THE DECODED INDUS- HARAPPAN SCRIPTS

AND THE TRUE VEDIC SOMA

THE LANGUAGE OF THE SCRIPTS IS BHARATA

WEIGH AND MEASURE WITH

THE HINDU on Sunday 15-11-2009 carried the article ‘Indus Civilisation reveals
its volumetric system.Combination of V signs and linear strokes were used to
indicate volumes’ (page 22) by Srii T.S.Subramaniam .The article narrates the findings
of Dr. Bryan Wells wherein he locates numbers in the strokes in the inscriptions .He has
tried to reconstruct broken bangles in a pot and make the number agree with the number
in the writng on the outside of the pot.He also assumes the fish symbols in the script to
indicate weights. But finally a Tamil cat(chat) jumped out of the bag(gab) when the
author told us that the work of Dr. wells is to be published in 2010 and Dr. Bonta of
Pennsylvania who speaks Tamil found that the Akkadian Sargonic texts referred to the
weight systems of Dilmun as ‘minus’and ‘min’in Tamil is fish.Dilmun was using the
Harappan system of weights. Hence the language of Harappa was Tamil.This is a
wonderful conclusion !As we will see later in the ancient world this word was used by
people of different tongues !The author concluded his article with the comment that
Dr.Wells felt that a lot of people will disagree with him on the findings of the fish sign.
And there lies the naked truth.The inscription on the pot in the article begins with an

open eye which I hope will serve as an eye- opener for all researchers of the Indus
script. !

It has thus become necessary again to expose the deficiencies in the dominant view
of Tamil as the language of the Indus script.Readers are requested to refer my earlier
works like Bharata the language of the Harappans(BTLOTH),A concise dictionary of
Indus Harappan Bharata, The language of the Indus Script from the bearer
symbols etc.(available on scribd.com) to get a fuller basic understanding of the type of
the language in the scripts.

We shall now look into some of the myths created around the Indus script and some
relevant facts supporting the identity of the Bharata language spoken by the Harappans. .
1.The pastoral roaming Aryans

The Rigvedic people led a pastoral roaming life. The Harappans led a city life.
Hence it is not the vedic culture. It is most probably the Dravidian culture because the
Dravidians led a settled life. The presence of Brahui –a Dravidian language-in the
Harappan area confirms this. The Aryans came to India along with their
domesticated horses around 1750 BCE when the Indus Civilization was already on the

decline.
The truth is that it is the Dravidians(draa,dram-to go,to run ;dramila-traveller) who were

travellers.Tamil is Sumer. Their migration from Mesopotamia to Bhaarata began towards

the close of the third millennium BCE due to the severe droughts and famine there. Brahui

is probably the left over of their sojourn in Harappa. The Bharats(Aryas) led a well

organized life in purs(cities) ruled by kings as per the Rigveda itself. Refer the chapter

The life of the Harappans in Bharata the language of the Harappans. A relevant passage

from the work is quoted below:

Let us now look up for the Bharata influence on a primitive Dravidian language, namely,

the TODA.

‘The Toda language is considered to be a dialect of the development of Turanian

speech styled Dravidian, the language of a group of primitive, illiterate and perhaps war

like tribes who, between three thousand and four thousand years ago migrated from

tracts of Western Asia and penetrating India, probably through Baluchistan and the

natural waterlines of the country, filled all its western and southern districts,pushing

before them, in some period of their advance, the various tribes of the Kol

aborigines’<<. A phrenologist amongst the Todas- William E. Marshall>>

This statement though made in the 19th century is only validated further by the

latest research findings. There were severe droughts in Mesopotamia around 2000

BCE which led to increase in the salinity of the soil and decrease in agricultural

productivity. There was a major depopulaton of Southern Mesopotamia, leading to the

collapse of the Sumerian culture. During the period from 2100 BC to 1700 BC, there

was a major shift in population from Southern Mesopotamia towards the north and
the population in the area declined by nearly 3/5(SWP:p.6). Severe starvation

caused the migration of these people into Baluchistan. Their entry into Harappa

began around 2000 BC when the Harappan civilization itself was struggling and

waning due to the change in course of the rivers and seismic calamities.

Suunarii (Bharata-dawn) = Shinar = Sumer = Tamil. Dra(su)vi(me)da(ru) is derived

from Dramila(dra-running,nara –man cf.2000BCE migration), or sira(head)-

niila(black). The Sumerians called themselves sag-giga ( the black- headed people).

That Tamil(Sumer) by itself is a Sanskrit term points to the migration of the

Sumerians through Bharata and subordination to the Bharats with consequential

loss of identity. This explains the existence of Dravidian Brahui in the

north,concentration of Dravidians in South India , the similarity of several Rigvedic

terms to Tamil terms(for eg.an Indian settling in England normally takes to talking

English .Similarly Tamils began talking Bharata),the existence of Dravidian terms

in Brahmana compositions etc.One of the reasons for the down fall of Sumer was the

rise of the Akkadian empire under the leadership of Sargon(2334-2279BC).He may have

annexed Meluhha also as it is said “ships from Meluhha, ships from Magan and ships

from Dilmun, he (ie., Sargon) made lay anchor at the harbour of Akkad”<<DTIS

Page14>> It is also stated that towards the end of the rule of Naram –Sin

(2254-2218 BC), the grandson of Sargon, a Meluhha king was among the many kings

rebelled against him.Now

Meluhha - Velicca (light – Dravidian),melukaah(royalty,king-Hebrew),Baluch(who

migrated to Sindh?)-Velicca – bharata (light),bhadra(king)

Hence Meluhha can be Bharata (Meluhha is not the Sanskrit ‘mleccha’ a word of later

origin and probably unknown to the Akkadians. However the Dravidian mel-aka(upper

country) or more probably me(bha)-lu(ra)-kaah(ta) seems possible(cf.mel= pari-

above,aka-dhi-seat or vaasa-house . For eg.pravaasa = stay abroad).Naturally with the

conquest the Semitic people,the Sumerians and even Egyptians began to travel more

and more to Bhaarata(melukaah-Meluhha cf.Bhaarata varsha and the unicorn

indicating king as the symbol.The king with a staff or the Bharadvaaja with a tuft is

the unicorn with the single horn. The Bharats are said to have descended from king

Bharata). This is borne by the mummified remains of an Assyrian and an Egyptian

corpse at Lothal.

In the Kurukshetra war the Paandavas (baandhava – relative,Bharatas)- relatives of the

Kauravas defeated them under the leadership of Krishna (the black man or black- headed

man). We have seen that both Dravida and sag-giga has the same sense as ‘Krishna’.

Now look at the name of the Akkadian conqueror Sargon.

Sargon --- Krsna, Sakra(Indra,Arjuna)

The cultural changes that took place in the Harappan civilization around this time also

points to such a possibility.Krishna belonged to the Yaadava community.

Look at the words:

Yadu, Yaadava --- Akkad

They are also similar like the Sargon – Krsna pair.

Does this mean that Vyaasa had in mind the exploits of Sargon when he narrated the

Kurukshetra war? Of course, the king being the Sun God, the exploits of the king were

the exploits of the Sun God. If we take 2327 BC as the period of Sargon’s conquest of
Harappa, just add 2000 years and we come to 327 BC, the year when another great

conqueror from the West, Alexander the Great, conquered Bhaarata. Add another 2000

years and we come to another era of western conquest, namely the beginning of the

British conquest of India. Will history repeat in AD 3673? We will not be there to see!

Their sojourn in Harappa was not long and peaceful as there were frequent fights between

them and the Bharats who were much advanced in civilization. However this explains the

presence of Dravidian Brahui in the Harappan region and the similarity of several

Rigvedic terms to Tamil terms. Unable to withstand the pressure of the vedic people, the

Dravidians migrated to the south in search of fertile lands and green pastures for their cattle

and sheep. The Bharata (vedic) civilization continued in the north into the historical period

without any break. However as a result of the sojourn of the Dravidian tribes, their

blood,language and culture mixed with that of the Bharata groups and the present day

North India has a large Dravidian superstratum and not substratum as some scholars say.

The advancement to the South was also not exclusively on Dravidian lines. Probably

there were Bharata leaders for them as the Dravidians adopted for themselves the

superior religious and social practices of the Bharats leading to cultural

subordination. The Raamaayana story where Raama(Deva,nara,srii,lama,naama) leads an

army of vaanaras (monkeys,va-nara=human likes) to Lanka (Ganga-gagana-the sky and the

South) in search of his wife Siita (desa-land,for a king his country is like a wife), though a

solar(king was god) story, has a historical parallel here.

Marshall had further pointed out that “In the case of the Dravidians… that a

possible early contact with the Aryas… rendered Sanskrit, especially in regard to all pious
notions and reverent observances, influential amongst them…difficult to determine at what

early period this Dravidian branch of the Turanian tree had first been biased through the

superior religious instinct of the Arya”. Now it is clear that this contact began around

2000BCE when they entered Baluchistan and sojourned among the Bharats.

With the fall of the Harappan culture the Vedic Indra-Rudra culture began to fade

and the the Krishna(Sargon)-Siva culture began to rise in its place.Vritra(Indra)

himself is Rudra and Krishna(the sun god).The Indra –Krishna

conflicts(RV.8.85.16) has its counterpart in history where Bhaarata (Indus valley)

was taken over by Sargon and later the Bharats defeated his descendants to

reclaim sovereignty.But again the strength of the migrants increased leading to the

final downfall of the cities.

The Todas were the least cultivated of the Dravidian(Turanian) races and the Toda

language had no compositions, written or unwritten.

Tamil has the Sangha period (circa-BC 300 to AD 300)as the bright olden golden day of

its literary excellence.The term sangha is not Tamil like Tamil itself.It is an import from

svarna(kanaka –tanka-gold) of Sanskrit where the Gupta-navaratna period is

considered as the Golden age. In contrast the Bharata Vedic compositions began from

the Early Harappan period itself. Known Tamil literature is at least two to three

millenniums younger to the Vedic literature which used the Indus script to make its

compositions. If the script was Tamil at least some Tamil works of that age like the

Vedas should have remained .

.
 2. The asva and its fragmented bones

No horse bones found in Harappa(there are claims to the contrary also!).The vedic
people were horse riders.Hence the Harappan civilization is not vedic.The fact is that a
great civilization need not be judged on the fragmentary presence or absence of a few
horse bones since the term asva of the Rigveda veda is misunderstood by modern
scholars and it does not refer to the domesticated horse. What is the vedic asva?The
answer is in<< RV 1.163.1,2&3>>”Oh fast going asva, you were born first from the
SUN(avasa),then from the full WATERS(ap-sa,abda) and you have made great
SOUND(vac)to bless your LORD(yahva)….and your WINGS(vaaja) are like those of
the kite and your legs are like those of the deer…..Agna(asva) gave the horse..Oh
rays(vasu) you made the horse from the Sun…Oh asva,you are agna,you are
vaayu(wind),you are the Sun…you are born of three sources,
namely,vasus(rays,agni,the Sun), the Sun ,and the SKY(aakaasa;aksha-eye).

