
@xmsgjiLiys ARVs N][LRiVRVyRV. sVs ys ARVsNRPV @xmsgjiLisxmsV[ sVsLi [sos
xqs*LSs ss ARVs][ xqsxyxqsLi F~LiRgRiLi.

79

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
@LiRLigS LRiWzmsLiRTs GRV N]sV kxmsxqsLisVV xmsLjiaRPVR xqssVV[ FsRsV\sxmsos
xqsVsVVxmso L] NRPV FsRVLRiVgS @sVLRiT DLiVLij. @j LigSLRisVV][ [RVTsj. sWs][
yss sgjiLiy. xmsLjiaRPVR xqssVV[ sVgRiVs[j Bj INRP[.

kxmsxqsLi sVV sVs sVsxqsV=NRPV ryRXaRPsVVgS Dsj. sVsLi [sos yNSs ysLisxmsVRV
xmsLjiaRPVyR sVs sVsxqsV=sV sgjiryRV. C kxmsxqsLisVV LigSLRisVV][ [RVTsj. Bj C
LRiWFysNTP [RysNTP A LigSLSsNTP @s[NRP xmsNTPRVV [zqs ys A LRiWxmssVVsNRPV ryLRiV. @lgi[
xmsLjiaRPVyR NRPWy sVs sVsxqsV=sV [sos ysNTP @sVgRiVLigS [sysNTP ARVs Rs AdRV
syysV @sVxqsLjiLi sVs sVsxqsV=sV sWLRiVryRV.
WNS Rs xmsoxqsNSs Fs yaS][ RV[xqsVyRV. ""ALRiLisVVsVLiT NRPsVLRi RW
yNRP}qssNRPV\syLRiV sVsNRPV @xmsgjiLis xmsNSLRisVV sVssVRsV sLRis[Ljis NSLRisVVsVgRiWLji
ssLRisVVgRi yRVVNRPV @s[NRPVV xmspsVNRPVyLRiV gRisVNRP dsNRPV Dxms[bPLixmsTs xqsLigRiRVV
saRPRVsVVgS Ljigjisss dsso zqsN]sVNRPV ysss sVVRsVLiT RLRi xmsLjiuyLRisVVgS
zqsN]sRVVs s[sVsV ds }msLRi ys gRiWLji sLRiVxqsgS LRiLiRV RVVNRPsVs VLis.'' @Li[
WNS [VxqsVsV gRiWLjis xqsLigRiRVsV AgRiRgS xmsLjibdPLi xmsLjiaRPVyR @Rs sV[s[ysV
sgjiLis xmsNSLRisVVgS ys NRPsVxmsR[ LRiLiyRV.
s[sV NRPWy y xmsxqsLigSsV Blgi[ zqsRxmsLRiRVNRPVLisV. s[sV sWRszqss @LiaSs
gRiWLji xms [ys gRiRgS xmsLjibdPLi ys INRP NRPsVxmsR[ @sVLRiVNRPVs xmsLjiaRPVyR Rs
ssVVsV ss[NSs y[ Ej ARVs Fs sTzms}qs @ A xmsxqsLigSs zqsRxmsLRiRVNRPVLisV.

80

[sos [LRiysNTP [s ryRXaSV

yNRPsVV y*LS sVs xXRRWV sgjiLiRRRsVs[j yyxmso xms \ZNPQQxqssosNTP
@sVss[V. sVssVV INRP [sgSs Rjs[xmsVRV xmsLjiaRPVyR Rs EzmsLjis Ej yss Fs
ss[Liy[ sVsNRPV RV[ryRV. sVs sVsxqsV=sV [VxqsVNUPxqsVNRPV sVsLi xqssVLjiLisxmsVRV
xmsLjiaRPVy R sWs][ sVs sV[s[ysV sgjiryR V. @xmsVRV sVs sVsxqsV=V xXRRWV GRV
N]sVV kxmsxqsLisVVs GNRPsVVgS xmss[ryLiVV.
xmsLjiaRPVR xqssVV[ sLji DxmsNRPLRisVV RWxmss[jNRP. Bj @ xmsLjiaRPVR xqssVV VVNRP
y*LSsNTP FsRVLRiVgS @sVLRiT DLiVLij. ksNTP BLRiV\sxmso LigSLRisVV][ yxmsRsVV [RVT
DLiVLij. s[jNRP\|ms s[RV[ RWxmssVV xqsVyxqsssV F~gRisV AxmnsWLiRVsV lLiLiRVryLRiV
s[RVRVRVLij.
sVsxqsV=, RLi, yV c Bs ssVV (soul) [ gSV. xqsVsVVxmso L] sVs
RsVV\|ms [VxqsV VVNRP xqsLixmspLRi @jNSLSsNTP sRLRi+ssVV. kxmsxqsLisVV sVs sVsxqsV=Q\|ms ARVs
@jNSLRisVVsNRPV sRLRi+ssVV NSgS RWxmss[jNRP sVs y\|ms [VxqsV VVNRP @jNSLRisVVsNRPV
sRLRi+ssVVgS Dsj.
sVssVV @s sxtsQRW[ [sosNTP NRPXRyxqsVRVV Liys FV RV[aSRV.
@s xmsLjizqsRV[ [soRV xqsVLiRRgjisyRV. sLRiLiRLRi xqsV y*LS sVs xqsVRWgRisVV,
[[*gSV xmsLjiaRPVyR sTzmsLixmso[sNTP [RyLiVV. @RVs sWRs[V ys xqssVRWNRPLigS
sTzmsLiRgRiRV.
PICTURE - 5
NRPXRyLRiV LiRVRV ARVs gRiVsVsVV[ xmss[bPLiRVT @s NUPLRisNSLRiVRV
@LiVyRV (NUPLRisV 100 : 4). ALSRs, NRPXRyxqsVRVV LiRRLi @s[s [sos ssj s
[LRiysNTP FsLi][ AsaRPNRP\sVss. ALSRs sVssV FsxmsVNRPVs @xmsLjiaRPVRxqssVV[sNTP
sTzmsxqsVLij. BNRPR @ xmsLjiaRPVR xqssVV sWss ARsV ryRXaRPsVVgS Dsj. sVs
xXRRWsV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN]s NUPxqsVsV sVs[sNTP A*sLiRysNTP xqsV ALSRs INRP ZaP[xtsQ\sVs
sWLRisVV.

@ xmsLjiaRPVR xqssVV
INRP LRisVQ\sVs LRi xmsLjiaRPVR xqss, @ xmsLjiaRPVR xqss s[LRiV[xqsVLij. @ xmsLjiaRPVR xqsLi[
sLiRs sVLiRxqssVV sWRs[V DLiVLij. @ xmsLjiaRPVR xqsLi[sNTP sVgRiV s[ sWLRis[V [RV.
sVs AR s @j NRPWy sVdNRPgS DLiVLij. [sos xmsxqssR][ sLixmsT[s[ Rxms
[[sVRV\sVs sVgRiV, [sNTP s[ @sNSaRP#s[V [RV.
@ xmsLjiaRPVR xqsLi sVs ARNRPV ryRXaRPsVVgS Dsj. BNRPT sVLi[ [soRV sVs][
sVVsVVgS sWRyRV. FyRsLiRs[ xmsys RWNRPVRV sWRs[V, @k xqsLisR=LSsNTP
INRPryLji sWRs[V A LRisV y @ xmsLjiaRPVR xqsLi[sNTP sRV. [VxqsV zqsVs[
sVLRiLisxmsVRV LRi \|mssVLiT NTPLijsLRiNRPV sTsVNTP sgji sVsLiRLRiLi [sos xqssj[sNTP
\LRisVVgS xmss[bPLi xqsLRi*aRPNRPVQ\s [sos][ xqsxyxqsLi NRPgjiLij.
81

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
sLiRs sVLiRxqssVV RVsV NRP][ [RVT, ys\|ms s[VsV LigSLRisVV][ yxmsRsVV [RVT
DLiVLij. BLiRV[ xmsj A xmsNRPV, @xL][sV gRiVLjiLis NRP, sVygRi LigSLRiV FyR
DLiLiVV (|d 9 : 4). sVLiRxqssVV\|ms gRisVVsV NRPXFyxqssLi @LiLRiV. ysdsVR LigSLRisVV][
[RVTs lLiLiRV ZNPLRiWVV FsRVlLiRVLRiVgS @sVLRiT DLiLiVV. y lLiNRPV \|msNTP sFyLji
DLiLiVV. sW}tsQ @xL][sVV sVLiRxqssVV FsRV sWNRPLjiLisxmsVRV [soRV NRPXFyxqssLi\|mssVs
ZNPLRiWV sVRsVLiT yLji][ sWRyRV. C sVLiRxqssVV [sos xqssjs gRiWLji
RXaRPLRiWxmsLi[ sVsNRPV ssLjixqsVLij.
sVLiRxqssVV[ Ds sVy [s oRV sVs Rs xqssVXj[ sVLiT xqssVrys @sVgRizLi
FztsQLiRys gRiVLRiV [xqsVLij. @NRPR sVLiT ARVs xmsLRi[NRPxmso sVgRiV sVs xXRRW[sNTP
xmss[bPLi sVs @sxqsLSV dLRiVxqsW, aRPsVsVLiT sVssV sTzmsLi xmsLRiVxqsVLij.
@xL][sV VVNRP gRiVLjiLis NRP [sos xmsLRi[NRPxmso @jNSLSsNTP xqsWRs. [sos yNRPsVV
sVsNRPV A @jNSLSs BxqsVLij. sW}tsQ s sVssVV sVs xmsLRi[NRPxmso RLiTs sVVsVVgS
xqsLijLisxmsVRV, ARVs AR sVs AR][ sWTsxmsVRV, sVssVV xmsLRi[NRPxmso @jNSLRisVV][
[sos xqsLi[aSs xmsRVLRisVV [RVgRisVV.
xmsj AV [sos RsNTP xqsWRsgS Dsj. ARVssV sVsLi xqsLijLiRysNTP NSszqss
xmsLjiaRPVRRsV F~Li[ xmssWV @LiRV[ ssLjiLiRyLiVV. sVssVV [sos VVRNRPV xmsLjixmspLRi
xmsLjiaRPVRR][ LSy. @LiVV[ INRP xqsLigRi gRiVLRiVLiRVN][LiT. RsNTP \|mss GsV Ds][ RWRLiT :
NRPXFyxqssLi. [VxqsV sVs FyFyNRPV NRPRVRsLi LiyRV. ARVs LRiNRPsVV y*LS sVssVV NRPRVgRiT,
xmsLjiaRPVRVsVVgS dLRiT xmsLjiaRPVRVs xqsxyrys F~LiRgRigSLi. BxmsVRV ARVs y*LS [sos
NRPXFyxqsys \LRiLigS [LRigRiVgRiVRVyLi.
xmsNRPs gRiLiRLi @ xmsLjiaRPVR xqssVV VVNRP @sVssVV][ yRVTLij. WsV
ARsaRPV\ RVVsxmsVRV @RRV F~Lijs AR xmsRQORPQRsV @RRV yaSRV.
PICTURE - 6
xmsVso sVs BLijRW y*LS Rs [ysV gRiWLji sVs][ sWRyRs sVsLi
RWaSLi. sVs sVsxqsV=sV xmsLjiaRPVyRNRPV @xmsgji}qs, ARVs sVs sVsxqsV=sV sgjiLi sVsNRPV
sss[NSsV xmns@sVgRizryRV. @Li[gSNRP sVs AR[ ARVs xmsRQORPQRsV s[LRiVgS F~LiRgRiLi.
[soRV sVs][ ARcAR xqsLixtsQsV NRPgjiRVVLiRV. sVsLi [sos yNSs ysLiRRLi[
xqssVRVLi gRiT}msN]k, Rs xmsRQORPQRsV ss[Li[ rysVLSQs ARVs sVsNRPV @sVgRizryRV.
sVssVV AR y*LS [sos xqsLijLiRRLi y*LS ARVs sVssV g]xmsgS
AbdPLRi*jxqsVyRV. ssNTP, saS*xqsVLiRLjiNTP, ARVssV gRiWLjis @s sy xmsRQORPQRV
@LiRVV[ DyLiVV. xmsLjiaRPVyR sVs xXRRW][ sWTsxmsVRV, sVsLi FsLiR
AdRVLigS DysW ARVs FyRV gSs, ARVs FsLiR }mssV, NRPXxms sVsxms NRPgjiRVVy][
@j sWRs[V VyRV.

82

[sos [LRiysNTP [s ryRXaSV

gRiVyLRixmso @sVsLi sVs xXRRV zqss RWRgRilgi[ INRP syssVV. sVs OSQQsV
ryjLiRysNTP, @sVjs sRLi[ sVs xmsVsosV LRiORPQNRPVRV\ss [VxqsVNUPxqsV VVNRP xqsxyxqsLi[
FsRgRiysNTP C @sVsLi xqsRVNRPLRiLigS DLiVLij.
C NTPLij syy[ dsV LRiLig`isV N]srygjiLiys s[sV sVsVVsV N][LRiVRVysV.
kss INRP @xqsLigS dsVLRiV xmsRVLiys N][LRiVRVysV. gRiVyLRisVV[s xms DxmsNRPLRisVVsV
gRiWLjis @sVysV yNRPV RV[RVVsVs s[RVN]s ARVs sWsV yxqsVN][LiT.

1.

{mshRiLi

s[sV xqssRWgRisVVgS sxqsVyy?

gRiLigSLi

[s os yNSs y sysNTP @s*LiVVLiRVN][sRLi y*LS

NRPRVgRiyy?

xqssVVxmso L]

y sVsxqsV= [sos sxtsQRV\sV sVgRig]TLiy? NUPxqsV aRPLkiLRisVLiRV

ARVs xqsxyxqssVV[ ARVs }mssV[ sRVxqsVyy?

4.

kxmsxqsLi sVV

s[sV [sos yNSs ysxqsVs xmsVRV [soRV y sVsxqsV=sV

sgjiLi Rs xmsRQORPQRsV yNRPsVgRizxqsVyRV.

5.

R Wxmss[jNRP

6.

sVLiRxqssVV

2.
3.

sLRiLiRLRi xqsV @LRisV [sosNTP xqsVyy?

ARVs y xXRRVLi[ xmsZNP[ sWsV gRizLiRysNTP ARVs
xqssj[ ssLigS DLiRRLi s[LRiVNRPVyy?

LRiLig`i [RVysNTP sVVLiRV [sos xqssj[ ssV dsso xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN]s[

gRiRxmsRV. @xmsVRV ds A[RsV NSNRP [sos A[RssV F~LiRgRiso. y sVRgRi [ys
dsso gRiVLjiLiRgRiso. ds A[RsV Dxms[aRPLRiWxmsLi[ DLiLiVV. [sos A[RsV }mssV][
NRPWTssgS DLiLiVV. C DxmsNRPLRiV IN]NRPyss dsV RXaRPLi[ EzLiRVNRPVs ys gRiWLji
xmsVsosV s[RVNRPVs, ARVssVLiT s[ A[RssV yxqsVN][LiT. @s [s ossVLiT sss[y
@s dsV AdRV }qszRVV INRPLjiRLjis @Tgji VxqsVN][LiT.

sWRs\sVs ssWLRisVV
gRiVyLRixmso @sVssVV y sRsVV[ [sos xqs*LSs ss[ g]xms rysVLSQs
NRPVgRi[zqsLij. INRPs[ s[sV [sos xqs*LSs ss[NRPF[ @LiRVNRPV NSLRi[sV[ ss[Li[
xmsLjiys @LijLiLij.
@xmsVRxmsVRV s[sV FsRVL]s[ \sxmnssV gRiWLji xmsVso xqssj[ IN]NRP
DxmsNRPLRis DxmsWgjiLi yNRPV NRPsVxmsLRiRsVs s[RVNRPVLisV. |d 10 : 19c22 sRysV
xmsLjibdP}qs [sos xqs*LSs ss[NRPFysNTP NSLRiV yNRPV [soRV y y*LS RVVxmsLRiVryRV.

83

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
@xmsVRV ys xqsLji[zqsNRPVs [sos yNSs y sysNTP @s*LiVVLiRVNRPVsxmsVRV [soRV Rs
AR][ AR xqsLixtsQ Lji}ms xqsxyrys @sVgRizryRV.

|d 10 : 19c22
[VxqsVNUPxqsV LRiNRPsVV y*LS sVssVV [sos @xmsLjiaRPVR xqssVV [sNTP xmss[bPLi[ \LSs
F~LiRVNRPVyLi. ARVs Rs aRPLkiLRisVV @s[ LRisV Lis[RVRLi y*LS sVssV [sNTP
xmss[bPLixms[}qs g]xms xmsysRWNRPV\ RVVyRV. ARVs y*LSs[ sVsLi FOTPQLixmsTs
xXRRWV gRiyLRisVVgSsV, NRPxtsQsVV [s sVsry=QOTPQgRiyLRisVVgSsV, sLRi\sVs DRNRPsVV][
ryssVV[zqss aRPLkiLRisVVVgRi yLRisVVgSsV, xqsLixmspLRi saRPRVR NRPgji, RVyLRiQ\sVs
xXRRVsVV][ ARVssV xqssyysNTP [LRiVRVyLi.
BNRPR gRiLiRNRPLRi "LRiy*LS' sVssVV @xmsLjiaRPVRxqssVV[sNTP xmss[bPLiRgRisVV @s[
sWsV NTP VRVyRV. C LRi gRiVyLRisVVsV lLiLiRVgS sxqsVLij. [VxqsV sVsNRPV sWRs
ssWLSs @sVgRizLiyRV, Ry*LS sVsNRPV RLiT][ s[LRiVgS xqsLiLiRLi, xqsxyxqsLi
NRPVgRiVRVyLiVV @s gRiLiRNRPLRi RV[xqsVyRV.

saS*xqssxtsQRVsVV[ xqsLixmspLRi saRPRVR

C yNRPgRiLi[ xmsTs saS*xqs sxtsQRVsVV[ xqsLixmspLRiQ\sVs saRPRVR NRPgji,
RVyLRiQ\sVs xXRRVsVV][ [sos xqssyssVVsNRPV [LRiVRsVV @s[ sW sVsNRPV DLiRszqss
g]xms saS*xqssVVsV xqsWrLij. FsLiRVNRPLi[ saS*xqssVV [NRPVLiy Bxtsv\ RVVLiRV @ryRsVV.
[sos VVRNRPV sRVyRV ARVs DyRsRVV Rs VVRNRPV sRVyLjiNTP xmnssVV
RRV[RVVssRVV ssVssV gRiy @s |d 1 : 6 [ yRVT DLij. [sos][ sWys
s[sV N][LRiVNRPVs[ ysNRPs sVLjiVNRPVsgS ARVs y][ sWys, yNRPV Rs }mssVsV xmsLiys
ARVs N][LRiVRVyRs[ xqsys sVsLi gRizLiy, saRP*zqsLiy.
BLiRVNRPV xmsLjiuyLRisVV saS*xqs sxtsQRVsVV[ sVssVV NRPRRs[V. FyV FyRRLi,
AR[ ALSjLiRRLi @s[s sVs saS*rys @sXj xmsLRi[ NSLSV. A saS*xqsLi y*LS sVssVV
[s os xqsdsVzmsLiRgRiLi. [sos NRPXFyxqssLi sRNRPV [LRiysNTP sVsLi ARVsNRPV xqsVRWgSV
xqssVLjiLiy.
sLRigS, [sos sWsV ssysNTP y xXRRVLi[ saS*rys |msLiF~LijLixms[xqsVN][ys
gRizLiysV. y xXRRWs ARVs xqssj[ FOTPQLiysV. A RLRiVyR ARVs yNRPVsVgRizLi[
A[RssV yxqsVNRPVs saS*xqsLi][ ys {qs*NRPLjiLiysV. RLRiVyR ys ss[Li[yTs. [s oRV
FsxmsVRV sVs][ sWys, sVs][ xqsxyxqsLi [RWs, Rs }mssVsV sVsNRPV xmsLiys
N][LRiVRVyRV.

sxtsQxtsQ\sVs sVsry=QOTPQ
A yNRPgRiLi[ sVLjiVVNRP sW "sVsry=QOTPQNTP NRPxtsQsVV ][RNRPVLiRVsV FOTPQLixmsTs
xXRRVsVVV gRiyLRisVVsV . . . [sos xqssjNTP [LRiVRsVV' @s yRVT Dsj. N]s s[sV

84

[sos [LRiysNTP [s ryRXaSV

y sVsxqsV=sV xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVNRPVs DsxmsVRV NRPWy y sVsxqsV=[ s[sV IxmsVN]ss FyxmssVV,
@xmsLSRsLi DLiVLij. y sVsxqsV= INRP @LiaRPLi sVLiT sVL]NRP @LiaSsNTP xmsLjixmsLjisy RxqsW
DLiVLij. G\y INRP @LiaRPLi dsV[ y RXztsQ sFysVNRPVLisV, gSs y @xmsLSRsLi y
sVsxqsV=sV sVsdsRVRV.
sVs sVsxqsV=[ FyFys IxmsVN][NRPVLiy, ys yRVNRPVs [sos xqssyysNTP [LRiRLi
NRPWy ryRs[V. ""zmsRVVLS, sVs xXRRVsVV sVsRVLiRV ][uyL][xms [RVs VR [sos
VRV \LRisVV gRiyLRisVgRiVRVsVV'' (1 WsV 3 : 21). @LiVV[ sVs xXRRVsVV
][uyL][xms [xqsVsxmsVRV sVssVV [sos xqssj [sNTP \LRisVV][ xmss[bPLiR[sVV. sVs FyFys
sVsLi IxmsVNRPVsxmsVRV @RVs ARVs ssVRgjisyRV gRisVNRP NUPxqsV LRiNRP sVV[R sVs xqssVxqs
FyFysV NRPTgji sVssV dssVLiRVVgS dLRiVryRV.
sVs FyFysV sVsLi IxmsVNRPVs ARVsNRPV s[R VV\sVsxmsVRV g]xms ygSysV sVsLi
F~LiRgRiLi. ryysV ssV FsRVL][ysNTP sVs[ aRPNTP [RV. @LiVV[ sVssV xmsLjiaRPVRxmsLRis
[VxqsV sVs[ DsxmsVRV sVssV FssLRiW LiVVLiR[LRiV. sVssWRVs sRNRPV ssxmsVRV
ssV ORPQsVLiRV xmsVy, BNRP\|ms @ [RVsV @s Fys ARVs N][LRiRLi [RV. dsso
{sVRso, ARVs sLiRVRV @s[ xqsys gRizLi, ARVs NRPXxmssV s[sV ARVs
xqssj[ xmsLjiaRPVRR[ sRVrysV @s Fy.
sV Lji @sVsQQNTP Rs "R Li d Amns xqsqs' @sV xmsoxqsNRPLi[ [VxqsV][ xqsszR
xqsLiLiRLi N]srygSLi[ sVs RXztsQs xmsVso\|ms DLiy @s RV[aSRV. sVssVV FsxmsV\[
ARVs \sxmso RWrysW @xmsVyRVs sVs A[RssV ]gjiLi Rs A[RssV sVs
xXRRW[ xmss[aPR #|msRyRV. ARVs sVs saS*xqssVVsNRPV NRPLRiRVV yss N]srygjiLiRVyRV\s
RVVyRV. ARVs sVs[ Rs ysVryLRisVVgS xmss[}qs }qs*Rs V sVssWRVsNRPV By*.
@xmsVyRVs }mssV sVssV ARVs xqssj[sNTP sTzmsLi INRP sVsVxtsvRV Rs }qszRVs][
sWTsVgS sVs][ xqsLiztsQryRV.

lLi[sWNRPV s[RVVgRiV y*LS xmssRxmsLRiRRV

RLRiVyR, yNRPsVV][ DRNRPryssVV [R yss xmssRxmsLRiRV @s[j @sxqsLRiLi. ""@Vs
NUPxqsVNRPWR xqsLixmnsVsVVsV }mssVLi, @j NRPLiNRP\sVssV sVVRR\VssV @j sVLji[V\ssV [NRP
xmsLjiaRPVR\sVsjgSsV, sL][xtsQ\sVsjgSsV sVzsVgRi xqsLixmnsVsVVgSsV ARVs Rs VRV yss
sVsVN]ssss, yNRPsVV][ DRNRPryssVV[R yss xmssRxmsLRi, xmsLjiaRPVRxmsLRiRV\ZNP
ysN]LRiNRPV RsVysV @xmsgjiLiRVN]ssV.'' (Fs|mns{qs 5 : 25, 26). [soRV FyLRis[ sVs][
sWTsxmsVRV sVssVV A lLi[sWsV @s*LiVVLiRVN]sRLi y*LS sVssV sVssVV
xmssRxmsLRiRVN][y. [sos yNSsNTP sVsLi [RsLiVV[ [soRV NRPWy [RVgRigjiLij GdsV
[RV. [sos NRPXxms sVs dsVR DLiVLij gSs ys[ sVsLi N]srygS [NRP yss sT
RWLRi\ sVFy @s[j sVs s[RVR, @s[RVR\|ms AyLRixmsT DLiVLij.
INRPryLji s[sV LRi[ [sos sW N]LRiNRPV NRPs|mssxmsVRV ARVs ""ss s[sV zmss
xmss sVVR xmspLji [LiVV'' @s @yRV. @xmsVRV s[sV y RxmsV gRizLi ARVs ORPQsWxms
N][LRiVNRPVs ARVsNRPV s[RVVRsRWsV. ""F~[ N]so* @LjiLiRVNRPLi sW ssV ZaP[xtsQsVV''

85

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
(1 xqssVW 15 : 22). sVssVV [sos sWsV ss A xmsNSLRiLi [RVNRPVLi[ sVssVV Fss gRiLiV
ARVs xqssj [ ARVsNRPV sVsxms ORPQ sVVLiRRV.

RVyLRiQ\sVs xXRRVsVV
sLRigS [soRV 22 sRsLi[ sVL]NRP gSsNTP sTzmsLiyRV.""RVyLRiQ\sVs xXRRVsVV][
sVssVV [sos xqssyssVVsNRPV [LiR VRsVV.'' sVssVV [s os VVR NRPV ssxmsVRV sVs
xXRRWV RVyLRisVVgS DLiy. @LiRV[ FsLi s[xtsQyLRi, sLiRs, @RsVVV
DLiRNRPWRRV. [sos xqssj[ sVssVV Gk yR[sVV. @LiVV[ y sxtsQRVLi[ BLi xqssVxqs
Gk [RV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ s[sLi][ sVVNRPVxqsWgS, yxmsLjiNRPLi [syTsgS DLisV. y sVsxqsV=[
GsVVLi[ @[ sWRysV. @LiVV[ INSNRP xqssVRVLi[ y xXRRVLi[s sLiRssV [soRV
yNRPV RWFyRV.
sW xqsLixmnsVsVV 60 s[ yLRiV NRPVRVs NSLiVVxmsTs RLRiVLi[ xqsLixmnsVsVLiy FyLRiy
xmspLRi*NRPLigS [sosNTP NSsVNRPV B yss sTzmsLiys xqsRV }qsNRPLRi [RWs
xqsLiNRPLiyLRiV. @LiVV[ @LiRV[ s[sV [RVgRigjiLi[dsV [RV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ y NRPVVLiLi NSxmsLjigS
yNRPV s[ @ RNRPVs s[RsLi][ s[ sys gRiRVxmso][Lij. sWNRPV G LiNRPV sV=V [so.
y [NTP FsxmsVRV RV sy ys sLis[ G][ INRPysNTP NRPszqs DLiVLij. BNRP
s[s[RLiW GdsV DLiRRV gRisVNRP NRPdsxqsLi FyLRis [RWs RLixmso NRPWy yNRPV LS[RV.
@xmsVRV yNRPV RW|msN`P= BLis @sV xqsLixmnsVsVV VVNRP NSLiVV Liys yNRPV INRP
RLixmso sVsxqsV=[ @NRPryRVgS RLij. @j INRP zms A[RsgS yNRPV @szmsLiLij. xaS
@j [sos sVLiT ss A[Rs NSNRPFsRV. s[sV yss gRiVLjiLi NRPdsxqsLi FyLRis NRPWy
[RV[RV. yss gRiWLji ARVs A[Rs GsV[ VxqsVNRPVs[ xmsRVRLi NRPWy [RV[RV.
@s[NRPryLRiV C RLixmso xms[ xms[ LSsRLi][ s[sV ks sxtsQRV\sV xmsVso Rs[VsV[
VxqsVN][ys LRi y*LS [sos @TgSsV. @xmsVyRVs ds RW|msN`P=sV @sV, xqsLixmnsVLi
VVNRP NSLiVVV dLji, sVgjis RV xqsLixmnsV y[ sV[LiVV @s FyRV. yNRPV N][xmsLi][
lLiRVN]Lij. C LRiLig`i dsVR yNRPV @xqsV ssVNRPs[V [RV @LiW @RLi LjigSsV.
yNRPV BsW=lLis= dsVR ssVNRPLi [NRPFsRLi][ yNRPVsRLiy LRiV[zqs C RW|msN`P=
NRPVNRPVysV. ysdsVR Ds @xmsV y RNRPVs. @j s[sV y LRi BLiNS RVs*sFyRVLi[
DsxmsV[ dLjiFRVLij. INRPs[ yZNP[RLiVVy @LiVV[ @j yNRPV y NRPVVLisNTP sxqsLji
AyRWs @LijxqsVLij [NRP sW sXyxmsLi[ DxmsWgRixmsRVRVLij. @LiVV[ BxmsVRV [VxqsV
yNRPVs xqssVrys @sV xqsLixmnsVLi VVNRP NSLiVVV LiRsVs @LiVyRV.
s[sV sLSaRPNRPV gRiV\lLi @s[NRP jyV xmsVso][ sWR[RV. sLRiNRPV s[sV N]LiLi ssNRPV
Rgji, xmsVy, s[sV C RW|msN`P= @sVs[RWs dsso sLigS N][LRiVRVyy? @s @TgSsV.
@LiRVNSRVs INRP NSLRis FyRV : ""@j y sRLi[ INRP sgRixLi sLij. s[sV
xmsVso\|ms AyLRixmsRNRPVLiy A RW|msN`P=s[ AyLRiLi [xqsVNRPVs sxqsVysV. y sLkiORPQ ssVVgRi
[s os dsVR NSNRP sWss sLS\sVs y RW|msN`P=\|mss[ DLij.'' [RVgS A[}qs ARVs
zmsLij yxqsss[V. NS ARVs y sVLiT GLi N][LRiVRVyRV. ""C RW|msN`P= @sV,
xqsLixmnsVsVVVVNRP yNRPVsV sTzmsLi, sVgjis Rys xqsLixmnsWsNTP By*.''

86

[sos [LRiysNTP [s ryRXaSV

s[sV gS A[Li ""xqslLi[ xmsVy! dsso zmss[ [rysV. @LiVV[ y NRPVVLisNTP GLi
Ljigjiy @LiRVNRPV ds[ RR. INRPs[ s[sV sXyxmsLi[ ANRP yso R}qs @j ds R}ms
@soRVLij'' @ysV. @LiRVNRPV ARVs @LigkiNRPLjiLisVyRV.
BNRP A RW|msN`P= @sVysNTP xmsNRPs BysV. @LiRsVV sVVLiRV y A[RssV xqsLixmnsV
|msR][ xmsLiRVNRPVLi[ yLRiV yj ssWs A[Rs, A LiVVLis @sVsRs yNRPV xqs
ByLRiV. @LiVV[ s[sV y LRi gRiVLjiLi zmssxmsVRV yLRiV NRPWy [soRV y][ sWTs
xqsLigRiRVsV RXRxmsLRiRVNRPVyLRiV.
@xmssVLiT y RW|msN`P=sV N]sVg][V [RVysNTP FssLRiV sryLS @s yyxmso ALRiV
sWryFyV FsRVLRiV RWaSsV. @xmsVRV xmsVso A RW|msN`P=sV @sWs[ A[Rs sT|msV
@yRV. @LiVV[ A BV @sVVRVFLiVVy FNRPFLiVVy yZNP[Li R [RV. @j BNRP yj NSRV
@ysV. @LiRVNRPV xmsVso ""yNRPV NSszqsLij @[. ds xXRRVLi[ sWLRiV. BLiRNSLi dsso
RW|msN`P=s[ AyLRiLi [xqsVNRPVs yss ds xXRRVLi[ INRP sgRixLi RWxqsVNRPVs sLiyso. dsso
yRVLiRV saS*xqssVVLiRNRP INRP NRPys saRP*zqsLiyso. @j BNRP ds xXRRVLi[ [RV. dsso yss
yNTPyso. s[sV sVLRi yss dsNTPxqsVysV. y RW|msN`P=sV dsso xqsLiLRiOTPQLiRV'' @yRV.
@LiVV[ C lLi[sWsV s[sV @sVxqsLjiLi[ sVVLiRV y xqsLixmnsV |msR][ xqsLixmsjLiysV. [soRV
y][ sWyRs yLRiV @LigkiNRPLjiLiyLRiV. y s[RVR sXygS F[RV.
yNRPV @sVV xmsNSsNTP syRV. [soRV @Rss Rs NRPVsWLRiV\s Bry=NRPVsV
BsVs N][LjisxmsVRV @RRV ssVNSRNRP Rs NRPVsWLRiVs [sos @LjiLiRysNTP zqsRxmsyRV.
FsLiRVNRPLi[ [so[ RWRVNRPVLiRs LRisVLiy ARVs\|ms sWFyRV. [soRV @Rs xXRRWs
gRiVLjiLi Bry=NRPVsV sVLRi @sVVsNRPV @xmsgjiLiyRV. [soRV INRP Vs [NRP INRP LiVVLis
RsNRPV @LjiLiRsVs N][LRiRLi [RV. ARVs sVs xXRRWsV xmssRxmsLRiRg][LRiVRVyRV.
xmsVso][ xqsszR xqsxyrys |msLiF~LijLiRVN][ysNTP C yVgRiV @LiaSV
FysVVQ\sVss : RVyLRixXRRVsVV, xqsLixmspLRi saS*xqssVV, NRPxtsQsVVsVLiT FOTPQLixmsTs
xXRRVsVV, DRNRPsVV][ ryssVV [zqss aRPLkiLRisVV.

ds xXRRWs xmssR\sVsjgS DLiRVN][sRLi

sVs xXRRW[ xqs*Rzqs=R A[RsV xmss[aRP# |ms[yRV [so]NRP[ NSRV. sVs
sL][j \ Vs ryysV NRPWy Rs A[RssV sVs[ xmss[bPLixms[ryR V. @LiVV[ [soRV
ARLRiNRPLRi\sVs A[RsV xmss[aRP# |msT[, @xmsyj AL][xms xmspLjiR\sVs A[RssV
xmss[aRP# |msRyRV.
ryysV A[RsV, sLSaSsxqsQXxV, N][Fys[aSV sLi RVLRiV][ NRPWTss. yRV,
dsso Fyzmsss, xmsLjiaRPVR [sos xqssj[sNTP xmss[bPLi[ WgRiR dsNRPV [Rs, dsso {sVRss, ds
FyFyV ORPQsVLiRR[Rs, ds FyFyV NUPxqsV LRiNRPsVV [R NRPRVgRiR[sLiR |mnsWLRi\sVsss[
A[RssV ds[ xmsoLi ssV yaRPsLi [RWs RWryRV.

