Cht lng phn tch mi trng s liu v suy ngm

Nguyn Quc Tun

Cng ty khoa hc Cng ngh v BVMT (STEPRO)
Trong phn tch th nghim, do gp phi nhiu ro cn v tnh n nh ca
iu kin phng th nghim (PTN) (mi trung PTN, ngun in, thit b, nng lc
nhn vin th nghim, nng lc t chc PTN...) nn kt qu thng dao ng ln,
bao gm: sai lch trong ni b PTN v sai lch gia cc PTN. V vy, cc nc
pht trin a ra nhiu bin php gim thiu sai s trong phn tch th
nghim nh: T chc th nghim thnh tho, p dng chng trnh m bo cht
lng/kim sot cht lng (QA/QC), xy dng h thng qun l PTN theo tiu
chun ISO 17025... Mt khc, do tnh bin ng v phc tp ca mu th, nng
cht th trong mu thp ch khong phn triu (ppm) nn sai lch ca kt qu phn
tch s liu mi trng cn d gp phi hn so vi cc thnh phn th nghim
khc. Cc yu t gy nh hng n kt qu phn tch mi trng c tng kt
nh trong hnh (Clack, Malcolm J.R. and Whitefield Paul H 1994)
Nhn thc c iu , t nm 1998, Cc Mi trng thuc B Khoa hc
Cng ngh v Mi trng trc y (nay l Tng cc Mi trng thuc B
TN&MT), tp hp cc chuyn gia hot ng trong PTN v hiu chun tin hnh
vit hng dn m bo cht lng/kim sot cht lng (QA/QC) cho hot ng
quan trc v phn tch mi trng. Sau , Cc tin hnh cp kinh ph cho mt
s trm quan trc mi trng quc gia t chc thc hin rt kinh nghim v
hon thin vn bn hng dn. Sau gn 10 nm, B TN&MT cho ra i Thng
t 10/2007/TT-BTNMT "Hng dn m bo cht lng, kim sot cht lng
trong hot ng quan trc mi trng", mt bc hon thin v php l thc
hin m bo cht lng/kim sot cht lng cho hot ng quan trc v phn
tch mi trng, nhm nng cao cht lng s liu mi trng.
Thng 12/2013, Thng t 10/2007/TT-BTNMT uc sa i v thay th bi
Thng t 21/TT-BTNMT. Qua y cho thy, s quyt tm v kin tr ca Tng cc
Mi trng v vn ny.
Sau khi Thng t 10/2007/TT-BTNMT ra i, Trung tm Quan trc mi
trng thuc Tng cc Mi trng t chc nhiu t tp hun, hng dn thc
hin Thng t cho mng li quan trc mi trng trong ton quc, c bit l cc
PTN ca cc S TN&MT a phng. T , nhiu PTN mi trng, bao gm cc
PTN mi trng quc gia v cc a phng nhn c chng ch ph hp tiu
chun ISO 17025 do Vn phng cng nhn (VILAS) cp. Hng nm, Trung tm
Quan trc mi trng t chc cc t th nghim lin phng nh gi nng
lc phn tch th nghim ca cc phng th nghim trong mng li.
Thi gian qua, Cng ty STEPRO lp t cc trm quan trc nc t ng
theo yu cu ca Thong t 08/2009/BTNMT ngy 15/5/2009 v Thng t
48/2011/TT-BTNMT ngy 28/12/2011 kim sot hot ng x thi ca cc khu
cng nghip (KCN) v nhng nh my c cng sut x thi ln. Sau khi lp t,
cc ch u t u yu cu ly mu phn tch so snh kt qu ca my o vi
kt qu ca nhng PTN c chng nhn VILAS v c uy tn trong nc.
Cng ty tin hnh ly mu v bo qun mu theo tiu chun TCVN 5998 -
1995: "Hng dn ly mu nc thi" v chuyn v phng nghim trong vng 2
gi. Thng thng, Cng ty ly mt mu chia lm 2 gi v mt PTN hoc chia lm
4 gi v hai PTN, cc mu c m ha trc khi giao mu. Kt qu phn tch
c th hin trong Bng. gi uy tn cho PTN, Cng ty m ha tn PTN.
Trong Thng t 21/TT-BTNMT c quy nh sai lch chp nhn c khi
phn tch hai mu lp trong PTN l 20%. i chiu vi quy nh ny, nu coi cc
kt qu phn tch ca cc PTN trn cng mt mu nh l mu lp, chng ta thy
trong Bng, cc s liu in m l nhng kt qu sai lch ln hn 20%. Kt qu cho
thy: Sai lch trong cng PTN t mc phi, cc PTN c sai lch gia hai mu
th a s nm trong phm vi chp nhn. Cng c trng hp (PTN B) sai lch gia
hai mu gn n 50% (gi tr COD l 800 mg/1 v 1300 mg/1). PTN c c mu sai
lch n 24% (gi tr COD l 140 mg/1 v 178 mg/1).
C th thy, phn no yn tm vi sai lch ni b nhng thc s khng yn
tm vi kt qu ca hai PTN khc nhau trong cng mt mu phn tch, nhiu kt
qu ca cng mt mu sai lch kh xa. V d: nng COD trong nc thi KCN
VSIP2, PTN c c kt qu phn tch l khng pht hin c (gii hn pht hin
20mg/l, cn PTN G l 64 v 66, iu ny s dn n cu chuyn lin quan n x
pht hnh chnh v vi phm Lut BVMT (nc thi KCN VISIP 2 yu cu mc
A trc khi thi ra mi trng). Theo kt qu ca PTN c th t yu cu nhng nu
cn c vo kt qu ca PTN G th KCN s b pht. Vy ai ng, ai sai trong
chuyn ny?
Mt vn chng ta quan tm y l mc d cc kt qu phn tch u do
cc PTN c chng ch VILAS cho nhng ch tiu phn tch nhng sai lch vn
cn ln. Theo kt qu nh gi ca chng trnh th nghim lin phng hng nm
ca Trung tm Quan trc mi trng, c n 70 - 80% PTN t yu cu, c sai s
nm trong gii hn cho php. Vy cc PTN c thng xuyn duy tr h thng cht
lng ca mnh hay khng, hay ch thc hin khi c on chuyn gia xung nh
gi hoc ch vi nhng mu th phc v chng trnh th nghim lin phng?
Phn tch mi trng l mt qu trnh phc tp qua rt nhiu cng on, rt
d gp sai s v sai s ch s c loi tr ti a nu PTN duy tr thng xuyn
h thng qun l cht lng/kim sot cht lung nh Thng t 21/2012/TT-
BTNMT hng dn.
Theo Thng t 21/2012/TT-BTNMT, tiu ch chp nhn sai lch gia hai mu
lp l 20%. Th nn trong hot ng gim st, cc c quan qun l khng th da
trn gi tr kt qu phn tch ghi trn phiu so vi quy chun m cn phi xem xt
n khng m bo o ca php th . Khi gp nhng trng hp c ch tiu
vt gi tr quy chun cho php, bo m tnh khch quan v khoa hc, c quan
gim st cn yu cu PTN cung cp khng m bo o ca php th trc khi
a ra quyt nh.
Mt khc, khi ly mu thanh tra, kim tra mi trng ca c s sn xut, cc
c quan qun l v thi hnh lut php v BVMT khng th ch quan tin tng vo
mt PTN chn m phi thn trng kim chng, i chng khng lt li v
cng khng gy oan cho c s sn xut.
TCMT 01-02/2013