Manusha(a man) is a matsa(fish) or mahisha(a buffalo).The manusha sacrifice and

mahisha sacrifice were favourite forms of Durga(Suurya-the Sun) worship till the 19th
century in India.The blood (sona-blood,soma-suura-the sun) of the sacrificial victim
was one of the famous somas(su-ma,ma=water) which was a delicious offering to the
God and the priest .That asva is not the domesticated equus is clearly stated by the
Aitareya Brahmana(6.8.2) which says that the asva is the gauramriga(blue buffaloe =
bos gaurus ) or viira(niira-water,miina-fish)-bhadra(bull) . This explains why the seals
of those times portray the buffalo- lion(hari) or buffalo-man(srii) fights whereas no
domestic equus is seen. Why the most popular term for the asva is the horse(usra-
bull,the sun) for the English and the kutira(horse) for the Tamils? Why don’t they use
equus ?Asva is uksha (bull,usha-dawn,vacas-word,abda-year) itself. The vedic
asva(aksha-eye;aakaasa-sky;daksha-year;vaara-weekday,viira-hero,niira-water, niila-
blue or miina-Pisces,kaala-time,black- bhadra) is the water buffalo denoted by the

fish(matsa→masta-manusha-mahisha-the head of the bull ).Asvamedha is asva( )

and mesha ( ) as seen at the beginning(alpha-aleph-bull ) and close(omega

=close = noose = nose . The omega is the inverted form of the nose of the
Harappans) of several inscriptions. Asva is also aahva(vacas-
speech),vaasa(house),avasa(the king,salvation ,the sun), abda(year),aasava(liquor),
ahas(day),usha(dawn),dvija(a Brahmin),agna(fire), yahva (lord) etc. Asva medha is the
annual(abda) sacrifice of the asva (Pisces-king or the water buffalo) and a mesha ( a
ram) as seen in M-1186.The mesha in this seal also gives the reading of medha. It is
also aahva(naama)-daana(karma-giving a new name as in baptism),vaasa vesa(house
warming),sava (sacrifice),avasaabhisheka(anointing the new king) etc.also.The
sacrificial deity is Rudra(Durga=suurya-the sun,red) and soma(yellow) as the rising
sun born from the blue night(mahisha,Varuna) change colour from red to yellow
as the sacrifice progress.
The vedic tribes were mainly the Gandharas(cf.Gandharva) on the west,
(RV.1.126.7,AV.5.22.14),the Kikatas in the east(RV.3.53.14),Magadhas and Angas in
the South(AV.5.22.14).The Himavanta mountains formed the northern
boundary(RV.10.121.4) of Bhaarata which was true till the birth of Pakistan.

The unicorn(agni-horn)’s horn is the tuft of the dvija(Brahmin). Asva being

bhadra(bull,king,Brahmin cf.bhat,pattar etc) we have the term bhadraasva or viirabhadra.
The unicorn is bhadra(Bharata)-asva(agna-man) ,adhvaga(asva-go→bull horse)
etc.Vettikkutira(mule-Malayalam) has something of bhadra(vetta-light)-asva(horse) in it..
The vedic chariots driven by asva were the carts driven by buffaloes and oxen and the
avasa(the sun) driven by abda(year),ushas(dawn) , ahas(day) and vasus(rays). In
sacrifices bharata(fire) being va(like)-rata(ratha-chariot), a ratha was introduced to
indicate caara(motion),varsha(year), srii(the sun,word),raaja(king cf.soma raaja) etc. A
Bharata(Brahmin) carried a bhadra (a a pestle,rod or staff, bharata-fire, svara-word,
athara-fire,adhara-lips, adhvara-sacrifice,atharva-veda). A Kshatriya(raaja-king)
carried a sara(arrow,srii= raaja) as per the Atharvaveda statement
bharata viirabhadra kshatriya
before cremation aBrahmin’s staff or the Kshatriya’s bow were taken away from

their hands(AV.18.2.59,60Cf.above scripts with a staff, bow and arrow). Bhadra(va-

sara = pestle,spot,dot) being bharata a bhadra (pestle) and a bhadra( bindu), the sara(agna) –

aum -naama-was worn as a sectarian mark. This custom continues till date indicating the

continuity in the use of AUM.Srii (tra-tri,suura-the sun,suula-trident,word,bird) is

nara(man),hara(fire),ravi(the sun) etc.The sara of Ru-dra(rava-sara) that chopped the head of

Prajaapati had three forks.The upaviita(sacred thread) has three(srii) strands and the

naama(nayana= na-yama = = + ) has three(srii) lines and a knot-the brahmagranthi

This knot is there in the AUM.Bhadra is AUM..Note the symbol of AUM used at present.It is the

same from Harappa.The symbol indicates srii bhadra (with prosperity) and srii Bharata (the sun

or agni- a Brahmin) .

The AUM = A-U-MA =A-KA-NA (fire)= sona=soma=homa =

naaka(arrow=horn),rasana(tongue),rati(sex),srii(word,light,the sun) =
=A(astra,agna,naaga) + V(U,K)+ RA,NA(• ) = avana(salvation) = ahna(it is the call of
sunrise.It is the kolam call.h = v) .Agna is AUM.
Ra(• )+ va(V)+ sar(p)a = Rudra = bharata = vaaca = bhadravaaca = auspicious
call(speech) of the god or the priest king.Rudra is srii ravi(srii devi=the sun).It is AUM. It
is the horn sounded by the priest asking the people to wake up. cf.. Hebrew Ψ
sin(jina,srii,suula,soma) .

The horn is the AUM.This is shown on thehorned heads of deities( deva,devi=sa-

va=god like) as god is srii (word,suurya-the sun ;Tamil-tii-fire)..The horn on the head of
the deity is the naama on the forehead of the Brahmin.The title of srii is added to names
of men as born from suurya ( srii-strii-woman;surata-rati-sex).
Usually AUM (horn) + sariira(srii-ra=the sun ) is used to indicate aum srii(the
sun,fire,light)- ra(fire,the sun,sound).Siva =srii(the sun)-kha(the sun) =kahacara(the
sun)=Durga=suurya.tri-kha = tri-ra = trident(suula-suurya)=sariira(gaa-tra=tri-kha
=body).This is tilaka(naama),gaayatri and the horned deity.
The horn is tri-sikha to show Kritika (agni-sunrise)also.
Kritika is ghar(house,srii,hara-fire)-diva(Siva).Ghar being sara(tri) Subramanya was
born in sara(reed)-vana(house) on the banks of the Ganga .Moses(sunrise) was kept ina
papyrus basket and kept among the reeds along the bank of the Nile.Jesus was born in
Bethlehem (the town of David=divasa) and was kept in a manger and a nakshatra was
introduced.Beth(ghar-satra)-lehem(naga-god) is the naga-satra of Kritika.The tri-
sikha of the horn in M-304,M-305 etc. is made dru- sikha in K-50,K-65 etc.It is made
the ghar(cross) for the crucifixion of the Christ.This is more clear from the script where
a saakha is added

to the tri(kri) figure as → → → (cf.the crown of thorns for the Christ)

to show kritika.
Kritika →kiriita(crest)-ka(head). Kiriita is giri(hill)-da(hill,split),sa(god,like) etc.Kiriita
has a ghar in it as do a gar-ta( the throne).Kritika is the garta of the sun king.
The trident (3= Ψ ) AUM is the cross(4= †) as seen in the case of the naama.

Agni and Indra continue to be the chief gods of the Hindus even today in the form of Ganesa

and his vaahana vrisha(mouse,bull,Indra).The uni (agni)horned bhadra(bull) agni is the

uni(agni) horned bhadra( elephant).Indra(vrisha) is the mouse(vrisha).

Look at the similarity of the ivrits( Hebrews ) to the Bharats.Bharata is bhaasha.

Hebrew is bruu(bruuhi-tospeak).

Aum=agna(asva) -avana=ahna=yom(cf. the shofar blown at the end of yom kippur )

= horn = srii = sara = svara = suurya = oma(protector)
sopaar (trumpet, svara (sound), sara (horn)

ram’s horn)
sor (bull, ox ) suura,suurya (the Suncf.Malayalam-muuri)

taaw (mark on the taya(protection,dava=fire),naama

(mark on the forehead) sa =god,

deva(agna,Brahmin,raaja,srii)

forehead) = = = =

yom (day, today) ma(time),AUM,samaya (time), ina (the Sun),

dina (day)

3. The apocalyptic vision of the animal with ten horns.

The Apocalypse of the Bible describes a woman sitting on a scarlet beast with seven

heads and ten horns.The woman is dressed in purple and scarlet

and was glittering with gold (cf.colours of dawn)…..and she held a golden cup(cf.the sun

as Rudra and Soma) .She was named Babylon.(Apocalypse. 17 .3-5) .The seven heads are

the seven hills on which the woman sits ..they

are also seven kings.The ten horns are ten kings etc.(Apocalypse 17.9-12).

Usually this is considered as a description of Rome.But what a vivid description of dawn

is given in this passage can be understood by comparing this animal with the unicorn.

Praatar(kalya-kanya-vesya-a harlot) is bhadra(woman),bhadra(bull-

beast),bhadra(mountain),bhadra(ten),bhadra(king),bhadra(horn), paatra

( cup),pattana( city ),bhadra(gold) and as usha is aja(The Lamb) aginst which the

kings and the woman and the beast are in yuddha(war = udaya-sunrise cf.the seals of

bull fight).Usha( dawn) is Iisa(durga), yosha(a woman).Udaya is agna(the sun) and

ahna(day) udaya.As such it is agnadvaya (Asvidvaya) and dyu(agni,day,sky;dvi=two-

the asvin horses ).Udaya is also u-saya(sex.cf.Daksha’s saya with his daughter).Hence

she is a prostitute.The seven hills are the saptaasva saptagiri(the sun) and the seven

weekdays as vaasra(weekday) is bhadra(bull,mountain).

For the bhadraasva the Harappans chose the bharata(agni=uni=one) horn but the

Greeks made it bhadra(ten).Of course 10=1+ 0 =1.To have an idea of this woman and

the beast and the fight just refer the Kalibangan seal K-65 on DTIS page 253 Fig.14.25.

Another interesting fact can be seen by referring to the inscription in H-9.

= asva(agna,bhadra,soma) .Asva is a(not)-dva(two) = agna = uni =1

=sapta(seven) . Saptaasva is the sun.

=paa,maa,saa,naa,haa,ne,sama,nama,yama etc.

=tra .Hence sapta =paatra(cup),bhaarata(fire),vaasra(bull,day,house),bhadra(gold,

lord,bull,horn,woman,mountain),maatra(measure),netra(eye,offering),haatra(wage,death,killing),

Indra etc.Thus the bhadraasva(unicorn) becomes saptaasva and again the ten horned beast,

the paatra,the woman etc.The seven is the ten as the Apocalypse says.

With the ca(of cakshu )and the haatra it becomes sahasra(1000) also.

The inscription may be bhadraasva(asva bhadra),Soma Bhadra Bharadvaaja or asva(bull)

netra(offering) bharad-vaaja (bhadra=10 ,vaaja-sacrifice) or the recitation of the Bharadvaaja

mantra seven times or thousand times etc.

Rigveda being Bharad-vaaca has ten mandalas(chapters,mandala=mantra=hymn )also.

4. The vegetarian Brahmins

.The Hindus do not eat beef. The Harappans ate beef. Hence it is not Aryan.
The truth is that the vedic Aryans ate beef ,mutton ,fish etc as seen in the Vedas and the
Brahmanas. The meat of the sacrificial victim was cooked and offered to the gods
and eaten by the worshippers.(RV.5.1.162.11,12cf.the Eucharist of the Christians,the
Sed –bull’s tail-festival of the Egyptians etc.).The asvamedha(avasa-medha = meat juice
of the king;avasa –mesha = the Aries Sun) denotes the sacrifice of the buffaloe or the
king.(RV.1.162.11-19).It was believed that the sacrificial victim did not die but went to
the gods(RV.1.162.21,AV.9.5.8).