87

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
RLRiVyR yRV, ds NRPVVLis gRiWLji, NUPxqsVsLiRVs ds xqsx[RLRiVsV, rRLkisV gRiWLji
RVgS AL][zmsryRV. yLiRLRiW s[xtsQyLRiVs, RsV RV xXRRWsV y \|msNTP sVLiyLjis
sxqsVyLRis, ssV FssLRiW }mssVLiRRLi [Rs, @LiRLjiNRPLi[ dss[ xmsVso FsRV s\ZNPQQxqssosgS
sxqsVyss ssV sWWFyRVLi [R xmsR][RWs RWryRV.
sLRigS yRV, xmsVsosV gRiWLji @Rxmso sWV sryRV. [soRV }mssWsVRVVRV
NSRV ARVs NRPhjisVRs, NRPXxmsgRiyRV NSRV dLRiV dLRiVyRs, ARVs ds gRiVLjiLi GdsV
LiLiRRLi [Rs , @ ARVs sWsso ZaP[RVxqsV= N][lLi[y[ @LiVV[ [NRPLi[ Bs sWryV,
|mnsWLSV FsLiRVNRPV LRiVgRiVRVyRVs skryRV. Rs sWV ssVs xmsysNTP [NRPLi[
Ljilgi[ |mnsWLRiNRPXysV sRLRi+sLigS RWzmsryRV.
ryysV xmsWgjiLi[ C RLiysV gRiWLji @xmssVRLigS Dyy? [sLiVV[ yRV
ssV @sWLiRLi sVLigjis[ryRV. @LiVV[ [VxqsV NUPxqsV VVNRP @jNSLRiLi [R dsso aRPRVso sWsV
FsjLjiLi, y rysLi[ ARLRiNRPLRi VVNRP aSLis Lki [xqsVN][.
aRPNRPQ\sV[ sLRiLiRLRiLi FyFys gRiWLji WLi[ sLkiORPQ [syLjiNTP, ssVLRi+yRNRP yV
gRi sNRPVNRPV RWLRiLigS DLiRV. NSgS |d 10 : 25 [ ""N]LiRLRiV sWsVN]sVRVsVgS
xqssWsVVgS NRPWRV sWsNRP, INRPsNRPRV |RLjiLiRVRV, . . . }mssV RWxmsoNRPVsV xqsyLRisVVV
[RVVNRPVsV INRPsNRPRV xmsoLjiN]sss A[LiRsVV'' @s xmsTsVgS saS*xqsV][
ryLigRiRLi NRPgjiRVVLiyLi. xmsVso yNRPV ZNP[sVVgS DLiRV NS ygSsLi [zqss ssVRgjis
[sos AaRPLiVVLi, sVs sLkiORPQ sxtsQRV\sV sVssVV IxmsVN]ss yss saRPLigS xmsVNRPVLiyLi
(|d 10 : 23).

[soRV sWRs xqsLiRLSV

sVs xXRRWV RVyLRiLigS DsQLiVV[ [soRV FsxmsVRV sVs][ sWRyRV,
sVs sVssosV ANTPryRV. @LiVV[ @LiRVNRPV N]s sVsLiVVLixmsoV NRPWy DyLiVV. NRPdsxqsLi
yVgRiV NSLRi ss [soRV sVs][ sWRNRPF[V @sNSaRPLi DLij.
s[sV BLiRNRPVsVVLiRV zmssVgS sVsLi @s[R VV\sV[ [soRV sVs][ sWRRV.
LS\s rV xmssNRPQ\Vs xqssVW[VV sWsV RLRiRW |msRss |msRVRW syRV. sLRiNRPV
INRPL][ xmsVso @Rs][ ds @s[RVR sVWLigS dsso ds NRPVVLiLi xmsxmnsLi LiRNRP RxmsRV.
BNRP\|ms ysVLiT dsNRPV G xqssWyLRisVV LiRRV @yRV. sVL]NRPryLji rV [sos VVR syLRi
[RVysNTP sxmsVRV, ARVs ""xqs*xmssVVy*LS\sssV, ELkisVV y*LS\sssV, xmssNRP
y*LS\sssV GsVRVV |qssRVNRPVLisV. @s[NRP xqsLiRLS[ [sosNTP s[RVVLi NSsysNTP
sVsLi BxtsQxmsRNRPF[ [soRV sVL][ryLji sVs][ sWRysNTP AxqsNTP RWxmsRV.

@j dsNRPV Lijsj NSsxmsVRV

[soRV xqssWysLi xmsg][LRis xmsaRPsV dsso @TgjisLiVV[ [soRV ds][ sWRRV.

@Li xqsLiRLS[ FssryLRiV sVsLi s[RVNRPVy sss[V @RVs xqssWyssVsoRVLij.
xqsxLigS sxtsQRVsV gRiWLji xmsysNTP [soRV sVs][ sWys N][LRiVN][RV. sVsNRPV Gj
@sxqsLRisW @j sWRs[V VxqsVN][ys [soRV N][LRiVRVyRV.

88

[sos [LRiysNTP [s ryRXaSV

C xqsLiRLRiLigS INRP g]y sRLi[ xqsLisLis RXuyLiys RWyLi. xmsVso RWR
AsVNRPV xmsRQORPQ \sV AsVNRPV INRP NRPVsWLRiVRV sryRs, @RRV sVRsVV xmsoRVN]sNRP,
@xmssR\sVsyss sNRP, RgRiLRisVV[s[ [sosNTP yLRiV [RVRyRs, zmns{tsQRVVsVLiT
BaS[VdRVVsV LRiOTPQryRs |qssyRV.
@xmsVysV Rs LRiQ\Vs sW[xNRPV C xqsLigRiRVs gRiWLji zmssxmsVRV, @RRV A
RWRsV NRPVxqsVN]s A R Fs yRsoyRV, @RRV [RW=s NSLS[sV[ xmssVs
@TgSRV. @LiVV[ A RWR yLji][ s[sV A {qsQ][ zmssRLiy A {qsQ [RW @s zms sVVLiRV
zmss sWs[ sVLRi zms sFRWRV (yRW 13 : 12c14). sW[x [soRV xmsg][LRis
xqsLigRiRVsV VxqsVN][ysVNRPVLiVyRV. @LiVV[ @Rs G xmsaRPNRPW ys*[RV.

RVLRiV[aSV
sVs FyLRisV RVLRiV[aRPLi][ NRPWTs\s[ [soRV yNTP ys*RV (RWN][V 4 : 3).
sVsLi FyxmsLi [zqssxmsVRV y xmnsyV sVsNRPV xmsNRPWLigS DLiRNRPWRRs sVsLi FssryLRiV
FyLRis [xqsVLiLi? G\sy sVsNRPV RVMLi NRPgjiLi[ xqsLixmnsVsV FsRV\lLisxmsVRV y ss sVsLi
AdRVLigS FsRVgRiVysVs[ sxtsQRWs sxqsLjiLi @s sLis[ ]gjiFys FyLjixqsVLiLi.
@LiVV[ \ B |qssrLij. ""aRPsV JLRiVsV, JLRiV xmsLkiORPQsV, xmsLkiORPQ sLkiORPQsV
NRPVgRi[RVVss VLjigji aRPsVRVsVVsV @aRPRVxmsRVRsVV (L][sW 5 : 3, 4). @gji [R
sWssVV aRPVj [RVRVsV sVs sWyV NRPWy NSs[RVT sVs xXRRW[
\sNTPgRi xqs*ys RLjiLiRVNRPVLiLi. yyNRP\sVs xqsV[gSsV, sVs aRPLkilLi[RsV
RXzmsxmsLRiRysNTP NSszqss ys @sVgRizLiRsVs sVsLi s[RVNRPVLiLi. @LiVV[ [soRV
ARxqsLiLiR\sVs aSaRP*R\sVs AbdPLS*ysV sVsNRPV @sVgRizLiRg][LRiVRVyRV. @Li[ sVs
FyLRisV Bx[NRPxqsLiLiR\sVssgS NSNRP xmsLRi[NRPsVLiRVs [sos ysVryLRi\sVssgS DLiy.
@xmsV[ sVs FyLRisNRPV yV xqsVLij.

DxmsyxqssVV VVNRP AsaRPNRPR

DxmsyxqssVV sVs aRPLkiLRisVV[s sxtsQRV xmsyLSsV aRPVj[RVRs[V NSNRP,
ARxqsLiLiR\sVs sWysV NRPWy xmssRxmsLRiVxqsVLij. DxmsyxqssVV y*LS AdRV
xqsxyrys sVsLi |msLiF~LijLiRVN][gRiLi. y sRLi[ DxmsyxqsLi sss[ Fs[ AdRVsVV
xmsgRi xmsRLi[ sVVLiRVNRPV rygSLiVV.
VxtsQRW gRiLiRLi 58s @yRVLi DxmsyxqsLi FsLiRVNRPV RW[, Fs D[aRPLi][
[RW[ sVVRgRiV ssLSV RV[rLij. 9c11 sRy[ sVsNRPV C ygSyV
@sVgRizLiRyLiVV. ""@xmsVRV dsso zmsVsgS ARVs DRLRisVRVsV, dsso sVV|msgS ARVs
c s[sVyssVsV . . . Vx[y ssV sRsVV sTzmsLiRVsV.''
xqsLixmnsVsVV FyLRiLiLiRTsxmssVLiT DxmsyxqssVV FyLRiy sRLi[ INRPgRiLigS
N]srygjiLij. @F~.NS. gRiLiRsVV[ }msRVLRiV, FV, xqsLixmnsVsVLiy NRPzqs DxmsyxqssVVsVgS
xmsTLij.

89

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
DxmsyryV yy syVgS DyLiVV. xqsLixmspLRi DxmsyxqssVV, FyOTPQNRP DxmsyxqssVV. xqsLixmspLRi
DxmsyxqsLi[ ALRiLi dsLRiV GdsV dxqsVN]sNRPWRRV. C DxmsyxqssVV sVWRVL][NRPV sVLi
ARLjiLiRNRPWRRV. FyOTPQNRP DxmsyxqsLi[ dsLRiV Rxms sVlLi[sV dxqsVN][NRPWRRV. C DxmsyxqsLi[
N]sryLRiV ds][ FyV xmsLiR LRiryV, AL][gRi FydsRWV dzqsN]ssRV NSs xmnsVsxmsyLSV
dxqsVN]sNRPWRRV. C DxmsyryV s\ L][NRPV sVLi DLiRNRPWRRV. N]s xqsLiRLS[
xmsL][ sLjiQxtsQ xqssVRW[ DxmsyxqsLi DLiRsRV. sVLjiN]s xqsLiRLS[ L][N]NRP ryLji
sWRs[V ALRiLi dxqsVN]ssRV. [NRP ys[VV s NRPWLRigSRVV dsLRiV sWRs[V dxqsVN]ssRV.

dsso xmsVsosV s[RVNRPVLi[ ARVs dsNRPV Rgjis Dxmsyrys xqsWryRV. INRPs[ ARVs
dsNRPV yLSsNTP INRPL][ DxmsyxqsLi DLiRsVs xmssRV. [NRP s\ L][V DxmsyxqsLi DLiRsVs
xmssRV. @LiVV[ DxmsyxqsLi @s[j INRP AgS NSNRP sVs AdRV s[VVN]LRi\ZNP xmsLjiaRPVyR
@sVgRizLiRV sTzmsLixmsogS sLiy.
Dxmsyrys FyLRiLiLiRysNTP sVVLiRV dsso INRP sVLi xmsoxqsNSs RRys
N][LRiVRVysV. y D[aRPLi[ ALRiL`i yqs LRiLis gS`= ][|qss Fnyqs @s[ xmsoxqsNRPLi y
DxmsWgRiNRPLRi\sVsj. @LiVV[ sVRVs[VxLi sLi @yL][gRiLi DsyLRiV \sRVs xmsLRis[ORPQ[s[
DxmsyxqsLi DLiRRLi ZaP[RVxqsLRiLi @s gRisVsLiy.

s[sV BLiNRPsV ss[NRPFRVysV

C xmsoxqsNRPLi[ xmsTs xmsNSLRiLi Fss xmsRVyV [zqsy [sos][ sVVsVV
xqsLixtsQ @sVys F~LiR[s yLRiV ARVs xqs*LSs ssRLi[ Ds ALiNSsV gRiVLjiLi
ys ]gjiLiRVN][y.
A xmsLjizqsRVNRPV @s[NRP NSLRiVLiRsRV.
sVVR, N]sryLiR V LRi[ yxqsVN][sRLi FsLiRVNRPV? A xmsaRP y[ NRPy? y sVsxqsV=[
DLiVLij NRPy @s N]LiRLRisVNRPVLiLRiV. FyLRiLiLi[ ds sVsxqsV= xmsLjixmsLjisy RxqsW DLiVLij
gRisVNRP @j xmsoxqsNRPLi[ yxqsVNRPVsQLiVV[ dsso yss RWzqssxmsV A xmsaRPQQ\|ms ds RXztsQ
DLiVLij.
[NRP INRPs[ [soRV sWTy dsso gRiVLjiLiR[NRP FsRV. @Li xqssVRVLi[ dsso ds
xXRRWs ARVs xqssj[ NRPVsVLjiLiy. @LiVV[ xmsLjiaRPVyR A[RsV x
xqsVsR\sVss INRPs[ @s ds r~LiR A[Rs[R sVLRiVgRiV[RVRVRVLiRsRV.
zmnsyLi` sVLiT |msNS @sV INRP syLji saS*rys gRiVLjiLi sWNRPV B yaSRV : ""s[sV
[s os xqs*LSs ssysNTP NUPNRP xqsWRLi y xmsaRPsV yxqsVN][sRs[V. dsVLRiV yNRPV RWzmss xNRPWNRPV
2 : 1, 2 DyxLRi yZNPLi][ DxmsWgRixmsTLij. xmssRLi [sos][ sWRs @sVysV s[sV
F~LiRVRVysV. s[sV [sosNTP s[RVVR\ssxmsVRV ARVs A[RsV y[ xmsszxqsVyLiVV.''

90

[sos [LRiysNTP [s ryRXaSV

s[sV @xLi ss NRPWy N]s ryLRiV sVsLi [sos xqs*LSs ss[NRPFsRV. FsLiRVNRPLi[
[sos A[RssV sVsLi {qs*NRPLjiLiRysNTP RVVgS sVss[V sVs A[RssV
xmss[aRP# |msRVRVLiLi. @j sVsNRPV sVss[V xmsxqsLigjiLiRVNRPVsVgS DLiVLij. [sos A[RssV
{qs*NRPLjiLiR[Li. @LiVV[ sVs ys [sosNTP @xmsgjiLisxmsVRV ARVs Rs ysVryLRiLigS
sVssV sTzmsLi Rs A[RssV sVsNRPV RVVxmsLRiVryRV. @xmsVRV sVsLi NUPxqsVsLiRV
sRVVLiRgRiLi.

xqs*LRisVV sVLjiRVV @gji

sLjigS @gji @s[ @LiaRPLi [sos xqs*LSs ssysNTP INRP ALiNRPLigS sVrLij. [sos
xqs*LRisVV @gji][ sLij @s j*dWxms[aRPNSLiRLi 5s @yRVLi[ xmsTLij. \[ @gji
aRPVj [RVRys xqsWxqsVLij. [sos yNRPsVV [R aRPVj [RV[ @sNSaSsNTP sVssVV
[RsLiRVss sVssVV AR @sVgRizLi[ ry*RLiyQs F~LiR[NRPFRVysVV.
BaS[VdRVVV N]LiRdsVR BLi @sVys[ BNRPR xmsTLij.
xqsLRi*aRPNTPgiR [soRV Rs xmssV HgRiVxmso yxqssVVsVLiT sTzmssWRV. sW}tsQ
yRVNRPR*Li[ yLRiV xqssVVRsVV sVRs ALjis s[sV sTyLRiV, ANSaRPsVVsVLiT ss sVysV
VLiyLRiV, LSsVLiT ss dss ygSLRiV. [soRV yLjis xqsNRP @sxqsLSV dLSRV.
yLRiV {qsyLiVV xmsLRi*ysNTP ssxmsVRV sW}tsQ yLjiNTP INRP sVLi yLRisV FyRV. [soRV
sVs][ sWR[RVyRV. @LiRLRiW lLiLiRV L][[ zqsRLi NRPLiT dsV sryQV DRVNRPVN]s,
sVsVVsV dsVLRiV xmssRxmsLRiRVN][LiT @s FyRV.
A L][ LSs[ sLij. @LiRLRiW NRPVRWxLigS RWxqsVyLRiV. ARVs xqs*LRiWxmssVV Fs
DLiVLij? ARVs xqs*LRiLi Fs DLiVLij? ARVs sVs][ sLigS sWRyy? sVs][
xqsxyxqsLi [ryy?
@NRPryRVgS WsV NRPLizmsLiLij. A xmsLRi*RLi @gji[R NSRV][Lij. INRP s[VxmnsVsVV
yLjis NRPsVVNRPVLij. [sos][ sWRysNTP sW}tsQ yLjis sVVLiRVNRPV sTzmsxqsVyRV. @LiVV[ yLRiV
RVLi][ ssVNRPLi s[aSLRiV. sW}tsQ INRP[ N]LiRdsVjNTP sRV.
sVLRi NTPLijNTP ss sW}tsQsV RW yLRiV s[VsVV A xqs*LSs ss
RWNSLiRVsVRWLi. @gjisVRsVLiT ARVs sWyRV. s[VsVV ARVssV xqsdsVzms}qs A
@gji sVsVV RzLi s[xqsVLij. BNRP ARVs xqs*LSs sLi[ RsFyLi. NRPsVNRP dsso s A
[sos sW][ sWRsRs xmsV. ARVs sW][ GLi sWRg][Ljiy ds y*LSs[ sWNRPV
@LijLiRsVs xmsV @s @yLRiV. @LiVV[ [soRV yLji sWsV ANTPxqsVyRV. ""C sVV
ds][ zmss sWV s[sV ssRVVysV. yLRiV zmssRLiRRVV sVLi[. yLjiNTPs yLji
xqsLiyssVVsNRPVsV sRsVVsV ZOP[QsVsVV NRPVgRiVsV yLRiV yRVLiRV RVNRPVV NRPgji y
Ass @sVxqsLjiLiRV sVsxqsV= yLjiNRPVLiTs s[VV. dsV gRiVyLRisVV[sNTP Ljigji sRs dsso
91

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
yLji][ xmsVsVV. @LiVV[ dsso BNRPR yVVR sRVVLiRVsVV. dsso yLjiNTP [jLixmsszqss
RLRisVLiRs, @sgS NRPRsV sRVsV s[sV ds][ |msRsV . . . '' (j*d 5 : 28c33).
dsso [sos][ xqsxyxqsLi N][LRiVNRPVsQLiVV[ BaS[VdRVVs sLRisNRP, @gjis
FsRVL]sysNTP zqsRxmsRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS @gjiNRPLi [sos xqs*LRisVV g]xmsj. ARVs ssV aRPVj
[RVVsV ds xqssVrys ARVs [NTP @xmsgjiLiRV.

LRiLig`i [xqsVs INRP RVs*s F~|mnsxqsL`i [sos xqs*LSs ssRLi s[LRiVNRPVyRV. [sos
}mssVsV LRiV RWaSRV. ARVs xqsxyxqsLi[ N]srygRiVRVyRV. INRPL][ xmsVso @Rs][, ""zmns,
dssp ds LRi RVWssLji+[ RxqsLjiLis LigSLRiV, sLiT FyRsV Ljigji Bs[RVLiT.''
@ NRPVRVLRiVRVLij? @xmsNTP s[sV \ZNPQQxqssoRs[ NSsV gRiy? \|msgS @NRPR ]LigRiRsLi [zqsLij
s[NRPTs[ NSRV @LiRLRiW [aSLRiV. @[sVLiR |msR sxtsQRVLi NSRV.
@xmsVRV @RRV @j [sos xqs*LRis[Vy @s syLjiLiRysNTP y sRNRPV syRV. xaS
s[sV @j [sos xqs*LRiLi NSRs VyRs AbPLiy[sW. @LiVV[ [soRV y][ zmss xmsNSRLi
@RsNTP FysV @j sLigS [sos xqs*LRis[V. ARVs sWsV dsso RXNRPLjiLiRsRV @s
|RLjiLiysV. @LiVV[ zmns [sos @gjiNTP RWLRi\sV ryyLRi \ZNPQQxqss sys sxqsVyRV.
@RTxmsVRV ZNP[sLi AR sTzmsLixmsosV NSNRP RLRiaSryQs, NRPRsV, FyLRiLixmsLSsV
@sVxqsLjixqsVyRV.
sVL]NRP RVs*sxqsVRV y sRNRPV s LRiLig`i y*LS [sos][ sWRRLi
s[LRiVNRPVyRV. @RRV Rs xmsLjiRLRi[ [sos sTzmsLixmsosV N][LRiVRVyRV. @RRV FyLjixqsW DLiRgS
@NRPryRVgS @RRV sWLRiVsVsxqsV= F~LiRNRPsVVLiRV s LRiV[ N]s INRP {qsLjiW zqsxqsLi @Rs
sVsxqsV=[ sVRLij. [soRRs][ A sxqsVso @sV A Rys Rs xmsLjiRLRiNRPV BsVs FyRV.
Bj [sos xqs*LRis[Vy @s @RRV xmsbPLiyRV. @xmsVRV s[sV [zqss |RLjiNRPNRPV @RRV
s[RVV\ A sxqsVsosV @sVs[aSRV.

y sRLi[ aRPVj[zqss @gji

@gji y sRLi[ g]xms NSLSs [zqsLij. y LRi Fy yNSLigS
sWsysLi][ NRPXLigjiFRW DLij. A xqssVxqsV AsV xqs*RVLiNRPXyxmsLSRLi. @LiRVNRPV ysR
\ AyLSVyLiVV. @LiVV[ INRPL][ @gji ssV yNTPLij. ""ds LRi C xqssVxqsV
FsRVL][sysNTP dss[ NSLRiLi. dsso AsVsV }mssVgS, @[sLigS RWxqsVNRPVs DLi[ AsVNRPV C
xmsLjizqs FsRVLRi[Vj NSRV.'' sLis[ s[sV y xmsoxqsNSs szqsLjiN], yNRPV C LRiLig`i dsVR @xqsV
ssVNRPLi [RV @s g]gSsV.
sVLRiVxqs DRRVLi s[sV NSxqs xqsLiLiRVNRPVysV. @xmsVRV [sos][ ""xqslLi[, y RxmsV
DLi[, @[sV[ RWzmsLiRV'' @s xqsyV [aSsV. y\|ms G AL][xmsV DLiRss sLiysV.
yyxmso lLiLiRV }msV sLiTF[VLiRgS s[sV ssxLjiLiyss gRizLiysV.
92

[sos [LRiysNTP [s ryRXaSV

s[sV \QsLig`i [}qs FyLRiLiLi[ y D[NSsV ysV y[s[ yRVNRPVs[y.
FsLiRVNRPLi[ @ RV|msRLi xmsRysNTP gRiVLRiV @s sLi[y. y LRixms yNRPVs }mssV
@gS}ms }mssV. y RXztsQ[ @j INRP sRR. sW xqsLixmnsVLi xms yNRPVs }mssV sRR][ NRPWTs
RR. [s os xms yNRPVs }mssV sRR][ NRPWTs xmsLjiRLRi.
B y A[RsV rygjisxmsVRV AsV xXRRVLi xqsLiRsV N][[LiVV sLSaRP[
NRPWLRiVNRPVFsRLi[ AaRPLRis[VsVVLij? AsV zqsgRiLji, @LiRLRiV. AsVZNPsLRiW }qszRVV [LRiV.
y][ Rxms sVlLis*Lji][sV |msRgS @sVLiyV [so. [soRV AsV xms }mssVgS ssxLjiLi
@sVLSgRiLi][ sVxqsVN]sVs A[bPLiyRV. C A y sQQNTPgRiR, \syzNRP, xmsLjiRLRi sysV
@RVRLigS sWLjis[zqsLij.
s[sV sWLSsVNRPVysV gSs Fs sWLS[ RVRLi [RV. xsLjigS DLiys,
RVLRiVNRPVgS DLiys, yRVNRPVTgS DLiys, [[*gSV NRPgji DLiys @sVNRPVysV.
@LiRVNRPV xmsVso yNRPV yVgRiV sVsV RWFyRV : ARVs ss }mssVLiy][ y LRi y*LS
gRizLiRRLi; [VxqsV Rs xmssV Fs }mssVLiy][ xqsVyLRi xmsoxqsNS y*LS VxqsVN][sRLi,
ydsRV [sos xms Rs }mssVsV Fs sQQNRPxmsLRiy][ NUPLRis gRiLiRLi y*LS VxqsVN][sRLi, y
sRLi[ [[*gSsV [soRV xmsosLRiVRLjiLiRVsV saS*xqsLi][ FyLjiLiRRLi.
INRP Gyj FyV }mssV, AFyRVysVLSgSsV s[LRiVNRPVysV. ssVV NRPLi }mssVsV
NRPsVxmsLRiRRLi g]xmsRs VxqsVNRPVysV. xqsVyLRiV, NUPLRisV sVd sVd RjysV. [soRV y[
Rs NSLRiLi LjigjiLiyRV. y[ xmsNRPWyds sT|msyLiVV. |msRyR\ss RLRiVyR s[sV
sVVRryLjigS GysV. @gRisVg][RLRiLigS NRPszmsLi[ sxtsQRVsV y LRi IT[ |msRgS
GysV. y[ gRiLRi*Li, @xLiNSLRiLi @s[s ]gjiFRWLiVV.
NRPsVLigS y[ xqs*xqsR [NRPWLjiLij. y[ ygji Ds }mssVsV y LRi RWRgRigjiLij. A
}mssVsV s[sV AsVNRPV xmsLiRRLi ss AsV[ \sLSaRPLi ]gjiFLiVVLij. y xqsLixmnsVLi xms NRPWy y
RXNRPRLi sWLjiLij. s[sV yLji xms NRPsVxmsLRi[ }mssVsV yLRiV RWRgRiVgRiVRVyLRiV.

xqs*xqsRs[ xqs*LRiLi
ARVs ssV dsVNS 6 : 8 sRysNTP sTzmsLiyRV. ""J sVsVxtsvy, [Vj DRsVsW @j
dsNRPV RV[RVTRVVsj; yRVsVVgS sRRVN]sVRVV, NRPsNRPLRisVVsV }mssVLiRVRVV,
kssVsxqsV= NRPgji ds [sos VRV xmssLjiLiRVRVV, BLi[gRiy Vx[y ssRVgRiVRVyRV.''
ARVs NRPsNRPLRisVVsV }mssVxqsVyRV, yRVsVV LjigjixqsVyRV.
@LiVV[ y sRLi[ BLiRsLRiNRPV LjigjisRLiy slLi[NRPLi. s[sV yRWs }mssVLiysV,
NRPsNRPLSs LjigjiLiysV. yNRPV FsRV\lLis xms sQQNTPs sVVR dLRiVdLji RLRiVyR yLji xms
NRPsNRPLRisVV RWzmsLi DLisV. [sos xqs*ys s[sV gRizLiysV. ARVs sVgRiVsV,
}mssVRVV\s RVVyRV. syLRisVV [R xmsTs {qsQ][ [VxqsV, ""s[sVsV ssV bPOTPQLixmssV;
BNRPsV s FyxmssVV [RVNRPVsVV'' @s FyRV.

93

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
s[sV xmsLjiRLRi FyLRiLiLis sVVR jy[ FsLi][ NRPhjisLigS DLi[yTs. @sVjsLi
[ysV ysxqsW @s sVs[ [NRPF[ \ZNPQQxqsssRLi @LRiLRizRsVs VRW sRVsLiR\sVs
\ZNPQQxqss sysNTP RW\ }ms AsV }qsNRPLjiLiysV. yVlgi[[ ys gRiVgS xmsLjibdPLi
ys sVV\|ms# AVgS NRPVjLiysV. yss \xmso [LiVVLi INRP FyzqsN`P NRPsL`i//][ NRPVLiysV.
Z\ NPQQxqsys INRP ssxqsgS sWLSsV. s[sV sW}tsQsV sVLi FRWsV FsLiRVNRPLi[ sVV\|ms# AsV
s[sV LRiWF~LijLiysV. NSs ys @sVV xmsLRiRRLi[ s[s[ xmspLjigS sxmnssVRWsV.
@LiVV[ BxmsVRV s[sV AsV NSNRP xmsLjiaRPVyR VVNRP xqsxyxqsLi[ sWRs
RXNRPRLi[ N]srygRiVRVysV. }mssV NRPgji y xqsLixmnsWs sTzmsxqsVysV.

xqsLigRixLi
[VxqsV NUPxqsV Rs LRiNSs LijLi LRisV LiRRLi y*LS sVssV
@xmsLjiaRPVRxqssVV[sNTP sTzmsLiyRV. xmsLjiaRPVyR y*LS RLiT][sV @RVs NRPVsWLRiV\s
NUPxqsV][sV sVsNRPV s[LRiVgS xqsxyxqssVV NRPgjiRVVsj. s[s[ sWLRisVVsV @s xmsVso @LiVyRV
(WsV 14 : 6). ARVs saS*rys sVs[ yRV. sVssV RsVVRNRPV
[LiR VNRPVLiVyRV. sVssWRVs [xmss\V RVVysVV. sVs }mssVsV, RXztsQs ARVs\|ms
DLiy.

1.

{mshRiLi

y aRPLkiLSs [sosNTP xqssRWgRiLigS xqssVLjiLiyy?

2.

gRiLigSLi

[sos yNSs y sysNTP @s*LiVVLiRVN][sRLiy*LS NRPRVgRiyy?

3.

xqssVVxmso L]V

y sVsxqsV= [sos sxtsQRV\sV sVgRig]TLiy?

4.

kxmsxqsLisVV

[soRV y sVsxqsV=sV sgjiLi Rs xmsRQORPQRsV yNRPsVgRizLiRysNTP

ys ARVsNRPV @xmsgjixqsVyy?

5.

RWFyLji

sLRiLiRLRi xqsV @LRiy*LS, [sos AksLi[ sVs yV

DLiVyRW?

6.

sVLiRxqssVV

ARVs xqssj[ ARVs][NRPWR ssLigS sRsysNTP, ARVs y

xXRRVLi[ xmsZNP[ sWsV gRizLiRysNTP s[LRiVNRPVyy?

LRiLig`i

94

[sos [LRiysNTP [s ryRXaSV

1. y xXRRWs xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVNRPVs, [NRP ALiNSsV ]gjiLiRVNRPVs[ xqss NRPsVg]yy?
2. y ARsV ssVxmsLRiRVNRPVyy? y sVsxqsV=sV RLixms[}qs A[RssV sRVLiLiRV
N][gRigSy?
3. LRiLig`iNRPV s[sV zqsRs[Vy? lLi[sW xmsys yxqsVN][sysNTP zqsRLigS Dyy?

aRPX [xqsVN][sRLi
1. RVyLRiQ\sVs xXRRVLi][ y xqs*LiR A[RssV sT|msRVRVyy? s[xtsQyLRi
sLiRssVLiT sRVR F~Liyy?
2. xmsLjixmspLRisaS*xqsLi][ [sos xqssysVVsV [LRiVRVyy?
3. xmsVso ssV NRPTgjis[RVRLiy*LS y[ sLRi\sVs sVsry=QOTPQ NRPgjiLiy?
4. s[sV F~Lijs lLi[sWNRPV [RVRVyy?

@LiRLRiLigRi @RLiNRPVsV ]gjiLiRVN][sRLi

1. xmsVso xmsg][LRis ys gRiWLjis xmsaRPV @RVgRiVRVyy? yNRPV @sxqsLRiLi [s
xqssWyLSs VxqsVN][g][LRiVRVyy?
2. y D[aSV xqsLji\Vss[y? Fs FyLRis [RW[ RV[RVsVs [sos @TgSy?
3. Rs yVsV F~LiRysNTP [soRV ssV DxmsyxqssVVLiRsVs N][LRiVRVyy?