5.Rigveda borrowed terms for rice and the plough from Tamil.

The terms for rice,plough etc are Dravidian. Rigveda do not have original word for
rice and plough. Look back into the antiquity of the Rigveda and the Sangam literature
for a moment as we have seen. And yet we should blindly accept this argument? Rice is
srii(fire,to cook),srava(food,ear cf.ear of corn!),sraana(rice gruel),srona,soma etc. The
fact is that hala(gha,ha,hara,kara,sara,siira,drii-to split,gama-going in,lih-to lick) is the
right Bharata term. The Tamils call the bull kaaLai because it pulls the hala and it
indicate kaalai(dawn,Bharata-kalya-dawn) .Langala(hala) is sangama(union),
mangala(fire) and naama-hala(name of hala or hara-fire).

6. The fire worshipping Harappans as Tamils

Popular Tamil words for fire like tii(fire,Bharata-srii-fire) or patta(bharata-fire) have

their origin in Bharata.Note the Tamil words tai( mother cf.Bharata-
jaa=maata=mother,ja = father,birth –m=z) or amma(mother,Bharata-amba=mother),
tantai(father,Bharata-ja) or appa(father,Bharata-pa,vapra-father;ab-father in Hebrew),
kannu(eye,bharata-nayana,k=y),cevi(ear,Bharata-srava,r=i),talai(head,Bharata-saras
=head),mor(face,Bharata-mukha-face,k=r),kai(hand,Bharata-
kara,r=i),kaalu(foot,Bharata-carana-foot,k=c,l=r;paada-foot,k=p.l=d)and even
aalu(person,aaNu-man,Bharata-anu-man,lu-man in Sumerian).The Harappan civilization
was a civilization of fire worshippers as seen from the writing and the sacrificial
vedis.Bharata(Brahmin-agna-yajna-havana) itself is fire .The bulls (bhadra-bharata)
including the unicorn,animals(cari,pasu) and mountains(giri ,bhadra) symbolize srii and
bharata . Agni(fire) was the first deva to be called in to taste the sacrifice(naturally fire
devours the sacrifice first) including soma(sona-fire,blood;dhuuma-smoke). The
sacrificial deities were Rudra(viirabhadra) and Soma(sona,suura=agni) . Soma lives in

the woods(the god in the tree or or ) as Varuna in the sea.(RV.9.90.2).This is

because vriksha is prakaasa(light cf.touch wood) ,vana (tree) is nabha(vaana-the
sky),dru(tree) is srii(the sun) etc. Tvashtri,Dhaatri,Prajaapati,Puushan etc .are usually
surrounded by divine females(hari-kirana-rays=vi-nara=naari-female and priests) as
shown in the seal M-1162..Agni is sapta-jihvah (seven tongued).Seven priests are shown
in the seal.Interestingly Hanuman,the vaanara(monkey,Varuna) god is vana(tree-nabha)-
ra(agni) god also as the monkey lives in the woods like Soma.

The Brahmin living by agni was called agni.Agni symbol is uni.M-1186 may be read as

aum srii rudra(dru) bhadra(from the horned deity) -patra(bharata)- adharva(adhvara)-

medha(sacrifice,mesha- ram is shown close to the human head) .

Atharva =Bhaarata ( athar = fire )=adhvara ( sacrifice) = Rudra (srii-the sun,dru-tree) =

bhaarata-prakaasa(light,vriksha-tree)

The purpose of the aja( ram) was to sent the dead raaja(king) to soma(heaven) like the srii

who goes up in the sky through usha(dawn). Upon death the fire worshippers were

cremated but others were buried.(AV.28.2.34). Before cremation a Brahmin’s staff or

the Kshatriya’s bow were taken away from their hands(AV.18.2.59,60Cf.the scripts

with.staff and bow and arrow).The dead man’s wife had to lie down by the side of the

husband on the pyre(RV.10.18.7) but was then accepted by the deadman’s brother as

his wife and taken back home.(AV.18.3.3).A goat was killed and placed on the pyre

and burnt along with the dead man to send him to heaven.(AV.18.2.4,8
cf.M-1186).After the cremation everybody took a bath to remove pollution by the fire of

cremation and the auspicious sacrificial fire tiger(jaatavedasCf.H-94) was invoked to

bring long life to the survivors.

The deities for dawn are bhaarata ,

( Agni =bhaata =bhadra=bull) ,usha(aja,iisa,sa) and Asvidyaya

(ra-vi =dyu =dvi = yama = ina = the sun) (Aitareya:7.5.2)

Prajaapati is varsha(year,rain)-pati(lord ) as per Aitareya Braahmana

(3.2.33 ) statement ‘Samvatsara Prajaapati’ and is also prajaa(citizen)

pati(lord) = the king.The chopping of the head of Daksha for his sin of

sexual union(udaya = u- saya=sex) with his daughter usha(dawn) by Rudra(putra=a son)

is the theme of several scripts portraying the equinoctial sacrifice. Rudra (rava-srii) Ψ

and soma (Ψ) are almost identical as soma is suura(the sun), suna(air,happiness,dog),

sona(fire,blood) , suula(spear,trident) etc.shown as the head of the deity in the sacrificial

scene in M-1186. Seven adhvaryus sprinkle water on the soma(note the tuft of the

adhvaryus which is the horn of the unicorn also). Siva is called candracuuda(sa –

god,Indra,suura-the sun) .The samvatsara satra is called gavaamayana. For it the deity

is aaditya(the Sun) who is worshipped in the horned form since in the tenth month

the go acquires hoofs and horns.(Aitareya:18.3 .1-2cf.the horned deity in the

seals).The Harappans followed the vedic lunisolar calendar of 30 days X 12

months with a 13th month inserted to agree with theseasons.(Aitareya :17.6.7).

This aja is the Gaayatri(prakaasa=rising Sun=ravi= vi =horse,bird) itself. Gaayatri

is portrayed as having two wings(like Isis ) as per Aitareya : 19.1.5.

In some instances the numbers accompanying the Indus scripts can be the number of

mantras to be recited in a sacrifice.Different numbers were considered for different

classes like 360,720,800,1000 etc and the selected mantras were those composed by

the Rishi of one’s own gotra.(Aitareya: 7.7).

Aitareya Braahmana like the Rigveda (Aum AgnimiiLe…)opens with the statement

OM Agnirvai devaanaamava mo Vishnu

paramastadantarena sarvaa anyaa devataa

which means among the devas Agni has the first place and Vishnu

the last place followed by Indra,Mitra,Varuna etc. in between. Since

devatas ( sabda-words,tapasa-the sun) are words, this can also mean that in the seals

agna,aja,mesha etc. denote the kapaala(svara,head,beginning cf.Rudra as

kapaalesvara or Daksha or Subramanya as in ) and Vishnu( matsa = first

incarnation of Vishnu) denotes the paada(foot-tail) .In the zodiacal signs Aries is the first

and Pisces is the last.Aries is said to denote the head and Pisces is said to denote the

feet.Vishnu is called tripaad(srii bhaatu-the sun) and tri(3)x paada(4) =12. The fish bull

denotes Vishnu and dvaadasa(12 cf. 12 inches make a foot) .

If Tamil borrows terms from Bharata even to denote fire and other basic things
and we assume Tamil as the language of Harappa it is not quite logical.
The Tamils carry their Sumerian and Semitic roots as shown by the words they
speak and by their life customs like uncle-niece marriage etc.. Contrary to the
popular belief that the Vedic civilization came to India with the fall of Harappa ,the
Vedic civilization in fact was made to fade by the fall of Harappa. Tamil is not the
substratum.It is the top stratum.One of the major reasons for the fall was the failure
of administration systems due to the large scale migration of the Mesopotamian
people into India via Harappa. The cultural , linguistic and ritualistic changes took
place there .

rudra (rava-sara = srii ravi=suura=suula-trident,vrisha-Indra) and

soma(madhu,dhuuma,sona) are sacrificial deities .As per the Aitareya Braahmana the
horn is developed in the Tenth month indicating the noon position and the winter
solstice.Rudra(Siva) is ra(the sun) -dru(tree) . Prakaasa(light) is vriksha(tree).
The Indus scripts were derived from the basic three components of sa-va-ra(sound)
denoted by the Sa(-),pa(0) and ra(|) . These lines were combined in different permutations
to make words.Thus sa (- )+ ra (| ) = + dhana(wealth,plus),sara(arrow,water), srii(fire,the
sun),raaja(a kingcf.INRI), hara(fire,a robber cf.the robbers crucified with the Christ),
nara(man),cakra(wheel),rakta(blood,red),raksha(salvation) is also the Christian sacrificial
doctrine. It can be seen that several scripts of the ancient world and the present follow
the script formulation priciples employed by the Bharats The script conversions are
applicable even today. .eg : Agna(fire)= yajna(sacrifice) = vasana(house,cloth)
=vaahana(vehicle).Hence apart from sacrifices,deities are provided with special dress
and vehicles also.sara = sama = dhana =raaja (r = m=n=z) .

The horn is AUM..Sariira(Body) is srii –ra. The bharata(bha-tra = pa-tra = )

symbol is often added to make AUM SRII BHARATA (BHADRA).
The Hebrews adopted alpha (bull)from Bharata terms like rap(praise,rava-sound,the
sun),lap(speak), aalap(speak,sing).Uksha(bull) is ukta(speech).Bhadra(bull) is
bharata(bhaasha-speech).Agna(fire) being the first, agna(aja-Aries,jana-birth,jna-
scholar,naga-the sun) is the first.It is bhadraasva(bhadra vacas-aum).Hence the fire
symbols like the Asva(fish,man),cakra(wheel) etc. come at the beginning of the Indus
writings.

7. The symbol

The symbol = sa(bird,saras-head),ka(fire,light,head,water,kha-the sun,a

cipher),va(Varuna,auspiciousness,a tiger cf.Jaatavedas-the auspicious fire tiger), dvi(two) –
sa(bird,balance) = dvija(Brahmin),dvi-va(hand= F+ F) =diva(day),deva(god) = dvi-kara(two
hands) =divaakara(the sun)=double hook bhadra (v-tra)symbol (W
=S=bird=bhadra=patri=sarpa.A triangle ▲ and a rectangle █ indicate bhadra itself from the v-tri
as in the naama. cf.DTIS page 21.Fig 1.14&1.15) = bhadra(bull,auspiciousness,a girl,a cow).In H-
3305 a bhadra (girl )is shown instead of the bull(bhadra) to show Bharata.
It is a linga(phallus) ,paatra(jar), naaza(nose;naasa-ruin,medha-sacrifice,vadha-killing,savana-
sacrifice), mesha(aja- ram ) nayana(netra-eyes,offering to god),nagna(naked),srava(ear cf.a
hare), samaa(year),maasa(month,the moon),maasha(a weight), maata(mother) etc.Bhadra is

agni(nagna)..Agni is aja. This script is the equivalent of c,v,s,m,r,v,u,k etc. C= = sa =bird,

snake,god. ka-head,Sarasvati . The script of the Malayalam alphabet ka is a figure of the head.Ka

being agni(aja) is the A(alef= = = )among the consonants.C(100 =sata) has the power
of change as in centum and kentum or as in chat or cat .

= dvikara(two hands,deva-hara=agni,Siva) =divaakara(the sun) =Durga =suurya(the

sun ;d=s,k=y) .