95

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

96

7
[sos xqs*LSs s[sV Fs RXRxmsLRiRVN][gRisV?
FyaSRVV @s[NRPVV RsV yLjiNRP RXNRPy][ RsV[ xmsszLi[ [sos xqs*LSs
gRiVLjiLiRRLi[ @ORPQ Li RWzmsryLRiV. xXRRVsVs[j [soRV sVs][ @dRV xqsLixtsQ Lji}ms
xqssVV. \ZNPQQxqssosVVgS sVsLi [sos xqs*LSs gRiVLjiLiRysNTP aRPR szLiy. sVs sVsxqsV=
[sos AR][ NRPzqs xmsRVsLi[ ryRssVV.
1 xqs= 5 : 21 [ ""xqssVxqssVVsV xmsLjibdPLi s[V\s yss [xmsVT.'' @s yRVT
DLij. NS sVsNRPV s[ A[RsV Gs sVLi[ Gs R[ sVsLiR sVss[V dLRiV dLRiNRP
[y RXNRPRLi[ ys xmsLjibdPLi ys a][jLiy. y[ G\sy F~LRiFyV DLi[ @s
sWssoss. s[VVNRPLRi\ sVs\s[ @s [soss. @xmsVRV [soss @s sVsLi gRiVLjiLis yNTP
s[RVV\sV ys @sVxqsLjiLiy.
@s[NRP |qssVyLiR [ s[s V ""sVs[ xmsszLi[ A[RsV [sos sss[ NRPgjisss Fs
LRiWTxmsLRiRVN]sgRiLi?'' @s xmsbPxqsVLisV. s[sV NSxmsLjigS xmss [}qs xqsLixmnsVLi[ INRP sQQNTP ysV
syxLi [xqsVNRPVs xqssVRVLi[ ysV \ZNPQQxqssoRsV NSsV gRisVNRP ysV syxsWTs sVz
[sos [R GLSV [RVR[Rs @LiRVss AsVNRPV syNRPV xmsVso sLiRV [sos y*LS
GLSV [RVTs sVL]NRP sVzsV syxLi [xqsVNRPVLiss xmsNRPLiyRV. C xqsLigRi zqss
s[sV @Rs sRNRPV s @Rs A[Rs [sos ysNTP slLi[NRPsVs [soRV sys
s}tsQjxqsVyRs, @xqszLiRVNRPVLiRs [yV RV[xqsVyRVs @Rss |RLjiLiysV.
@LiVV[ @RRV ysV LRiLig`i sysLi y*LS [sos ys VxqsVNRPVyss FyRV. ys
s[sV FyLRiyxmspLRi*NRPLigS xmsLjibdPLiysV. @Rs @FyRVLi RLRiaSxqsQLi xmsNSLRiLigSsV,
AysVryLRi\sVs N]RsLiRs xmsNSLRiLigSsV Rxmss sLRiWzmsLiysV. @LiVV[ @RRV y
@FyRWsV |msRss |msRV.
@xmsVRV [ysVryLRiLigS s[sV BRLRiV |msRsV sLiVNRPVs s, [ysVryLRiLigS
yyxmso lLiLiRV sVWRV s FyV @Rss xqsLiRLji+Li @Rss AdRVLigS |RLjiLiyLi.
@LiVV[ @RRV yLji sWsV NRPWy ORPQ |msNRPVLiy, @xLiNSLRiLi][sV, xqs*ds][sV
ssxLjiLiyRV.
sLRigS s[VsVV @Rs D[aSs xqsLixmnsVsVV FsRVNTP yLi. xqsLixmnsVsVLiy GNRPgkisLigS
@RRV RVLRiFyRVLi][ [sos yNSsV @FyLRiLi [xqsVNRPVs ryysV sWNRPV sVVgSRs
dLSsLiLij. @LiVV[ @RRV xqsLixmnsV dLSys NRPWy slLi[NTPLi, RsNRPV, Rs LRiNRPV, Rs
RNRPV, ALjiNTP ysV xmsVso GLRiLRiyRs zmss N]R LRi sys NRPWy RVLRiLRiLi [aSRV.
sVL]NRP xqsLiRLRiLi[ s[sV FyLjiLis INRP saS*zqs Rs |qsNRPLki][ @NRPsV xqsLiLiRLi
NRPgjiRVVyRs yNRPV xmsRQORPQR NRPgjiLij. @j [sos sVLiT NRPgjis[y @s sVRsxmsysV. yss
gRiVLjiLi RVNRPV [ @j @RsNTP @Rs NRPVVLisNTP sLjiNTP xqsLixmnsWsNTP NRPWy @s[NRP xqssVxqsV
97

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
N]sxqsVLij. INRPs[ s[sV ssLigS DLi[ [soRV RWzmsLis RxmsVsV LiTLiRNRPFsRLi y*LS
s[sV [sosNTP @s[RVVRssoysV. FsW [VN][[NRP xqsLixmnsV |msR ylLiqs gSLjiNTP xmsLjizqss
ssLjiLiysV. ARVs NRPWy BLiNTP s FyLjiLiRgS yNRPV NRPgjis RLRi+ssVV "@RsWRV AR'
[R NRPgjisRs LRiWT xmsLRiRVNRPVs ssV |RLjiLiyRV. [soRV ARVs y*LS sWTsxmsVRV
[y ARVs y*LS dsso sWTsj xqsRQ\sV[ A xqsLigRis yNRPV RWxmso @s s[RVNRPVysV.
sVWRV yLS FyV s[sV @ FyLjiLisxmsVRV yNRPV NRPgjis sLi ssVjgS NRPsVsVLRiVgRiLiVVLij.
s[sV y sRLi[ |msR F~LRiFyV [RVNRPVLiy NSFyTs [sosNTP NRPXRyxqsVRVV rysV.

ARsV xmssRLi [}qs @LiaSV

sVs xmsRQORPQRss sVsLi xmsLjibdPLiRNRPF[ sVsLi @xmsyj sWsV NRPWy [sos
sWs sLi yNTP [[ xmssWRsVVLij. 1 N]LjiLik 6 : 17 NUPxqsV][ NRPzqsN]sVyRV
ARVs][ GNSRQ\V DyRV @s xmsTLij. NRPsVNRP xmsRQORPQRss RXNRPLjiLiR[sVV, @[
xqssVRVLi[ @ss saRP*zqsLiR[sVV. NRPsVNRP xms RLRi+ys xmsRQORPQR sV ss[LiRRLi @sxqsLRiLi.
N]sryLRiV sVsLi F~Li[ AR yV RxmsVRV @FyRW][ NRPWTssgS
NRPsxmsRsRV. Dy : xy NRPVsWLRiVs ssVRLi FyLjiLisxmsVRV AsV Rs AR[ NRPXLigjiFLiVV
Dsj. 1 xqssVW[VV 30 [ ydsRV RVVRsVV ss sVWRV jssVVV ALRisVV [NPR r~sVzqs
dsLRizqsLisxmsVRV ydsRV sVsVxtsvV @RsNTP ALRisVV yLRiV. @RRV VLi Rs AR[
sVV F~LiyRV. NS sVs aRPLkiLSV NRPWR LigS zqsLRiLigS DsxmsV[ sVsLi [sos][
xqsLixtsQsV xqsLji\Vs jaRPgS F~LiRgRiLi.
ryysV @s[NRPryLRiV sVs ARsV RVgS xmssRLi [ryRV. WsV 13 : 2 [
RVWy [VxqsVsV @xmsgjiLiRysNTP @xmsyj @Rs sVsxqsV=[ RV RLixmso xmsoLiyRs
xmsTLij. @lgi[ Rs LRisV sRyTs saS*zqs, s[sV NRPWy @xmsyj VVNRP @Rxmso
AR[R sLiLixmsyLi. @Li xqssVRW[ sVsNRPV [sos sTzmsLixmso ss*ysNTP [sos[
@}tsQNTPLiRTs |msRV @sxqsLRiLi.
sLjigS, rysVRV 16 : 32 [ ""xmssVVsV xmsVN]sVysNRPLi[ Rs sVsxqsV=sV
ry*ksxmsLRiRVN]sVyRV ZaP[xtsvRV.'' NS sVs sVsxqsV=sV sVs ry*ksLi[ DLiRVNRPVs
@xmsyjNTP ][RVNRP [sos xqs*LSs ss[LiRgRigRiRLi @s[j [sos ss NRPlgi[ g]xms
AbdPLS*RLi.

xmsRQORPQRsV xmsLkiOTPQLiRRLi
sVssVV [sos xqs*LSs @s[NRP @LiaSV sVssV xmssRLi [ryLiVV gRisVNRP ys gRiWLji
C @yRVLi[ sVWRV xqsLigRiRVsV ssLjiLiysV. @s RLRi+ssVV VVNRP xmsoVNRP, @LiRV[s
@LiaRPLi, ys xmnsRLi. y ss, ryysV ss, [sos ss NRPlgi[ gRiVORPQsV sVssVV BNRPR
RWRgRiLi.
yss NRPlgi[ A[RsV s[sV Fs D[aSsV NRPgji DLi[ yNTP xqsLiLijLis
A[Rs[ F~LiRVysV. ryysV ss NRPlgi[ A[RsV RVLi [sNTP, yxqsLi[sNTP sTzmsryLiVV.
98

[s os xqs*LSs s[sV Fs RXRxmsLRiRVN][gRisV?

xmsLjiaRPVyR ss NRPlgi[ xmsRQORPQRV FyFys IzmsLi dsgS dLji sVsNRPV xqssWyys
@sVgRizryLiVV. lLi[sW y*LS sVs @LiRLRiLigRiLi saS*xqsLi[ xmsRVRVLij. xms lLi[sW
FsNRPRsVLiT sLi][ sVsLi gRiRgS xmsLjibdPLiy. xms lLi[sWsV [g][qs][ xmsLjibdPLiy. sVs
A[RsV [y][ GNUPsLiRy.
@xmsV[ sVsLi [sos RgS sLiRgRiLi. NS sVVR sVsLi [g][qs[ xmsxtsQR
xqsLiRLjiLiRVNRPVs RLRiVyR lLi[sWsV F~LijsxmsVRV F~LRiNRPV yso[ssRLigS ys
ss[LiRgRiLi. [y[ yNRPVs xmsLjisLi y*LS AdRV FsRVgRiVRNRPV [sos xqs*LSs ss
yss ss[LiRysNTP AryLRiLi NRPVgRiVRVLij.

xqsLiLiy[ RR
xmsRQORPQRsV ss[Li[ sVL][ ryRsLi NUPxqsV aRPLkiLRisVV. sVs \ZNPQQxqsso\sVsxmsVRV INRPLji
{sRsV INRPLRiV LjixqsW, WsVdsVR [sos aRPNTPs rysVLSQs INRPLjiNRPLRiV AR }mslLi[xms
NRPgjiLiRVNRPVLiW FsRgSs [soRV N][LRiVRVyRV. INRPs[ sVsLi F~Lijs xmsRQORPQR sVssV
sLSaRPNRPV gRiVLji[zqssxmsVRV sVs][ sVs xqsx[RLRiVV xqsLixmnsV|msRV sVs F~LRiFysV xqsLji[zqs
sVssV zqsLRixmsLRiRgRiLRiV.

ssV dsso @LjiLiRVN][

sWss xqsLiLiy[ @LjiLiRVN]sV @s[j FsLiR FysVVsW Fs|mns{qs 5 : 21 [ sVsLi
RWRgRiLi. sVsLi INRPLjiN]NRPLRiV @xmsgjiLiRVN][ys [soRV N][LRiVRVyRV. xmsVso NRPWR sVsN]LRiNRPV
RsV ysV @LjiLiRVNRPVyRV. sVsLi INRPLjiN]LRisVV @LjiLiRVN][ys [y[ [jLiRTLij.
@LiVV[ sVsLi C [NRPLi[ RW}qs g]xmsyLRiV, {L][V, N]LiRLRiV rysWNRP slLi[NRPVV
FsjLjiLiRVyLjigS, FLS[ WRVVgS RWzmsLiRRVRVyLRiV. yLjis RWzqs sVssVW @
DLiys AbPxqsVysVV. FdxqsVsV @jNSLRiVsV [NRPLRiVgS RWzms}qs sVsLi sso*NRPVLiVysVV.
sVs xqsLixqsQX xmsyRVNRP syys g]xms [rLij. NS sVs sVsxqsV=[ s[RVR @Li[
RVNRPs sLi GLRiRV][Lij. rysVRV 11 : 14 [ ""A[RsNRPLRiV @s[NRPVVLiRV LRiORPQNRPLRisVV''
@s xmsTLij. sWssosVVgS sVsLi xqsxLigS F~LRiV [xqsVLisVV NS [soRV sVsNRPV
LRiORPQgS xqsLixmnsVsVV @s[ ssxqssV ByRV. BLiRV[ xqsx[RLRiVV rRLkiV sVsLi xmsTFNRPVLiy
]NRPVLiy NSFyRVyLRiV. L][sW 13 : 4 [ ""dsNRPV s[VV NRPVgRiVNRPV @jNSLRiVV [sos
xmsLjiyLRiNRPVV'' @s yRVT DLij. NS sVs[ xmsyLRisVV [NSjNSLRiVNRPV NRPWy
[TRVVLiy.
@s[NRPVV ysVV [sosNTP Rxms sWssoNRPV FsLiRVNRPV [y @s xmsbPQryLRiV. sW}tsQ
sxtsQRVsVV[ sVLSsVV @xL][sVV NRPWy Blgi[ xmsbPLiyLRiV (xqsLi 12 : 1c15). @j
N]LiRsLRiNRPV ss[V NSs [soRV yLji][ @Rsy*LS sWyRV. @LiVV[ yLRiV ysNTP
[RsxmsVRV [sos AgRisNTP gRiVLRiRWLRiV. xmnsRLigS sVLSsVV NRPVxtsvyjNTP gRiVLRiLiVVLij.
RLRiVyR sW}tsQ AsV sxtsQRV\sV s[RVNRPVsxmsVRV AsVNRPV xqs*xqsR NRPgjiLij.

99

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

A[RsNRPLRisV NRPsVg]sRLi
A[RsNRPLRiV sVs AdRV F~LRiFy sVLiT sVssV xqsLji\Vs sWLRiLi[sNTP sTzmsryLRiV.
ysVLij sWNRPV A[RsNRPLRiV Fs NRPsVg]sgRiLi @s xmsbPQryLRiV. @LiRVNRPV INRP[ xqssWysLi.
[sosNTP sVs @NRPLRiV VxqsV. ""sLRiVRV ILiLjigS DLiRV sVLij NSRV'' @s [soRV gRizLi
sWssoRV @RgRiNRP sVVLi[ @RsNTP ry\Vs xqsRWs ByRV. @lgi[ [soRV sVsNRPV NRPWy
AdRV A[RsNRPLRisV @sVgRizryRV.
dsNRPV A[RsNRPLRigS DLiRszqss sQQNTPs xmsLjiaRPVyR sTzmsLixmso][ FyLRiyxmspLRi*NRPLigS dss[
FssVN][y. A A[RsNRPLRi [ysVryLRi\sVs sQQNTPQ\V DLiy. @RRV ARsTzmsLixmsogRi
sQQNTPgS DLiy. @LiRVNRPV ds sR gRiry*sV NRPWy @LiVV[ y sVLij. s[sV y LRi
G\y INRP sxtsQRVLi[ GNUPsLi NRPgji DLiRNRPF[ A xmssNTP zqsRxmsRsVV. s[sV y @dRV
sys BRLRiV \ZNPQQxqss xqsx[RLRiV @jNSLRisVV[sNTP @xmsgjiLiRVNRPVs yLRiV yNRPV B[ AdRV
xqssV yNRPxmso sVgRiV[ xmsLjibdPLi @sVxqsLjiLiRRLi s[LRiVNRPVysV.

@jNSLRi xqsWysV @LRiLi [xqsVN][sRLi

s[sV @jNSLRi xqsWysV gRiWLji g][RL`i sLRi*zLi[ xqssWs[aSNRPV LRi[VyTs.
ARVs D[aRPLi[ @s @jNSLRisVVNRPLi[ \|ms @jNSLRisVV [sosj @s sVsLi gRiVLjiLiy. L][sW
13 : 1 xmsNSLRiLi @jNSLSds [sos sVLi[ NRPVgRiVRVyRVs, @jNSLSs FsjLjiLi[yRV [sos
sRVsWs FsjLjixqsVyRs sVsLi gRizLiRgRiLi. RWLRiVsVLiT\VssV xmsRsVsVLiT\VssV
@LRisVVsVLiT\VssV |RV NRPVgRiRV. [soG dLRiV dLRiVyRV ARVs INRPs RgjiLiRVsV INRPs
|LiRVsV (NUPLRisV 75 : 6, 7).[sos @jNSLRisVV [NRPVLiR FssRVsV sVL]NRPs\|ms AjxmsRsVV
szLiR[RV.
sV\lLi[ RyLji @jNSLRisVV xqsLigRi[Li? zL`i, sVNRPRLRiV @jNSLRisVVsV gRiWLji
sVssVV GsVs @LRiLi [xqsVN][y? BaS[VdRVVV [sos sWsV ANTPLiR[RV gRisVNRP ARVs
yLjis aRPRVso [NTP @xmsgjiLiyRs, yLji RVxtsQNTPRV ]xmsVs [soRV yLjiNTP Rgjis bPORPQ
sjxqsVyRs xmssNRPQ\Vs LiVVLkiRW RV[aSRV (LiVVLkiRW 25 : 8c12; 51 : 20c23).
NRPsVNRP @Li @jNSLSsNTP sVsLi [y? FV L][sW xmsVR* GVT[ x
dNRPLRi\sVs sys sLiyRV. y \ZNPQQxqssoV @sQQ\sxmso RLRig]RVRW
zLizqsLixmsRVRW Fs[ aRPsVNRPV gRiVLRiRWLRiV. NSs yLjis D[bPLi FV B VRVyRV.
""@jNSLRisVVsV FsjLjiLiRVyRV [sos sRVsVsVVsV FsjLjiLiRVRVyRV; FsRVLjiLiRVyLRiV RsVNRPV
NUPRV NRPVgRiVZNP[ FsjLjiLiRVRVLRiV.'' @s L][sW 13 : 2, 5 [ yRVT DLij. sVsVxtsvV
sRVsVLi[ xms NRPRNRPV xmsVso ssVRQ\sV [TRVVLiys }msRVLRiV N][LRiVRVyRV (1 }msRVLRiV 2
: 13). ""Vx[y [[ LS xXRRVsVV ds NSVss sVsj. ARVs Rs RsX
]xmsVs ys xmsVsV.'' @s rysVRV 21 : 1 [sV; ""xXRRW[RsV sVsVxtsvs saRPsVV
RNRPs xmsRVRLRisVRVNRPV Vx[yss NRPVgRiVsV.'' @s rysVRV 16 : 1 [sV xmsTLij.

100

[s os xqs*LSs s[sV Fs RXRxmsLRiRVN][gRisV?

[so[ xqsLS*jNSLji ARVs[ @LiRLjiNUP @jNSLRisVV sxqsVyRV NS sVsLi FsxmsVRW

sVs\|mssVs @jNSLRiV N]LRiNRPV LS N]LRiNRPV RxmsNRP FyLjiLiys sVsNRPV A[bPxqsVyRV. sVs
FyLRisy*LS xqsVsVRV\sVs sys xqssWysNRPLRi\sVs sys sLiRgRisVV. sVNRPLRiV,
@xt<swLRiV LSV BaS[VdRVVsV xmsLjiFyLiRysNTP NSLRiLi @j [so[ yLjiNTP Bs @jNSLRiLi.
BaS[VdRVVNRPV INRP FyhRiLi s[LRiVN][ysNTP [soRV C LkigS D[bPLiyRV.
[VxqsV zmsRV [NTP @xmsgjiLixmsTsxmsVRV ARVs @Rs][ zmss sWsV gRisVsyLi.
""\|mssVLiT dsNRPV LiVVRVTRVVLi[s[ Rxms ydsVR dsNRPV G @jNSLRisVVsV DLiRRV'' NRPsVNRP
@jNSLSds [sos sVLi[ NRPVgRiVRVyLiVV. NRPsVNRP [sos A[RssV, RLRi+ysV gRiWLjis
LRi yxqsVN][sRLi [sV sVsNRPV AdRV xqsxRLRiVVgS yRVNRPVVgS \ZNPQQxqss xqsx[RLRiVV
sVLjiRVV |msRV @sxqsLRiLi. @LiVV[ dsLRiLiRLjiNTP \|msgS DyyRV [so[ @s xqsLigRi sVsLi
FsxmsVRW gRiVLRiVLiRVN][y.

@jNSLRisVV][ s[jLiRRLi
N]sryLRiV AdRV yRVNRPV A[RsV [sos D[aSNRPV [yNRPV @sVgRiVLigS
[ss sVsLi gRiVLjiLisxmsVRV sVsLi yLji][ s[jLi yLji xqssV ][zqsxmsoRszqssxqsVLij.
@Li xqsLiRLS[ sVss[VLi [RW?
ys[VV V[sV LRig]sFTsxmsVRV @RRV LSsgRiLRiV[ ZaP[xtsQ\sVs yLji[
INRPsgS FssNRP[RVyRV. NRPsVNRP @RRV LigS RRWLRisysNTP LS}qssNRPVV zqsRxmsLRis
ALSs sVys @RRV sVVysNTP BxtsQxmsR[RV. @LiVV[ @RRV Rs xXRRVLi[ ksV\,
RsV yRVNRPVs xmsxqssR][ s[RVNRPVs RsNRPV BxtsQ\sVs ALSs sysNTP INRP @sNSaRPsV
101

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
RWRsVs, INRPs[ s[VsVV dsVLRiV N][LRiVNRPVsVgS LigS RRWLRiV NS[NRPF[ @xmsVRV dsV
A[aSsV FyrysVs sssLiRVNRPVyLRiV. (ys[VV 1 : 9). BNRPR ys[VV ZNP[sLi
NRPWLRigSRVV sWRs[V VLi xmsj L][V xmsLkiOTPQLixmsTs RLRiVyR yLji @jNSLji xqsLiRXzms
LiyRV. yLji yLji xXRRVLi [sos RXztsQNTP RVyLRiLigS Dsj NS [soRV yLjis Rs
NRPXxms[ xmsLRiyRV. BNRPR ys[VV gSs @Rs \|ms @jNSLji gSs FsLi BLRiNSLi[
xmsRNRPVLiy yLji xqssVxqs xmsLjiuyLRiLi @LiVVLij.
INRPs[ @jNSLSs s[j LiRszqss xmsLjizqs s}qs [soRV RxmsNRP sVsNRPV xqsRVLi
[ryRV. yss sVsLi sRVVNRPLigS, }mssVgSs[ FsRVL][y.

sWLRiV Li[ @jNSLSV

sVs sy[ sWLRiV N]s sWLRiVV ][V [xqsVNRPVsxmsVRV @j sVs @jNSLRi
xqsLiLiy\|ms NRPWy xmssLi RWzmsxqsVLij. sVsLi syxLi [xqsVNRPVsxmsVRV, N]R D][gRiLi[sNTP
sWLjisxmsVRV, N]R xms[aSsNTP sxqs ssxmsVRV, N]R xqsLixmnsWsNTP sRLi FyLRiLiLisxmsVRV,
sVs xqsLiLiyV sWLRiVNRPV gRiVLRisoyLiVV. @LixmsVRV sWss xqsLiLiyV NRPWy TzqsN][
xmssWRLi DLiVLij. @LiRVZNP[ L][sW 12 : 18 B @LiVyRV. ""aRPNRPQ\sV[ xqssVxqs sVsVxtsv][
xqssWyssVVgS DLiRVT.'' NRPsVNRP xms][ sVssVV }mssVgSs[ ssxLjiLiy.
@LiVV[ INRP @jNSLSs sTsxmsVRV sVLjiVVNRP @jNSLRisVV[sNTP sVsLi xmss[bPLiy.
INRP xqsLixmnsWs sTsxmsVRV sVL]NRP xqsLixmnsWsNTP sRLi FyLRiLiLiy. @LiRVZNP[ [soRV xqsLixmnsWsNTP
"INRPLjiNRPLRiV xmsoLjiN]VN]sVT, ARLjiLiRVN]sVT' @LiVyRV.

sVVgjiLixmso
@jNSLRisVV @s[j yxqssVVsNRPV [RRLi NSRV. xmsLjiaRPVyR sTzmsLixmsosV
@jNSLRisVVsNRPV [RRLi g]xms AbdPLS*ysNTP yLjidxqsVLij. C xqsLiRLRiLigS s[sV y LRi Fy
NS[[ RLjiLiRVNRPVs INRP sxtsQRWs dsV][ xmsLiRVNRPVLisV. lLiLiRV sVWRV \ZNPQQxqss NRPVVLiV
NRPzqs DLiRRLi y*LS sVgji[ RVsV [sos xmsLjiRLRiNRPV ssWgjiLiRVN][sRVss s[VsVV
sLiysVV. @LiRVNRPV @sVgRiVLigS N]LiRLRiV sVRV][ xqsLixmsjLiysVV. sW][ RNRPzqss BRLRiV
LSLRi][ NRPzqs s[VsVV INRP sVLi xqss N]sVg][V RWs xmsRVLiysVV. @LiVV[
sW][sVs L][L`i dsso N]LiRNSLi s[RVVLiRV @s xqs ByRV.
s[sV y LRi y*LS [sos ][ xqsLiztsQLisxmsVRV NRPzqs DLiRRLi s[VV @s[ A[Rs
NRPgjiLij. @[ xqssVRVLi[ L][L`i zmssVgS s[sV R*LRixmsRNRP N]LiRNSLi s[RWaSsV. A
xqssVRVLi[ s[VsVLiy NRPzqs ZNPsy[sV, @sVLjiNS[sV @s[NRP FyLiy[ xmsNRPV [sos
yNSs [jLiysVV. @xmsVRV yLji][ NRPzqs [sLi [RVRLi, yLji @ysV, xmsLjizqsRVsV
yLji BLRiVNRPV BLiRVsV xmsLjibdPLiyLi.
s[VsVV BLiNTP ssxmsVRV sVsLi FsxmsVRV xmsVso xmss[ ssVgRiQQ\sV DLi[ BNRP NRP=
DLiRRLi @s[ ss GsVVLiVLij. FsLiRVNRPLi[ xmsVso xmss[ sRsVV @s[NRP NRPVVLi][ NRPzqs
xmss[RVRLi, yLji][ [sLi [RVRLi yLji][ N]sL][V sszqsLiRRLi ss yLji xqssVxqssV

102

[s os xqs*LSs s[sV Fs RXRxmsLRiRVN][gRisV?

NRPWy @sgSxs [xqsVNRPVs yLjis xmsVso[sNTP sTzmsLiRgRigSsVV. yLji[ syNRPVV
F~LijsyLRiV, ILiLjiy, FyLjiFLiVVsyLRiV @LiRLRiW C xmsLjiRLRiy*LS [sos }mssVsV
RsRWRgRigSLRiV.
@xmsVRV [soRV L][L`i y*LS RVVxmsLRis[ xqssVLixqssVs s[sV FsLi A xmsNSLRis[V
[sos xmsLjiRLRi[ sVVLiRVNRPV rygRiVRVyLi. A sRLigS s[sV F~Lijs @sVys s[sV C
LkigSs[ [sos }qss LjigjiLiys [soRV N][LRiVRVyRs VxqsVNRPVysV.
@jNSLSs gRiWLji s[sV zmsssWds dsVLRiV GNUPsLiy=s @sxqsLRiLi [RV. INRPs[
dsVNRPV sQQ\sVs @FyRVLi DsQLiVV[ [sos sTzmsLixmso xmsNSLRiLi dsVLRiV AdRVLigS FsRgRisRV.
[soRV sVsVVsV Rs NRPXxms[ sTzmsryRV. @LiVV[ INRPsW dsV][ NRPWy INRP AdRV
xqsx[RLRiVs [LRiVN]sLiT. FsLiRVNRPLi[ [soRV ILiLjigS \ZNPQQxqss AdRV sys sLiys
N][LRiRLi [RV.
""BRLji NRPxtsQsVV[R DRVVNRPV sVLi xmnssVV NRPVgRiVsV gRisVNRP ILigS\ RVVLiRVNRPLi
BRLRiV NRPWT RVVLiRV s[VV. yLRiV xmsTFLiVVssV INRPRV Rs][Tyss [ssRVsV;
@LiVV[ ILiLjigSRV xmsTFLiVVsVR ysNTP aRPsV[V NRPVgRiVsV, . . .ILiLjiRVgRiV
NRPsdsVR sVLjiVVNRPRV xmsTsVRBRLRiV NRPWT ys sjLjiLixmsgRiLRiV, sVWRV }ms
yRV R*LRigS gjiFRV gRiy?'' (xmsxqsLigji 4 : 9c12).

103

8
FyLRis\|ms sVLjiN]s A[RsV
xmsLjiaRPVy R y*LS [VxqsVNUPxqsV ysVsVV[ sVssVV RLiT\Vs [s os xqssyysNTP
[LRigRiVgRiVRVsxmsNUP, FyLRissV gRiWLji [yV }msys sVssVLiNS s[LRiVN][szqsLij
ysoLij. FyLRissV gRiWLjis @LiaSs s[sV [y[ xmsLjibdPLisxmsVRV, xmsVso][ sVs
xqsxyxqsLi @s[ sVL]NRP @LiaSs gRiWLjis N]s RLixmsoV yNRPV yLRixqsxmsyLiVV. sVs FyLRiy
syNRPV @s*LiVVLiR[ @LiaSsV gRiWLji @s[NRP xmsoxqsNSV yRVyLiVV. @LiVVsxmsNUP
FyLRiyLiaRPLi[ HRV FysVVQ\sVs xqsWyV BsVT DyRVs s[sV sxqsVysV.
FyLRis[ xms[ @LiaSV ZNP[sLi sVsLi [sos xms NRPsVxmsLRi[ s[RVRs[ NSRV
ARVs][ NRP= DLi[ xqsxyrysNTP NRPWy sRLRi+sLigS xmsLjigRiLiRRVRVLij. @s[NRP
xqsLisR=LSVgS C F~LRiV [aSsV. @ [sos][ xqsxyxqssVLi[ [jLiRRLi,
sRVsLiR\sVs sysNTP NSszqss xqsWyNRPV @sVgRiVLigS sLiRRLi sWRs[V @s
sLiysV. A LkigS sQQNTPgRiRLigS ssV, y xqsLixmnsWs NRPWy INRP RLi NTPLijNTP sTzmsLiysV.
sVs RXztsQ NUPxqsV \|msss[ gSs xqsWy\|mss DLiRNRPWRRV. FyLRissV gRiWLjis C xqsWysV sVsLi
ORPVQLigS ysLi sVs RXztsQs NUPxqsVQ\|ms DLi, G xmsLjizqsRV[\sy sVsLi VxqsVN][szqss yss
gRiWLji ARVsRVLiRV saS*xqsLi][ s[LRiVN][sRLi @sxqsLRiLi.

FyLjiLiRVsxmsVRV ORPQsVLiRVT
FyLRis[ FysVVQ\sVs @LiaRPLi ORPQsVLiRRLi. [VxqsV Rs bPxtsv][ dsVLRiV
FyLjiLiRVsxmsV aRPNTPs F~LiRVyLRiV @s FyRV (sWLRiV 11). ""dsVNRPV INRPsdsVR sL][R
s[V\sVssV NRPgjiRVVs VR, dsVLRiV sVsT FyLjiLiRVsxmsVsV ys ORPQsVLiRVT.'' @Li[
gSNRP BLi FyLRisNRPV N]LiRsV NRPjLi[ aRPNTP DLiRs FyRV.
sVs[ ORPQsVLi[ sVsxqsV= [NPR F[ sVssVV xqsLiNRPVR yV gRiyLRisVsoysVV. sVs
NRPLiRLSV, RsRV gRiVxqsVNRPVLiLiVV. sVs aRPLkiLRiLi @RVxmso RxmsVRVLij. sVs AR[ NRPWy @[
LRiVgRiVRVLij. sVs[ xmsszLi[ [sos }mssV xmsys sVssVV @RVNRPVsyLRisVsoysVV.
[VxqsV Rs bPxtsv][ dsVLRiV y RVLiRV sRVVLi[ y }mssVRVLiRV sRVVLiLRiV
@s FyRV (WsV 15 : 4, 9). N][xmsLi, AgRixLi, ssVLji+Li[ xqs*sLi NUPxqsV }mssV[ DLiRso.
NUPxqsV }mssV NRPLi FsNRPVQ\ss }mssV FsNRPy DLiRRV FsLiRVNRPLi ARVs sVs N]LRiNRPV Rs Fys
|msRV. BLi }mssVs[ sVsLi BRLRiV xms NRPWy RWFys ARVs N][LRiVRVyRV. sVs
BLis, sVs }qszRVsV, sVs LiRVsosV, sVs xNRPVsV, sVs xqssVrys, ALRiVNTP sVs
Fys xqszRLi NUPxqsV N]LRiNRPV xmnsLigS |msgRigji[s[ sVsLi NUPxqsV yLRisVV NSgRisVV (WsV 15
: 12, 13). C }mssV y*LSs[ dLRiV dLRiysNTP RVVgS ORPQsVLiRys, aRPzmsLiRysNTP RVVgS
ksLiRys, LRixqsLjiLiRysNTP RVVgS [LRiVN][sys sVsLi BRLRiVxms [RVgRiLi.

105

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
BLi }mssV sVsVxtsvsNTP @ryRLi. @LiVV[ INRP[ Rs aRPsV[sV BRLRiVsV }mssVLi[
aRPNTPgRiyRV. s[sV {sVRsV. @LiVV[ y[ DsyRV sLiRVRV, ARVs }mssWxqs*LRiWzms,
xqsL][*sR\sVs }mssV][ sVsLiRLjis }mssVLisyRV. sVssVV INRPsNRPRV }mssVLisVR
sVssVV [sos RVLiRVsRVVysVsysNTP @j INRP sRLRi+ssVVgS DLiVLij. ARVs }mssV
sVs[ xmsLjixmspLiR sVsoRVLij @s 1 WsV 4 : 12 [ xmsTLij.
s[sV BRLRiVsV }mssVLiR[sxmsVRV A sW IxmsVN][ysNTP yNRPV FsLi xqsLiN][RLi
DLiRRV. [NRP xmsVy @Rss }mssVLiRysNTP xmsRVQrysV @s [sos NTP ygSsLi RVsV.
sRVdgS xmsVy, s[sV @Rss }mssVLiR[sV. s[sV {sVRsV, @LiVV[ dsso sLiRVRso
NS ds }mssV\ZNP rRsVVV xqsVysV. yNRPV NSszqss ys yNRPV @sVgRizLisLiRV\ZNP
ryV @s FyLjiLi[yRsV. NUPxqsV y[ DyRs ssVVRVysV NSs ssV s[sV
D}msOTPQLiRVN][[RV.
xmsVsLiVyRV y NST xqsVV\ssj y LRisVV [\ZNPsj. RLiT @LiVyRV ds [LRiV
LRiVso s[sV yss sLixmsoysV @s (NUPLRisV 81 : 10). xmsORPVV RsV zmsNRPV ALSs Fs
@LijryW RWRLiT. @lgi[ xmsVso NRPWy dsV [LRiV LRisLiT, s[sV ALSs dsVNRPV @LijrysV.
dsVLRiV yRVLiRV saSLi Lij s[sV dsVNRPV xqssVNRPWlLi[yss {qs*NRPLjiLiRLiT.
sVs xqsxyxqsLi[ ARVs][ DsxmsVRV sVsLi sXygS xmsRWxqsxmsRssxqsLRiLi [RV
FsLiRVNRPLi[ ARVs sVsN]LRiNRPV xqssVrys xqssVNRPWLRiVxqsVyRV. sVsLi ZNP[sLi ARVsRVLiRV
saS*xqssVVLi ARVs NRPXxms[ ARVs rysVLSQs, }mssVsV, ORPQsWxmssV F~LiRVN][sRs[V.
1 WsV 4 : 18c21 [ xmsLjixmspLiR Q\sVs }mssV[ RVsVVLiRRV, xmsLjixmspLRiQ\ sVs }mssV
RVsVVsV sg]VsV @s yRVT DLij. sVssVV NUPxqsVsLiRV sRVVLi[ G RVsVVsNRPV
sVs VVR yso[RV. s[sV xmsVsoNRPV RVxmsRVRVysLi[ BNRP y[ ARVs xms }mssV [RV.
ARVs }mssV y[ sRVVLiRRV.

x
XRRVxmspLRi*NRP FyLRis
GdRW sVssLi sVsVxtsv[ @LiVV[ sL<jiLixmsNRPVLiRVsV @RRV FyLRis [RVgS
sVWRVsLRi xqsLisR=LRisVVV sL<jiLixms[RV (RWN][V 5 : 17). A sVWRV xqsLisR=LRisVVV gRiRs
RLRiVyR sVLRi sL<jiLiRVsV @RRV FyLRis [zqssxmsVRV sVLRi sL<RisVV NRPVLjizqsLij. (1 LSV 18 :
42c45).

106

FyLRis\|ms sVLjiN]s A[RsV

NUPLRisNSLRiVRV xmsVsosV Rs xmspLRixXRRVsVV][ xmsVsoNRPV FyLjiLiyRV (NUPLRisV 119 :
58). RVWRVLiRLRiV xmspLRisVsxqsV=][ xmspLRixXRRVsVV][ [sos sRNTP ARVsNRPV [yLRiV (2
js 15 : 15). yLji xmsVR][ NRPWTs FyLRissV [soRV yLjiNTP RsV xmsRQOPR QxmsLRiVRVN]yRV.
\ sysVryLRi\sVs FyLRis[ sV[s[Rs, NRPsNRPLRisVV, NRPdsLRiV, sVWVgRiVV, sLi LRisVV][
NRPWTs FyLRisNRPV AryLRiLi DLiVLij. [VxqsV NRPWy xms @xqs*xqsRsV RW yLjiRVLiRV
NRPsNRPLRixmsT yLjis xqs*xqsxmsLRiyRV (sVRLiVV 20 : 34) [VxqsV RWRs][sV, NRPds][sV RsV
sVLRisVVsVLiT RzmsLiRgRiysNTP FyLRissV sxms][sV xqssVLjiLiRVNRPVyRV (|d 5 : 7).
lgi=sVs ][[ [VxqsV sV[s[RsNRPV gRiV\lLi sV LRiNRPLiRVso s xmsRVsVgS xmsVR][
FyLjiLiyRV (WNS 22 : 42).
sVs xXRRWsV xmsVso xqssj[ FOTPQLiys NUPLRiyNSLRiVRV RV[xqsVyRV,
FsLiRVNRPLi[ ARVs[ sVsNRPV AaRPRVRVLRiQ\sV RVVyRV (NUPLRisV 62 : 8). ARVs D[aRP# s[VsV[
gRizLiyLS? sLjigji sgjis xXRRVsVVgRiyLjiNTP ARVs xqsdsVxmssVVgS DyRV (NUPLRis 34 : 18).
xmsLjiaRPVyR sVs xmsORPQsVVgS sVWVgRiV][ RLiTNTP sxmss [R VVRVyRV (L][sW 8 : 26).

N]LiR][ sWRV
[VxqsV @LiLRixmso VsV aRPzmsLisxmsVRV @j INRPL][[s[ yTFso ARVs
bPxtsvV RW AaRPLRixmsyLRiV. @xmsVRV [VxqsV yLjis D[bPLi FyLRiyaRPNTP ss C N]LiRsV
RW dsso xqssVVRsVV[ xmsRVsVs zmssxmsVRV @j sLRis[LRiRVss yLji][ FyRV (sWLRiV
11 : 23).
ARW xqsLiRLS[ FyLRis RLiTNTP [RVRs[V NSNRP, N]s xqssVRW[ s[LRiVgS
xmsLjizqsRVsV D[bPLi ys sVsNRPV @sVNRPWLigS AzmsLiRRsVV NRPWy FyLRis[ gRis[V.
[VxqsV RVFnysV gSVsV, FsgRizqsxms[ @sV RW RLiTs D[bPLi FyLjiLiR[RV gSs s[LRiVgS
ys gRijLiyRV.
sW}tsQ BaS[VdRVVsV HgRiVxmso[sVLiT sVxmsNTP LRizmsLis sLis[ yLjiNTP sVL]NRP |msR
AxmsR FsRVLRiLiVVLij. yLji sVVLiRV FsLRixqssVVRsVV, NRPVTFsRsV Fs^Qs xmsLRi*yV, yLji ssVNRP
AgRixsVV][ sLiRVRVs HgRiVxmso \|qsssVV, sTsVR[ yLRiV NRPVTFRWLRiV. yLji
xXRRWV dLiVV, sW}tsQ [sosNTP FyLjiLiyRV. @xmsVRV [soRV dss[ yNRPV
sVV|msVRVyso. BaS[VdRVVsV sVVLiRVNRPV N]srygRiVsVs A[bPLiRV. ds FsRVsVs
xqssVVRsVV FyRVVgS dRVsV dsso ds [ NRPsV xqssVVRsVV\sxmso yzms yss
A[bPLiRVsVs FyRV (sLRisV 14 iMiM15, 16). BNRPR BaS[VdRVVV [sos NTPRV N]LRiNRPV
s[RVVLiR[RV, gSs [so[ yLji ssVRsVV NRPs|msVN]sRVVyRV.
sVssVV [sos xqs*LSs, ARVs ys gRizLiR[NPR FsRLi ss xmsVso s[Lij s
FyLRissV @FyLRiLi [xqsVNRPVLiVyLi. ds RsVV sLRis[LRiRVsV gSNRP @sV sW [sosNTP B[
A[aRPsVV NSRV. xmsLjizqsRVsV [sos ysNTP @sVNRPWsVVgS sVRV. ARW xmsLjizqsRV[
sVss[VsV [RW[ RVs xqsLijgRisVV[ DsxmsVRV C sWsV RLRiRW yRVRVLiLi.

107

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
BNRPR xmsVso VRVs sWV sVsNRPV FyLRis s[LjiLiRRLi N]LRiNRPV NSRV. @xqsV @NRPR
xmsTs sW dsLSsVV sRVgSNRP , ds RsVV sLRis[LRiVsV gSNRP. sVssVV [sos sWsV ss
ARVs RLRi+ys RWxqsVsyLRisVV. sVsLiR sVssVVgS NSNRP ARVs GsV [RVVRVy][
yss[ RWRVRVysVV. ARVs GsV |qssxqsVy][ yss sVssVV sLiVysVV. ARW
xmsLjizqsRV[ sVssVV [sos ys , ARVs xmsNRPsV RWsxmsVRV yss xmsNTPsxmsVRV @j
DsNTP[sNTP sxqsVsj. aRPWssVVsVLiT [soRV Rs @j*dRV aRPNTP][ xqssVxqs xmsxmsLiRsVVsV
sLjiLis LkigS, xmsLjiaRPVyR sTzmsLixmsosV [sos A BRVTsxmsVRV [sos RsVV
sLRis[LRiRVRVsj.
DyxLRiNRPV, NSV sLjigjis INRP sQQNTPN]LRiNRPV s[sV FyLjiLisxmsVRV, s[sV A NSV VVNRP
xmsLjizqss NSNRP, xmsVso [zqssVgS xmsLRi[NRPxmso xqs*xqsR][ @RRV gRiVxmsLRiRRVsV y RXztsQs
LRiVgRi[so yxqsssVV\|ms DLiRVysV. y RXztsQ][ A L][gji xmsLRiVlgiRVRV, gRiLiRVV s[RVVRV, [sos
xqsVLiRV RWxqsVysV. @xmsVRV s[sV xmsVso A[bPLiRVsVgS, [sos aRPNTP[R @Rs FssVVNRP
sVVsVxmss xmsLjixmspLiR xqs*xqsR F~LiRVsV A[bPrysV.
LS VVNRP zmssVVgS sVssVV {qs*NRPLjiLiRTs @jNSLRisVVsV N]sryLRiV sVssVV
N]LiR][ dsso NRPjLixmsRsss AzmsLiRsRV. ygSssVV [zqssyRV ssVRgjisyRV gRisVNRP
RLiRsVVNSs sVs sLkiORPQsV gRigS [xmsVN]LiRsVV. [soRV NSsNTP @dRVRV gRisVNRP sVssVV
IxmsVN]sss sLRis[LRiV xqssVRVsVV N]LRiNRPV s[RVVLiRssV. A xqssVRVsVV[ xqsLi[zLiRNRP
sVssVV IxmsVRsV xqsLi[zLiRNRP @j sLRis[LRiVsLRiNRPV zqsLRisaS*xqssVV NRPgjiRVVLiRVsV
gRiLRiWNRPV\sV RVVLiRssV.

xqsVLiRV xmsLRiLiRsVV FyLjiLiRV

[sos aRPNTP, @RVs ygSssVVsV xqssWys xXRRVsVV][ dsso saRP*zqsLi[LiR sLRiNRPV, ds
@sxqsLRiRsV ds FyLRis y*LS F~LiR[so. zmns{ms 4 : 6, 7 ""[ss gRiWLjiRVV LiRxmsRNRPVT gSs
xms sxtsQRVsVV[sV FyLRis sxmsssVV [R NRPXRyxmspLRi*NRPsVVgS dsV ssxmssVVV [sosNTP
RV[RVVT. @xmsVRV xqssVxqs ssVVsNRPV sVLis [sos xqssWyssVV [VxqsVNUPxqsV ss dsV
xXRRVsVVNRPVsV dsV RLixmsoNRPVsV NSs RVVLiRVsV.'' @s sVssV |RLjiLiRVRVsj.
C NRPsVsVVsV gRisVsLiRVsVV. sVssVV FyLRis FyLRiLiLisxmsVRV, xmsVsoNRPV sVs
ssxmssVVV RV[rysVV. RLRiVyR AxqsNTP][ NRPWTs sxmss [rysVV. @LiVV[ @RVgRiV sVLiT
NRPXRRV Fs LiRgRisVV. RWLiRV sVLiT Fs F~LiRgRisVV? ZNP[ssVV [sos xqssj[
xmsaSLiRsVVgS NRPs|msVN]s ARVs sVs[ xqsLiRLjiLiRVsV gRizLiRVsV [V. sVssVV Fs
FyLjiLiy[ ARVs lLi[sW y*LS\sssV RLRi+ssVVy*LS\sssV sVsNRPV RVxmsLRiVryRV. sVs
sxmss @sVgRizLixmsTs][ [][ ARVs[ sVsNRPV RV[ryRV. @j dsV sVsxqsV=[ LRisVV
]gjiLiRRV, [NRP xqssVxqssVV ARVs ry*kssVV[ DsRsV Ry ss[ xmsaSLiRR
NRPgjiRVVLiRV NSsRV. ARVs sVs sVssosV ANTPLi xmsRVRLRisVsxmsVRV, ARVs
sVLiRssVVsV sVssVV ARVssV ALSjLi, xqsVRVV rysVV.

108

FyLRis\|ms sVLjiN]s A[RsV

N]sxqssVRW[ sVs sVVR FyLRis[s[ aSLi xqssWyyV LiRNRPFsRV. s[sV
INRP @LiaRPsVVsV gRiWLji FyLjiLisxmsVRV c @s[NRP jssVVV LRisVVgS FyLjiLis RLRiVyR y
FyLRis ANTPLiRTsRs RVTsxmsVRV y xXRRV LRisVV ]gjiFLiVVs ss y
AR[ NRPgjiLij. BRLRi xqssVRW[ sVVR FyLRis[s[ NRPgjis xqssWys saRPRVRsV
[sosNTP NRPXRyxqsVRVV LiysV. xqssWysNRPLRiRVgRiV [soRV dsV xXRRVsVV[
GVRVLiRVsVgSNRP.

[sos aRPNTP N]LRiNRPV FyLjiLiRV

NUPLRisV 50 : 15 [ AxmsysVV[ ARVs sVsVVsV LRiOTPQLiRVsV dsVLRiV ARVsNRPV
sVV|msVsVs ARVs sVsVVsV FR=zLiRVRVyRV. sVssVV NRPsNRPLjiLixmsT xqssVWR\sVs
xqsRVsVV N]LRiNRPV NRPXxmsF~LiRVsV \LRisVV][ NRPXFyxqsssVV RNRPV [LRiVRsVs |dgRiLiRNRPLRi 4 :
16 [ zmsVxmsosRVRVyRV.
NSs, RLRiRVgS BLiRVNRPV slLi[NRPsVVgS [RVRVsV a][jLixmsRVRVysVV. sVssVV
FyxmssVV [zqs, @WgRiV\sVsxmsVRV, [sos xqsRVsVV AaRPLiVVLiRNRP, ARVs xqssVVsVVsVLiT
FyLjiFLiVV, ygRiVN]sVsV xmsoLjiN]RVRVysVV. sVs sWys sVss[V aRPVj [xqsVN]s
ARVs xqssj[sNTP xmss[bPLiRg][LRiVRVysVV. A LkigS [RVV ss [sos NRPXxmssV sVssVV
sLRisVV [xqsVN]s, sVs xqs*ds\|ms AyLRixmsRVRVysVV. [soRV sWRs[V sVssV NRPTgji
aRPVRVVgS [RVgRiRV. A LkigS [RVysNTP ARVs BRLiVVLiRVRVyRV. ARVs Rs aRPNTP[R
sVsNRPV dssxqsQsVV RLjiLixms[RVg][LRiVRVyRV, gSs sVs @sxqsLRiR[ sVssWRVs VVRNRPV
ssxmsVRV sWRs[V ARVs @V [R VgRiRV.
a][Rs \sVs\, sVssVV yss FsRVL]s aRPNTP[syLRisVs FsLisxmsVRV, [sosNTP
sVV|msgRisVV. sVs xqs*aRPNTP][ ryysV][ FLSRszqss @sxqsLRiR [RV. ssNTP sVssVV
FLSR[sVV NRPWy. @LiVV[ sVs[ sszqsLiRVyRV yss sVVsV}ms LiVVLisyRV. ARVs
sVssV a][Rs sVLiT sTzmsLiRVsV.
sVs xqs*aRPNTP[R sVs aRPRVso][ sVssVV FLSRssxqsLRisVV [Rs [ssVV xmsVsWLRiV
xmsNRPsVV [RVVRVsj. xmsgS ARVsRVLiRV sVs saS*xqssVVLiRssV. ryysVsV
FsjLjiLiRVNRPV sVssVV [sosNTP @xmsgjiLiRVN]ssss RWN][V 4 : 7 [ xmsVRVyRV. ys
FsjLjiLisxmsVRV yRV sVsVVR sVLiT FyLjiFsossV saRPRVRsV NRPgjiRVVysVV. 2
N]LjiLik[ sVs RVV][xmsNRPLRisVVV aRPLkiLRi xqsLiLiR\sVss NSso gSs [sos VRV RVLRisVVsV
xqszRsVV xmsR][RVsLiR sVVgRis (2 N]LjiLik 4 : 5). y[R [sos ssVVsNRPV
slLi[NRP\sVs [s\sssV saRPRVsVVgS sLRiWLiRgRisVV. sVssVV ARVs sVaRPNTP VVNRP
sVV ss zqsLRiVsVVgS sVysVV. [sos xqsLS*LigRiNRPsRsVVsV RLjiLiRVN]sV y*LS @xmsyj
RLiRsVVsV FsjLjiLiRVNRPVaRPNTPsVLiRVsVgRiVRVsVV.

FyLRis[ [sos xqsLiyssVV

sVssVV Fs FyLjiLiy, GsV FyLjiLiy, sVsNRPV G xqssWysLi NSy @s[s[ FyLRis[
FysVVQ\sVss NSso. [sos VVRNRPV s ARVsNRPV sVs sVssoV [xqsVNRPVLiLi. @LiVV[
BLi RXNRPRLi FyLRis VVNRP sLRiWFysNTP INRP yLSLi sWRs[V.
109

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
L][sW 8 : 26 [ sVssVV Fs FyLjiLiy[ sVsNRPV RVRV @s yRVT DLij. sVs
@sgSxs xmsLjisVR\sVsj. sVs RXNRPRLi sVLi[ xqssVrys sVsLi RWxqsVLiLi. @Li
xqsLiRLS[ xmsLjiaRPVyRVRV FyLRis[ sVsNRPV xqsRVLi [ryRV.
sVs {sR[ xmsLjiaRPVyRVRV sVsNRPV xqsRVLi [ryRV. sVs {sRsV
xmsVso xqssj[ NRPzmsxmsoRssxqsLRiLi [RV. sVs {sR[ ARVs aRPNTP xmsLjixmspLiR sVgRiVRVsj.
sVssV sVssVV [sosNTP @xmsgjiLiRVNRPVsVR [soRV sVs FyLRiy sRsVV[ sVsNRPV
][RVgS DLiRV.
RVVNRPsVVgS FyLRis [RVysNTP Rgjis sWsV xmsLjiaRPVyRVRV sVs yVNRPNRPV @LijryRV.
dsso [sos sVLijLRisVVsNRPV FsosxmsVRV ds xmssLRis gRiRgS RWRVN]sVsVV @s yRVT
Dsj. [sos xqssj[ R*LRixmsT sWRsRV. ARVs xmsLRisVLiRV DyRV. sVssVV WsVdsVR
DysVV NS sVs sWV N]jgS DLiy (xmsxqsLigji 5 : 1, 2). FyLRis[ sVs sVsxqsV=sV
xmsaSLiRxmsLRiVNRPVLi[ xmsLjiaRPVyR sVs[ szqsryRV.
sVssVV Fs FyLjiLiy[ xmsLjiaRPVyRVRV sVsNRPV [jLisxmsVRV, ARVs
RVVxmsLRis yss sVssVV FyLjiLiRgRisVV. sVssVV AR[ FsxmsVRV FyLjiLisVR sVs
FyLRisV }mslLi[xmsgRis gSsV, sTzmsLixmso][ NRPWTssgSsV, aRPNTPsLiRsVVgSsV, xmsLjiaRPVyR[R
zqsLRixmsLRiRTssgSsV DLiRVsV. ""@RVssV sVsNRPV NRPgjis \LRis[VRsgS, ARVs
ys VryLRisVVgS sVss[Vj @TgjissV ARVs sVs sVss ANTPLiRVssVsj[V. sVss[VsV
@TgjissV sVs sVss ANTPLiRVss sVssVLjigjisVR sVssWRVssV s[RVN]sss sVsNRPV
NRPgjisss VLRiVgRiVRVsVV.'' (1 WsV 5 : 14, 15). sVs[ xmsLjiaRPVyR ss NRPVgRiV }mslLi[xms
ss NRPVgRiV FyLRis[ [sosNTPxtsQ\sVs FyLRisV.
xmsLjiaRPVyR xqs*LSs ssysNTP ssV dsso aRPX [xqsVN]sNRPVLiR,
xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN]sNRPFLiVVsLiVV[ ds FyLRisNRPV ALiNRPLi NRPVgRiVRVLij. y ssRLi[
xqsLixmnsVFyLRis[ C ALiNSV FsRVL]ysV. ARW xqssVRW[ xmsLjiaRPVyR
RVVxmsLRisyss s[sV @s[NRP sss RV[RV[NRPFRWsV. [sos xqsLiyys s[sV
gRisVsLisxmsVRV ssLigS DLiRRsVLi[ FsLi][ \LRiLi][ NRPWRVNRPVsj. N]sryLRiV ARW
xqsLiRLS[ ss s ss y sVsxqsV=NRPV ssV s[sV xmsRLi LjigjiLij @s C
xqsLiRLRiLigS IxmsVNRPVLiVysV. @ FyLjiLisLiVV[ sVsNRPV [sos xqssj[ Li[j
@rNRPLRiQ\sVs sss[V gRiy?
sVs FyLRis[ GNUPsLi[j R*sVV[s xmsLjiaRPVyR INRP[ NSRV. [VxqsV RLiT
NRPVTFyLRi+Q*sVVs NRPWLRiVLiT sVs xmsORPQsVVgS sxmss [xqsVyRV. FyLRis @s[j [sR*sVV VVNRP
NTPRV. s[sV RLiT NRPVsWLRi xmsLjiaRPVyR xmsyxsVV[R xmsysV.

110

9
xmsVso DRLRisVxqsVyRV
xmsL][ LRiLig`i yRWs s[sV sVsVVsV FR=zxqsVysV. [soRV sVsN]LRiNRPV
yRVVLis y[ xqs*xqsR, ssVV, @s[s N]s. Bs [soRV BRLRiV][ FyV sVsNRPV NRPWy
BxqsVyRV. BVsLi ryOSQQsV gRiWLji s[sV xmsL][ sVLiVV N`P=[ RWxqsVLisV.
xmsxmsLiRyxmsLigS @s[NRPsVLij {qsQ, xmsoLRiVxtsvV, RVs*s \ZNPQQxqssoV, xmsLjixmsNRP*R LijsyLRiV,
NSxmsLRiVV RsV @FyRWsV yNRPV RV[xqsVLiLRiV. B RsV LRiLig`i @sVysV y][
xmsLiRVNRPVsyLRiLiRLjiNUP y NRPXRRV RV[xqsVysV.
C LRiLig`i[ yxqsVNRPVssds dsV AdRV syNRPV FsLi][ s[VV NRPgjiryLiVV.
sVL][sRLigS FyLi[, dsV AdRV sR FyLRiLi zqs[ Bs dsVNRPV FsLi][ Fy=xNRPLRiLigS
DLiLiVV. @LiVVsxmsNUP AdRV xqsyLRiNRPV, dsV LRiLig`i xqsLigRiRVV RV[xqsW ys
[y][ xmsLjibdPLiy.
C DyxLRiV @s[NRP xqsysV RXuyLiRxmsLRiVxqsVyLiVV. sVVRgS, Bs @s[NRP
RVVgSVgS, @s[NRP xqsLixqsQXRVNRPV Lijs yLjiNTP, [sos xqs*LSs ssg][LjisyLjiNRPLiRLjiNTP
ryRsVso][Lij. lLiLiRsjgS, C syyV xqsLRi*aRPNTPgRi [sos][ sVVsVVgS sW[ g]xms
xqsWRssV @LijryLiVV. sLjigS, s[sV [sos][ FsLi LRiLig`i xqsxyrys NRPgjiRVVy[
C ryORPQ sV[yLRiV NRPWy @Li ryOSQQs F~LijRVVyLRiV. sVssVLiRLRiLi DsyRsV @s[
IZNP[ [sos][, IZNP[ xmsVso][ xqsLiLiRLi NRPgjiRVVysVsysNTP Bj INRP g]xms VVso.

RVFnysVsV RW RVxmsRsRV
""dsso yZNP[sV xmsg][LRiVRVyso?''
v
""dsso @sWRV\sVs NRPsVV gRi sRso. ANSaRPLi[ NRPsVVNRPVs s[VxmnsWsV RWRV.
y [RVV ssV xqsLiLRiOTPQryLiVV. RVFnysVV N]LiR ALi][s NRPgjiryLiVV. DLRiVsVVV, sVLRiVxmsoNRPV
dsso RVxmsRssxqsLRiLi [RV FsLiRVNRPLi[ y [RVV ds RVV s[zqs ssV @NRPVs
[LRiVNRPVLiVysV.''
""y [RVV ssV xmsVNRPVsxmsVRV, ds FyyV ydsVR |ms RVFnysV xqsLigkiysNTP
@sVgRiVLigS sVsLi ysWRsRV.''

111

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
G xqsLiN][RLi [NRPVLiy ysWRV. ds xXRRVLi N]VNRPVLiVsj RVLi][ NSRV
Dy=xLi][. C gS y sryQsV ds RVV NRPxmsV][Lij. s[sV GLi [xqsVy[ AaRPLRiLi][
gRisVsLi RWRV. C gRiLiRLRig][Li sVR dsso y xqssWyys NRPsVg]Liso.
ZNPL][

s[sV F~LRiFyV [RVsV

""y, s[sV ssV @LRiLi [xqsVNRPVysV. ds C @sVsWysV s[sV ssV
gRijLiR[sRLi [RV. yNRPV ds xXRRVyLiR VxqsV, @j sVLij, xmssR\sVsj. ds
@sVsWyds dsso saS*xqsLi[ @RVgRiV|mss sLis[ NRPsVsVLRiVgRisoyLiVV. dsso INRP sVsztsQs[
gRisVNRP N]s F~LRiFyV [ryso, @LiVV[ s[sV y xqsLigRi RWxqsVNRPVLisV. ds FsRVgRiVR NRPsVLi[
y sWsV dsso @sgSxy [xmsLi][ gRizryso gRisVNRP G @FyRVLi ssV yNRPNRPVLiy s[sV
ssV NSFyRVysV. dsso F~LRiFyNRPV yso[s sRLigS FsjgRiysNTP ssV saRP*zqsLiRV. dsso
@RgRi[[V ys Bs*ysNTP s[sV BxmsZNP[ zqsRLigS DysV. F~LRiFyV LRiVgRiVRVyRVs
LiLiRNRPV.''
""s[sV ssVRgjis yRsV, ssV xRVN][. s[sV ssV }mssVxqsVysV. INRP RLiT Rs zmsV [}qs
xmssVsV FsxmsVRV xqsLji[ryRV gSs FsxmsVRV yLjis RLiTLiRRV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ F~LRiFy y*LSs[
zmsV s[LRiVNRPVLiLRiV. @LiVV[ yLRiV @FyRWsNTP, NUPRVNRPV, sNTP NSLRisV[V F~LRiV
[RVysNTP G sWRLi yss*RV. sxtsQ` ssVV NRPgji, ssV @FyRVsVV sVLiT RzmsLiRgRi
ssV dsso ssVRLi [y? ds xXRRWs s[sV }mssVxqsVysV, y RVLiRV saS*xqsLi DLiRV.''
@RsQQNTP

sWsysLi sVLiT xqs*xqsR

""s[s V RLRi+ys RWsxmsVRV, s[sW, [VxqsVNUPxqsV NRPzqs sRVxqsVysVV. A RLRi+ys
sTzmsLiRVsVs s[sV xmsLjiaRPVyRVs s[RVNRPVysV. DsVLiT, s[sV NRPsVLigS y xmsLjisWLi
RgRiVRW sLRiNRPV NRPsVsVLRiVgRiRWsV. A RLRi+ys RWsxmsVRV "s[sV FsNRPRNRPV ssV?' @s
A[Rs yNRPV NRPgjiLij.''
""@NRPryRVgS RXaRPLi sWLjiLij. y FsRsV\sxmsosVLiT R \|msZNPsxmsVRV @NRPR RLiT
sVVs s[sV RWysV. ARVs WsV xmsoNRPsVVLiRV N]s RVVgSNRPV xmspLRi*s[V y gRiVLjiLi
ARVs A[xqsVyRs s[sV @LRiLi [xqsVNRPVysV. ARVs Rs A[Rs[ y gRiVLjiLi
WxqsVyRV.''
""A RXaRPLi sVLRi sWLjiLij. BLiRNRPV sVVLiRVlgi[ s[sV FsRsV\sxmso sVLiT ARVssV
RWaSsV. NSs ARVs \|mssVLiT [sN][xqssW NTPLijNTP RWxqsVyRV. ARVs FsRsV\sxmsoNRPV s[sV

112

RWsxmsVRV aRPVNRPsVV, @LiRsVV NRPzqs sxqsVyLiVV. @j ssV xmsoLi[xmsVRV ARVs

sVVLi[ NRPszmsLi[ D[Li. @xmsVyRVs 'Bjg][ N`P syRV' @s @sRLi yNRPV ssTLij.''

""sVLRi RXaRPLi sWLjiLij. @LiVV[ CryLji ARVs \|msNTP BLiNS LRiWxmsojRVN][s y R

gRiLSs RWxqsVyRV. @RVs ssV RWxqsW, y sR xmsNRPsV gRiWLji, D[aSsV gRiWLji
}mssVgS sWRVRVyRV. A RLRi+sLi @LiR][ sVVgjizqsLij. ARVs[ y s\sVs RLiT @s s[s V
gRizLiysV. ARVs sW ys. y Bx[NRP RRLiRVNRPV @xmsNTP s[sV Dyss xqsLigRi[
RVRV.''
""RVVgSNRPV xmspLRi*s[V ARVs y gRiVLjiLi xmsNRP LRiLi, s[sV gRiLRisVV[
xmss[bPLiRys D[Li][ ARVs RWaSRV. @xmsVyRVs y RNTP s[sV Dyss RVNRP
sVVLi[ Rs ys y[ xmss[bPLixms[aSRV.''
""C RLRi+ssVV BLiRNRPV sVVLiRV s[sLRiVgRis g]xms [sos gRiWLjis @sgSxssV yNRPV
NRPgjiLiLij. s[sV Fsjlgi[xmsVRV y sQQNTPy*s gRiVLjiLi FsNRPVsgS A[Li[y. NSs y RLiT
yNRPV RsV NRPsVxmsLRiRVNRPVs, s[sV WdsVR xmsRNRPsVVLi[ y gRiVLjiLi xmsNRP zqsRxmsLRi, y[ Rs
ys xmsszLixms[aSRV. ARVs y DsNTPs FssLRiW gRiVLjiLiRNRPsVVLi[ ssV xqsLixmspLRiLigS FsLjigjis
s\sVs RLiT.''
N`P

[sos xqs*LSs ssRLi LRiry g][R ssVNRPsVs sysV xqssVWLigS

sWLRiVxqsVLij
""xmsVso y FyLRisV ss ys gRiWLji y][ sWRyRs s[ssRV EzLiR[RV.
@Li g]xms xqsxyrys gRiR N]s sWryVgS s[sV xqsLi][xtsQLi][ @sVsxqsVysV.
xmsLjiaRPVyR yNRPV Rs ys @sVgRizLi, @LiRNSLRiLi[ Ds y xXRRWs Rs sVgRiV][
sLiFyRV. CL][ s[sxmsV\y \V AsLRiLi[ sT[xmsVRV xmsVso y][ sRVxqsVyRs, y
ILiLjiRys Fg]RVRVyRs s[sV gRizxqsVysV. BLi yNRPV BLiRNRPVsVVLisRW
NRPVgRi[R V. s[sV ARVs sV aRPNTP s saRP*zqsLiRRLi ss ARVs y sWLSs sVgRiV][ sLizms,
ssV sTzmsxqsVyRV.
{qsss

yFyLRiLi[ LRiLig`i sVsLjiLis @}tsQNRPsVV

""y LRi WNRPV y A{mnsxqsV[ INRP |msR FyNRPV xmss @xmsgjiLiRTLij. gRiR N]s
sWryVgS ys gRiVLjiLi xqsRsVRsVsoRVyRV. @j @sVNRPVs xqssVRVLi[
sVVgjiLiysVNRPVsxmsNUP A xmss FsLiRNUP xmspLjiNSsRLi [RV. Fs[ gRiLiV, dsVLigRiV[sV, RLS
NSLRiNRPsW[sV gRiTzms Rs xmsLjiuyLRiLi NRPsVg]ys xmsRVLisxmsNUP FsLi xmsoL][gRi

113

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
NRPszmsLiRRLi [RV.''
""RLRiVyR INRP yLSLiRLi[ Rs xqssVxqssV y sVVLiRV |ms ksZNP[\y xmsLjiuyLRiLi
xqsVLiy @s @TgSRV. @xmsVRV s[sV kss LRiLig`i[ |ms [sos @RVgRiV @s FysV.
(ssNTP A xmss @RsNTP @xmsgjiLisxmsV[ [sos][ xqsLiztsQLiRsVs s[sV FysV). AxqsLigS
@LiVVy BxmsVRV @RRV [sos FsRV Rs xqssVxqssV sssLi ARVs yVsV, A[RssV
LRiLig`i[ yxqsVNRPVyRV.''
""rsVyLRiLi @RRV A{mnsxqsVNRPV ssxmsVRV @Rs][ FyV @s[NRPsVLij |qssVyL`i[
sWyLRiV. NSs W VVNRP A[RsV, xqsWRsV ssWRLigS DyRVs @jNSLRiVV
sVRVNRPVs ys @sVVxmsLRiRsVs A[bPLiRRLi LjigjiLij.''
[sos s[RVNRPVsQLiVV[ ARVs ZaP[xtsQ\sVs A[Rs][ sVssV sTzmsryRV. ARVs
sVs[ xmsszLixms[}qs xmsLRi[NRPxmso xqsXssV {qs*NRPLjiLi ys @sVxqsLjiLiRRs[V sVsLi
[RVszqsLij. @xmsV[ sVs sy[ ARVs @}tsQNRPLi xqssVXjgS NRPVLjizqs sVs syV
AsLiRLi][ ssLRiVryLiVV.
yLji

xqs*xmsLi[ gRiRLi?
1995 [ y LRi L][L`i GL][}qsqs BLidsLjiLig`i[ yNRPlLi[ k{qsqs N]LRiNRPV xmss [xqsVyRV.
@RRV L][[N`P= dsVR "\ZNPssWN`P= @Li` T\s Amns Fs NSqs Amns FyLRi sWsxmso[L`i=' @s[
bdPL<jiNRPs A kzqsqs xqssVLjiLiRszqs DLij. @LiRV[ L][[sV sRVLiLiRysNTP N]s
gRiRxqsWyV, xqssWryV @sxqsLRiLi. yLRiWxmsNRPs dsVRs[ @RRV xmss[xqsVyRV.
INRPL][ LS @RRV sjLi[xmsVRV L][L`iNRPV RLRi+sLi[ L][[sV sRVLiLi[
xqssWxqsLi NRPszmsLiLij. @RRV sLis[ [ yss yxqsVNRPVyRV. A RLRiVyR 33 }ms
xqssWrys @RRV A kzqsqs[ xqssVLjiLiyRV. ""yNRPV FsxmsVRV Rs ys, sTzmsLixmsosV, aRPNTP s
sLRiLiRLRiLigS @LijLis [sos NRPXRRV xqsVysV'' @s @RRV FyRV.
xqsWxqss

sVLjis yFyLRi xmsLjiuyLSV

""s[sV 1992 sVLiT LRiLig`i yxqsVNRPVLiVysV. y yFyLRiLi[ [soRV Fs[ yFyLRi
xqssVxqssV xmsLjixtsQLjiLiRVN][sysNTP Rs xmsLjiuyLSsV, @lgi[ @sVNSV |msLRigRiysNTP
[xmsszqss RLRisV gRiWLjis ys @LijxqsVyRV.''