Saras(saras-siras-head, sarad =year) is Sarasvati.As sa it is a god-bird(ra-

vi=Gaayatri,ra=agni,vi = w =bird).It is a naasa(nose,sma-face) and a
sisna(sa=snake;si-Siva,sma-face=face of Siva;linga),naasa(sisna is a
naasa or nose).It is hanu(to make anu-svaara) and it is
bhadra(a cow,a girl,Durga,head,auspiciousness etc.)
The multiple names of the gods and goddesses were derived from the same
symbols with different sound values.In H-3305 this symbol is shown with
the naked goddess(maa-mother,bleat of goats and calves) to indicate nagna(naked,agna-
fire),bhadra(girl,bharata-agna-fire) ,sa(god) and raksha(protection,amulet).Akshara(an
alphabet,god) is a raksha(an amulet).
It is also sma(face.cf.sama is = ).

Note the smasru in this symbol smasru = dru- tree on

sma(face )

is svaaha.Svaaha is svaasa(breath). It is visarga.Visarga is visarja(emission) of

bhadra(breath) during incantations or speech.Thus = ( bhadra,vetra) the normal

stop in devanaagari writing.Visarga is vi- vis(bird-word)-arka(the sun =
Gaayatri),vis(bird=word)-agra(end) , vi(bird,two)-cakra(wheel) and vac(word)-agra
(end=bhadra vaaca=Bharata vaaca=Bharadvaaja) . The use of visarga was continued in
:
Sanskrit todate by the symbols which are in fact the vi(two) –cakras or holes of the nose
instead of the full nose as in Harappan times.The visarga is ha(H) and ha is Siva bhadra
(soma bhadra) and auspiciousness.
Hence the Harappan naasa(nose) has become the double noose in the later
visarga.Vaaja is the concluding mantra of a sacrifice.It is bhadraasva(lamassu) or
bharata vaaca(bharata vaakya- concluding words of a drama).It is Omega for the Greeks.
U-kha(a pot) is va(like)-kha(ra-vi-the sun,a bird;devi-a goddess),ka(head) or
uksha(bull) ,usha(dawn) or yoshaa(a woman) or vaksha(the chest).A camasa is a
kapaala(AV.10.8.9) . Kha is k + h = r + v in Devanaagari.
This shows the continuity in the writing and speech system from Harappa till
today agreeing with the archeological continuity established by Dr.Kenoyer
as given below again for ready reference.
 8. Indus tradition

We cannot consider the Bharats as a simple Indo-European people . They were a group of

people who migrated out of Africa very early,shifting habitats and finally settled on the

banks of the Sarasvati-Indus rivers as the area provided plenty of water, lot of animals

for hunting and lot of wild fruits and grains like rice and yava.They began the

asvamedha(taming of animals including wild elephants) and somamedha(taming of plants

or farming).Like a swarm of white ants that settle on dry grass or leaves ,they also settled

where food and water was in plenty.Their greatest contribution to mankind is the

generation and mastery of fire and the beginning of farming.

They made bharata( fire),they worshipped bharata(fire) as their chief god , they ate

bharata(srava-rice) , they talked bharata(speech) and they called. themselves

Bharatas(the people of fire) . It is this mastery of fire power that made them the imperial

force of the ancient world reaching out to Sumer,Egypt,Greece and even England .

9. Dr. J.M. Kenoyer’s classification of Bharata History

Early food producing Era ca 6500 – 5000 BC (cf.soma,yava,godhuuma etc)

Regionalization Era ca 5000 – 2600 BC

Indus Civilization-

Harappan culture 2600 – 1900 BC

Integration Era

Late Harappan period 1900 – 1300 or 1000 BC

Post Indus Tradition

Painted Grey Ware 1200-800BC

Northern Black 800-300BC

Polished Ware

Early Historic Period ca. 600BC

Let us quote him further, “Through the process of over expansion and changes in

important river patterns, the Harappan urban centres began to decline around 1900 BCE

and the unifying cultural symbols of the cities were no longer useful.Some of the

technologies, architecture, artistic symbols and aspects of social organization that

characterized the first urban centers of the Indus Civilization have continued upto

the present in the urban setting of traditional South Asian Cities……..

10. The fish sign

(a = agna = bharata = purusha = man) bhaarata +vaaja=Bharadvaaja ;

paartha-bhadra(head of kings). The foot is the beginning. The head is the end. A =foot =
Vishnu = vacana(word) = bharata(bhaasha-speech cf.Egyptian ra = mouth) =

bhadra ( bull,girl) =aksha(eye,fivecf.netra=eye,leader) =

ha-sta it stands on zero or digits(numbers and fingers).
Fish is Daksha,agna(fire),paada(foot),drava(water,fish),dvaadasa(twelve),
dasa(ten),asva(bull,the sun;abda-year,cf.Egyptian awt-
time),dvija(Brahmin),patra(leaf),dru(tree),netra(eye,leader;nii-
srii=offering),daana(offering,gift),bhaama(the sun), Bhiima(=bhaama) etc. This script is
the equivalent of a,pa,ca,na,ma etc.Netra(fish) is netri(offering cf.Malayalam-nerca-
offering to gods or kings;nii-to lead,srii-god,king ) also. In other scripts also the fish was
probably borrowed from Bharata and the indication need not have been so many fish. It
might have been so many netras(nercas=daana=offering) .At least in some of the cases
the western style of reading of number+ fish =donation of as many number of fish
is not right. It can indicate as many donations itself.
Like netra(eye),it is andha(blind,darkness,soma,rice etc) and mantra( hymn
cf.asva=vac=speech) also from its components a(pa),na(ra),na(ra) and ca(pa,ma).
Netra(eye) is 2.But aksha(eye) is 5.Aksha is asva.Asva is 7.

Nayana(eye) = na –yama = + = , = 3 and 4. 3+ 4 = 7 and 3 x 4 = 12

Nayana is sayana(sex cf.udaya=u – saya-sex ) and savana ( sacrifice,soma extraction)
Savana is netra(eye,offering) , svana(sound),sona(fire,blood cf.Malayalam-nina-
blood,the aruna varna- red colour at dawn). Svana is agna and asva.Asva is sapta(sabda-
sound,7).
For the asterism bharani (jar =bhara-rava-hara-fire,nii-lead =miina ;ina = yama) Yama
is the deity.
Miina is fish. It is nayana and nii(to lead)-ina(the sun).It is the northeast angle where the
light of the sun appears at dawn.Asva being usha,agna, ahas and abda is denoted by miina
–the fish.

This seal shows tribhadra(pa-tra=bhadra srii bhadra=full of

prosperity,king) and the Asvins(asva=bull,udaya) as Naasatyau(matsya-Pisces-
northeast.Pisces is usually shown by two fish-drava which is the two bulls-bhadra or
asva.In a similar seal two asva are merged into the trunk of a fig or asva-tha that has leaf-
patra in place of fish-drava. ) .Asvini (Dasra-darsa-new moon,sight) asterism is in
Pisces.Bhadra –dvaya is Bharadvaaja.Dhuriiya-dvaya is suuryodaya and Duryodhana.
The rising unicorn asva is bhadraasva or bhadra(light)-avasa(the sun,udaya).The double
horn bhadra is soma(sky,noon,moon,rice) bhadra .Thus the asvabhadra is sunrise and
equinox and the soma bhadra is noon and solstice. Devoid of the poetic and ritual
embellishments a sacrifice is simply cooking and eating avasa(food,asva-beef cf.avasa-
pad-vat=cattle RV.10.169.1) bhadra and soma bhadra (rice).Bhadra(bull,rice) being
raaja(king) the king’s body was said to be eaten.
Drava (fish) is srava(food,rice=soma) and bhadra(bull,king.).Viirabhadra is
miinabhadra(buffalo).Hence miina is sona(red) and soma(brown rice).
Miina is the twelfth sign as asva is dvaadasa as seen above.

From the above we have = = = = = = = =

nayana(eye),netra(eye,a hole,sacrifice,leader),miina(asva,bhadra-light) =soma(rice).

We can turn the netra to the horizontal plane to get a fish in water as = =

A netra is a leader of marta(man) who walks upright.In water it is matsa=ma,pa(water )-

sta(sit,stay),tat(that) whence we have ma-sta=Pi-sces.Now ma=pa=ha=na. Hence we have
matsa=masta(head) = marta = netra =nakra(makara,graaha=alligator)= ha-rana (hand) = ha-
sta(hand) =bhasana(beetle)=paadapa(tree,from o=n,p) = bhadra(bull,king) = vadana(mouth) =
vacana(speech)=bharata(fire,light).Afish eating alligator is soma bhadra(paddy) and
annapraasana(feeding rice).Bhasana being paadapa has netra(roots,beard) as shown above
 a,da,sa(legs meet) + or pa,va,na,ra,ha(hands are sama-parallel or

va-kra→bent) + na,ma,pa,ra,ha(the closed bracket ,has same sound values) =

agna(fire),avana(salvation),aum, anna( the sun,rice,food,soma),
asva(bull),aahvaa(name),dahana(fire),dhooma(smoke),yahva(lord),sona(fire,blood),savana
(sacrifice,soma extraction),svana(sound) etc.
The bra-cket is kara(hands) for marta,patra(wings) for patri(birds), patra(fins) for matsa(fish),
srava(ears) for sasa(hare) and srava(ear ) or carma(skin,hull) for soma(bull,paddy).
For soma as netra(eyes) it is the brows.

To get a better understanding of the fish(netra-eye) note the Egyptian terms ntr(god),irt(eye),
iri(to create),the Malayalam terms nerca(offering to god),kuruti(sacrifice),the Bharata terms
Indra,Mitra,netra(eye,offering, leader),drishti(eye),zrishti(creation),
kratu(vishnu,sacrifice),sruti(veda),srava(ear,rice,food),krishi(farming),rishi(composer of vedic
hymn) etc.

11. The bread and wine sacrifice.

In the soma yaaga the soma bhadra (bull,king) was to be sacrificed. Initially the devas used to
sacrifice humans(naramedha) and the bhadraasva(buffaloe-asvamedha) . But later they
substituted the humans( homo-soma) and the asva(soma) with the soma lata (soma dhaanya=
somaraaja = king of plants) as it satisfied as the bhadra(srava-srii-rice cf.sariira-body) itself
(Aitareya.6.8.1).The kernel served the role of the flesh and it was called purodaasa(bhadra-aasa-
rice cake or rice food).The gruel of the bran served the role of the blood.
The Christian priests replaced this with wheat bread and red wine as draaksha(grape) is
rakta(blood) and raksha(salvation).

Now the asva is also a bhadra or ra . Bhadra is pa (leaf,sara-arrow) . The asva is pa(patra

–leaf = pa = bhadra-bull=nri-pa=king=Varuna).A giri is da(drii) or sara(arrow=drii) .Drii is srii

and tri .Hence Siva’s sara(suula) had three forks or it is called a trisuula.A sara is also written

as da +ra to make the figure of the arrow as .

If we are to replace the bhadra or ra by the drava –bhadra we have + =

which is sara +pa =sarabha(a kind of deer with eight legs cf ashta vasu;salabha-a butterfly;
prabha-shine,srava-sru-flow),srava(ear,soma,food),darbha(kusa grass used for sacrificial
purposes) ,sarpa(serpent) etc. which are the tarpana(satiating gods and dead ancestors) tools.