114

""yFyLSsXj N]LRi\ZNPs |qssVyL`i ssVRLi s[sW, y LRi INRP [RL`i RRWLRiV

[xqsVLiRgS, FsLiRNUP sW |mssV NRPRRLi [RV. @xmsVRV LRi[ xmsVso yNRPV NSszqss
yssLiRs INRP sNRPVgS ByRV. s[sV ys Fs yxqsVNRPVysV.''
(ZNPsy[s INRP @LiRLSdRV xqsLixqs VVNRP sqs r~WxtsQs= s[Vs[L`i)

xqs*xmsLi y*LS Fy=xLi

INRP LS s[sV [qs V[ INRPsgS DsVgS NRPgRiysV. @LiRV[ s[sV N][ xms
Lis fFssLRiW xmsVN][[NRPFRVyLRiV. xms Li \sVysLi As xmsRVRW DLij. @lgi[ s[sV
Lis sxqsLjisxmsVRV FssLRiW N][NRP xqsRsVR\sV, sLjiNTP JTFRWLRiV. C xqs*xmsLi ssLi][
D[xmsLRiLij. ROTPQzmnsNSNRPV Lijs yNRPV @xqsV A A gRiVLjiLis JssWV NRPWy RVso.''
""AzmnsNS[ Ds s[VsVV @sVLjiNS[s "FnyLjis }mnssL`i' @s[ sVs{qs][ RNRP=
xmss[RVysNTP xmsVso zmsyRV. @sVLjiNS xmsV sQQ\sVs yLRiV, yLji @yV sQQ\sVss.
s[VsVV yLji][ Fs xmss[RVgRisVV @s sxqsVs RLRiVLi[ xmsVso yNRPV GsWRLi RVs
[qs A[ ssV sTzmsLisVgS Rs xmsLjiRLRi[ s[sLRiVgRis xms][, N]R xms[aS[
ARVs xmss LjigjiLiRysNTP ssV zmsVxqsVyRs s[sV gRizLiysV. A LiRVsV s[sV Fs
FsRVL]y[ @lgi[ xms xqssVxqssV, xmsLjizqss, ALiNSsV FsRVL]Liss xmsVso yNRPV
RWFyRV.''
""C xqs*xmsLi sQQNTPgRiRLigS y[ ARsaS*rys |msLiLij. RWLRiFyLiy[ xqsVyLRisV
gRiWLji ALi][s Lijs yNRPV C xqs*xmsLi y*LS y[ Ds RWds xmsVso Fg]RV.
ARVs yNRPV Bs rysVLSQs s[sV ARVs xmss LjigjiLiRgRiss s[sV
RXRxmsLRiRVNRPVysV.''
LRiVy (JzW[s {qssRVL`i xqsLixmnsVNSxmsLji)

xmsVso[ DLi[ sLiRVRso NSgRiso

""xmsVy, dsso yZNP[sV xmsg][LRiVRVyso?''
""dsso @s[ xmsLjixmspLiR R ryj Liys RWxqsW ssV dsso aRPsVxmsLRiRVNRPVLiVyso. s[s V
ssV zms, ds[ sszqsLisxmsVRV sVs BRLji NRPLiVVNRP y*LS sVsT xmnsyV g]xmssgS
DLiLiVV. s[sV yZNPsV @LiVV[ dsso {mssso. sVs BRLji xqss[VsLi y*LS BLiZNPNRPy LiRs
LRiVNRPLRi\sVs xmsyLRiLi RRWLRisoRVLij.
""dsso RVMs sWs, y[ AsLijLiy. ds {sRss y sLRiLi y*LS s[sV
sLixmsoysV. y\|ms AyLRixmsTsxmsVRV, y LSLi[ dsNRPV @sxqsLRi\sVs ys dsNRPV xqssVNRPWLRiVrysV.''
@RsQQNTP

115

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

s[sV ssV }mssVLis xmsNSLRiLi dsso }mssVLiRV

""RLiU, [ds xms s[sV RgjisLiR }mssVgS, @[sLigS sVgRiRLi [NRPFRVysV. @gS
}mssVsV RWxmsRLi ss s[sV RVNRPs @soys[ @s[ ss][ INRPs[ s[sV @sVxms AjNRPR NRPgji
Dyy? ks gRiVLjiLi dsso yZNP[sV xmsg][LRiVRVyso?''
""INRPLji ssLS[ INRPLRiV [NRPLi [xqsVNRPVLiVys[VsW, @jNRP }mssV xmsRLji+}qs RVNRPs
@soys[VsW @s[ dsV RLixmso ss dsVLRiV NRPgjiRVVLiy=s }mssV, xqsLi][uysV F~LiR[LRiV.
}mssV Bs*Rs[V NSRV dxqsVN][sRLi NRPWy. @LiVV[ BLiRV[ ry*LSsNTP yso DLiRNRPWRRV. dsso
[\sQ[ sRVy[ yss[ N][ryso. NRPsVNRP }mssV @s[ sRys ysxmsVRV A }mssV @s[ xmsLisV
dsso xqssVXjgS N][ryso.''
""s[sV sVsVVsV }mssVLisVgS dsVLRiV INRPLjiNRPLRiV }mssVLiRVN][y. xXRRVxmspLRi*NRPLigS
}mssVLisxmsVRV BRLRiVV sVs sR GLi F~LiRVRVyLRiV @s NSNRPVLiy sVssVLiNS GsV Bs*gRiLi
@s NRPWy RWy. s[sV sVsVVsV }mssVLis xmsNSLRiLi dsVLRiV NRPWy xtsQLRiRV[s }mssVsV
NRPgjiRVVLiy. C RLRi+sLi[ ds NRPsVRWxmso sWssos\|mss NSNRP [sos\|mss[ DLiy. FsLiRVNRPLi[
ARVs }mssVLiyRV, Rs NRPVsWLRiV ByRV.''
""dss INRP xmsoso* RWxqsVN][. INRP xmsoso*sV gRiRgS xqsLiLRiOTPQLiRVNRPVsQLiVV[ @j
sFyLji dsNRPV xmsLjisV xqsVyxqsssV sRVRVLij. dsso xmsoso*NRPV dsLRiV FzqssxmsoRV xqsWLRiNSLi
ysdsVR xmsTsxmsV[ @j xmsoztsQxqsVLij. @lgi[ dsV }mssV, @[sR NRPgjis yLixmsRLi NRPWR y
@}tsQNRPsVV][ NRPWTs sVgRiV dsV dsVR xmsxqsLjiLisxmsVRV @j sVsVVsV xmsLRiVxqsVLij.''
""dsso RVNRPsgS sLiRRyso @s[ RVLi dsNRPNRPLRi[RV. AsV ssV }mssVrLij, dsZNP[
NRPVT DLi[Lij. AsV N]LRiNRPV dsso GsV [ry[ @j RsLi yRVNRPVsVgS DLiVLij. ssNTP
dsNRPV NRPgjis xqssVrys @sV yRTs sVVRLi gRi F~s N]sVgS AsV N]LRiNRPV xqssVrys
NRPVsVLjiLiy. C L][ AsV][ xqsVsRLigS ssxLjiLiRV, AsVNRPV}qss LiVV. zmsNRPV AsV [}qs
}qss[ xqsxNRPLjiLiRV.''
AsVNRPV xqssVxqsLi Bs*RLi ss dsssRW LiLiRso. s[sV xqssVrys sT y FyLi
gS |mssLiRVNRPV s[ssRW LiLiR[RV. Rs FysVVsV BRVysNRPLi[ FsNRPVQ\ss
}mssVgRiyRV FssRW [RV. y }mssVsV F~Lij A }mssVs[ AsVNRPV xmsLiRV. dsVLRiV INRPLjiNRPLRiV
}mssVLiys[[ y A. B [RVRLi y*LS ds xqsLi][xtsQLi xmsLjixmspLRisVsoRVLij. \sVN`P, y }mssV
FsxmsVRV dsNRPV DLiVLij.
\ sVN`P (ZNPsy)

116

s[sV ds [[ GsV DLiy[ . . .

""s[sV xqssVVR dLSs xmsVsosV RWysV. s[sV ARVs][ NRPzqs ds dsVR LS
sxqsLjis[xqsVysV. s[sV szqsLjis LSLiVV sVWRVryLRiV lgiLi ds sVVsgjiLij. xmsVso szqsLjis LSLiVV
lgiLiRVRW NRPsVRWxmsos[VLRiNRPV sLij. s[sV sVLRi LSLiVV szqsLSsV. @j CryLji HRVryLRiV lgiLi
ds sVVsgjiLij. xmsVso sVLRi LSLiVV szqsLSRV. A LSLiVV lgiLiRVRW sVLRiNRPsVRWxmsos[VLRiNRPV
sLij. s[sV sVLRi LSLiVV dxqsVNRPVysV. @xmsVRV xmsVso ssV yLjiLi Rs [[ Ds
LSLiVV y [[ |ms szqsLjis[RVsVs FyRV. s[sV szqsLjisxmsVRV y NRPsV s[s[
ssV[NRPFRWsV. @j lgiLiRVRW y NRPsVRWxmsos[VLRi yFLiVVLij. @xmsVRV ARVs
LRiVsso*][, ""Fy, s[sV [[ |mssj dsso dxqsVNRPVsysNRPLi[ FsNRPVsRWLRiLi sRVLij''
@yRV. y xmssVds xqsxmnssVsysNTP NSLRiLi ARVs y [[ Rs sRWs |msRs[Vss
@xmsVRV s[sV gRizLiysV.
Fy (BLigRiLi`)

y AsLiRLi dss[
""xmsVy gRiR lLiLiRV yLSVgS s[sV ORPQ Li [NRPVLiy N]VNRPVFRVysV. yZNPLiRVNRPV B
LRiVgRiVRVLi][ dsNRPV VxqsV. yNRPV dsso NSy. s[sV ds][ xqsszRLigS gRiRFy. y sRLi ys\|ms
AyLRixmsTDLij. C DRRVNSLi[ y][ sWRV.''
""s[sV xqsLi][xtsQLigS ysWRRLi dsNRPV RgSsV, @LRiLi NSNRPVLiysV DLiRsRV. @LiVV[
s[sV FsxmsVRW gRiR \sxmnssV xmsLiRVN][sV. dss[ y AsLiRLi. dsso yNRPV AsLiRNRPLRi\sV
Dyso.''
""sVLji s[sV FsLiRVNRPV RLRiRVgS \sxmnsLi LiRVRVysV?''
""@s gRiLiyLiVV, NRPTgjis[RVyLiVV, sVLRiVxmso [RVyLiVV, dsso ys IxmsVNRPVyso.
ds[ y sVsxqsV=sV, ds sVsxqsV=sV RWRV. Gj NSy[ N][LRiVN][. y sVsxqsV[ sxqsW
AsLijryy? [NRP ds sVsxqsV=[ ds FyFy][sV, \sxmns][sV, aRPsV][sV sRLi rygjiryy?
ZaP[xtsQ\sVs yss N][LRiVN][. y Fyy sR NRPWLRiVs s[LRiVN][. y[ sLiRV. y xqssj[ dsNRPV
saSLi, xqssWysLi ryLiVV.''
@RsQQNTP

117

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

dsso sRVLi ryjLiys N][LRiVRVysV

""sVWRV s RLS*R s[sV sVLRi gjiLig`i sVVRV |mssV. s[sV FsLiRRWLRiLi
xmsLRiVlgiy[ y sVsxqsV=sTgji VxqsVN][ys xmsRVLiysV. sVsxqsV= BLiNS sVVLiRVNRPV
rygSsVNRPVy, aRPLkiLRiLi @LiRVNRPV xqsxNRPLjiLiRRLi [RV. @LiVV[ A RaRP[ xmsVso xqs*LRiLi yNRPV
ssTLij. "Liy, dsso sRVLi ryjLiys s[sV N][LRiVRVysV'.
Liy

ds OSQQsNTP [RV
""s[sLiRVNRPV [y[ xmsV?''
""y yV F~LiRysNTP ds TxqsV[ }qsqs [RV, zmsLi dxqsVN][ysNTP BLiNRPW [RV.
@LiVV[, dsso FsLiRVNRPV [y[ NSLRiLi VysV ssV. dsso ds RLiT\ss yNRPV [RysNTP
xqsXLiRyso. N]LiRLRiV ysVV Fsjgjis RLRiVyR y ssVRsVV RsV aRPNTPs, ryLiVVs
sRVVN][ysNTP BxtsQxmsRLRiV. dsso yLji[ INRPLji DLiRsRV qs.''
{qs=

ssV BNRPRNRPV syRsV s[s[

""xmsVso gRiR jys yNRPV INRP g]xms FyhSs s[LjiLiyRV. @j RLRiaSryQs @sVxqsLjiLi
sRRVN][y [NRP ARsV @sVxqsLjiLi sRRVN][y?''
s[sV zmns{mss [aSsNTP sW xqsLixmnsVLi [R INRP sV|tsQsLkigS xmsLixmsysV. @NRPR Ljigjis INRP
ANTP=Li sVWLigS s[sV sVLRi ZNPsyNRPV NTPR= ssVRQ\sV LSszqs sLij. s[sV N][VNRPVyNRP
sW xqsLixmnsVLi ssV \ysNRPV xmsLiFys dLSsLiyLRiV. y\ZNP[ sVLRi zmns{mssZNP[
sszmsLiLij. kss gRiVLjiLi s[sV xmsVsosV @TgjisxmsVRV xmsVso y][ \|ms @jNSLRiVNRPV
[TRVVLiRVsVs zms INRP RLRi+ys @sVgRizLiyRV.''
""@LiRV[ xmsVso bPxtsvV xmsRs[ xmsRWLi [xqsVLiRgS ARVs yLjiVVRNRPV dsdsVR
sRVxqsW sxqsVyRV. s[sV BLiNS A RLRi+ys RWxqsVLiRgS s[sV NRPWy A xmsRs[ Ds RXaRPLi
yNRPV NRPszmsLiLij. @s[NRP AVFsV FsRVL]s s[VsVV xmsVso sW sRNRPV s ARVsNRPWR
sW][ NRPzqs xmsRWLisxmsVRV xqssVVRsVV gS ssVLiyLiVV.''
@xmsVRV xmsVso y][ B @yRV. ""ds sRLi[ Ljilgi[ G xmsLjizqs[\sy s[sV ds
xmsNRPs[ DLiT ssV sTzmsxqsW DLisV. ssV s[s[ BNRPTNTP sTzmsLiysV NS dss[dsV ALi][s
LiRsRV. C RLRi+ys F~Lijs RLRiVyR [ys @sVxqsLjiLi[V NSNRPVLiy ARsV
@sVxqsLjiLi NRPWy sLiRRLi s[sV s[LRiVN][gRigSsV.
zqsLiU (\ys)
118

ds }msLRiV][ xqs ssV FsLjigjiRVVysV

""s[sV {qs ss xmsRssVV NSNRPVLiRVsV FsLi][ aRPsVLiysV. y NS[[V sR
gRiry*sV N]LRiNRPV @s[*ztsQxqsW @LiRVN]LRi\ZNP [sos xqsRVLi N]LRiNRPV FyLjiLiysV.''
""xmsVy s[sV [xqsVN][[[V @sWLiVV G sVLiT, G s[xmsRLi, G LRiLigRiV NRPgji
DLiy?''
""xmsVso y][ B @yRV. dsso R gRiLRiLi[ DsxmsV[ s[sVssV RWaSsV. ds
N]LRiNRPV y xmsNRP zqsRxmsLRi RVVLiysV. BLiRsLRiNRPV ds sRLi[ LjigjisRLiy @sVN][NRPVLiy
Ljigjisj NSRV. @j s[sV sLRiLiVVLis xmsZNP[.''
""AysVVNRPV gSR sR NRPVgRi[zqs @Rs xmsNRPsVVNRP[sVLiT {qsQs sLjiLi @RsNTP
LRigS BysV gRiy. saS*xqssVVsNRPV NRPLRiRVV yss N]srygjiLiRVyR\ss y \sxmso RWRV.''
""zmsRV xmsVy, y NRPsVV LjizmsLi s[sV ds NRPVsWLRiVRss yNRPV xmsNRPsVV [zqssLiRV\ZNP
dsNRPV ryV. ds RVLiRV saS*xqssVVLi, y sRsVV[ N]srygRiVNRPV yNRPV xqsRVLi RRV[LiVV.
dsso s[RV yNRPsVgRizLis sWsV dsNRPV NRPXRRV.''
FyxqsL`i @NTPLiW (\sLjiRW)

ARVs xqs*LRiLi [R NSFyRRRLi

""s[sV y rRLji INRP zqsssWNRPV s[xmsVRV RgRiLRi yLji @s s[L]NRP sWLRiLi[
sRVyLi. @xmsVRV DsVLiT s[lLi[ sWLRiLi[ ss yNRPszmsLiLij. @xmsVRV s[sV y
rRLji][ sVsLi s[lLi[ sWLRiLi[ ssVs zms A ysNTP sLi. s[VsVV BLiNTP ssxmsVRV
sW @sV dsVZNP[Li NS[RV NRPy @s @TgjiLij. NS[RLiW GLi LjigjiLiRs s[VsVV @Tgji[ A
sWLRiLi[ NSLRiV xmssWRLi LjigjiLij @s zmsLij. ssNTP ysVV FsxmsVRV s[lLi[ sWLRiLi[NTP
ssW @xmsV[ A xmssWRLi LjigjiLij @s VxqsVNRPVs xmsVsosV xqsVLiysVV.''
@R sQQNTP

dsso sLisxmsVRV s[sLi][ AsLijLiysV

""y NRPVsWLRiVy, dsNRPV sjs aRPVNSLiORPQV. ssV NRPVgRi[zqss [RVsV RW s[sLi][
AsLijLi ssV ryRLRiLigS C [NRPLi[sNTP A*sLiysV. y xmnsVsRso dss[.''
\sVZNP[
119

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

ds xms y }mssVsV saRP*zqsLiRV

[soRV C sQQNTPNTP LRiLig`i y*LS xqsRVLi [xqsVyRV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ C sQQNTP
N]s sxtsQRW[ RXNRPLjiLiRT sVsxqsVs gSRVxmsLRiRTLij.
""NUPLRisV 95 : 7c9 [ NUPLRisNSLRiVRV ysV xmsNTPsVgS FyLRiLisVsoRVLij. NSs
sVR[ [soRV sWRVRVsVgS DLiVLij. C LRi NRPWy sVVR [soRV xmsNTPs sW
NRPszmsxqsVLij. dsso NUPxqsV[ sWRs xqsXztsQs.''
""s[sV NUPxqsVsLiRV sWRs xqsXztsQs. FyRs gRiLisV xqssVxqssVVsV N]RyVsV. ds
{sRsNTP y }mss[V xqssWysLi. y }mssVsV ds xXRRVLi[ xmsosLRiVsLixms[xqsVysV.
y }mssVsV gRiWLji FsLi xqsLi[xLi |msVN][NRPV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ ssV y r~LiRLi [xqsVN][sRLi
N][xqss[V s[sV y FyLi |mssV.''
ds N]LRiNRPV ZaP[xtsQ\sVsyss yRVVLiysV. sVsLi NRPzqs [NSs LiVVyLi. dsso
y ROTPQxryss. dsNRPV y xqssWyys @sVgRizrysV. y AR[ sRVVLiRV. y
xqssWyys F~LiRV.''
@R sQQNTP

zqsLixqss sVLijLRiLi[
""dRL`i= xqsW[ s[NRPVss[ [ [sos ALSRs[ xqsVgkiy][ ARVs
NRPXFyzqsLixqssLi sRNRPV ss N][LRiVRVysV. s[sV g]xms zqsLigRiL`isV NSsV. @LiVV[ xmsVso y
xqsV zqsLixqssLi\|ms A{qssVRsoyRs AbPxqsVysV.''
""ssV [sos zqsLixqssxmso gRij[sNTP N]sF~sVs xmsLjiaRPVyRsV s[RVNRPVysV.
@NRPR s[sV RLiTs RWxqsVysV. zqsLixqssLi xmsNRPs[ xmsVso Rs NRPVT[s AsLi syRV.
[VxqsV VVNRP NS dLRiVTgS sVRVs DsVgS DLij. y NRPsVV [VxqsV\|ms DLi
ARVssV gRiWLji FyRRLi sVVRV |mssV. y RXztsQ xmspLjigS ARVs\|ms ZNP[LikNRPLjiLi ARVs
NRP[NTP RWxqsW sysV.''
""@NRPryRVgS RLiT zqsLixqssLi sVLiT NTPLiRNRPV RWNTP Rs [RVV y s[sV
NRPWy BLiRV[ gRisVy*sVNRPVLiVysV. sLis[ s[sV xqslLi[, s[sV dsV LiVVLRiVsoLjids xqsVLi
NUPLjirysV @s FysV.''
""[VxqsV sVLjiRVV sVs RLiT BRLRiW xmsNRPxmsNRPs[ sRgS s[sV xqsVgkiRsVV
@LiRVNRPVysV. RLiT [VxqsVs sWssLRiWxmsLi[ [RV. ARVs s sVgRiVs DyRV. C
RLRi+sLi[ yLjiRLRiV IZNP[ FsRV NRPgji DyLRiV.''

120

""N]s ssVuy RLRiVyR [VxqsV Rs [RVV y ssV RgRiLRiNRPV dxqsVNRPVs RLiT

NRPWy ssV xRVNRPVyRV. s[sV yLji ALigRisLi[ @lgi[ DLiTFyszmsLiLij. A xms[aSs
sT LSyszmsLiR[RV. s[sV RLiT L]sVV dsVR DysV. BLiRNRPLi sVLi xqss[V\y
DLiVLiy? @LiVV[ N]LiR}qsxms RLRiVyR [VxqsV y sRNRPV s ssV RLiT L]sVVsVLiT
ssVNRPNRPV gji y*LRisVV \sxmso [LiVV RWzms "s y xmsNRPV C }mssVsV xmsLiRV' @yRV.''
""[sos xmsLjiRLRi [RVRLi yNRPV @xmssLRiNRPV FsLi][ aRPsV][ NRPWRVNRPVsjgS
@szmsLi[j. @LiVV[ C RLRi+ssVV RLRiVyR @j yZNPLi][ xqsVVsogS @[NRPgSsV @szmsrLij.
ARVs y xms RsNRPVs xmsNRPsV RWzms ssV Rs }qssNRPV DxmsWgjiLiRVNRPVLiVyRV.
[VxqsW! dsNRPV NRPXRV xqsVysV.''
N`P
i

xms][s yss NRPVgRiVRVLij

""C sQQNTP xms][s F~LiRysNTP RsNRPVs ssLRiVV, rysVLRiQLi xqsLjiFsRLi [Rs
RxmsRVRVyRV. C A[Rs][ FsLi][ sLSaRPNRPV gRiVLji @soRVyRV.''
""y NRPVsWLRiVy, s[sV }msRVLRiV, WsV, RWN][VsV G @L>RiR FyxmsjNRPs yLjis
FssVNRPVysV. G rysVLRiQLi DLiRs yLjiNTP y RLiRVsysV. dsso sLSaRPNRPV gRiVLji NSsRV.
s[sLiRNRPV sVVLiRV xqsLixmnsWsNTP RV[aSsV. C [NRPLi[ sVsV zqsgRiVxmsLRiRysNTP syLjis
s[sV FssVNRPVysV.''
""}msRVLRiV NSLi[ FsLi][sVLij sVVLiRgS s[sV }msRVLRiVZNP[ y xqsVyLRi xmsNRPLi[
@jNSLRisVysV. y r~LiRNRPVsWLRiV\s [VxqsV NRPWy Ay sV[ INRPRVgS FsLiRR[RV.
NSs ARVs y*LSs[ s[sV xqsLRi*[NSsNTP sRssVryss ygSsLi [aSsV.''
""dsNRPV ss RNRPVs sWLRiVV y RXztsQ[ @j GsWRLi xmsLiRVN][RgjiLij
NSRV. dsNRPV xms][s LSsysNTP y NRPXxms[V sVVLigSs ds sWLRiVV NSRV. y @}tsQNRPLi ds dsVR
NRPVsVLjiLixms[ sLRiNRPV dsso xqsxsLi][ s[RVVLiRV.''
""ds rysVLSQ\|ms dsso AyLRixmsT sLiRsRV. xqsLi][xtsQsVV][ NRPWTs kssVsxqsV= BxmsVRV
dsso NRPgjiRVVLiT y ARsV AaRPLiVVLi saS*xqsLi[ zqsLRisVVgS DLiRV.''
@RsQQNTP

121

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

s NRP \|qsRLi . . .
INRP G[ NRP sVVRryLjigS Rs LRi[ B yxqsVNRPVLij.""dsso FsLiRVNRPV BLiRgS
sVsVVsV }mssVxqsVyso?''
""FsLiRVNRPLi[ dsVLRiV y zmsV gRisVNRP.''
""xmsVy, dsso yNRPV G\sVy xmsg][LiR VRVyy?''
""KsV, y y FysVVQ\sVsj xmsg][LiR VRVysV. s[s V sVsVVsV FsLi][ FsLi][
}mssVxqsVysV @s.''
""BLiNS G\sVy xmsg][LRiVRVyy?''
""[RV.''
""xmsVy, C LSs[[ dsso y][ sWTsLiRVNRPV dsNRPV NRPXRRV xqsVysV.''
@[ NRP sVLRiVy DRRVLi lLiLiRsryLji LRiLig`i[ B yxqsVNRPVLij.
""zmsRV xmsVy, gRiR LRiLig`i yxqsVN][sRLi[ yNRPV xqsRVxmsTsLiRVNRPV dsNRPV ryV.
s[sV BxmsVRV sNRP xmsaRP @RVgRig][LRiVRVysV. "szmssV y VVRNRPV LSsRVVT,
yLjiyLiNRPxmsLRiRNRPVT, [sos LSsVV B yLji[' @s FsLiRVNRPV @yso?''
""FsLiRVNRPLi[ s[sV yLji LRiORPQNRPVRsV, yLjis FsLi][ }mssVxqsVysV gRisVNRP.''
A NRP][ FyV AsV RLiTNRPWy sVRLiVV xqsVyLRi 19 : 13c15 sRyV Rjs A
xqsLixmnsVssV RsV sV[ RXaRPLi[ xmsLjiNTPLiyLRiV. [VxqsV szmssV Rs RgRiLRiNRPV dxqsVNRPVyRV. A
RXaSs AsV Rs LRi[ B yxqsVNRPVLij.
""s[sV xmsVso IT[ NRPWLRiVysV. ARVs INRP [s y VsVV dsVR, sVL]NRP [LiVV y
sRVsVV dsVR s[zqs, '[soRV ssV ksLiRVsV gSNRP' @yRV.
yLji

122

y ss sLixmsRV
LRiLig`i ss sVsNRPV FsLi][ aSLi xqssWyssVV ryLiVV. NSs C sRLi[ FssLRiW @LiR
xqssVRVLi [sos][ gRiRxmsysNTP ZNP[LiVVLiRRLi [RV.
""s[s V xmsVso][ NRPzqs xqssVVR dLSs sRVxqsVysV. N]LiR}qsxms RLRiVyR s[VsVV INRP
xmsRs FsNSsVV. [VxqsV xmsRssV R ][ sTzmsxqsW DLiRgS s[sV y [RVsV ds[ |ms
ARVNRPVLiVysV. ds s[TgS DyLiVV. s[sV y }mssVsV xmsVsoNRPV sQQNRPxmsLjiysV. ARVs y
}mssVsV {qs*NRPLjiLiyRV. sVLRi s[VsVV IRVNRPV [Lji sVLRi dLSs sRsRLi FyLRiLiLiysVV.
@xmsVyRVs y][ "sVsLi NRP= sRVyLi, NRP= xmsLRiVlgiRVyLi, NRPzqs sso*NRPVLiW INRPLji
xqssVORPQLi[ INRPLRiLi AsLiRLigS gRiRVxmsoyLi' @yRV.
""y [R sLixmsRg][lLi[sQQNTP BRLRiV @sxqsLS[ dgS NRPWL][RV. @sxqsLRiR[
DsyLjis dsso xqsLiRLji+}qs ds[ yLRiV ssV RWryLiR V.''
ZNP[LRi

y sys xmsLiRVN][
s[sV xmsVsosV gRiWLji ysLi[xmsVRV ARVs zqsVs\|ms s[[ RXaRPLi yNRPV NRPsTLij.
@xmsVyRVs y][ @yRV. ""ds FyFysNTP Fyxmsxqs*ysNTP BNRPR sVLRibPORPQ
sjLiRTLij.''
sVLRi s[sV ARVs xqssWjs RWysV. @NRPR ARVs xqssWj xmsNRPs[ xmsosLRiVys
aRPLkiLRisVV[ sT DyRV.
""BNRP[ dsNRPV ssVV @sVgRizLiRTLij. dsso sWRs xqs*ys RLjiLiRVNRPVyso.''
sVLRi ARVs Rs zqsLixqsssVV dsVR AbdPsV\RVVLiRRLi yNRPV NRPsTLij. ys xmsNRPs[
INRP gRij NRPWy DLij. @j y N]LRiZNP[ @s s[sV gRizLiysV.
ARVs y LiVV xmsVN]s y][ B @yRV. ""s y xmsNRPs[ NRPWL][. BNRPTsVLi[
dsNRPV y aRPNTP xqsVLij. ds LSLS Rso. dsNRPV y LSjNSLSs BrysV. y zmsV @s[NRPsVLij
y sWV ANTPLiRNRP BLi g]xms @sNSaSs sRVVNRPVLiVyLRiV. s[sV yLjiNTP ygSsLi [zqss
g]xms AbdPLS*ysV NSRsVNRPVLiVyLRiV. y kssV F~LiyLi[ yLRiV y zqsLixqssLi sRNRPV
s, y @jNSLSs, aRPNTPs F~Lij ys BRLRiVNRPV xmsLi LiVVy*. y sys
xmsLiRVN][sRsVLi[ y zqsVssV, y xmsosLRiVyys y zqsLixqsys xmsLiRVN][sRs[V.
""sy, y zqsLixqssLi sRNRPV sLRiLiRLRiLigS sxqsW DLiRV.''
@RsQQNTP

123

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

RLRi+ys RXRxmsLRis xmssRs yNRPsVV

""xmsNRPs 1 : 6 [s yNRPgRisVV y xXRRWs FsLiRgS[ xRVNRPVLij. "ARVs sVssV Rs
RLiT\Vs [sosNTP INRP LSsVVgSsV RWNRPxqssVWxsVVgSsV [|qssV.' ARVs sVssV Rs
LSsVV[sNTP sTzmsxqsVyRV.
""[VxqsV s[gRiLigS xmsszLi[ INRP sjNTP As sVRVyRV. ARVs F~R\ss xtsQ\sVs
NRPVT[[ lLiLiRV yxmso soV DyLiVV. ARVs As sVLiT Rs [RVV y ys
yNTPxqsVyRV. ARVs FsRsV[LiVV ssV xmsVNRPVs A sjs yrLij. @NRPryRVgS A sk
xmsyxLi \|msZNPgRizqs ARVs sVVs yNRPV sVLRiVgRiV xmsLRiLij. A dsLRiV NTPLijNTP ssxmsVRV s[sV
sVLRi ARVs sVVs RWRgRigSsV.
""y NRPsVsV xmsVso\|ms DLi, s[sV sVVLiRVNRPV rygji ssV. A xqskxmsyxsVV ssV
sVVLiLij. ARVs [LiVV BLiNS ssV xmsVNRPVs DsxmsNUP s[sV ZNP[NRP s[zqssxmsVRV xms Vso y
[LiVV BLiNS gRigS xmsVNRPVyRV. s[sV @RLjiNTP [Ljis RLRiVyR ARVs Rs yxmso sosV y
xrys LRi sVLRisVV\|msssV, @xmsyj NTPRV\|msssV sRVLi ryjLis Rs aRPNTPs @jNSLSs
yNTP ssV s[sV sTzmsrysV. dsso y xmsLjiRLRi[ N]srygRiV @s FyRV.''
sVLRiVyRV xqsLixmnsV NRPWTNRP[ INRP {qsQ [ xmssRs yNRPsV C LRi yzqss sQQNTP][
B xmssLiLij. dsNRPV Bs*Ts yxmso sosV dsso \LRisVV][ ARVs }qssNRPV ssWgjiLiRV
@sj. LRiLig`i[ ysV yxqsVNRPVsj AsV xmssRsLi y*LS @NRPR RXRxmsLRiRTLij.
@RsQQNTP

y sWLRisVV[ s @yLiRLSV
C LRi yzqss sQQNTP xmsVso RssV INRP ORPQ Li \sxmso sTzmsxqsVyRs xmsgSRLigS
saRP*zqsxqsVyRV. @LiVV[, xmsVso sTzmsLi[ A sWLRiLi[ @s[NRP @RVLiRV DyRVsB @RRV
ALi][s LiRVRVyRV. @LiRVNRPV xmsVso B xqssWyssVyRV :
""s[sV ds xmsVsosV NSy? xmsLjizqsRVds y ry*ksLi[ [y? s[sV INRP sLRis[LSs
dLSsLiRVNRPVs RLRiVyR yss FssLRiV @RgjiLiRgRiLRiV? Gs @RVLiRs dsso @sVNRPVLiVy[
@s y sWLRisVV[ yNRPV sLis. dsNRPV xqsLiLijLis sxtsQRWs[ ssV dsso
xqsLixmspLRiLigS saRP*zqsLiRV.''
@RsQQNTP

124

dsNRPV sVLiys RWxmsoysV

C sVz Rs[ G RVLRiVV FysVVLigS ARVsNRPV {msNRPLRiLi NSss GsVVyW
RWxmssVs xmsVsosV s[RVNRPVsj.
""dsNRPV s[sV sVLi ys RWxmsoysV. NSs dsso ys @LiRVN][[so. FsLiRVNRPLi[ dsso
ds[ Ds xqsRVsV NSNRP RVLRiVs[ |msRs [zqs RWxqsVyso. s[\ s[ ds[ Ds sVLiys
RWxqsVysV. R s ssVjgS ssV sTFyLiVV. NRPsVNRP dsso y sVLiys RW
yRVLiRV AsLijLiy.''
ds xXRRVLi yxms xmssRLigS DLij. ds xXRRVLi[ Ds }mssV, }msLRi, \sNRP
gRiVORPQV Bsds ys[. sVgjissds dsso GsVLRiVFyVgS DsxmsVRV ryysV ds[
xmss[aRP# |msRVRVyRV. ysgRiWLji dsso LiLiRsRV. y RVLiRV saS*xqssVVLi s[sV ds[
xmss[aRP# |ms[ ZaP[xtsQ\sVsys {qs*NRPLjiLi y }mssV[ dsso sRVVLiRV.
[RVy

ds xqssVxqsV F~LjiFyLRiso
""y y, y sRNRPV LS, y][ NRPzqs sRVso. dLSsNTP s[ @sV RWRV. @s FssNUP y
xmsLjijs yNRPVLiy yNTP xqsLjixRVsV sLRiLiVVLiysV. ds xqssVxqs xms dsso syLjiLiRNRPV.
@LRisVV[ BaS[VdRVVNRPV sVy @sVgRizLi yLji @sxqsLRiRsV dLjis[ BxmsVRV ds
@sxqsLRiR Fs\y yss dLRigRisV. y RVLiRV saS*xqssVVLi ds @sxqsLRiRsV yNRPxmsgjiLiRV. s[sV
ds @NRPLRiV dLji dsNRPV NSszqss ys xqssVNRPWLRiVrysV. dsso [RVszqsLiR y RVLiRV
saS*xqssVVLi y\|ms AyLRixmsRV.''
""y y, ssVj NRPgji xqssWyssVV][ C jsLi sVVLiRVNRPV rygRiV.''
@RsQQNTP

125

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

ds sRWs s[s[
""xmsVy, dsso xms RWxmsoRVs }mssV, xqsLiLRiORPQsV s[sV NRPWy ssV }mssVxqsVysV. s[s V
ds][ sWRg][LRiVRVysV. y sWsV ANTPLiRysNTP dsso xqssVRVLi ZNP[LiVVryy?''
""y y, s[sV ssV FsLi][ }mssVxqsVysV. y }mssV dsso gRizLiR[s LiR [\sj,
\sVsj. LS[[V L][[ C }mss[V ssV zqsLRixmsLRiVxqsVLij. dsso NRPXLigjiFLiVVsxmsVRV,
@zqsFLiVVsxmsVRV, NRPR LijsxmsVRV y }mssV ssV NRPsVVRVLij. C xqsLigRiRVV gRizLi
AsLijLiRV.''
BRLRiV sy[ dsso N][LRiVNRPVs[ FsRVgRiVR NRPszmsLiRRLi [Rs dsso ALi][s LiRNRPV.
y RVLiRV xqssWysLi, ssVj NRPgjiRVVLiRV. dsso y xmsssVVVso. INRP xmss LRigRiysNTP RR
xmssys[ gSs xmsssVVVj NSRV. sRLi[ lgisysNTP dsso ITNTP gRiVLji NSssxqsLRiLi [RV. s[s[ ds
sRWs. y RVLiRV saS*xqssVVLi, BRLRiV sy[ s[sV [}qs NSLSsV RWRV.''
""xmsVy, dssLiR sVLiyRso! ds sVLiT xqssVrys F~LiRVysV.''
""@LiVV[ y }mssVsV F~LiRV. @j ds[ INRP E xmsszxqsVLij. s[sV ssV Fs
ARLjixqsVy[ RWRV. y y, y sWsV saRP*zqsLiRV. y L]sVVQ\|ms ssV Fs ATxqsVy[
RWRV. s[sV FsRVNRPVs NSFyRVRVysV. C [NRPsVV[sj Gk dsNRPV s NRPVgRi[RVRV, s[sV
dsNTPRV }mssV, xqsLi][xtsQLi, xqssWysLi, ssVj c dss ds sVLiT ][RVN][[RV. s[sV dsNRPV
[jrysV. xmsRWxqsxmsRNRP, yRVLiRV JzmsNRP NRPgjiRVVLiRV. s[sV ds xXRRWs RWxqsVysV. yNRPV
sssLi[sds @s LRigRiNRPsVVLi[ F~LijRVVyss saRP*zqsLiRV.
@RsQQNTP

y y*LS dsso s[Rso

""xms xmss[sV ssV dsso INRP xmsLSRVsgS, xmssNTPLSsysgS RWRVNRPVLiVyso. @LiRVZNP[ dsso
xmss FyLRiLiLiRysNTP sVVLi[ [RV[xqsVyso. FLS[ WRVRV LRiLRiLigSsNTP ssxmsVRV
xmsLSRVLi RxmsRs s}qs, sRVLi ryjLiRysNTP NSszqss s, \LSs |msLiRVN][[RV.
xmnsRLigS JsV @syLRisVsoRVLij.''
""@LiVV[ s[sV ssV @ RWRRLi [RV. ds[ Ds @ysV, RVLRiFyRWsV s[sV
@LigkiNRPLjiLiR[sV. dsso y NRPVsWLRiVRso, ssV s[sV y @sVWQ\sVs LRiNRPsV N]ysV. dss[ y
sRWss. LiVVLiRVyTs. y RLiTNTP AsLiyss. @LiVV[, [sos ysNTP slLi[NRPLigS
ss @saS*rysV, NTP{s\sVs ys ds[ ]LRiRysNTP ][yso. ys dsso gRiVLjiLi,
ds sRLi[sVLiT ys RLjisVs[R VysNTP s[sV xqsRVxmsRysV. ds RXztsQ y\|ms DLiRV. s[sV
kss [R VgRisV. s[s V DsyRsV @sV g]xmsyRsV.

126

dsso y bPxtsvNRPLi GsWRLi sQQ\sVsyRso NSRV. yLRiV NRPWy y][ sRsxmsVRV

@s[NRPsWLRiV @saS*xqsLi][ ] xmsTFRWLRiV. @LiVV[ s[sV yLjis saS*xqsLi[, y xqsxyxqsLi
zqs LRixmsLRiysV. s[sV ssVRgjisyRsV. dsxms y saS*xqsR FsLi][ g]xmsj.
dsso yyRso. @F~xqsVV Fs yyL][ dssosV @lgi[ yyRso. yLRiV yZNPNRPVs dsso
RNRPVs NSRV. y[ FsLi xmsORPQFyRsVV [RV. yLjilgi[ dsso NRPWy y Rso. NRPsVNRP
@saS*xqssVV][ NRPWTs ds FyxmssVV sxtsQRV\sV sWLRiVsVsxqsV= F~Lij y\|ms RXztsQRVVLi, ds y
sWsV {qs*NRPLjiLiRV. @xmsVRV sRLi[ ssV g]xms sWLRiVsV RWRgRiso.
R Rs RLiT RVLiRV saS*xqssVVLisV dsso yRVLiRV saS*xqssVVLiRV. ds NRPVsWLRiV\s
[ztsQRWsV ds[NTP RWNRPV s[sV xmsVNRPVLisV @s dsso zmssxmsVRV @RRV ds[sNTP
RWNRPysNTP RVxmsyRV. @LiVV[ dsso @Rss xms[ xms[ FR=zLi \LRixmsLRisxmsVRV, @RRV ds
sWRVLiRV saS*xqssVVLi ds[sNTP RWNSRV. @s[NRPryLRiV @RRV RWNTP, RWNTP, sLRiNRPV ds
xqsRVLi [NRPVLiys[ ds[sNTP RWZNP[sLRiNRPV dsso @RsNTP gRiRV VRW @Rs xmsNRPs[
Dyso. BxmsVRV @lgi[ y sWsV dsso ssVV. s[sV ssV xmsVNRPVLisV. y xry[
dssxmsVRW ZOP[QsVLigS DLiso. dsso sVVsgjiFNRPVLiy s[sV ssV NSFyRVysV. ds[ saS*rys
|msLiF~LijrysV.
\sVZNP[ (ZNPsy)

127

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

128

10
RWy c }mssVsV xmsLiRRLi
Fy xmsbPsV sWRWL`i[ |msLjigjiLij. AsV RVs*sLi[ DsxmsVRV lLi[TRW[
FysV sszmsLi[ ys @s[ @Rs NSLRiNRPsVLi xms L][ ss[j. ARsV RVs*sxqsV sVR[
FsLi][ }msLRiV xmsRVV NRPgjisyRV. RVssxqsVV FsNRPR gRiVsVgRiWT[ @NRPR ys VVNRP
xqs*LRisVV lLi[TW[ |msRg][[RVVRVLisV.
NRPaS[ RLRiVyR N]LiRNSLi sWRWL`i LSxtsQLi[s s[lLi[ FyLiysNTP RLRiyRV. INRP
jsLi s.[ yLRiV sLiW DLiRgS, Fy y AaRPLSsNTP gRiVLji @LiVVLij, AsV RVs*sLi[
DsxmsVRV RLRiRVgS ssVsLi xqs*LSs AsV gRiVLRiVxmsLij. ys lLi[TW NUPgS DsxmsVRV
@RsV .s[ NRPWy INRP xmsgSLis sQQNTP @LiVVyRV. Fy A xqs*LSs ssgSs[ ys
VVNRP LRiWFys gRiVLRiV RVNRPVLij. Fy .s[s ys NSLRiNRPsVLi s[ ys[ |msVN]s
RW[j. AsV FsxmsV\[ ys xms*LSs sLiVLi][, @j ys VVNRP NSLRiNRPsVLi @s gRiVLjiLi[j.
C VVNRP xmsoxqsNRPsVV[s xqsWRsVV, ds, RLRisVV sVLjiRVV NRPRV [sos
VVNRPxqs*LSs dsV VVNRP ARy*LS ssysNTP xqsRVxmsRyLiVV, dsVVVNRP sysV [soRV
GsRLigS sTzmsry][ xqsLji NRPgji DLiRVT. @[ sRLigS N]R A[RssV G sRLigS
@sXj xmsLRiRVN][y[ dsVLRiV s[LRiVNRPVyLRis AbPxqsVysV. NSs FsxmsV\[ dsso @NRP[
AgjiFy[, @xmsVRV [soT][ Ds g]xms xqsLiLiys dsso N][[yso. G\y Fy, ys[
NRPgji Ds][ A xqsLiLiys.
Fy ys VVNRP xqs*LSs[ NSNRPVLiy @Rs sVVs NRPWy gRiVLRiVxmsgRiVgRiVRVLij.
NSs AsV @Rs sQQNTP gRiRLigS FsLRiVgRiRV. yRLRiV FsxmsVRV NRPWR y VVNRP A[RsV gSs,
sV[ysV NSs xmsLiRVN][[RV. y sVR FsVsLi }mssV NSs, }qsxLi NSs [RV. INRP sQQNTP
xmsLjiRRVLi [NRPVLiy A sQQNTP VVNRP gRiVgRiVsV sVssVV VxqsVN][sRLi y @xqsLisLi.
sVssVV sVd sVVRNTP syLi. [soT VVNRP RLixmsosV, A[RssV ARVs Rs
R[ xmsLiRVN][sRLi ARVs VVNRP [\s xXRRW[Rs, ARVs][ xqsxyrys NRPgji
DLiRsNTP ARVs VVNRP xqs*LSs gRiVLjiLiRgRigRiRLi y sVVsxtsQRVLi, NSs sVs VVNRP
gRisVLi [sos VVNRP xqs*LSs VxqsVN][sRLi NSRV gSs, [soTs VxqsVN][sRLi.
[VxqsVNUPxqsV xms Vso sVs][ zmss sRLigS @j*dRV xqsR[so\s ssVsV, dsso xmsLizmss
[VxqsV NUPxqsVsV FsLRiVgRiV[V sRssVV, sVs LRiORPQ xNRPV NSRV gSs sVsNRPV [sos][ Ds
xqsLiLiR sVV, sRssVs[j FsxmsVRV sLiRRLi NSRV gSs, ARVs }mssV][ sVssVV FsRgS.

VxqsVN][sRLi @s[sW gkiNRPV xmsR\sVs \lgi[r @s[ xmsRLi sVLiT sLij. C sW

yyNRP\sVs, rysWsQ\sVs @s[ xmsyNRPV xqsLiLijLisj NSRV, sgRi, xmsLjiRRVxqsVRV @s
129

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
@LRisVV. \lgi[r @s[ xmsRsVV @[sQ\sVs xqsLiLiRsVV, C xmsys AjNSLiRsVV 4 : 1 s
sRssVV[ AysVV, xs* gRiVLjiLi xmsTLij. lgi[r @s[xmsRsVV LSLRi @sVLiRsVV
gRiVLjiLi xmsTLij Bj sRssVV. C NSLRisVVsV sVssVV sRVR[RVysVV,
sVssVV [\s, @[sQ\sVs }mssV LiRLi. @j RLiT][sV, NRPVsWLRiVT][sV NRPgji DLiT @j xms
xqssVRVsVLiRVsV FsLi][ sVRVLRiLigSsV, sRssVVgS FsRVgRiVsV.
lgi[r @s[ xmsysNTP xmsLRiWxms\sVs |d sW RVWy, C xmsys FyLRis[ DLi[
}mssV, xqsxyrysNTP DxmsWgjiLiRysNTP, BxtsQxmsRysV. FyLRis @s[j INRP NTPRV NSRV NSs @j
ARVs][ NRPgji DLi[ xqsLiLiRLi. sVssVV ssVV VVNRP @sR \sxmsos Ds FyLRis,
ssxmssVV, sVV, xqsV, sVLjiRVV NRPXRy xmspLRi*NRP sVsxqsV=][ sVVLiRVNRPV sRW sVssVV
xqsXztsQLiRVNRPVs }mssV LiRNS\ZNP Ljigji LSNRPVLiR DLiRLi. RRV[zqs ssV RxmsVgS @LRiLi
[xqsVN][sRV, Fss\lLi[ RVWy sVLiT RVxmsR[][, yLRiV y @FyRVsVV[ DsQ[,
FsLi[RsLi[ rysWsQ\sV sVRxqsLiLiR\sVs RVLRiVNRPVRssVV DsQ[.

ARVs ssV }mssVLiRg][LRiVRVyRV

ARVs sVNTP yLiRgRi }mssV dsxms FsxmsV\[ sVssVV [VxqsV NUPxqsVs V sVs sRLi[NTP
A*srysW, sVssVV ARVs xmss[ sRVsVLixmsysVV. sVs @ssVR xmss[aRPsVV sVVRVN]s
xmsVso LjigjisRV xqssVRVsVV sLRiNRPV DLiRV NS xmsLjisV syxsVVsNRPV xmsyssVV [R VRV
xqssVRVsVV s[ sVssVV C sxtsQRV, NRPV, xqsLi][xtsQsVV [RV, RWV sVLjiRVV xqsy,
RVxmsLRiRVN][sRLi. FV N]LjiLik xqsLixmnsVsVVsNRPV zmss sRLigS, FsLiRVNRPsgS xmssRVLS\s
NRPsNRPsVgS INRP[ xmsoLRiVxtsvsNTP, @sgS NUPxqsVNRPV xqssVLjiLixmssss, sVsVVsV xmsyssVV [zqss (2
N]LjiLik 11 : 2) g]zms syx sVx[R=ssVV][ NUPxqsV LSNRPR[ FsRRVNRPV sVssVV NRPWy
sR Vso xqsLixmnsVsVV[ FygRixqsV\sV DLiy.
sVs syx xmsys xqssVRWs sVsNRPV saRPLiVVLixmsTs LRi sVs][ xqsxyrys\ZNP sVNTP
yLiR NRPgji DLiRV. sVs xXRRW[RssV ARVs][ xmsLiRVN][ysV NRPVLiRV, @Li[
NSNRPVLiR ARVs][ xqsysxqssVV NRPgji DLiy @sVNRPVLiRV, INRPLji }mssVsV }mssVsV INRPLji][
xmsLiRVN][ysVNRPVLiRV. [soRV Fy][ sWTs sWV AsV \Lji[ CsRLigS DyLiVV.
s[sV ssV }mssVxqsVysV, ds xXRRWs BRLRiV][ xmsLiRVN]sVNRPV GsRLigS sVNTP yLiR
NRPgji DLi[ , s[sV NRPWy dsVR @Li yLiR][ DysV . dsVR yNRPVs }mssV GsRLigS
DLi][, s[sV NRPWy A sRLigSs[ AbPxqsVysV. s[sV dsVR NRPgji Ds }mssVsV RV
xmsLRiRVNRPV FsLi][ yLiR NRPgji DysV ssV RXdsNRPLjiLiRsRV ,s[sV ssV }mssVxqsVysV, s[sV
ds\|ms NRPVsVLjiLiRV }mssV xsWssV {qs*NRPLjiLiRV, y R dsso yZNPLi][ yR y zmsRV\sVs
R dsso yZNPLi][ @sVWQ\ sVsysso dsso y yRRWsNTP sVNTP sVsgRiysso ,
zmsRV\sVsysso ds sys y][ xmsLiRVN][ .
[soRV VLRiWxtsQ[sVV \sxmso RWsxmsVRV ARVs A xmss FsLi][ }mssVLiyRV A
FyLiR xms[ ARVs ][zqss[RVRxmsVRV FsLi][ RssVsLiyRV, @LiVVy NRPWy yLjis
FsLi][ }mssVLiyRV. ARVs CsRLigS GyRV. JVLRiVxtsQ[sW VLRiVxtsQ[sW N][T Rs zmssV
lLiNRP NTPLiR GsRLigS [LRiVN][sV[ Algi[ Fs[ sWLRiVV s[sV ds zmssV [LRiVN]ssss
DLis gSs sWL]NRPFLji . [VxqsVNUPxqsV ARVs RgRiLRiNRPV dxqsVN][ys N][LjiNRP BxmsNTP NRPgji
DyRV sVsNRPV RRsV, xms[NRPRsV Bs*ysNTP zqsRLigSDyRV.
130

ARVsNRPV sVsVR NRPgji Ds }mssVsVyRRV xqsLiRs y*LS VxqsVN][sVNRPV sVs

xqssVRWs ARVs N]LRiNRPV ZNP[LiVVLiR[NRP ARVssV FsLi][ jxqsVysVV. ARVs yRRWs
FsLiRgS gSRVxmsLSsW sVs VVNRP NTPRVy*LS xqsLiLiyNRPV RVVgS sRVsWsV, }mssVNRPV
RVVgS yrys FsLiRVNRPVsxmsVRV.
INRP syLji xmsVso sR sVLiT {qs*NRPLjiLiRTLij. y NRPVsWLRiVy , FyLRis y*LS dsN]NRP
xqssVxqs DsRs dsssVN]sVRVyso. FsLiRVNRPV? @j INRP xqsszR\ sVs, @[sQ\sVs
}qsyRVs][ RVxms rysWsQ\sVs xqsLixtsQ y][ y VVRNRPV LS, y][ sWRV, ssV,
xqsLi][ztsQLiRV c @s NRPWy s[VVNRP W[NRPxqsLiLiR }qsyRV[ [zqssVgS @LiVVsxmsNTP
BLiNRPsV DLiR[sV dsNRPV xqssVxqssVV. s[y*LS xmssyLiRVNRPV ssV @sVsVLiRV, ds[ sVLiT xms
dsA[Rs[sV, sW[sV, sVLjiRVV dsso [RVV xmssV[sV, FsNRPVsgS ssV, FsNRPVsgS RWRV,
y yRVNRPR*sVVs N]LRiNRPV y\sxmso RWRV FsLi][ xqsVso s[sV ssV }mssVxqsVysV, LS y
VVNRP saSLi[ saRPLi F~LiRVs[sV xmssyLiRVNRPV @sVsVLiRV.
sVssVV RWys dLSsLiRVN]sxmsVRV [VxqsVNUPxqsV xmsVso FsLiRgS[ xqsLi][ztsQLiyRV.
|msLiTNRPVLRiVRV, |msLiTNRPVsW\lLisV RW xqsLi][ztsQLiRVsV, ds[soRV ssV gRiWLji xqsLi][ztsQLiRVsV,
(VxtsQRW 62iM5 ) sVs LRiORPQNRPVTNTP sVsxms Ds }mssVsV, sVssVV xmspLjigS @LRisVV
[xqsVNRPVsVR FsLi][ AaRPLRisVV, yVVNRP NRPRgRiLiRWxmso][ yyRRV xqsLiRss
s[gRiLi[ryso, ds VVNRP xqssVVRdLRisVs[ NRPLihRiyLRisVV[ ds}mssV FsLi][ zmsRV\sVsj y xqsyRLji,
y|msLiTNRPVsW\lLi ds}mssV yORPQLRixqssVVNRPs FsLi][ sVR VLRi\ sVsj, dsso xmspsVN]sV xmsLjisV
\sVV yxqss xqsNRP gRiLiRsLRisVVNRPs xqsLi][xtsQNRPLRisVV Fy[aRP*Lji ds |msRsoV [sV
xqsVyxqsss sVsj. (xmsLRisVgkiRsVV 4 M 9c11) . CsWV }mssV[ Dss*QQNTP VVNRP sWV
@LiVVsxmsNTP xmsLRisVgkiyV gRiLiRsVV[ LRi LRi sVR }mssVsV sLjixqsVLij NUPxqsVNRPV,
|msLiTNRPVsWLjiNRPV sVLjiRVV xqsLixmnsWsNTP sVR Ds }mssVsV NRPWy @sLjixqsVLij.

}mssVLiRysNTP xqssVRVLi dxqsVN][sRLi

s Fs xmnsqs \|qs @s[j }mssVgSR[ sszmsxqsVLiVLij. @LiVV[ s\sVs }mssV
INRPryLjigS sVs[ ][V[xqsVN][RV. @j INRP sRsLi yT NRPs[V FsRVgRiVRW INRP g]xms
sXORPQLigS sWLRiVRVLij. sVssV @ryyLRi\sVs }mssV][ }mssVLiRVRVyRV sVs xms ARVs
NRPVs }mssVsV RVxmsLRiRVNRPV FsLi][ yLiR][ DyRV. sVs [soRV sVsZNP[\y @sxqsLRiRgSs,
G\yxqssVxqs gSs DsxmsVRV sWRs[V sVsLi ARVs sRNRPV LSsRLi BxtsQsVV [RV sVs
LRiyxqsQ\sVs RLixmso][ FsxmsVRV ARVs sRNRPV LSsRLi ARVsNRPV FsLiR sWRLi BxtsQLi [RV
@LiVVsxmsVNTPs ARVs][ xqsysxqssVV FsLi][ ryLRisLiR\sVsj. xmnsryLSs @sXj
[xqsVN]sVNRPV ARVs sRNRPV sysNTP . ARVssV }mssVLi[yLRi\sV DLiT, ARVsNRPV RWLRiLigRi
DLiR[sVsLi yLRi\sV DLiys ARVs N][LjiNRP.
ARVs y][ BgRiV |qsssV. s[sV ds][ NRPzqs FsLi][ xqsLi][xtsQsVV ssVsLis,
xms[NRPsVVgRi NRPzqs Gj [RVNRPVLiy, ZNP[sLi NRPzqs DLiRRsVV, ds VVNRP xmsLjisWs s[sV
@sVsLiysV GNSLiR xqssVRVsVV yNRPV FsLi][ aSLi @j ssVjgS DLiRV s ygRiVsLij,
xmsLRi*RsVV xmsNRPs xmsyLiRVsj. ds DsNTPs N][LRiVNRPVLi, @j yZNPLi][ sVV|qsgSRV sLij.
dsVLRiV y][ DLiRVNRPV dLSsLiyLiN]sV, s[LRis[LRi yVVNRP Vj xmspLRi*NRP\sVsj. @j
131

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
yZNPLi][ g]xms RVzms sRVsV, @j RLRiRVgS [RVVsVssVV NRPzqss xmsryLji G][ INRP ys[
xmnsVsR syLiys @sVN][sRV. sVssVV NRPzqs DLiRs[V @][ g]xms xmnsVsR , ZNP[ssVV
INRPLji][ INRPLRiV DLiRLi, LRiLiT sVssVV NRPzqs xqsLi][ztsQysVV. @j*dRV xqsR[soR\ss ssVsV,
dsso xmsLizmss [VxqsVNUPxqsVsV VLRiVgRiV[V sRssVV' [VxqsV FyRV (WsV 17iM3). FsLiR
g]xms xmsNRPs!
@LiVV[ BNRPR VLRiVgRiV @s[ sW ryyLRi\sVLij NSRV. VLRiVgRiV @s[sW gkiNRPV[s
ginoski sVLiT RLRiVsW [RVTLij. C sWNRPV "FsRVgRiVR][ NRPWTs xqsszR xqsLiLiRLi
NRPgjiRVVLiRRLi' @s @LRiLi. FyRsLiRs gkiNRPV \[ C sW yRTLij. AysVV Rs
LRiQ\Vs xs*sV NRPWTsxmsVRV AsV gRiLRis\V NRPVsWLRiVs NRPs c Vx[y RRVss s[NRP
sVsVxtsvs xqsLiFyjLiRVN]ysssV. sRys F~LiRysNTP RLiT\Vs [sos][sV, ARVs GNRP
NRPVsWLRiV\s [VxqsV][sV BVsLi gSR\sVs @sVLiRLi NRPgjiRVVLiy. FsLiR a][RVsWs
zqs. @VsLi @sVLiys NRPgjiRVVLiys FV N][LRiVN]LiVyRV. "G sRsVV[R\sssV
sVXRV[ sVLiT yNRPV xmsosLRiVyssVV NRPVgRisss, ARVs sVLRisxtsQsVV[
xqssWysVssVVgRiyR\s, ARVssV ARVs xmsosLRiVyssVVsV FsLRiVgRiV ssVRsVVsV, ARVs
aRPsV[ FyyRsgRiV V][ VLRiVgRiV ssVRsVVsV, xqssVxqssVVsV sxtsQxmsLRiRVN]s ys
|msLi][ xqssWssVVgS FsLiRVN]sVRVysV' @s FV Rs AxqsNTPs RV[xqsVyRV. sVs
aRPLkiLSs zqsVss[RVRLiy*LS ARVs sLi sVsy*LS BRLRiV[ xmsszxqsVLij. LRiORPQNRPV
NSLRisV[. BLiRVssVRs[V sVsLi N]RgS sLiyLi.
gkiNRPV[ xmsTs ginaska @sVsWNRPV |d[ Yada @s[ xqssWyLRiNRPLi DLij. FyLRisLi[
ZNP[sLi sVs ssFyV [sosNTP RV[RVRLi sWRs[V NSRV. sVs xmsVso][ NRPzqs INRPLji
xqssVORPQLi[ INRPLRiV xqsxyxqsLi [RVRLi. INRPLji][ INRPLRiV xqsLiztsQxqsW, BRLRiW NRPzqs sRVxqsW, }mssVsV
xmsLiRVN][sRLi. @j BRLRiV }mssVNRPV xqsxyxqsLi. yLji xqsxyxqsLi }mssV][ NRPWTs sVs
xqsxyxqsxmnsRLigS sVs sy[ sWRs Li F~LiRys, ARVs aRPNTP sVs[ xmsszLiRys,
@RVyV LRigRiys RWryLi. C xqsxyxqsLiy*LS ARVs][ GNRPsVsxqsV= NRPgji sVs sy[
ARVs N][LRiVNRPVsyss LjigjiLiRgRiLi. sVs sRLi[ @sVORPQLi ARVs xqssj[ sLisxmso[
ARVs ys sVsLi gRizLiRgRiLi. A sRLigS ARVs xqssj[ xqsLixmspLSsLiys F~LiRgRiLi.
[sos xqsxyxqsLi xms sVs }mssV RXxtsQ g]ssVgS DLiy. ""RVzms dsygRiV N]LRiNRPV
AaRPxmsTsV [y y FysVV ds N]LRiNRPV AaRPxmsRVRVsj.'' (NUPLRisV 42 : 1, 2).
}mssVNRPVV NRPzqs DLiRsNTP s[ xms @sNSaSs gRigS xmsVNRPVLiLRiV. sVs [sos
}mssVsV gRizLiRysNTP, ARVs xqssj, xqssWyssVV, xqsLi][xtsQLi, AsLiRsVV Bsds sVsNRPV FsLi][
Ays NRPgjiryLiVV. ""[sVVR V][ @RRV ssV sVVR V|msVN]sVsVgSNRP. ds }mssV
yOSQLRixqssVV NRPs sVRVLRisVV. dsso xmspzqsN]sV xmsLjisV \sVV xqsVyxqssgRij. ds }msLRiV FRVTs
xmsLjisV#\sVV][ xqssWssVV. NRPsNRPV ssV }mssVLiRVRVLRiV. ssV ANRPL<jiLiRVsVV. s[VsVV ds
VVRNRPV xmsLRiVlgi sRsVV. LS Rs @LiRMxmsoLRisVV[sNTP ssV [LRiVN]ssV. ssV s[VsVV
xqsLi][ztsQLi DR=zLiRsVV.'' (xmsLRisVgkiRsVV 1 : 2c4).

132

xqsxyxqsLi[ sLiRRLi
xqsxyxqsLi NRPgjiRVVLiRRsVLi[ xms yLRiLi xms[NRPLigS G][ INRP xmss [RVRLi NSRV.
@xqsV sVsLi [}qs xms xmss NRPWy [sos xRVNRPVs[ xXRRWs NRPjLi[jgS DLiVLij.
DyxLRiNRPV FssryLRiV sVsLi xmsVsosV ryORPQ sVyLi? ryOSQQs gRiWLjis Fss
xmsoxqsNSV RjyLi. NSxmsLRiVVgS sVsLi [}qs xms xmss sVs \ZNPQQxqssosV sLiyL][xmsV [xqsW
yLjis ][xtsvVgS RWxqsVyLi. @LiVV[ [soRV Rs bPxtsv[ Fss [FyVsxmsNUP yLjis
WjgRiLiRsVV sLRiNRPV yNRPV ryORPVVgS DLiRLiT @s xmsLiFyRV. (@F~.NS. 1 : 8; WsV 15 : 26,
27).
sVLji ryORPQ sVLi[ GsV? Bj FsLi][ FysVVLigS s[LRiVN][Rgjisj. x
AsLiRyRVNRP\sVs [sos xsWysV @sVsLiRysNTP s s sxtsQRW[ NRPWy
[sosNTP [T ARVsNRPV ryORPVVgS sRRLi FsLi][ FysVVLi. BLi][ xmsysLi. dsso INRP xmsyLji
N]VNRPV ssxmsVRV @NRPR N]V sVWzqss[}qs RLRiVLi[ INRP ]LigRiRsLi LjigjiLiRsVN][LiT . @NRPR
dsso ryOTPQsgS DsV LRiV\s[ N][LRiV[ yRVsVWLji ds ryOSQQsNTP FsLi][ sVsryRV.
xmsLjiaRPVyR sVs\|msNTP ssxmsVRV sVssVV ARVsNRPV ryORPVsVVgS sVrysVs xmsV\ss
[VxqsVNUPxqsV FyLRiV. ysVLijNTP Bj y rysWsQ\sVsjgS |msRgS FysVVR [sV NRPWy
@szmsxqsVLij. FysVVR [s[k [soRV dsNRPW yNRPV FssRV xmsRV. [soRV }msj G\y @j
@LRisLiR\sVsk FysVVQ\sVLij @s s[sV srysV. INRPL][ dsso NRPWy @s[NRP sxtsQRW[
[sosgRiWLji ryORPQsVRVszqs LSsRV. INRP xmsLSRVsVV }msRVLRiV WsVV [yRVsVV sR
INRP NRPVLiyss gRiV[zqssxmsVRV @RRV jgRiVs [ gRiLiRVV s[xqsW [sos sVzsVxmsLRiVxqsW
ARVs ysWs gRiWLji ryORPQ sVyRV. B[ s\sVs ryORPQ sVLi[. BLi ryORPQ Li y*LS
@s[NRPsVLij sRsLRiNRPLi sVLiT LRiOTPQLixmsRsRV.
INRPL][ AjyLRisVVs Fy ALSRs NSLRiNRPsVLi[ [sosNTP Rs sV[s[ysV
@xmsgjiLiRVNRPVsxmsVRV [sos xmsxqssR, ARVs xqssj xqs*Rzqs=RLigS AsV dsVRNRPV s FsduyNRPV
LjigjisVgS AsVNRPV LjigjiLij. @s AjyLSlgi[ AL][ NRPWy RsV sNRPVsWLRiVRV
xtsvysV LSRLiy NRPs|msVN][sRLi ss FsLi][ @xqsNRPV gRiVLRiLiVVLij. RsV |msLixmsoRV N]RVNRPV
BLi[ [RV, yT V NRPWy FsNRPy NRPszmsLiRRLi [RV. F~RVs[ sWLRiV RLjiNTP sRV.
ysV BLiNS RRVso*N][[RV. ryRVLiRLi N]LiRsVLij [ysNTP LS[RVyLRiV . yLjiNTP [sLi
zqsRxmsLRiy.
Fy RLjiNTP sgSs[ Fs Dyso @s @RgSs[ yNRPV AjyLSLi[ xmsLRisV LSNRPV
@sj. @LiVV[ xqsVALSRs[ Fys [sosNTP sVzsV xqsVLiRgS [sos AR A xqssVWxsVV
dsVjNTP jgji syRV. Bjg][ ds zmsRVVRV @aRP*sVNTP LiVVxqsW sxqsVyRV @s INRP sVs xqs*LRiLi
AsVNRPV ssTLij. INRP ZaP[xtsQ\sVs A @sVys sVssVLiRLRisVV @ @sVsLiyLi[
sQQNTPgRiRLigS ARVssV VxqsVN]s RVVLiRRLi[s AsLiys @sVsLiyLi[ ARVs sVs
N]LRiNRPV yRVVLis xqssVxqsLi xqssVNRPWLRiVN][yLi[ sVs sRLi y*LS xmsVso GLi
[RV\sRVVy][ sVsLi VxqsVN][y. sVs N]LRiNRPV ARVs GsV ysoLiy][ NRPsVg]yLi[
@s FysVVR [ssgS NRPszmsLiy ARVs zmss ys RLRi+sLi[ RWRgRigS. B

133

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
LjigjisxmsVRV Fy LSNRPLiy AsLiRLigS sWLjiLij. sLRigS s[VsVLiRLRiLi xmsVso [
FyLiVsxmsVRV ARVs Rs }qszRVRVgS Rs sRVVLiRys AsV RWRgRigjiLij.''