12. The kerala Nambootiris and Harappa

I have already pointed out the better closeness of the Kerala Nambootiris to the Harappan
traditions compared to their counterparts in Tamilnadu probably due to their independent
migration either by sea or through the western cost.(DNA or genome studies confirm the better
closeness of the South Brahmins to the Harappans than their North Indian counterparts.).As an
example see the name of the house itself. The house of a Kerala Nambootiri is called a mana
(cf.Malayalam :ara-mana =a palace).
We have the Harappan script

vas(house)=vana(house) =mana of the Nambootiris. It is beth(=B) for the Hebrews and viitu
for the south Indians. That the house is called vana can be seen from the rebus of nava given in
the

scripts itself as nava(=na+va = nine) → vana(vaasa=house) → vana(water fall)

The sagnicitya atiraatra somayaaga is special to the Kerala Nambootiris showing their ancestral
relation to the vedic Brahmins of Harappa. The love of the elephants,the special liking for the
brown rice,the celebration of Onam etc. are some other features of this descent.

13. The godhuuma story

The term for wheat is godhuuma.cf sushoma where soma is found. Taking literally it
means dust(dhuuma) of cow(go). Hence Rigvedic people did not know about wheat. The
truth is that godhuuma is bhojana(food) , poshana(nourishment) and go(the sun)-
sona,soma-fire and sama(equal).Wheat has eat(bhojana) and heat in it.Food generates
energy. .It is also go(the sun),ku( the earth)-suuna(born).Susruta considered
saalayah,shashtikaah,vriihayah as dhaanya(soma,syena) and the other grains as
ku-dhaanyah(cf.go-dhuuma).How far is the truth from the cow dust!Interestingly Tamil
also use the term gotumai which is godhuuma itself.

14.Rigveda do not have a word for brick

Rigveda do not have a word for brick. The Harappans were

expert brick makers.Hence the civilization is not vedic.But brick has a Rig in it .People
forget that the firepit is usually enclosed in bricks.The term bhadra means brick .Brick
is rock.Bhadra is vasana(house),bhadra(rock) and vas(house,dress)-ra(fire,shine). This
is because of the baking of the bricks and their use to build houses and fire pits .It is
likely that the Sumerian count of bricks as seg-sar also evolved from this name.

15. The blame of a vowel conscious Sanskrit

Sanskrit is a highly vowel conscious language.Hence one cannot ignore vowels

in reading the script. Look at the following English words:
Foot,boot,bottom,cot,roast,rooster,cape , cap,base,bat ,mother,mood,mode etc.
How can an Englishman read all this?This tendency descends from Bharata itself.
 Observe agna-agni,purusha-bharata,maasa-mesha,tula-sama,usha-aja-iisa,vaasa-
vesha,deva-devi,putra- praja,bhadra-pati ,iisvara-aisvarya-suurya ,agnesa-jinesa-ganesa-
nagesa-mahesa-vighnesa etc.Rava is ravi.Ra is ri and i. Whence ra and ii-svara (sound-

suurya) is god.Naaraayana(Vishnu) is nayana-naama(name; or † )-ra(agni) →

→ , , probably the naama indicating the three class of vedic priests

attending to sacrifices or the three upper castes also. Akshara = ii-svara(god) and
raksha(salvation,amulet).Hence we have the single alphabet amulets(eg. Dmd-1 which

use =ra,va,sa-god,bhadra-auspiciousness) also. is the naama (ra)symbol for a

Vaishnavite and it is the linga(ra-agni = ra) symbol for a Saivaite.The Harappan ra

Is also usually added to it to make srii.The Symbol of the Malayalam script Ra and the Greek

Omega is the inverted form of this script.The English script R has a attached to the P bull
(bhadra) to make a unicorn R which is the symbol of the Harappan bharata(agni,a Brahmin)

asva(agna-ra).He was supposed to keep bharata(fire) lit in his house and carry

a bhadra(vetra ) with him always from which tradition the bishops(Peter) carry the
croziers..The P is the figure of pa(leaf,egg) and va(vaaha=hand,bull,buffalo ) denoted by
patra(leaf),biija(egg),bhuja(hand),bhadra(bull),asva(buffalo) etc.also.Pa is the fist.Note the fist

in this symbol accompanying Jaatavedas(the sacrificial fire Tiger) or Varuna in H-92.

In the agnishtoma the yajamaana was supposed to keep his hand in the mushti(fist) or
bhadra(fist) form to indicate mukti(moksha),pushti(prosperity) and bharata(fire,light).
Now pa (P) is va(V). The Bharata va indicates Varuna,Tiger,auspiciousness,wind,
hand(F),house(B),cloth,praise etc. also.

Naama → →na+ma →nama(praise)→samasama(smasaana),santaana

→sasa(hare) →sasi(the moon =soma)

→ (a) + (na) =ana +naa(man) .Now A =E=N . is tra(tri-three)

=sara(arrow)=sira(head) =ka(K=head). A is the foot and ka is the head.Agni is eka,the first.

The A and N together give the K.So the is A-NA-KA(aum) or agna which is srii(tri)
also. Agna is ahna(day) ,jnaa(know,kill) and yagna.Hence the upaviita(sacred thread) of a
Brahman is considered as Yajnopaviita also.

16 .The culture of drawing the kolam.

The culture of drawing the kolam (kola=soma=rice=bhadra,it is drawn with white

flour to indicate subha)is South Indian.Since the Harappans used kolams it was
Dravidian.Nothing is far from the truth.At sunrise a bhadra(woman) draws the
bhadra(kolam),wakes up her bhartaa(husband) who has to place his bhadra(paada-
foot) on the kolam to enjoy a long married life.The kolam(call-hvaana=agna=ahna-
day=avana-salvation=aum) is bhartaa(husband,praata-dawn, bhaata-dawn paada- foot,)-
bandana(binding,vandana-worship). Each bhadra(cell,purusha-man) in it is
bharata(fire) and praata(dawn).Paadabandhana is bhaata(bharata)
vandana(worship).Anantabhadra(endless knot) makes aanantabhadra(full of
happiness).The symbols used in the kolams like bhadra(cipher,cell), deepa(lamp,bhadra
deva-the sun),patra(leaf),paatra(jar),patri (bird) etc. point to bhadra (happiness),
bharata(fire) and bhadra(bali=sacrifice). The kola(hvaana-svana-soma) is to tread on
bhadra(rice) and see the rise of srii at praatar(dawn) as soma bhadra(Siva).
This is also related to the sandhyaa vandana and gaayatri vandana.With the upanayana
sandhyaa vandana is practised.But sandhya is darkness and gaayatri is prakaasa(light,the
sun).Veda is light of knowledge.Hence it becomes bandhana(restraint) of sandhya and
vandana(adoration) of gaayatri.
The Bible presents the kolam as John(hvaana-sound of the conch-AUM at dawn)
the Baptist. He is calledYohannaan Mamdaana( ) in
Malayalam.Mam(ma=water)-daana(giving) is vandana and bandhana.Yohannan is
vacana(word) itself.Hence the Gospel of John(vacana) begins with the word was god
concept(John 1:1) and John the Baptist was referred to as the voice(vacana) of one
calling( hvaana-kolam) in the desert.(Luke 3:4).Prabhaata(dawn) is para-
pada(desert,foreign place,foot of god ).

17. The mother goddess worhipping Harappans

The Harappans were mother goddess worshippers.The Aryans were not.

The fact is that usha ( Iisa),Sarasvati,Gaayatri,Saavitri,Durga etc. were the

mother goddesses.In H-3305 the script itself reads bhadra(bharata-fire,girl) and
nagna(naked=agna-fire).Devi is Ravi(the sun). Amme naarayana is amma
(ina,yama=the sun) and Naaraayana(Vishnu;nara-srii,yama-ina=the sun).
Maari Amman of the Tamils is srii(m=z)- anna(ina=yama=the sun) or the fire sun
god itself . In H-3305 a nagna girl is shown. Nagna is agna.Hence Jesus was also

crucified nagna.Nagna is agna and agna is aum.Hence the cross is AUM. is

AUM.Bhadra vaaca is AUM.Gomukha is a trumpet.

Similarly para(hara-fire,mala-mountain,vana-forest) devata is bhara-hara-devata

(fire god)itself.The root words employed are Bharata and not Tamil.
Maata (mother) = pitaa(father)=guru(srii) =deva(god) . Hence ma = sa = pa =sa=
= ga = sa = god and god is seen born from (Brahma,.Lakshmi) or carrying(Vishnu)
a pa-d-ma( a lotus= bhadra-bharata!The Malayalam word taamara-lotus is
taamra-red = sona-red,fire = soma whence lotus makes a claim to soma
by colour apart from its nervine effects.).
 Compare H-3305 bhadra(girl )+ with =bhaarata(agni )+

or = praasa(spear ) + bhaarata or =bhadra (wheel )+

or = bhadra(giri,da=mountain ) + patra(pa-leaf ) or (two praasa or

sara.Praasa is patra and sara-va) whence we can see
that bhadra is srava(ear,rice) and soma(bull,rice,Moses.Moses got the patra-writing of god on
bhadra-rock,covenant on Mount Sinai with which he destroyed the golden calf-soma bhadra
made by Aaron or Aruna-the red rising sun.Hebrew mosaa is sunrise.).A bhadra(girl) becomes
soma when she becomes a vadhu(wife,madhu-honey,alcohol,soma) of a bhadra(purusha-man).
Bhaarata is sona(fire,blood) whence soma itself.Patra is pa-dhara(da-mountain) or pada(word),
bhadra(king,head,bull,gold,girl,auspiciousness) ,srava(ear,rice,soma),paatra(jar cf.drona=soma)
etc.Saanu(a hill,the sun,mosaa) is soma.Soma bhadra(rice) being born through krishi(farming) is
giri(saanu,bhadra)-dhi(seat) also.Sara-va is srava(soma-rice) and sara-na(va=na) which is
sraana(rice gruel,cooked meat=soma).

18.The Aryans were not linga worshippers.

The Harappans were linga(sepha-phallus) worshippers whereas the Aryans were

not.Since Siva(vac-word = bhadra =god cf.St.John’s gospel-word was god) is
worshipped as linga and Siva worship is prevalent in the South, the language was
Tamil. The truth is that Tamil worshippers use the terms Siva(sepha) and linga
(ag-ni,ci-hna,tu-nga,ra-sana,si-mha;la,ra-naga etc.) which are Bharata
terms.Vasi(spear) is another form of linga or Siva. Note the

substitution of bhadra (head) by bhadra (Siva=naama) and vasi

( spear,vasu- Siva,agni,usha- dawn) in the bhaarata(Siva) figures.Vasi being
Siva and usha, was used to pierce the vakshas(ushas -vasi) of the Christ(kratu-
cross).
Vasipati is Vasu(rays)pati(lord= pasupati=Siva ) also.