saS*xqssVV
saS*xqssVV @s[j [sos xqsxyxqssVV ss NRPlgi[j. L][sW 10 : 17 ssV ss
saS*xqssVV NRPVgRiVsV ssV NUPxqsVsV gRiWLjis lLi[sW ss NRPVgRiVsV @s V][Lij. C sRLigS
[soRV }msj sys saS*rys RWFys xms[ xms[ xmsRLi dsVLRiV sLiVyLRiV. ARVs
sVs xqs*LRiLi ssRLi[ sVs ssNTPT sbPRLigS soLiy @sgS FysVVR [ssgS NRPszmsLi[
xmsVy FysVVQ\sVssgS ssgRi. ssNTP \y[ FysVVR [ss @LiW Gds
[so. xmsVso }ms xms A ssVNS xms xqsLiNRPLi ssVNS g]xms xmsWsLi soLiVLij. sV
RLki @s[ sQQNTP ARVs sW INRP Rs gS sVs[sNTP dsxqsVLij @s FyRV. [sosNTP [Ts
xms xqsLiRLRiLi[sV sVsLi ksLiRRyLi. A AbdPLS*RLi ssVsLis[ NRPsRNRPFsRV. @LiVVy
AbdPLRi*jLiRRyLi. C sR\sVs AbdPLS*RLi NRPWy FysVVR[sjgSs[ DLi]RV @LiVVy @j
FysVVQ\sVs[. FsLiRVNRPLi[ ARVs sVs sRLi[ [}qssds INRPysN]NRP INRPysN]NRP
INRPysN]NRP FsRgRis xqsLiLiys NRPgjisoLiLiVV. INRPs[ sVsLi ARVsNRPV s[RVVLi NSsysNTP
BxtsQxmsRNRP FLiVVsLiVV[ ARVs NSLS g]VxqsVsV Lizmss[xqsVN]syLRisVsoyLi. NRPsVNRP sVsLi
s[RVV\sVsxmsVRV ARVs zmss sWsV ANTPLi A xmsNSLRisVV sRRVNRPVLiLi.
NRPzqs RW\ G NSxmsoLRiLi [zqssyLjissLji\sy RWaSy? yLji @yV @LRiVRVV
INRPLji gRiVLjiLi INRPLRiV RNRPgS @LRiLi [xqsVNRPVs DLiLRiV. AsVNRPV G yd BxtsQsW ARVsNRPV G xmsoxqsNRPLi
BxtsQLi zqs DLiVLij. [sosNTP FysVVQ\sVs ys FysVVLi NSssgS [NRP xqsLiLiR\sVssgS
sry=LRiLigS xmssNTPLSssgS FsLiRVRVys[sW! @LiRVZNP[ xms sxtsQRVsVW [sos g]xms xqsLiNRPLi[
FsLi][ FysVVRsV NRPgjiRVVLiVLiRs sVsLi VxqsVN][y. FsLiRVNRPLi[ sVsLi [sos RLi.
sVs sR xqsLixmnsVssV RWzqssxmsoRV sVsLi xmsVso sWNRPV s[RVV\sV[ sVs sy[ g]xms
@bdPLS*yV ][V[xqsVNRPVLiLiVV.
BLi saS*xqsxmso sys[ sVsLi RWy\|ms sLjiLiRVNRPVLiLi. [VxqsV VVNRP lLi[sW
sVs[ saS*rys xmsoVxqsVLij, sVsNRPV [sosNTP s[RVVVgS sWLRiVxqsVLij.

sVs @sVjs sy[ [sos sW ssysNTP s[LRiVN]s [sos xqs*LRiLi ssysNTP

sVs sVsLi zqsRxmsLRiRVN]ssxmsoRV [sos sW ssRLi sVs sR sys\sVsxmsoRV sVs sR
sWLRiQ\sVsxmsoRV [sos sW ssRLi @s[j xqsxLigS ry*sNRPLigS sVs sy[
LRiVgRiVRVsxmsoRV sVssVV ARVs ys @sVxqsLjiLi sRRVNRPVLiLi. NUPLRisV 32 : 8, 9 [
xmsVso CgRiV |qssxqsVyRV ""dsNRPV Dxms[aRPsVV [|qsRsV. dsso sRVsszqss sWLRisVVsV dsNRPV
[jLiRsV. dsdsVR RXztsQRVVLi dsNRPV A[Rs |msRsV. Vj ssVVV [s gRiVsVVs\ssD
NRPLiRLRigSTRs\sssV dsVLRiV DLiRNRPVT. @s ds RgRiLRiNRPV [RVsV y [LRiV yLRiV][sV
NRPsVV][sV gjiLixmsssV.''
LS\s ydsRV VVNRP }qssNRPVV @Rs xmsLjiyLRisVV [}qsxmsVRV @Rs RXztsQ FsNRPTNTP
s[ @NRPR Ds ALRixmsyLSsV dxqsVNRPVs s @Rs [ssVV \|ms |ms[yLRiV.
134

FsLiRVNRPLi[ }qssNRPVVgS yLRiV ARVs NRPsVxqss[ xmss[xqsW DLiRV. ARW xms[NRP

xmsLjizqsRV[ s[s[Li [RWs [soRV N][LRiVRVyRV? s[sV FsNRPTNTP ss N][LRiVRVyRV?
BNRPR y dLSsLi G\sVRVVLij? @s[ sxtsQRWsV sVsLi gRizLiyLi[ [sos xqsxyxqsLi
sVsZNPLi][ @sxqsLRiLi.

xqsLigRixsVV
RWy sVs \ZNPQQxqss sRLi[ FsLi][ FysVVR gRigjisj. RWy ssVV[ sVssVV
NUPxqsVsLiRV NRPsVLigS FsRgS. [VxqsV Rs }mssVsV sVsNRPV RWxmsys\ZNP sLkiOTPQxqsVyRV. ARVs
xqsxyrys F~LiRysNTP dsV y*LSV LRisysNTP dsVNRPV yVgRiV xqsWyV sVLRi xmsNRPLi
[xqsVysV.
xqsWRsVV INRP : ds[ Ds AR VVNRP xqs*Rzqs=R xqs*LSs ssysNTP ds xXRRWs aRPX
[xqsVN][.
xqsWRsVV lLiLiRV : [sos xqssj ds[ xqsLiRLjiLiRys RWRysNTP ds xXRRWs
xmsaSLiRxmsLRiRVN][.
xqsWRsVV sVWRV : ds sV[s[yV LRi ys ARVs xqs*FyV RLRi+y][ sLixmsosVs s[RVN][.
xqsWRsVV yVgRiV : ARVs dsNRPV [jLi[ ys LRi [ yxqsVN][.
INRPs[ dsNRPV G\y ALiNRPLi FsRV\lLi[ |d 10 : 22 xmsNSLRiLi gRiVyLRixmso @sVys
F~LiRV. ds[ ry*NRP xXRRVLi [sos yNSsNTP s[RVR RW}ms sVsxqsV= DLiys dsso
FsxmsVRV gRiVLRiVLiRVN][.

ssNRPV y N]LiLi saSLi dxqsVN][

[VxqsV Rs bPxtsv][ NRPzqs gRiRV FyLiRsVV[ DLiRys RWRV. ARVs G
sWLRiLi[ sRVxqsVy][ RWRV. ARVs @NRPR }msRVLRiV WsV RWN][V][ GsV
VRVy][ ssV. dsso [RVszqsLiR [sos xqs*LRiLi ssV [sos sW ssV. A sRLigS
[soRV dsNTPxmsZNP[ zqsRxmsLRis ZaP[xtsQ\sVs yss*ysNTP y*LRiLi LRiVryRV. [sos RXztsQNTP xms
dLSssVV FsLi][ FysVVQ\sVsj gRisVNRP sVsLi xmsNRPsVVLiRVN][szqss @ FysVVQ\sVs
sxtsQRVs[VsVLi[ ARVs sVs N]LRiNRPV zqsRxmsLRi ysoLis ZaP[xtsQ\sVs xsWy xmnsy
F~LiyLi[ RLRi+y y*LS ARVs ds][ GsV sWRVRVy][ ssV. s sxtsQRW[ xqs
[sosNTP [RRLi s[LRiVN][y. Bj FsLi][ FysVVQ\sVs sVV.
sVs s[RVR BRLRiVNRPV NRPWy xmsWsLi NRPgjixqsVLij. xmsVso xqs*LRiLi ARVs
}ms sxtsQRWV ssRLi sVsZNPLi][ @sxqsLRiLi. RLiT\Vs [sos sVsLi G sRLigS FsLRigS[
ARVs FssL][ sVsLi FsLi sRLi sLiys xmsVso N][LRiVRVy][ ARW sxtsQRWV sVsNRPV
ARVs [jxqsVyRV. Bsds FsLi][ FysVVQ\sVs sxtsQRW\ RVVyLiVV. C sRLigS sVs
s[RVRsV @s[NRPVNRPV xmsWsLi [NRPWLRiVRVLij. sVs xqsxyxqsVV NRPWy
AbdPLRi*jLiRRyLRiV. NS x AaRPLRiNRPLRi\sVs sysLi[ xmsVso xqsxyrys sVsLi
ksLiRRyLi. FssLji sRLi[\sy xqs*FyV RLRi+yV FysVVLigS xmssRLi RVgRigji[
yLji sRLi yLji zqss sWLRigRiVgRiVRVLij. yLji sRLi RWsRV AbdPLRi*jLiRRVRVLij.
135

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

sVLjiVVNRP xqsLiRLRiLi[ [VxqsV xmsxqsLigjixqsW [sos LSsVV dsV sVRs[ Dsj @yRV.
ARVs Rs xmsxqsLigSs sVVgjiLis RLRiVyR NRPWy @NRPR FsLi][ saRPLi @VsVVNRPVLij. @NRPR
xmsLjiaRPVyRVRV yLji\|ms jgji yLRiLiRLjis NRPsVVNRPVyRV. N]LiRLRiV @sVsWsLi[yLRiV DsxmsNUP,
@s[NRPVV ARVs sWsV BLiNS sys NRPs|msVNRPVs DyLRiV. ARVs sWV yLjis FsLi][
xmssRLi [aSLiVV.
LS}V xmsosxmsVRV A NRPVLiVLisVLiRs AsLiRLi][ sVVLiLij. NSs A AsLiRLi
FsLi][ }qsxmso sVs[RV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ AsV xmsoVgRiVTgS sLiLij. yLji RRLiRVZNPLi][
sV[RVMs, LiRVsVyRVNRPV syLSs NRPgjiLiLij. @LiVVsxmsNUP AsV y*LRisVVRsVLiT
BRLRi szmsV xmsLRiVlgiRVRW ARVNRPVLiW DLiRys gRizLi AsLijLi[j. AsV FsLi][
RNRPs, xqsLi][xtsQ xXRRVLi][ Ds NRP.
@Li NRPsV ds xqs xmsNSLRiLi yLRiV [VxqsV RNRPV dxqsVNRPVs sLRiV.
ARVs sxqssVWxLi[ DyRV. [VxqsV sWTs sLis[ [sos xqsLiNRPLi ]xmsVs AsV
AbdPLS*RLi F~LijLij. xmsVso AsVsV xRVNRPVs AsV\|ms [RVVLiyRV. NRPsVNRPsVLigS AsV RWxmso
sVLRiVgRiVxmsRVRW sLij. NRP LRi sVVRryLji [VxqsVsV RWzqsLij. BLi g]xms NSLSsV
dsVLRiV RLRi+y [zqssLiVV[ @j @s[NRPsVLij sysV xmssRLi [zqs yLjis NUPxqsV[sNTP
sTzmsxqsVLij. @s[NRPVNRPV NUPxqsVsV xmsNRPLi NS[ g]xms yZNP[ NSNRP s s sxtsQRW[ NRPWy
dssp s[sW [sosNTP [RRLi FsLi][ FysVVLi. s sxtsQRWV NRPWy yLjiNTP RV[zqs
yLji][ NRPzqs FyLjiLiy. [soRV dsV sy[ GLi RVgRi][ dsVNRPV RV[RVss*LiT @s
NRPxtsQ xmsLjizqsRVV xqssVxqsV aRPsVV a][RsV LSV yLji][ xmsLiRVN]s C sxtsQRW N]LRiNRPV yLji][
NRPzqs FyLjiLiy.
RLRi+y y*LS [sos RLi zqsN][g][lLi[ C sxtsQRW N]LRiNRPV yLjis
RxmsNRPVLiy sTzmsLiy. \ZNPQQxqsso RVyLRiR, ssVNRPR*Li, s[RVRsV yLRiV RWzqssxmsoRV, FsLiR
NRPxtsQ\sVsxmsNUP sVsLi [sosNTP s[RVR RWzms ARVs][ xqsxyxqsLi [zqssxmsoRV ylLiLi][ xmssRLi
[RVRyLRiV. \sNRPLigS AdRVLigS sVLjiRVV sRR*Li N]LRiNRPV yLjis dsso xmssRLi
[RVgRiso. dsso [sosNTP [TsLiVV[ [soRV ssV ksryRs[j FssLRiW ][zqsxmsoR[s g]xms
xqsRLi. ARVs sW xqsRLi. [soRV ssV }mssVxqsVyRV ds sRLi[ xmss [xqsVyRs[
sxtsQRWs [soRV NRPsVxmsLRiVryRV.
sVsLi [sosNTP [TsxmsoRV ARVs sVssV ksLi FysVVQ\sVs
AbdPLS*ysV ARVs sVsNTPryRV. sVssVV yss gRiysVyV, ryysV VVNRP
}RVyR RLixmsosV LiVVLiRV[ ARVs Fs xqsRVLi [ry][ dsso ryORPQ Li Bs*gRiso. C
LkigS [soRV dsNRPsVgRizLi[ RLixmsosV dsso ds LRi [ yxqsVNRPVs y y*LS [soRV ds][
GsV sWRVRVy][ xmsLjibdPLiRV. [soRV ds sRLi[ ssV INRP N]R xmsRLi[ sTzmsryRV.

136

@sVLiRLi A
gkiNRPV N]R sLiRs[ [g][qs sVLjiRVV lLi[sW
N]R sLiRs[ yNRPsVV @sVsWNRPV lLiLiRV gkiNRPV xmsyVyRVs yNRPV zmss
sVVR sQQNTP yee FyWLigji ][. ARVs sRWgRiLS Fny= NRPs*<ss |qsLiL`i[ sWRVRW,
xqs*xmssVVV, RLRi+ssVVV F~LiRRLi @s[j "xmsLjiaRPVyR][ xqsxyxqsLi NRPgjiRVVLiRRLi @s
FyLRiV. lLi[sW @s[j [soRV sVs xXRRW[ sW[ sW @s, @j [soRV Rs NRPV[
Lixms[zqss yNRPsVV NSRs ssLjiLiyLRiV.
C A[Rs ssLi][ D[xmsLRiLij. sVssVLiRLRiLi [soRV sVs xXRRW][ sW[
xqsLixtsQsV ss A xmsNSLRiLi sLiys s[sV N][LRiVNRPVysV. NSs BLiNTP s [ysV
xmsLjibdP}qs yee ][ gSLRiV zmss lLi[sW sVLjiRVV [g][qs INRPys\|ms NRP sVR\sV yNRPV ysVR
gRi xms[NRPR NRPszmsLiRNRPF[VxqsLjiNTP sLjiNTP yss s[sV xmsNRPs |mssV.
@s[NRP xqsLisR=LSVgS [g][qs lLi[sW sVR gRi xms[NRPRsV s[sV gRiVLjiLiR[NRPFRWsV.
N]s ryLRiV "xmsVNRPTs sWV' lLi[sWgS gRiVLjiLiRNRP [g][qs @s sV xmsysV. sLjiNTP INRP L][
lLi[sW, yRVTs sWNRPV Lijsj NSRs gRiVLjiLiysV. N]R sLiRs[ lLi[sW @sV
xqsLiRLRisVV yRVTs sW[ FsNRPR LRiVso [RVR[RV. lLi[sW @sVsW 70
xmsLSRWV, [g][qs @sVsW 331 xmsLSRWV DxmsWgjiLiRTLij. [g][qs LRiRy\ZaPNTP
xqsLiLijLisRs, lLi[sW DyLRiNRPV ssQQNUPNRPLRiNRPV xqsLiLijLiLiRs VxqsVN]ysV.
lLi[sWgS ssxLjiLiRTs xmsxqsLiRLRisVVsV N]R sLiRssV xmsLjibdPLiy.
[g][qssV R TORPQsLki Amns sW xqssVLi jRW B sLRi*rLij. ""}qsNRPLjiLiRV,
NTPLiRV, xmsV, }RVyR, s, yLjiNRP. AdRV'' @sV ysV Bj sQQNRPxmsLRiVrLij.
lLi[sW @Li[ ""D[aRPxmspLRi*NRPLigS sWRV, yNRPsVV, DRLRi, xqsLigRi, xqsLixmnsVs'' @sV
ysV sQQNRPxmsLRiVrLij. \ss= FsN][=QzqsLki TORPQsLki Amns sW xqssVLi sL`iQ= [g][qssV
BA[RssV sQQNRPxmsLRiRRLi'' @s, lLi[sWsV ""xmsVNRPTs [NRP sW[gSs, yR[gSs
DRLjiLiRTs sW'' @s sLRi*rLij.
TORPQsLki Amns sW xqssVLi jRW xmsNSLRiLi [g][qs \ZNPQQxqssoLiRLjiNTP Bs*Ts
yNRPsVs[ [g][qs @s, lLi[sW @LiVV[ IN]NRPLjiNTP sQQNTPgRiRLigS xqsLiLijLis sWV @s
ssLjirLij. sVsVxtsvRV xmsVNRPV sLRiQ\sVs xms lLi[sWsV gRiWLjiRVV NRP @xmsgjiLixmsssV
(sVRLiVV 12 : 36); @LiVV[ ARVs INRP lLi[sW\ZNPssV @RsNTP DRLRisVRV[RV . . . (sVRLiVV 27 :
14); @RRV xmsLRi\xqsV[sNTP N]sFT, sLixmsaRPNRPsVV NSs lLi[sW sssV (2 N]LjiLik 12 : 4). \ss=
FsN][=QzqsLki TORPQsLki Amns sW xqssVLi sL`iQ= Fs|mns{qs 6 : 17 [ [sos lLi[sW @sV AR
RsVVsV RLjiLiRVN]sVT @s DRxLjixqsW, BNRPR xmsTs lLi[sW @sVsW [yLiRs
D[bPLiR[RV gSs ARW xqsLiRLS[ AR yLji][ xmsNTPs sW @s DRxLjirLij.
137

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
\|mss xmsTs xmsNSLRiLigS dss gRiWLji A[RyRNRPLigS xmsLjibdPLi N]R sLiRs[
lLi[sW @s xmsTs sW [soRV y xXRRVLi[ xmsVNRPVRVyRs s[sV LRiWTxmsLRiRVNRPVysV.
ARVs xqs*LRiLi[ lLi[sWsV s[sV NRPsVg]ysV. @xmssVLiT @s[NRP RXuyLiysV s[sV
@sVsxmspLRi*NRPLigS VxqsVNRPVysV.
y[ N]s :
INRPL][ sW xqsLixmnsVxqsV]NSRVs yNRPV Fns [zqs y xqsWxmsL`i\sL`iNRPV N_s=Lig`i
Bs*sVs ssV N][LSRV. A s[ sQQNTPs s[sxmsVRW RWR[RV. gRiR xmsj}s[gS s[sV
[g][qssV RRVsoRVsxmsNUP, A ryLSLiaRPsVLiRs @RsNTP lLiLiRV gRiLi ssj[ ssLjiLiR[sV.
@LiRVNRPV yNRPV lLi[sW @sxqsLRisVLiVVLij. NRPsVNRP s[sV xmsVso xqssj[ A sQQNTPs gRiWLji yNRPV
|qsssVs xmsVsosV s[RVNRPVysV. @Rs gRiWLji xmsVso yNRPV sVWRV xqsLigRiRVV RWzmsLiyRV :
""@RRV LkisVsztsQ, FsLRi gRi ]NS s[xqsVNRPVyRV, @RsNTP y @xmsLjisVR }mssVsV gRiWLjis
sLkiORPQ @sxqsLRiLi.''
@RRV y sRNRPV syRV. xmsVso RWzmssVgSs[ LkigS DyRV, FsLRi gRi ]NS
s[xqsVNRPVyRV! @RRV Rs g][RV y][ s[xqsVNRPVyRV : @s[NRP xqsLisR=LS NTPRLi @RRV
xmsVsosV @LigkiNRPLjiLiyRV, NSs @ R*LRi[ saS*xqsLi[ ]RV. @RRV sWLRiVsVsxqsV= F~Lij
sVLRi xmsVso RNRPV syRV gSs sVLRi ]FRWRV. B gRiR N]s xqsLisR=LSVgS
@RRV sWLRiVsVsxqsV= F~Lij xmsVso RNRPV LSsRLi sVLRi ]RLi C RLiRV B
N]srygRiVRW srLij.
@RRV @s[NRP FyFyV [zqssLiRVs, [sos ORPQsWxms[ Rs N][ xmspLRiLiVVFLiVVLiRs
RsNTPNRP G sLkiORPQ [Rs sLSaRPNRPV gRiVLRiRWRV. @LiVV[ s[sV @RsNTP [sos AaRPLRiNRP\sVs }mssVsV
gRiWLji, @xmsLjisVRLigS @sVgRizLi[ ORPQsWxmssV gRiWLji ssLjiLiysV. @RRV A sWV ss
RLRiVyR FsLi][ ARLRi F~LiyRV.
[VxqsV [sos yNSs (lLi[sW) [jLiyRs zmsxqssVRV WsV FyRV. [VxqsV
"". . RLiT yNRPV s[LjisV C xqsLigRiRVV sWRV RVyssRVV . . . s[sV y RLiTVVR
RWs xqsLigRiRV[ [jLiRVRVysV . . . '' @s xmsNRPLiyRV (WsV 8 : 28, 38). [VxqsV Rs
lLi[sW sW y*LS sWsso xXRRWsV xqsQXbPxqsVyRV. s[sV yLjiNRPLigS sWTsxmsVRV
y sWV BRLRiV xXRRWsV xqsQXbPLiRsRV, [NRP xqsQXbPLiR[NRPFsRV. @LiVV[ s[sV y
@LiRLRiLigRiLi[ F~Lijs xmsNSLRisVV sWTsLiVV[, y xmsLjiRLRi xmsssLiRLigS DLiVLij.

138

@sVLiRsVV c B
N]R sLiRs[ lLi[sWsV gRiWLji LiVV ryLRiV xmsrysLiRTLij

lLi[sW "sW' @sV ssVV][ 54 xqsLiRLS[ RLRiVsW [RVTsj.

sVRLiVV 4i: 4
sVRLiVV 12i: 36
sVRLiVV 18i: 16
sVRLiVV 26i: 75
sVRLiVV 27i: 14
sWLRiV 14i: 72
WNS 1i: 38
WNS 2i: 29
WNS 3i: 2
WNS 4i: 4
WNS 5i: 5
WNS 20i: 26
WNS 24i: 8
WNS 24i: 11

WsV 3 : 34
WsV 5i: 47
WsV 6i: 63
WsV 6i: 68
WsV 8i: 20
WsV 8i: 47
WsV 10i: 21
WsV 12i: 47
WsV 12i: 48
WsV 14i: 10
WsV 15i: 7
WsV 17i: 8
@F~.NS. 2i: 14
@F~.NS. 5i: 20

@F~.NS. 6i: 11
@F~.NS. 6i: 13
@F~.NS. 10i: 22
@F~.NS. 10i: 37
@F~.NS. 10i: 44
@F~.NS. 11i: 14
@F~.NS. 11i: 16
@F~.NS. 13i: 42
@F~.NS. 16i: 38
@F~.NS. 26i: 25
@F~.NS. 28i:
L][sW10i: 8 (2)
L][sW10i: 17
L][sW10i: 18

2 N]LjiLik 12i: 4
2 N]LjiLik 13i: 1
Fs|mns{qs 5i: 26
Fs|mns{qs 6i: 17
|d 1i: 3
|d 6i: 5
|d 11i: 3
|d 12i: 19
1 }msRVLRiV 1i: 25 (2)
1 }msRVLRiV 3i: 2
RVWy 17
xmsNRPs 17i: 17

lLi[sW @sV sW xmsVNRPV @s 8 xqsLiyLRi[ RLRiVsW [RVTLij.

sWLRiV 9i: 32
WNS 1i: 65

WNS 2i: 17
WNS 2i: 50

WNS 2i: 51
WNS 9i: 45 (2)

WNS 7i: 1
WNS 18i: 34

lLi[sW @sV sW sxqsVsogS 3 xqsLiRLS[ RLRiVsW [RVTLij.

WNS 2i: 15
WNS 2i: 19
@F~.NS. 5i: 32

@Rsxmso yNRPgSV
sVRLiVV 5 : 11 ds dsVR @RsVVgS RsW (R lLi[sW ) xmsVNRPVsxmsVRV.
WNS 1 : 37 [soRV zmss G sW\VssV sLRiLRiNRPsVV NSs[LRiRV.

139

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

140

@sVLiRLi C

""xmsVNRPTs sW'' lLi[sW VVNRP aRPNTPs @LRisVV [xqsVN]sV

lLi[sW VVNRP syV sVLjiRV [y[ DyxLRiV
x xqssVXjNRPLRi\sVs ssVs*RLi : [soRV y y*LS xmsNTPLi[ sWsV xmsVNRPVysV (@Li[ y
lLi[sW [sos lLi[sW sVLiT NRPVgRiV][Lij.)
""s[sV dsV][ xmsV sWV y @LiR s[s[ xmsV [RV. RLiT yRVLiRV sszqsLiRVRV Rs
NTPRVV [RVVRVyRV.'' (WsV 14 : 10).
""dsso yNRPV @sVgRizLiRVs sWV (lLi[sW) s[sV yLjiNTP RVVysV.'' (WsV17 : 8).
(WNS 1 : 38; 5 : 5; WsV 5 : 19; 20, 30; 8 : 26, 28, 38; 3 : 34; 6 : 63; @F~.NS.10 : 13;
2 N]LjiLik 12 : 4; Fs|mns{qs 6 : 17; |d 11 : 3; 12 : 19 yNRPgRisVVsV NRPWR RWRgRiLRiV).
ssVV @sVgRizLiRV : [soRV yLiVVLis sWsV xmsVNRPV.
""C ssVVsV gRiWLjis sWsRVV (lLi[sW) xms][ xmsVRs yLji][ @ssV''(@F~.NS.5 :20).
RxqssVV : y @LiR s[s[ sWRRLi.
""BRLRiV sVVgRiVLRiV ryORPV [ xms sW (lLi[sW) zqsLRixmsLRiRRVsV. . . '' (sVRLiVV 18 : 16).
N]LiR yaRPssVV NRPLiRRLi : gRiRLi[ s[sV ss sWTs ryysV sWV.
""sVsVxtsvV xmsVNRPV sLRiQ\sVs xms sW (lLi[sW)sV gRiWLjiRVV ssVLRi+ jssVVs NRP
xmsszqsRVVLiRVsV.'' (sVRLiVV 12 : 36).
@RLiR yaRPssVV NRPLiRRLi : ryysV y[ sVLiT xmsNTPLiRV sWsV s[sV xmsVNRPRLi.
""dsRV sW}tsQ dsVRsV [sos dsVRsV RWxtsQ yNRPsVVV (lLi[sW) xmsVNRPgS s[VsVV sLisV''
(@F~.NS. 6 : 11).
""yVNRP @gji[V . . . sLRiNRPsVV [R RV |msRVsV.'' (RWN][V 3 : 6).

sVs gRisVsVV

141

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
AR][ sVsNRPV gRi xqsxyxqssVV y*LS RLiT\sVs [soRV sVs][ xmsNTPLiRV sWsV xmsVNRPVRV
xqssVXjNRPLRi\sVs ssVV NRPRVVLiRV. (WsV 14 : 10, 16).

142

@sVLiRLi D
xmsRQORPQR @sVysV ssLjiLi[ gkiNRPV N]R sLiRs xmsyV
xqs*FyV, RLRi+ysV ssLjiLi[ N]R sLiRs gkiNRPV xmsyV
[soRV RLRi+y y*LS sWssosV Fs xqsLijry][, NRPVV Fs xmsRQORPQR @sVysV
F~LiRVyL][ ssLjiLi[ @s[NRP xmsyV gkiNRPV N]R sLiRs[ ssLjiLiRyLiVV. ys gRiWLjis
yNSV:
JyL`i (Onar) sjLi[xmsoRV sRV xqs*xmsLi. sVRLiVV 1 : 20; 2 : 12, 13, 19, 22; 27 : 19.
FssVzmsRVLi (Enupniom) sR[ AaRPLRisVV NRPgjiLiRV xqs*xmssVV. @F~.NS. 2 : 17; RVWy 8
x[LSsW (Horama) C sW RLRi+ssVV @s RLRiVsW [RVTLij. BVsLi xqs*FyV
sR[, sVNRPVsgS DsxmsRV NRPVgRiVyLiVV. C sW sVRLiVV 17 : 9;
@F~.NS. 7 : 31; 9 : 10, 12; 10 : 3, 17, 19' 11 : 5; 12 : 9; 16 : 9, 10 & 18 : 9.
IFyzqsqs (Opasis) c C sW NRPsV @s NRPWR ssxLjiLiRRVRVLij. aSLkiLRiNRP AdRV
y[ gkiNRPV xtsQNRPV C xmsys gRiWLji FsVsLi [RsVV [RV. C sW @F~.NS. 2 : 17 &
xmsNRPs 9 : 17 [ yRTLij.
Ims[zqsRW (Optasia) - C sW RLRi+ssVV @s RLRiVsW [RVTLij. C sW yVgRiV
yNRPgS[ NRPszmsxqsVLij. WNS 1 : 22; 24 : 23; @F~.NS. 26 : 19; 2 N]LjiLik 12 : 1.
FsNSQ=zqsqs (Ekstasis) C sWsV BLigkixtsv[s xmsLRisbPLiRV (Ecstary) @sV sW
DsNTP[sNTP sLij. C sW sWLRiV 5 : 42; 16 : 8; WNS 5 : 26; @F~.NS. 3 : 10; 10 : 10;
11 : 5 & 22 : 17.
gjissWV Fss sVsWN`P (Ginomai En Penumatic) C sWNRPV AR saRPVRgRiV @s
@LRisVV (xmsNRPs 1 : 10) C zqs[ INRP sQQNTP AR][ s[LRiVgS xqsLiztsQryRV. sVRLiVV 4 : 1;
sWLRiV 1 : 12; WNS 1 : 41 & 4 : 1.
FszmsxqssV, xmsLjixqssV (Ephistemi, Paristami) LSgSs, xmsgRiV gSs Ljilgi[ s xqsLixmnsVssV Bj
xqsWxqsVLij. WNS1 : 11; @F~.NS. 10 : 30; 16 : 9; 23 : 11; 27 : 23.

143

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
GLi[qs [NRP GLi (Angelos or angel) [sos [R xmsLixmsTs sNRPVV, xmsLRi[NRPxmso sNRPVV
[NRP RRVsVV, RVLSR, ryysV @sV yNTP C sW yRTLij. RWRV ryysV
FsRVL][sys gRiWLjis xqsLixmnsVsV C yNRPgS[ RWRgRiLi.
@F~.NS. 10 : 3; RVWy 8.
F sVLjiRVV \V][ (Blepo and eido) @sgS RWRV, gRizLiRV @s @LRiLi. RWRV @sV
ssVV AdRWLRisVV][ yRTLij. xmsNRPs 1 : 2, 11; sWLRiV 9 : 9; WNS 9 : 36.
@F~NRPVzms=qs (Apokalupsis) C sW xmsRQORPQR @s RLRiVsV [RVTLij. C sW
L][sW 16 : 25; 1 N]LjiLij 14 : 6, 26; 2 N]LjiLij 12 : 1, 7; 2 gRid 2 : 2.
sQQ\sVs C yNRPgSsV gRiRgS xmsLjibdPLisxmsVRV \ZNPQQxqssoV ysVV NRPWy
@Li @sVysV F~Liys xmsoLjiN]RyLRiV. [ysV xmsLjibdPLisxmsVRV Ay
NRPVs sVssVV NRPWy s[RV @Li @sVysV F~LiRgRisVs[ saS*rys
|msLiF~LijLiRVNRPVLiVyLi. RVLRiRXxtsQsaSRV sVsLi xmsbPsV xqsLixqsQX yyLRiLi [xqsVNRPVs yNRPLi[
xmsTs ysV @LRiLi [xqsVN][[NRP [sos][ xqsLiztsQLi[ g]xms @sNSaSs sVsLi
Fg]VNRPVLiVyLi. sVsNRPV NRPlgi[ AR @sVysV [y xmsNSLRiLi xqsLjiRWxqsVNRPVLi[ [y
@sVy ryLiVVNTP sVsLi FsRgRigRiLi.

144

@sVLiRLi E

@sVLiRLi E
[soRV RLRi+ys sVLjiRVV LRiWFys Fs DxmsWgjiryRV
Aj 3 : 7

@xmsVRV yLjiRLji NRPsVV LRissV. yLRiV ysVV

jgRiLiLRiVsVs zqsN]s @LiLRixmso ANRPVV NRPV RsVNRPV
NRPRRsVVsV [zqsN]sLji.

x qsLi 12 : 6

yLjiRLRiV LSgS ARVs y sWV ssVT, dsV[ xmssNRP

RVVLiTs VR Wx[ysgRiV s[sV RLRi+ssV @RRV
ssV zqsN]sVsV NRP[ @Rs][ SwRVRVsV.
y}qssNRPV\s sW}tsQ @yRV NSRV.

1 xqssVW[VV 28 : 6

Vx[y VVR syLRi [RVgS Vx[y xqs*xmssVV

y*LS\sssV ELkisVV y*LS\sssV xmssNRP y*LS\sssV
GsVRVV |qssRVNRPVLisV.

1 xqssVW[VV 28 : 15 XqssVW[VV ssV \|msNTP LRisVs dssLiRVNRPV

]LiRLRi|msss rV sRVgRigS rV c s[sV x
aRPsV[ sVysV, zmns{tsQRVVV y dsVjNTP RVVRsVVsNRPV
LSgS [soRV ssV FsRzqs xmssNRP y*LS\sssV
xqs*xmssVV y*LS\sssV yZNP[sVRVV |qssRVNRP
RVVyRV . NS s[sV [RVszqss yss y][
RVxmsV\ZNP ssV zmszmsLisssV.

145

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

NUPLRisV 89 : 19

@xmsVRV dsso RLRi+ssVVs ds NRPV][

BV
|qssRVVLis c s[sV INRP aRPWLRiVsNTP xqsRVsVV
[zqsRVVysV. xms[ sVLiT [VLRiLRiRTs VVNRPs
s[sV |LiRVVysV.

x[}tsQRW 12 : 10

ds xmssVV[ [sRVLiRVsV dsNRPV xqsRVsVV [RVNRPVLiR

ds LS GsWVsV? LSsV @jxmsRVsV y dsVR
sRVsVLiRVsVs dsso sVss
[zqsN]LisgRiy, ds
@jxmsRVV G\sVLji.