→ →
Sepha(phallus) is jiiva(life,soul,Vishnu,Jupiter),Deva and Siva.Jiiva is praana.Praana
is svaasa(breath).Jiiva is also sona(blood.Hence life is blood as per the
Bible).Sona( blood , fire) is Siva(Soma).Svaasa is svaaha(s=h).Thus Siva is (ra = vi
= sa,ravi=sasi=soma) the moon form of the sun god itself.Siva is

subha(dvi-va) and svaaha(naaza-nose). Naasa is ruin or end .The body

praana is sava(corpse=Siva).Sava is yupa(sacrificial post ) and

subha(auspicious).Linga as li(ruin)-hara(ruin) also indicate the
same.Candracuuda(Siva) is ca(sa-god) –Indra-
suura(the sun) .Ardhanaariisvara is
arka(the sun)-hari(srii-the sun)-iisvara(suurya-the sun).Siva is
 si(sa-god),jina(suurya-the sun,n=v),diva (day),subha(auspicious), and usha(dawn
v = u).Usha is uma(iisa – Siva’s consort,m=s).The linga is sometimes encircled by a
snake also like the snake on the neck of Siva.This snake is
sa(god,snake),bhadra(Siva,sarpa),siivaa(a python,Siva),naga(the sun,naaga –
snake,naaka-the sky where the sun resides) etc. Siva is also called

bhadra(bharata = purusha - cf.Siva and Daksha yaaga.Viira bhadra-Siva-

chopped of Daksha’s head and replaced it with the head of a ram )whence he is
associated with the bhadra(bull,vrisha- bull,
purusha-man,god) called nandi(jinan,dinam) also.Rudra and bhadra are the gods
of the bharata (fire) worshippers.Siva bhadra is Soma bhadra.During the course of
the morning sacrifice the rising sun changes colour from rudra(red), to
soma(yellow),to bhadra(white,light).Bhadra is the bull(Tamil-vella –white) and
a vetra(staff,rod) also. This bhadra(rod) of purusha(bhadra) is the
linga=li(like),si(subha-auspicious,Siva)-naga(the sun),hara(fire,Siva).
Siva is seen with a trisuula(srii-suura-the sun),naaga(naga-the sun), soma(moon-
soma is bhadra as associated with sacrifices and the horn shape of the crescent
soma also.We will come to soma as bhadra when we identify the Rigvedic soma
also). The most

common Harappan symbol is the bhadra (bharata) symbol.Bhadra (• ) is

vetra (linga cf.naama or aum simplified as the bindu ).Bhadra is stop(pot,top).

Bhadra(pestle) is linga.It is the bhadra line stop
used in later Naagarii writings .Yashti is yati(stop • ). In

compositions hence gradually the terminator role of Siva = =• got established.

Thus svaasa(svaaha) became bhadra(breath) and the subha bhadra(full stop).
Naasa is naada(sound) , maata(mother),

maana(measure),naama(name markcf.
),mesha(aja=agna),vesa(entry),vaaja(food,rice=soma),vaaca(speech) etc.

Visarga : = vi (two,bird)-cakra(wheel) =vis(bird)-agra(end)

vaayu(wind,naasa-nose) → paayu(anus,cf nose) .Both are organs of visarja(excretion).
The first is for vaata(air) and the second for vaaja(food).When nose is sunk the whole-
hole - is sunk!.
Vaca(word) –agra(end)= bharata vaakya = sa = vis .Savita is devata.Bird is word. Word
is god.
Patri(bird) is bhadra(girl,bull) =subhadra(auspiciousness as in H-3305). V=5= sa is
visarga when placed at the end of a sentence.5(bhadra-hasta-hand,kara-hand,hara-
Siva,fire) is Siva(pancaakshara=bhadresvara=Siva). Vaaja is the concluding mantra of a
sacrifice.Vaaja is va-aja(ram),V-S,va-sa(god,bird),vaata(vaayu-
wind),vac(word),vaasa(house),paada(foot,a quarter or quartet )etc.It is bhadraasva =
bhadravaaca = svaaha = vacas at bhadra = bharata vaakya.
 = sa = bird = word = god = bhadra (soma) = bharata

Paanini = vaani(speech) –nii(to lead). Hence paaninii is grammar .Bharata became

bhaasha by his time.

This word normally can be the svaaha or ha( visarga) at the end of inscriptions. Separately it is
agna,bhadra,AUM etc.In between the words its role is probably given to the asvins who are
asva =vaaja =haya =ha –va(na-like). Ha(kha) is Siva and soma(cf.sama =).

In counting also soma(naasa-nava-nine-9) and bhadra(ten-10 ) indicate the limit

of number cycles.This is because bhadra is hasta. = (ha-sa-ta;hara-na;ha-ra-na)

The dasa(dos-hand,ten) is formed by binding of two hands itself which is also .

Thus is sepha(phallus) ,deva(god), saakha(branch,hasta-hands;kaasa-light),sava(a

corpse), zava(sacrifice),seva(service), bhadra(auspiciousness,girl,head,bull,king,light;praata-
dawn),bhuja(hands,sobha-shine),vaaja(food,sacrifice),vaaca(speech) etc. The fish

bhadra(alpha=a,pa) is the foot(paada) and

the omega-ukha-bhadra is the head(ka,sira,bhadra). Other symbols like , , ,

, etc.with same sound values substitute their places also. is

sa,ma,na,bha(cf.F) and kha. This kha has become ha.In this symbol we can see the
two forms, saras for siras and gha or kha for ha, as suggested by Dr.M. Williams in his
Sanskrit –English dictionary. Hence this symbol is attached to bhadra(circle,girl,bull) ,

patra(leaf),paatra(jar) and saakha(branch)etc. as in . ,

Aja is agna.Agna is linga.Hence aja is linga.Bhadra deepa(cf.ananta bhadra=kolam) is
Siva sepha.Linga is La(ra)-agni.Linga worship is bharata(fire) worship practised by the
Bharats.Rati is srii .Saya(sex) is jaya(victory,the sun).Udaya(sunrise) is u(Siva)-
saya(rati).The Malayaalees use the term teri(srii) to abuse. At the temple in Kodungallur
the Bhagavati (bhaga=the sun) is worshipped by terippaattu(abuse songs,sriippaattu-
song of god) hence.Siva is called Bhagaghna(destroyer of bhaga).But in reality he is
bhaga(the sun) and agna(fire) and not ghna(destroyer).This is another form of the
purandara or tripuradahana who was supposed to destroy the Harappan cities.Even
the horn of the unicorn has phallic symbolism as vrisha(bull,Indra) is purusha(a man)
and the bhadra(pestle,horn) is his linga as expressed by the tuft of the Bharats.The Jews
and Muslims follow the same practice wherein they remove the agracarma cap of the
bhadra(linga) and wear a cap(tuft) on the bhadra(head) .
Note the bull (bhadra-Rudra) tethered to a tree(dru=drava-fish=bhadra-bull=vetra-staff=yuupa-a
sacrificial post.Jarrige1988b:188 Fig 4.4 .DTIS page21.Fig.1.14&1.15) = man or god on tree(tree
god) = bharata =bhadra = Rudra ( putra-the son of god-the Christ on the cross = the sun in light

rays ) = bharata is shown by patri(bird) ,patra(leaf) ,bhadra(rectangle) ,bhadra(triangle)

, and pa-tra(double hook= W = tri-V=trivrita =trivakra ).Bhadra is made

pa-tra(tri) and vakra is made va-tra(tri) in these. V is P itself as patra(leaf),bhadra(hand) etc.
Kara(hand)-hara(fire,Siva) =nara(man,sacrificial bull) =srii(man,the sun) =Rudra( vedic sacrificial
deity) = soma(sona-fire,blood;dhuuma-smoke) = putra(a son)
The soma plant is often the smoke which goes up like a tree.Soma is also the sky,
rice gruel , air and Siva.Candra cuuda is sankara suura himself.

19. A bull as the doorkeeper or guardian

A bull is shown on a knob in M-318 (DTIS page 92.Fig.6.4 c-d ) .

Dvaara(door) =bharata(fire) =bhadra(bull,full,hole,whole) .
The inscription reads Rudra(Krishna,Vritra)- hara(viira)- vaasra(bhadra).It shows the bull of Siva
or the house of Rudra or Rudra vardhana (a name)=Rudra viira bhadra(vardhana –a name).
Vaasra is vaasa (a house) . Viirabhadra being prabhaata(dawn) and prakaasa(light) is
pravesa(a door) also.Dvaara-ka is svarga(the sky) and dvaara bhartaa is svar bhartaa(soma
bhadra-king of the sky) also.
Bhadra being pura (town) it can indicate Rudra(Krishna,Vritra) –viira –pura also.

tra,sna,agna,srii trina, ru,vri,kri = Rudra(Siva,soma) = Vritra(Indra) =

Krishna(srii-jina-the sun) = ru + sara = Rudra. Thus tra = sara.

As stated by the Rigveda ,the same sun (agna-aga) god is worshipped in different names.
Aga and agna being eka(one), he is the one and only god for some.
The keralites often say “ellaam(everything) bhadramaanu(is bhadra)” . This bhadra is the bull
( full ) indicated by the cipher and bhadra(stone,pestle) that was used to fence the crops.
A fence is called a veli (bhadra-pattal-pestle) in Malayalam.” Veli ketti bhadramaakki” means
fenced and protected.
Now look at the term Gandharva,the guardian of the soma fields.
Gandharva =gana(group) –bhadra(Siva ) = agna(fire),jina(the sun),naga(the sun),mahaa(great)-
Bhadra(Siva,bull,fence),bharata(fire).
Thus the fire god bharata and the fence god bhadra is the guardian of the soma fields.Siva is said
to be the lord of bhuuta gana.Agnesa as Vighnesa and Ganesa is the lord of these
gana(agna,naga). In H -182,the Gandharva is shown with a drum of Siva also.

20. marks on pots.

V is the hasta(kara-hand) and harana(hand).Hasta is kalasa(pot-one can take water in the palm
like in a cup) and panca(five).Kalasa is kara-ja(hand-born) and jala(water)-sa(with).A pot is also
gharma (RV.5. 30.5) .PaaNa( a hand) is a paana(a pot).The Malayalam kalam(pot) is
kalasa and kara. Harana is makara or nakra or graaha(alligator) and karna (ear) .Drava is
fish and paatra(jar) .The fish eating alligator is also the gharma in which
drava(fish,soma,water,oil,milk etc) is stored or boiled. + = =tri-na(grass=
soma)=drona, the vessel in which soma is often stored and which was also a standard measure.
The measure is often called drona kalasa in the vedic style.

tra + va,ka,sa,ma,na= paatra(pot),drona(measure),trina(grass,Indra,Marut,Varuna,Mitra)

bhadra(happiness),drava(liquid,fish) ,srava(food,rice,sacrifice),darbha(grass) etc.
Vyaapta(volume ) is often va( V ) –ap(=pa=water)-sa(V) itself .Or it is V(pot)-ap(water)-dha(dhi-
seat,pot) or it is the volume(dhi) of the liquid(pa) the pot or container can contain. This was the
principle of volume measurement adopted in other ancient civilizations also.

- the drona, being maatri(maataraa-mother) and pitri(pitaraa-father) the

Drona(Bharadvaaja) was said to be born from a drona (a pot).
As 5 + 3 it is also 8.

21 The story of the kevian

This symbol is often mistaken as the Tamil kevian(from kevi = cevi = ear) ,though sa( =)
+ sa (=) is sasa(hare), tavas(sahas- strength),mahas(light,festival,yaaga,buffalo),
mahat(Siva,nation,plenty,great), namas(obeisance,food) etc.That the kevi (Malayalam-
cevi-ear)is not original can be understood by the fact that all pious Tamils are seen to
perform the saashtaanga pranaama before the idols of the deities they worship by
crossing the hands to

form the sa-pranava-bharata holding their srava(karna- ears,bharata-fire) which is

sa-bhadra or Savitri or Gaayatri.Saashtaanga is Sa(god,bird,the X) –hasta(hands) –

agna(fire,anka-mark) and pranaama(obeisance by bowing down) is pranava(AUM). Srava

is sa-rava .= cevi = ravi= deva,devi. This is sasa. = = naasa(nose) =hanu(jaw,a

weapon) = saz(to kill)=svaaha

srava(ear,rice,soma) =trina(grass=soma) = dru(tree) = (soma

bhadra) = fish eating alligator(soma mahira) = savitra (the sun).

Soma is sasa(sasi = soma = the moon) .In the copper tablet C2B7(DTIS
page111Fig7.14),the plant shown is soma bhadra along with the sasa or hare figure.To
sas is to jump and to saz is to kill as a yaj(sacrifice) .Soma is food and homa is sacrifice.
Sas is tavas and
sahas as seen from sa –ka(va,ra)-sa.Hare(haze) is hari =dra(to run).Hence haari is a
group of travelling traders also.The same sense is in the Malayalam word tavala for
toa-d(tavas,drava) or fro-g.Note the toa in toad,fro in frog, har in har-e which were
derived from dra(to run). In RV .9 .86.44 soma is associated with
vrishaa(mouse,Indra,bull,horse,male) and hari (hare,green,srii) to indicate srava(ear of
paddy ) and thereby srava(bhadra = rice,food)..Sasa patra( soma bhadra) also indicates
the dasaapavitra(fringed filtering cloth) used to filter soma(rice flour and wine).

,
The inscription soma(sasa) vritra(Indra,Rudra) bhadra(rice,king,bull,stop)
patraasana(eating leaves or rice,purodaasa) is shown with the figure of three rice
saplings(pa-tra = bhadra-rice).

22. sasa is soma

B7 -------- C2

sasa(hare) =sas(jump),tavas(strength),sada(fruits and grains,cf.bhaat for the

North Indians , saadam for the South Indians and zad for the Persians,Sed for the
Egyptians-the bull’s tail is the soma bhadra), shat(6),
dasa(10,time), desa(place,nation) ,sata(100) , zat(good,god), sa(god),
sa+sa = saa(she,Paarvati,Lakshmi),saa = te (they,for you,with you) .
Dasa patra can be desa bhartaa(the king cf.Dasaratha), or dasa(sata) pala
(weighing 10 or 100 palas) etc.Sasa has long srava (ears) and srava(soma sada)
too has long srava(ear of paddy) which is the amsu(soma) .One of the reasons
for calling paddy soma is its ripe svarna(soma-gold) amsu itself.
Srava(ear,rice)→srava-na(ear,rice grain)→sraavana(an
Asterism,Leo)→sronaa(ricegruel,Onam)→drona(soma vessel -so called as
sronaa is soma) →soma(rice gruel,rice wine)

= pada(word),dava(fire),deva(god),dasa(ten), sasa(hare),soma(rice,Siva,fire)
zat(good), sata(hundred),vana(house),nava(nine),tavas(strength),sada(grain)
Sat putra(a good son) was made sataputra( a hundred sons-the Kauravas in the
Mahaabhaarata).
Putra(son) = bhojana(food) = bhadra(bull,king,rice)=sada(Sed of Egypt).

Thus sasa = sasi (soma) = sama (M=Z) =soma(paddy,rice).

The hare(hari=srii=srava) has two prominent ears like the vriihi(va-hari=hare like) or soma.
Sasa is aja(ram) and vaaja(food,sacrifice) , aaza(face,seat),asana(food) also.

=pa(leaf)-tra(three) = = netra(eye,offering,leader),bhadra(rice,king) and

patra(pa-leaf) –tra(tri,three)
Hence C2 = soma bhadra(rice),soma paatra(vessel for rice),saa patra or te srii bhadra
which is savitra(the sun),pavitra(dasaapavitra=soma filter) and Happiness and prosperity be with
you ! It can also indicate the three sheaves for the Gandharvas who guarded the
fields(AV.3.24.6cf.H-182).

= kara(hand),sara(arrow,the sun),rava(the sun,sound),hara(fire,hari-

hare,Vishnu),vara(great),naasa(nose),pan(to worship)

= tra(tri),dru(tree),pada(feet,deva-god),sava(corpse),Siva,srii,rava,zava(sacrifice)

=tripatra(trefoil,three leaves),netra(eye,leader,offering),sriibhadra(full of
prosperity),prabhaata(praatar- dawn),Drupada,paatra(jar),bhaarata(fire) =

cf.amsu(ear of paddy),pa = leaf ;pa-tra = =

patra(leaf),bhadra(happiness,rice,bull,a girl,stop,gold),kara(hasta-hand),vaara(tail),

aasa,aasana(face,seat) =asana(food)=yajna(sacrifice)=dhana(wealth)=daana(offering).
Aasa = saa = te = sasa also.

patra(leaf),bhadra(happiness,bull,soma,girl,stop,gold),kara(hasta -hand),vaara(tail)

Hence it reads satarudra(sataputra,satapushpa,soma putra,soma vritraetc.) –sriibhadra

(prosperous, auspicious) – Bhadraasana ( throne,bhadra-asana – rice food =
purodaasa,bhadra-yajna-bull,king or rice sacrifice).Satarudra is a hymn of the Yajurveda
addressed to Rudra( Siva).
As sata(hundred)-bhadra(usra-bull,srava-rice)-vritra(vrisha-bull,Indra;kratu-sacrifice)-
netra(offering) it can indicate the offering of sataudaana.Soma bhadra vritra bhaarata is fire.
It can also be understood as Soma bhadra – Rudra – netra(offering) – praasana(eating,the first
meal of Brahmin infants, cf.annapraasana). Soma bhadra can be soma paatra (soma vessel)
and praasana can be graasa(a morsel or lump of rice),presh(to invite or call upon),
bhraaja(shining), viiraasana(a yogic posture),Viirasena(a name) etc.It can simply indicate the
ghar(kara) aasana for the soma paatra in the sacrifice also.Somaraaja being the king has to
be provided with a garta(throne) or aasanda (chair).Interestingly aasanda has its base in sad
(to sit down at a sacrifice) which is corroborated by the sasa and sada in the typical
vedic style. It can also indicate a golden aasanda offering by Somabhadra Rudra .

Sata(hundred,jaya-the sun) is Siva(sau=100,T=V) whence Siva is also called Sadaa(sata)Siva.

This sata is also made jata(matted hair) to make him jatabhadra.
 + + → hasta(hand ,aksha-eye) +aasa(seat,naasa-nose) + hasta(aksha)

→ dvi-hasta(aksha)-aasa(naasa) → su (good)-vaaja (food,sacrifice) →

svaasa(breath) → svaaha

Svaaha is considered as the wife of bhaarata(agni) also.Naasa has two bhadras(holes) in it.
Bhadra being 1 and 0 can be represented by the vetra(yashti-yati) or cakra(bhadra) .

linga=bhadra.Aja=agna.mesha=naasa=maata=sepha=deva.In H- 3305 this single

alphabet is given along with the naked bhadra(Durga,a beautiful girl) deity to make
bhadra maata (Durga)or bharata maata(India) or bhadra deva(sepha). Rudra is
bhadra.Since bhadra is sa it becomes sa +sa or subhadra(subha-siva,diva-day) or
bhadra (subha-siva) sepha(deva ) or even bhadra(ten,gold) - maasha(weight).

Evidence of bhadraasana(royal seat=garta=kaasara=bull) is given by the

hoofed seats in some seals.(bhadra=king,bull,gold.King being
simha, later this became simhaasana.) .Vrisha is purusha(cf.unicorn).
Arkodaya(sunrise) is given by the ardhodaya(half-risen) pose of deities..
From the Harappan’s love of music we have the Rudra(bhadra)- viina(lute),
rudra(bhadra)-vaadya(damaru-drum) etc and from their love of dancing(bhadra nrit-
dancing girl) we have the bharata(praata)- naatya(nrit-Rudra) and the bhadra(Siva)
taandava(sandhya) dance forms.Morning is saanta(calm,bhadra-kanya-kalya)
and evening is asaanta(turbulent-taandava cf.marana nritta-death dance of the sacrificial
victims) . There were male and female dancers(RV.1.130.7,1.92.4 cf. the image
of the dancing girl) among the Harappans.

23. The gandharva guardians of the soma

We can see a clear picure of the somabhadra worship of the Harappans from H-182
where a damaru is shown with the bhadra nrit(five svastikas = 5men;nrit is mrit, hrit,netri
also Cf.velicchappaatu tullal in temples. velicham=bhadra .Nrit=netra is also sacrifice)
and M-312 where five men (panca bhadra) tame a bull(bhadra bandhana -bull
taming = bhadra vandana-bhadra worship cf.kolam drawing).
The dancing girl is nrit(dance) of bhadra(Siva,subha).
In H-182 the tiger is Va, Varuna,subha(Siva) and bharata(jaatavedas-raaja vacas=bhadra
vaaca=auspicious speech=AUM)

varuna-jaatavedas vyaaghra(tiger)=arka(the
 sun)=argha(price)
suura(tiger,powerful,srii,suuna=suula=soma)

truti-sruta=deva=rava=srii =sra
nja(a singer or drummer) ,na(man) +da(drum)=nata(dancer)

nja –jna(a scholar) .But Tiger(va)+drummer(nata) = vand(praise)

damaru(drona =soma-svana) = dharma(yama-damaru-drum) =

nritta (dance) = mrita (dead)= sava(a corpse) = Siva(subha)

suura(Tiger –suurya-soma) - bhatra(soma )

– raaja(raama,naatha,maata,vaaca,vaaja,sava,siva,deva,daana)

bhadra(zero) – panca (five)=50 cf.satau(100)daana(offering) and

M=1000 in Roman numerals(ma=sa =sama ) .Sata-u is Siva.

ka,sa na,raa,va pa-tra, srava(soma),

cakravarti(emperor) =Gandharva,bhadra

raaja(vaaja) = soma raaja(bhadra).The five agni symbols form pancaagni or

bhadraagni which is Siva himself.Pancamukha(pancaanana=five faced= five

headed=Gaayatri also,mukha=vadana-face= bhadra-head), Pancabaahu(five

handed)etc. are epithets of Siva. ma ha bhadra = mahaabhadra(Siva) =

saavitra(the sun,M = Z).Bhadra(fence,fire) is the guardian of soma bhadra (rice).

It can indicate Gandharva panca-na (vandana-obeisance.). Vandana is shown

by the tiger and drummer and the panca-na symbols.Panca is also vamsa(tribe)

whence it can be Pancaa-la which indicate Soma Raaja Pancaala(a king).

It can also indicate king suura dharma soma raaja made bhadra vaaja 50or

it may be the genealogy of the king as we count the Jinas, Popes etc.
 as suura dharma soma raaja bhadravaaja(bharadvaaja) 50 .

Bhadra( ) being soma(cakshushii evaagnishomau –agni and soma has the

form of the eye.Aitareya Brahmana 2.2.13) the numbers accompanying it can

represent the age of the soma or duration of the soma sacrifice in number

of days like caturaha(4days),shadaha(6 days),dvaadasaaha(12 days), catuvimsa

aha(24 days) etc. Alternatively the pancaadasastoma(from five dasa

symbols),trivrit stoma (from three circle symbols,jyotishtoma (from fish symbol)

etc. may also be indicated.