Ws[V 2 : 28

RLRiVyR s[sV xqsLRi*sVdsVR y ARsV NRPVsVLjiLiRVsV,

dsV NRPVsWLRiVVsV dsV NRPVsW\lLiVsV xmssRssVVsV
xmsVRVLRiV, dsV sVVxqsyLRiV NRPV NRPLiRVLRiV, dsV
RssVV RLRi+ssVVV RWRVLRiV.

@F~.NS. 2 : 17

@LiRjssVVRVLiRV s[sV sVsVxtsvLiRLji dsVR y

ARsV NRPVsVLjiLiRsV. dsV NRPVsWLRiVVsV dsV NRPVsWlLiVsV
xmssLiRLRiV. dsV RssVNRPV RLRi+ssVVV NRPVgRiVsV dsV
sXRVV NRPV NRPLiRVLRiV.

WsV 5 : 19

""NS [VxqsV yLjiNTP BV xmsRVRLRisVsV c RLiT [Vj

[RVV NRPVsWLRiVRV RWRV[, @[ NSs RsLiR ysV
GjRVV [RVs[LRiRV; ARVs s[s [RVV[, ys[
NRPVsWLRiVRVsV Algi[ [RVVsV.''

WsV 5 : 20

""RLiT, NRPVsWLRiVs }mssVLiRVRV, ysV [RVVysssV

ARVsNRPV @gRixmsLRiRVRVyRs dsV][ saRPRVsVVgS
xmsVRVysV. sVLjiRVV dsVLRiV AaRPLRixmsRVsV dsNRPLi
g]xms NSLRisVVsV ARVsNRPV @gRixmsLRiRVsV.''

WsV 8 : 38

""s[sV y RLiTVVR RWs xqsLigRiRV[ [jLiRVRVysV;

A xmsNSLRis[V dsVLRiV dsV RLiTVVR sssys[
LjigjiLiRVRVyLRis yLji][ |mssV.''

146

@sVLiRLi E

LRiVsTs NRPsVV
Aj 21 : 19

sVLjiRVV [soRV AsV NRPsVV LRisLiRVs AsV ds E

RW s A s ds][ sLizms s ysNTP ygRissV.

xqsLi 22 : 31

@LiR[ Wx[y sVV NRPsVV LRisV gRisVNRP, RWzqss

RsVV [RxmsVN]s ][s[ sRVVs Vx[y RWRsV
@RRV RW R sLi ryuyLigRi ssVryLRisVV [RVgS . . .
sVV NRPsV BaS[VdRVVV RsV RsV g][RsVV]xmsVs
jgjiRVVLiRV RWsxmsVRV [sos AR @Rs dsVjNTP ssV.

xqsLi 24 : 2
xqsLi 24 : 3
xqsLi 24 : 4

gRisVNRP @RRV DxmssWsLkigS BssV c WLRiV NRPVsWLRiV\s

sVVsNRPV ss [[NTP NRPsVV LRis ysNTP ss [[NTP.
[syNRPVsV sssys yLRi @RRV xmsLRisaRPV\ NRPsVV
LRisy\ xqsLRi*aRPNRPVs RLRi+ssVV F~LisV.

xqsLi 24 : 15

DxmssWsLkigS BssV c WLRiV NRPVsWRV\s sVVsNRPV

ss [[NTP. NRPsVV LRisysNTP ss [[NTP.

xqsLi 24 : 16

[s yNRPVsV sss ys yLRi sVx[sRVs sR sLjigjisys

yLRi. @RRV xmsLRisaRP#\ NRPsVV LRisy\ xqsLRi*aRPNRPVs RLRi+ssVV
F~LisV.

j*d 29 : 2

sW}tsQ BaS[VdRVVsLiRLjis zmszmsLi yLji][ BssV c

Vx[y dsV NRPsVVRV HgRiVxmso [aRPsVVs xmnsL][NRPVsV @Rs
}qssNRPVLiRLjiNTPs @Rs xqssVxqs ssVVsNRPVsV [zqssRLiRRVV, @sgS
...

j*d 29 : 3

A g]xms a][RssV xqsWRNRPNTPRVsV sVxyLRisVVsV dsVLRiV

NRPsVLRi RWLji.

j*d 29 : 4

@LiVVssV gRizLiRV xXRRVsVVsV RWRV NRPsVsV, ssV

sosV Vx[y s[sLRiNRPV dsVNTP RVVLiR[RV.

1 xqssVW 3 : 1

V\s xqssVW[VV GdVRV Vx[yNRPV xmsLjiRLRi

[RVVRVLisV. A jssVV[ Vx[y yNRPV xmsRQORPQsVgRiV
@LRiVRV. xmsRQORPQsVV RLRiRVgS RzqsLiRV[RV.

147

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

1 xqssVW 3 : 2

A NSsVLiRV Gd NRPsVV sVLiRRXztsQ gRi\ssLiRVs @RRV

RWR[NRP Rs xqssVLiRV xmsLiRVN]sRVVLiRgSsV . . .

1 xqssVW 3 : 3

kxmssVV ALjiFNRPsVVsVxmso xqssVW[VV [sos sVLiRxqssVVs

Vx[y sVLijLRisVV[ xmsLiRVN]sRVVLiRgSsV . . .

1 xqssVW 3 : 4

""Vx[y xqssVW[VVsV
s[sVyss zms . . .''

zmssV.

@RRVcRsVLiT

1 xqssVW[VV 3 : 5 Gd RgRiLRiNRPV FLiVV cdsso ssV zmss gRiy s[sV

ssssV. @RRV c s[sV zmsVs[RV, FLiVV xmsLiRVN]sVs
xmsgS @RRV FLiVV xmsLiRVN]ssV.
1 xqssVW[VV 3 : 6 Vx[y sVLRi xqssVW[VVsV zmsVsgS xqssVW[VV [ Gd
VVRNRPV FLiVV c RsVV dsso ssV zmss gRisVNRP
ssssV. @LiVV[ @RRV y NRPVsWLRiVy, s[sV ssV
zmsVs[RV, FLiVV xmsLiRVN]sVssV.
1 xqssVW[VV 3 : 7 XqssVW[VV @xmsNTP Vx[ysV FsLRiVgRiNRPVLisV, Vx[y
yNRPV @RsNTP BLiNRP xmsRQORPQsVV NS[RV.
1 xqssVW[VV 3 : 8 Vx[y sVWRssWLRiV xqssVW[VVsV zmsVsgS @RRV [
Gd RgRiLRiNRPV FLiVV c RsVV dsso ssV zmss[, LiVVjg][
sssgS, Gd Vx[y A Vs zmsss gRizLi . . .
1 xqssVW[VV 3 : 9 dsso FLiVV xmsLiRVN]sVV, Fss\lLis ssV zmssVR c
Vx[y, ds yxqsVRV ANTPLiRVRVyRV, AssVs xmsVsVs
xqssVW[VV][ @sgS xqssVW[VV FLiVV Rs xqssVLiRV
xmsLiRVN]ssV.
1 xqssVW[VV 3 : 10 RLRiVyR Vx[y xmsRQORPQ \sV s A LkigS c xqssVW[VW
xqssVW[VW, @s zmsVsgS xqssVW[VV c ds yxqsVRV
ANTPLiRVRVyRV A LiVVsVssV.
1 xqssVW[VV 3 : 15 RLRiVyR xqssVW[VV DRRVsVgRiVsLRiNRPV xmsLiRVN]s, [
Vx[y sVLijLRixmso RVxmsosV d|qssV gSs, RVxmsT RsNRPV
NRPgjis RLRi+s xqsLigRi Gd][ xmsNRPFVsV.

148

@sVLiRLi E

2 LSV 6 : 15

\ssV\s @Rs xmssyRV |msLiRNRPR [ RVNTP

ssxmsVRV gRiVsVVVsV LRiRsVVsV gRi \|qsssVV xmssVVsV
RVVN]s RVVLiRV NRPssV. @LiR @Rs xmssyRVc @W,
y [Vsyy, sVssVV GsV [RVVRsVs A \ssVs][ @sgS
...

2 LSV 6 : 16

@RRV c RVxmsRsRV, sVs xmsORPQsVVs sVsyLRiV yLjiNRPLi

@jNRPV\ RVVyLRis zms . . .

2 LSV 6 : 17

Vx[y, dsRV RWRVsV RRV[zqs dss NRPLiRsV LRiVsosVs

Fsduy FyLRis [RVgS Vx[y A xmssys NRPLiRsV LRis[|qssV
gRisVNRP yRV Fsduy RVVsV xmsLRi*RsVV @gji gRiVsVV[R
LRiRsVV[RsV sLiTRVVLiRV RWsV.

WV 33 : 15

sVLiRsVV dsVR NRPVsVNRPV xqssVRVsVVs gSRsR xmsVsxmsVRV NRP[

LS NRPVgRiV xqs*xmssVV[

WV 33 : 16

sLRiVV gRiLji*xtsvV NSNRPVLiR [RVVsV . . .

NUPLRisV 119 : 18

s[sV ds RLRiaSxqsQsVVsVLiRV AaRPLRiQ\sVs xqsLigRiRVsV RWRVsV

y NRPsVV LRiVsosVV.

VxtsQRW 42 : 18

syLRiLS ssVT
A[LiRVT.

VxtsQRW 42 : 19

y }qssNRPVRV Rxms sVLji FssRV gRiVTyRV? s[sV xmsLixmso y RWR

Rxms sVLji FssRV syRV? y NRPVRV Rxms sVLji FssRV
gRiVTyRV? Vx[y }qssNRPVRV Rxms sVLji FssRV gRiVTyRV?

VxtsQRW 42 : 20

dsso @s[NRP xqsLigRiRVsV RWRVRVysogSs gRizLixmsNRPVyso.

yLRiV s VVgjiLji gSs ssNRPVyLRiV.

VxtsQRW 44 : 18

yLRiV ss[LixmsLRiV gRizLixmsLRiV RWRNRPVLiRVsV yLji NRPsVV

NRPxmssV, gRizLixmsNRPVLiRVsV xXRRVsVVV sVWRVsV.

LiVVLkiRW 5 : 21

NRPsVVLiTRVV RWRNRPRVV soVLiTRVV

ss[NRPsVV[s sVWRVLS, C sW ssVT.

149

gRiVTyLRiLS, dsVLRiV gRizLiRVsV

ssNRPRVVsVs

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

sxms 5 : 21

Vx[y, dsso sVsVVsV ds RV zmssVR s[VsVV

LjilgiRsVV sW xmspLRi*zqs sVLRi sWNRPV NRPVgRi[RVVsVV.

sVRLiVV 13 : 15

C xmsV NRPsVLRi RW, soLS ss, xXRRVsVV][

gRizLi sVsxqsV= xmsVN]s y ss xqs*xqsR F~LiRNRPVLiRVsV
yLji xXRRVsVV N]s*sj, yLji soV ssVNRPV sVLiRsVV\ss,
yLRiV RsV NRPsVV sVWzqsN]sRVVyLRiV gRisVNRP dsVLRiV
ssVsVVNRPV sLiRVLRiV gSs gRizLixmss[ gRizLixmsLRiV, RWRV
sVVNRPV RWRVLRiVgSs VLiRsWRsVVsV zqsN]sLRiV.

sVRLiVV 13 : 16

@LiVV[ dsV NRPsVV RWRVRVss gRisVNRP @s RssVV\ss, dsV

soV ssVRVss gRisVNRP @s RssVV\ss.

WsV 12 : 40

yLRiV NRPsV][ RW xXRRVsVV][ gRizLi sVsxqsV=

sWLRiVN]s y ss xqs*xqsxmsLRiRRNRPVLiRVsV ARVs yLji
NRPsVNRPV @LiRR*sVV NRPVgRi[zqs yLji xXRRVsVV NRPhjisxmsLRisV.

@F~.NS. 28 : 27

C xmsV NRPsVLRi RW soLRi ss sVsry=LRi gRizLi y

\sxmso Ljigji y ss xqs*xqsR F~LiRNRPVLiRVsV yLji xXRRVsVV
N]s*RVVsj. yLRiV so][ sVLiRsVVgS ss NRPsVV
sVWzqsN]s RVVyLRiV.

L][sW 11 : 8

BLiRV sxtsQRV\sV c s[sLRiNRPV [soRV yLjiNTP sRsVRVgRi

sVsxqsV=sV, RWR[s NRPsVsV, ss[s sosV B
RVVyRs yRVTRVVsj.

L][sW 11 : 10

yLRiV RWRNRPVLiRVsV yLji NRPsVNRPV dNRP NRPsVVsV. yLji dsxmsosV

FsxmsVRVsV sLigji FsosV [RVVsV.

2 N]LjiLik 4 : 18

ORPQsWRsVVLiRV sW RVNRPs aRPsV sW N]LRiNRPV @LiRNRPLiRNRPV

FsNRPVsgS sRQ\sVs sVzsV LRisVVsV NRPVgRi[RVVRVsj.
GRVsgS RXaRPQ\sVss @sRsVVV; @RXaRPQ\sVss sRsVVV.

Aj 18 : 1

sVLjiRVV sVs[V RgRiLRisVs zqsLiRWLRi sssVV[ @sVV

FsLiRs[ gRiVyLRixmso y*LRisVLiRV NRPWLRiVs RVVsxmsoRV Vx[y
@RsNTP NRPssV.

150

@sVLiRLi E

Aj 18 : 2

@RRV NRPsV RWsxmsVRV sVVgRiVLRiV sVsVxtsvV @Rs

VRV sVsT RVVLiTLji. @RRV yLjis RW gRiVyLRixmso
yNTPsVLiT yLjis FsRVL]sVNRPV xmsLRiVlgi s[sVVNRPV sLigji . . .

Aj 31 : 10

sVLiRV RWV NRPVNSsVVs s[sV xqs*xmssVLiRV NRPsV

RWRgS g]sV yV F~[ yLRi\ssV F~R\ssV
sVRQ\ssVgRis[ RVVLisV.

151

[sos][ xqsLixtsQ

152

@sVLiRLi F

@sVLiRLi F
xqsLixmnsV RLjiR[ xqs*FyV sVLjiRVV RLRi+yV
xqs*xmssVVV, RLRi+ssVVV \[s RVVgRi[s sWRs[V gSNRP xqsLixmnsV RLjiR[ NRPWR
FysVVQ\sVs FyRsV szLiyLiVV. gRixR 2 s[ xqsLiee[ xqsLixmnsVsVV xqs*xmssVVV, RLRi+ssVV
@sVssVVV NRPRVVLiRs C NTPLij Dyee][ xqsxtsQLigS ssLjiLi RVVysV (C gRisVV
yLjiRNRP @RRVssVV xms AxqsNTP gRi yLjiNTP D[bPLiRTLij. INRP s[ Bj dsNRPV
xqsxRVNRPLRiLigSsW, ZOP[QsWsXj NRPLRiLigSsW, DLiRRs sLis VR sLRiLiRLRisVVgS
RLRiVy gRisVVsNRPV N]srygRisRV.
AgRi{qss (Augustine): xmsxqsVR xqsLixmnsVsVV sLSNRPLjiLisV xqs*xmssVVsV sLSNRPLjiLiRNRP DD Genesi Ad
Litteram @sV ysV 12 s xmsoxqsNRPsVV[ @gRi{qss xqs*xmssVV gRiWLji, RLRi+ssVV gRiWLji Rs
D[aRPsVVsV gRiWLji RV[|qssV.
F~NRPL`i (Polycarp): Martyrdom of Polycarp @sV xmsoxqsNRPsVV[ F~NRPL`i xRryOTPQ @soNRPV
sVVLiRV FyLjixqsV DLiRgRi @Rs sRsVV[ LRiVgRi[[V xqsLixmnsVs xqsLiZNP[R RLRi+ssVV[ @RsNTP
NRPsTLij. @Rs jLiRVNRPV sxmsV @LiVN]sV RLRi+ssVV[ RWyRV. @RsV xmsVRs
xRsVs*s @ RLRi+ssVV sVVLiRVgSs[ RV[zqsLiRs sVVLiRVgSs[ gRizLiRV.
zqss sWlLiL`i (Justin Martyr): sWlLiL`i Rs
LRiRs[ xqs*xmssVVV AR [R
xmsLixmsRyRVs @RsV yaSRV. xqs*xmssVV[ RVLSR [RsV [sos [RsV xmsLixmsyyRVs
@RRV saRP*zqsLi[yRV.
BlLi[yqs (Irenaeus): BlLi[yqs @ysVNRP sxtsQRV RXztsQs Rs LRiRs[ LiTLi, xqs*xmssVVsV
gRiWLji \ZNPQQxqss sRsVVsV gRiWLji xqsxtsQ\sVs @FyRVsVVsV RV[|qsRV. "Against Heresies"
@s[ Rs xmsoxqsNRPsVV[ }msRVLRiV @F.NS 10 s @yRVsVV[ F~Lijs RLRi+ssVVsV gRiWLji
DsRsVVgS ysLi[RV FV VVNRP@sVssVV @Rs @jNSLRisVVsVNRPV xqsWRs @s @RRV
saS*zqsLiRV. @Li[NSNRP FV ][RV[ F~Lijs RLRi+ssVVsV gRiWLji FV VVNRP @jNSLSs
NTP FyRV. sVRLiVV xqsVyLRi[ [V]qsxmso VVNRP RLRi+ys gRiWLji ssLjixqsV @RRV [sos][
xRVN]s RVVyRs RV[]qsRV. sVL][][ [soRV sVs NRPsVNRPV @RXaRPVRV NRPsVNRP
ARVs Rs xqs*ssVVsV sVzsVsV xqs*xmssVV RLRi+ssVV y*LS RV[xqsVyRs
|msRV.
Origen: BRRV xqs*FysV, RLRi+ysV xqssVLjixqsW Rs ys sTLiyRV. @s[NRP sVLij
xqs*xmsLi[ xmsLRi[NRPxmso xqsLigRiRVsV, LRiVgRi[[V xqsLixmnsVssV RWsVgS VRVyLRiV. Bj
ys saRP*zqsLi[ yLji saS*rysNTP xqsLiLijLis @LiaRPsVV NS xqs*FysV, RLRi+ysV gRiWLjis
@sVysV VVso NSys N][LRiRLi @xqsLiRLi. NSLi |qs=qs @s[ Rs xmsoxqsNRPLi[ @s[NRP
sVLij @sVV xqs*FyV, RLRi+y y*LS \ZNPQQxqsso\yLRis RV[aSRV.

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[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
(Tertullian)LRiWRVs : LRiWRVs xqs*FysV gRiWLji Rs xmsoxqsNRPLi 'A treatise on the soul
or De Anima' @s[ Rs xmsoxqsNRPLi[ 8 @yRWsV ZNP[LiVVLiyRV. xqs*FyV, RVLSRV,
[soRV xqsx\sVs NRPV, @xmsryNRPLRi zqs[ DsxmsVRV NRPVgRiVyRVs @RRV saRP*zqsLi[yRV.
saS*xqsVsV @R sLSV @sVgRizLiRTs LkigSs[, xmssRyV xqs*FyV xqsLixmnsWsNTP ygSssVV
[RVyRVs @RRV xms[j LiyRV.
yzqs=RVqs zqszmsRVs (thascius cyprian): BRRV NUP.aRP 250 NRPV Lijs yRV, BRRV carthage
[ Bishop gS ssxLjiLiyRV. BRRV Dloretins pupianns NRPV [ yxqsV, N]LiR sVLij NRPsV
FsgRiygSsV, RLRi+ysV sRssVVgSs sxqsVsxmsVNUP, ylLi[ N]s xqsLiRLS[ [RNRPVs
[RNRPLi[ FsNRPVsgS RLRi+ysV saRP*zqsryLRiV @s FyRV. sVL][ [[ [soRV xqsLixmnsWs
xqs*Fy y*LS sTzmsryRs yaSRV. RLRi+sLi y*LS xqsLixmnsVsVV[sNTP [LRiTsLiRVNRPV @RRV
|qsLjisqs (celrinus)sV @sLijLiyRV.
NSQ<sRVqs (lactantins): NSy=Lis j lgi[ Rs NRPVsWLRiVsNTP @yxmsNRPVsgS BRs
sRVsVLiyRV. T\ss Bs=W= @sV Rs xmsoxqsNRPLi[ xqs*Fy y*LS @sVV, \ZNPQQxqssoV
NRPWR sxtsQRVsV gRiWLjis ys NRPgjiRVVLiVLiyLRis @s[NRP DyxLRi][ Fs RWFyRV.
NSy=LiQ\s(constaitine): NUP.aRP.300 [ INRP xmsLRi[NRPxmso RLRi+ssVV y*LS g]xms sRWs
ryjLiRys gRiWLji NSQ<sRVqs (Lanctantius) ssLjiLiyRV. Constantive LRisVV][ FyLjixqsW
DLiRgS xmsLRi[NRPsVV sVLiT INRP xqsWRs @RsNTP @sVgRizLiRTLij. A LS [soRV @RsNTP A
xqsWRs gRiWLjis gRiVLRiVsV RRWLRiV[LiVVLiRVsVs A[bPLiyRV. DRRWs[ [ xmssyLjis zms
yLjiNTP A gRiVLRiVsV ssLjiLi LigSLRiV][sV, sgRi LS][sV A gRiVLRiVsV RRWLRiV[RVVsVs
xmsoLRisWLiVVLiyRV. C ssLSss 'The Life of Constantine I @sV xmsoxqsNRPsVV[ NSQ<sRVqs
yaSRV.

rNRPqs (Socrates): @LiVVNRPRVNRPV Lijs Blgi[ztsQRVqs (Ignatius) RWRV gSs xms gSyV
FyTsV RLRi+ys RWyRs rNRPqs xmsoxqsNRPLi[ yaSRV.
GRs[xtsQqs (Athanasius): NUP.aRP 328 sVLiT 373 sLRiNRPV sLis @gSLiQTRWNRPV Lijs xtsQms c
Against the Heathen @s[ Rs xmsoxqsNRPLi[ aRPLkiLRiLi xmsaSLiRLigS DLiT sjLi[xmsVRV, INRPRV
[aSV xmsLRiLiRRLi, sRsRLi, xqsxRLRiVsV NRPVxqsVN][sRLi LRiVgRiVRVLij. aRPLkiLRisVV BNRP[
DsxmsVRV xmsLjiaRPVRVsV, RWRsV NRPVxqsVN][sRLi, yLji][ xqsLiztsQLiRRLi, @sVLRiQQ\sVs
ssVVsV [soRV @sVgRizxqsVyRsysNTP sRLRi+sLi NSy?

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@sVLiRLi F
lgigRiLki Amns \s|qs (gregory of Nyssa): On the making of Man @s[ Rs xmsoxqsNRPLi[ sWss
sy[ xqs*FyV FysVVR NRPgjiRVVLiRs FyRV. sWssoRV sjLi[xmsoRV @Rs
yLjiNRP sLi ssoLRiVgRizmss sxmsV DLiVLij. @s[NRPVV RsV xqs*LiR sLi [R sTzmsLiRT[
N]LiRLRiV sWRLi \dsNRP sTzmsLixmso [R sTzmsLixmsRyLRiV.
xqs*FyV L][ yLji xqsLixmnsVssV xmsNRPLi [RVRLi, aSLkiLRiNRP zqss, [NRP sWszqss zqss
RV[xqsVLij. N]sryLRiV xqs*FyV aSLkiLRiNRP @yL][gSs xqsVN]s[ @sNSaSs
NRPVgRi[xqsVLij. lgigRiLki xmsxqsLigRiLi[, sVLRiLis \|qssNRPV g_LRiyLRiLi @RRV Fys xqssWs[aRPLi[
INRP xqs*Fys RWyss RV[ryRV. xRryORPVVgS sVLRiLis A \|qssNRPVV lgigRiLki[s
\ZNPQQxqss rsVLjiRys A xqs*xmsLi[ xqsyV [ryLiVV. C xqsLixmnsVs lgigRiLki sRLi[ g]xms
sWLRiVsV Lij. xqs*xmssVV sWss xmss[VRWs sVLis [sos xmsRNRPR @s lgigRiLki
saRP*zqsLiyRV.
zqs j lgi[ (Basil the great): BRRV VxtsQRW gRiLiys gRiWLjis ysLi[ A sRLigS
W}qsxmso, ys[VV xmssRs sLRisVV y*LS NRP yV zms [sos ys gRiWLjis
sVLSsV RV[aSLRiV. xqsys gRizLiRysNTP ss[Rs sWRs[V xqsLjiFRs C xqsLigRiRVV
VVso [xqsVyLiVV. INRP {qsQ RsNRPV ss NRPsV ssLji}qs BRRV y ys
RVxmsLRi[yRV.
lgigRiLki Amns sRWs (Gregory of Nazianzen) : Rs lLiLiRs xmsR xmsoxqsNRPLi[ BRRV "[soRV
y sRssVV sVLiT Rs ys yNRPV NRPy*LS RV[aSRV' @s FyRV. (S.Cregori
thedogi, carminum, liber II, 994-950) NRPV [sos xms @Rs sys sgjiLiRysNTP
DxmsNRPsVLiyRVs }msL]yRV. RRWV NRPWR NRP y*LS sWsso][ sWRyRVs
@RRV saS*zqsLi[yRV. ryxqsR\sVs, yyNRP xqsVsVWs NRPgjiLi[ NRPV ryysV
sVssV sxmss xmsVN][ysNTP DxmsWgjiLi[ RLiyV(carmimum, liber I, 608-9,lines 209 - 12)
|qsLiVVLi s NTPrxqsLi: N]LiRLjiNTP NRP y*LS [sos NRPXxms @sVgRizLiRRVRVLij" @s BRRV
@F~xqsV NSLRisVVV \|ms yzqss ys gRiLiRsVV[ RV[aSRV. ssNTP xmssNRPV NRP
y*LS @s[ xmsRQORPQRV F~LiyLRiV. [sos xms saS*xqssVV NRPgjiRVVLiT. @sgSxy [xmsLi][
ssxLjiLi[ yLjiNTP [soRV g]xms xqsysV NRP y*LS RV[ryRs @RRV saRP*zqsLi[yRV.
Dyee [VxqsV RLiT\Vs W}qsxmso, }msRVLRiV, FV (1 tonilies on matthew, iv, t ot v.5).
zqsszqsRVqs Ixmns |qslLis (Synesius of Cyrene) : BRRV NRP\|ms INRP |msR xmsoxqsNSs yaSRV. INRPRV
sVNRPVsgS DsxmsVRV, sjLi[xmsVRV s[LRiVNRPVLiW DLiRV. @LiVV[ [so[ C lLiLiRV
zqsRVsV xmnsLjiRLigS [ryRV. BRRV NRPsV gRiWLji ysLi[xmsVRV @s[NRP AbdPLS*ysV
F~LiyRV. sxtsQ`sV gRiWLji @s[NRP xqsLigRiRVsV VxqsVNRPVyRV. aSLkiLRiNRP [FysV NRP y*LS
xqsLji[xqsVNRPVs[ @sNSaRPLi NRPgjiLij. NRP y*LS AR[ @sXj LiRRLi, [sos }mssVLiRRLi
s[LRiVNRPVyRV. @Rs LRiRsNRPV, sRLi[ @s[NRP aRPsVsV FsRVL][ysNTP NRPV @RsNTP
xqsRVxmsyLiVV. NRPsV @zqsLi[yLRiV ys gRiWLjis xqssWyLRiLi NRPgjiRVVLiy. @LiRVss

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[sos][ xqsLixtsQ
yLji sRLi[ sjLi[xmsoRV sVNRPVsgS DsxmsoRV Ljilgi[ xqsLixmnsVsV xqssWRV [RVRyLiVV.
NRPsV sR sysNTP xqsLiLijLis xqsysV RV[ryRVs @RRV }msL]yRV. INRPRV
sR sVLiT [, Rs xmsLjixqsLSV RWsVgS sVLRisVV sVLiT sRysNTP sVssVV
sWLRiRysVV.
ALi[qs(Ambrose) : ALi[qs jW][zqsRVqsNRPV INRP [ yxqsW, "[so[ RsNRPV xmsLRi[NRPxmso
xqsWRs][sV, yy LRiNSVgS Rs ys [jLiyRV. Rs xmssNRP y*LS sWTs [soRV
s[RVsV xqsLixmnsVsVV xmsRV LkigS saS*xqs xqssWyyV @sVgRizLixqsVy" @s RV[aSRV.
xRryORPV\s BRLRiV xmsLjiaRPVRVsV gRiWLji [soRV ALi[qsNRPV xmsRQORPQxmsLRiyRs @gRi{qss FyRV.
@gRi{qss: BRRV NRPNRPV \ZNPQQxqss sRLi[ gRi FysVVs gRiWLji yaSRV. sWss s[yV
RXaRPQ\sVs ys RWsVgS AdRV s[yV @RXaRPQ\sVs ys NRP y*LS RWryRVs
ss[VyRV. [sRWRV sWssoNRPV \s xqsLi[aSs sszmsLisVgS, RVLSRV NRPWR @s[NRP
syVgS sWssosV xms[#|ms NRP y*LS yLjis xmsRysNTP sTzmsryLiVV.
(The Divination of Demons, V9; N.Y Fathers of cherch Inc., 1955, vol.27 p.430.)
@gRi{qss Rs R RWs NRPsV ssLjiLiyRV. A NRP[ Rs NRPVsWLRiVRV NUPxqsVNRPV RWLRi\sV
sxqsVyRs L][jxqsW DLiRgS, INRP RssRV AsVsV xqsdsVzmsLi AsVsV ssVNRPNRPV Ljigji
RWRVsVs xqsLi [aSRV. AsV ssVjLjigji RWRgS Rs NRPVsWLRiVRV RssV @sVxqsLjiLiRys RW
ARLRi F~LijLij. C NRP VVNRP ys gRizLis AsV sLkiORPQ][sV, JzmsNRP][sV @Rs N]LRiNRPV
FyLRis [zqsLij. AsV NRPV, RLRi+yV The Confessions @sV xmsoxqsNRPLi[ ssLjiLiRyLiVV. The
Consfessions (The Confessions, III 19, V.17; Vi.23; VIII.30)
L][s VV: BRRV C NTPLij NRPsV F~Li[ sLRiNRPV \sV @s[NRP xmsoxqsNSsV xmsLjibdPLiyRV. s[sV
AR [R FsRT [sos yRV{mshRisVV RNRPV N]sFysV. dsssLRiso @s @TgjisxmsVRV s[sV
Z\ NPQQxqss o @s xqssWyssVysV. NSs dsso NUPxqsVsV NSNRP zqs|qsL][sV @sVxqsLjixqsVyss ARVs
FyRV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ ds RssVNRPR DLiRV[ @NRPRs[ ds xXRRVLi RVVLiRVsV. @xmsVRV s[sV
RVLiRVR\s, "xmsVy! y xms NRPXxms RWxmsosVs" s[RVN]ysV. y][ NRPWR sTRVVs
xmsLRi[NRPyxqsVV NRPWR y N]LRiNRPV [sos s[RVN]yLRiV. sR sVLiT [s yNRPV sWsso xmsoxqsNS
NRPLi[ [sos RsVV xms AxqsNTP NRPgjiLij.(St Jeroone, Letter XXII, To Ekustochim, 30)"
LiVVLkiRW 23:25 xmsNSLRisVV NRPNRPV, RLRi+yNRPV FsLi][ FysVVsVVsRs, sWssoNRPV Rs
ys RV[RVysNTP ksNRP ryRsLigS [soRV yRVN]yRs BRRV RVFyRV.
@LiVV[ xqs*xmsWy ssVRQ\sV dss N][lLi[ yLji ss @s NRPVzRsyLiVV. N]sryLRiV
[soRV @dssVLiRV\s xmnsL][, sVNRPLRiV sLi yLjiNTP NRPWR NRPsV @sVgRizryRV. @xmsVRV
[sos }qssNRPVV A sVLSsV RV[RVV y*LS [sos xmnsVsRs yLjiNTP RV[ryLRiV.
(S.Ensebii Hieronymi, Commentariorum in Jermiam, Prophetam, iv 23)
@ssV sWLRisVV[ [sos NSLRisVVsV sVssVV [RVLSRV. VxtsQRW 65 : 4[ xmssNRP
yLji NSLRisVVsV LiTxqsVyRV. @F~.NS. 16s @yRVsVV[ FVNRPV NRPgjis RLRi+ssVVsV
gRiWLji @RRV RLjiLiyRV. (Comentarorium in Epistolam ad galatos, 11) L][sVV
@FyRVsVV[ xqs*FyNRPV, RLRi+yNRPV FsVsLi [RsVV [RV. [s 19:26, j*d 18:10[

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@sVLiRLi F
yRVTs sWsV N]LiRLRiV @FyLRisVV [zqsN]s NRP FysVVRsV aRPNRPVssVVV xmsV
ryLiVVNTP jgRiLSLRiV. dNRP RVVgRisVs zmsVsR 1000 xqsLisR=LS NSsVVsV gRiWLji FsNRPVsgS
RVR[RV.
ysVqs @NTP*yqs (Thomas Aquinas) : BRs\|ms @Ljiry xmsssVV FsNRPVsgS DLij.
\ZNPQQxqsys BRRV @Ljiry RXNRPRLi[ RWRysNTP xmsRVLi[yRV. xqs*xqsRV, xtsQ][
sWRRLi, @RVyV @sVyNTP FyysR sRV[RV. @LiVV[ @srys RaRP[ @Rs NRPgjis
RLRi+ssVVsV xmsaSyxmsxmsyRV. (Great Books of the western world vol.19(Thomas
Aqunas) chicago, Encyclopadia, Inc. 1952, p vi) C xqsLixmnsVs RLRiVyR xqsLixmnsVRXNRPRLi[
xqs*FyV, RLRi+y sxtsQRV\sV sWLRiVNRPgjiLij.
@Li LiNRPs (Abraham Lincoln) : @Li LiNRPs Rs xRNRPV N]s L][NRPV sVVLi[ Rs
sVLRis gRiWLjis NRPgRiyRV. BVsLi Fs[ DyxLRiV Dss. NRPsNRP s[ xqsLixmnsVsVV
xqs*FyV, RLRi+ysV gRiWLji [ysVryLRi\sVs ys NRPgjiRVVLiy.

157