Let us compare bhadra nrit (= girl’s dance) with H-182 (bhadra –pancaakshara)

and with M-312 -bull baiting where five men were made to dance in the air by a

bhadra(bull,girl,Siva,soma) like the soma pavamaana(fanning soma) . Note the

transformation of somaraaja as nata(som=nat)raaja later. The group of

panca –marta(men) or nrit can indicate pancaamrita (food of god) or panca

viira ghoshta(five heroes room) also.

Gandharvas(cf.Malayalam-centa=drum) were said to guard the soma

fields(gandharva itthaa padamasya rakshati RV.9.83.4-gandharvas protect by

frightening and driving away cf.as-to frighten or drive away.) as these

drummers guarded the soma( rice ) fields continuously keeping watch and

frightening away the animals and birds who came to feed on the soma(paddy)

crop thereby becoming the protectors or guardians of the soma.

Gandharva→.gan(naga-the sun,naaka-the sky,mahaa-great)-sarva(Siva,srava-

rice,bhadra-bull,Siva,rice,bhartaa-ruler,husband);ghanta(Siva)-rava(the

sun,sound). Siva is diva(the sky,day) and subha(bhadra-auspicious).Hence like

 the bhadraa(pasu-cow-subha-Siva) srava(rice) is also used as auspicious

symbol.Naaka is moksha (the heavens) and sara(arrow).Sara( grass,arrow,water)

is sra-va(ear,rice) and bhadra.Moksha is soma(the sky,air). Siva as soma bhadra

is hence soma bhartaa(ruler and protector of the sky- the sun) which also make

him gandharva.Soma is also svana(sound) and gandharva is also naaka-

bhadra(light,svara-sound,dvaara-door,hole).Naaka is naada(svana) and sound is

considered as a function of the element of aakaasa(asva,naaka).

24. The rebus evidence

Many instances of the rebus principle of Bharata terms can be seen in the
scripts which cannot be matched by Tamil terms.

a) → → → → patra-bhadra-bharata
Let us first take the case of the leaf like well seen at the Harappan priest king’s
courtyard.Bhadra is bhadra (king),bhadra(bull,vetra-pestle,bindu-
dot,circle),bhadra(water), bharata(light,fire,speech,Brahmin) and
patra(leaf).Hence the king’s well was given a leaf shape like the naama(bindu)
on the forehead and the sceptre. Even today the North Indians say saraf pyao
( water drink = SOV style).

b) Adri(hill)-athar(fire)-.-athari(finger,finger shaped flame of

fire),kara(hand)- giri(hill),agra(end)
It is natural that the fire worshippers should
pay great attention to the finger shaped flames. Similarly in several rituals
a darbha(bharata-fire) ring is worn on the athari(finger,fire) even today.This shows the
continuity of the Bharata rituals.Giri-kara is also giridhara(Krishna) and srii-kara(causing
prosperity).Hasta (hand ) is matsa(fish),harana(hand,makara-nakra-graaha-an alligator
cf.the fish eating alligator and the hand holding fish or rice lump),masta(head cf. the
trident horn on the heads of the deities.Horn-harana-hand.Triveni (triple -braided) is
Prayaaga(confluence point of Ganga,Yamuna and Sarasvati ;prakaasa-light).
Prakaasa is pra-hasta(capeta- - hand with extended fingers) and Triveni becomes tri-
paani(hand).
 c) → pa+ pa + (srii,sha,ra,ka,na,a) + — sa =bhaarata(fire,speech,the
tribe),bhadra(king),srii(the sun) - bhaasa(prakaasa-sunshine-prabhaata-dawn,Drupada).
Since pa =na (P=F=N)and ca(P=B=C) it can become Naarada(netra-eye,offering),saarada
(Sarasvati) also. Bhaarapati (bearer) is Paarvati .By the

addition of the saras she can be made Sarasvati,Daksha Prajaapati etc.

Bhaarata is bhaasha(speech) and vadana(face). Hence this sybol is used in the inverted
form to represent the face(vadana) and head(bhadra) in H-103.Refer page 161of
Bharata the language of the Harappans and Fig.4.10 on page 65 of DTIS .
Bhaarata is adhvaryu- the bearer of the oblation .
Adhvara(atharva) is sacrifice.
Krishi(farming) is sruti(veda) and srava(rice,soma). Srava(prabha=sobha=soma) is ear
and food .Sravana is veda.The praise of soma is to impart knowledge of farming.
The praise of Asvamedha is to impart knowledge of cattle rearing.
Each Indus script has multiple applications arising from the rebus style as seen in the

case of .

25 Man as the measure

A maanava(man) is a maapana(scale). The principle of maanava as maapana

was received by the Sumerians,Babylonians, Akkadians, Hebrews and the
Egyptians.The minus of Dilmun noted by Dr. Bonta also came from Harappa
as suggested by him.But the language is Bharata and not Tamil.
Mina = maana(measure) = pari-maaNa(measure,mass). Every part of the
human body is a measurement unit in Bharata.eg.paada(foot),
bhuja(cubit), naasa(maasha-a weight,maasa-month,samaa-year),bhadra(head,
dasa-10),hasta(panca-5) etc. From the body we have
maatra(metre),parimaana(measure),maasha(a weight of

gold,a bean),sulka(dvi-kara= ?cf.shekel), angu (inch)

etc.Kara is sara(five). The symbol V(paana- jar;kara-paaNa-hand,5) is the hand.
Paana is paaNa and baaNa(arrow).
Its inverted form is sara(arrow- Λ) which also denotes 5. The
Sumerians used the terms sar,sna(sma,maasha) etc.
The measurement unit aNu (atom)is also anu(man,length,volume).
The root word for measurement is the maa(maana-to measure) indicated by

(naama -nameor paana-jar ) , =paana(jar mina-fish ) and the paaNa (hand).

From the maana(measure) comes the miina(fish) and mina(unit of measurement).
For time it is ma(time itself.) whence we have ma-asa(month),sa-maa(year) ,
sa-maya(time),yama(god of death),yaama(3 hours) etc.
Counting is ganana(counting cf.manana-thought ). Argha( price) is
muulya(from ma) .This is sulka (muulya;su-kara=tax) =nakra = fish eating

alligator.Harana( hand ) is nakra (alligator) and netra(eye ) also.

Palm = maapana(measure) = pangti = paani =ten(fingers) = ten
 numbers(0→9).
Agna(fire,man;eka-one)=ank(to mark)=aneka(many)=anga(limbs) =gana(group,count)
Netra is maatra(measure).
Foot is mana-yati = vana(house)- ati(pada-foot,base) = paana(hand,jar)-ati
= paaNa(hand)-bhadra(foot) .In measurements the bhuja(hasta) , biija
(cipher,egg cf.bezah of the Hebrews),and paada(foot) is used as the base..
Manayati-is used by Kerala carpenters even today for measurements of buildings.

This maana-ati is miina .The fish is dvaadasa(12) and in a foot there are 12
inches(angus).

maasha tola hala

Bhaarata(pa-raaja) is the king(cf.melukaah-king) .Soma is suula(spear.cf.St.Thomas portrayed
with a spear,Muruka with a vel) and raaja.Bhaarata is vadana.Vadana is mukha(mu-Siva,kha-the
sun =soma)
Tulaa( scale,a weight unit) is sama(equal.It equals the weight of objects.) .Sama is sma(face)

and soma. Hence sma is replaced by soma naaza(nose), naatha(lord), and naasa(ruin)
symbols.Naasa(nose) being naada(sound) and deva(god) is the naama on the forehead of
devas.
Bhadra(gold) maasha can be the weight or a dealer of gold(goldman).Bhadra suula can be a
dealer of tuula (cotton-cottonman).Suula(soma) bhadra can be hala bhadra also.Hala bhadra is
Bala bhadra(brother of Krishna).Sara (p-raasa- spear) is sira(bhadra-head).
Balaraama =hala raama=hara naama =pranava(AUM).It is after this that Krishna(the sun)
appears. Hence pranava is the elder brother.
Tolaka is a weight of gold or silver equal to 12 maasha.
A maaNava is a pearl ornament of 16 strings.A maaNika is a weight equal to 8 palas.

a +s + va+va = asvaa = bharata =paartha (king) Since va=sa(C=V) it is also

sazana(killing the sacrificial victim cf.the Christ carrying the cross is another form of this),saazana
( teacher,order,rule, property given by a king ) etc.

bhaarata-aja(asva bhadra,bhadraasva),mesha,bhadra-mesha = asva-mesha=

asvamedha=dakshayaaga .In the Daksha yaaga Daksha’s head was replaced by a ram’s
head .

26. The ghar evidence in the script

Ghar is a house(cf.Hindi-ghar).Do you notice a ghar in kra-tu(sacrifice) and the cro-ss.

Ghar (cf.Sumerian sar =gar-den) is the catushkona catvara(courtyard or rectangular place

where cross roads meet)in which the yajnapaatra(sacrificial pot) is placed(cf.the sasa
bhadraasana in para 21). Note the

different types of ghars present in the scripts like , , ,

, , , , , , , , , ,
 , , , , , , , etc. Ghar is placed on kara(hand)

in .These scripts show the significance of the sacrifice in the lives of the vedic bharats.

27. Bharata as bhadra

bhadra bhadra bhadra ( stone henge)

Bhadra(bull),bhadra(elephant),bhadra(mountain cf.Kailaasa,Sinai,
Horeb=Hebrew,kripa,prabhaa etc.), patra(leaf) etc.Prabhaata(dawn) is
parvata(bhadra).
Bhadra being ten, the ten commandments(bhadra) were given on Mount
Sinai(bhadra).Sinai is sila(bhadra-rock) and the commandments were written
on two stone(bhadra,sila) tables.This is continued into the historical period as the
silaasaasanas(stone edicts eg.those of Asoka). Bhadra(stone) is bhaasha(speech)
and bharata(fire,covenant) .Observe the fire god on Horeb(Broohi,Hebrew) talking
to Moses and at Sinai giving the ten commandmends (cf.Hebrew – tabera –
fire;daabar-to speak ).
Bharata(speech) is Paali (a language) and vaani(speech).
Kripa( a friend of Indra,pity) is giri(hill)-pa(leaf).
Bhadra is a yashti(rod) and yati(stop).
Bhadraasva is Bharadvaaja. Bharadvaaja is bhadra(bull,bharata-agni-uni)-
vaaja(horse,arrow).It is also Bharata vaaca(speech) and vaasa(resident).
Vrisha is varsha and vaasra(bull,house). Vaasra is vaasa(house).Thus the unicorn
became the symbol of bhadravacas(aum,the language) ,Bharadvaaja(clan) and
Bhaarata varsha (the country called Bhaarata).But Bharata is
bhadra(bull,mountain,stone,paartha-king).
Hence the Bharatas are said to have descended from the king called Bharata
whereas in reality it is from the language and the priestly clan that the people
got the name like the Egyptians,Akkadians,Sumerians etc,though there might
have
been kings of the name who ruled Bhaarata.
Bharata is also paada.Paada is foot and a fourth. Foot is root.Thus bharata(agni) is
muula(root,origin).It is the number one.Muula is Manu for the Hindus. It is
Muusa(Moses) for the Hebrews.It is Thoma for the Kerala Christians who were
Nambootiris before conversion to Christianity.The Nambootiris have a direct
descent from Harappa.The Asva(Soma )yaaga of the Nambootiris attracted the
Roman traders and scholars who took them to Rome as Christianity. Greek makar
means happy.Hence it is happy Chrismas! cf. the fish eating alligator. The
 purodaasa = kurbaana(k=p,d=b,s=n).
Bhadra-patra =100 or 20;

da(hill) + pa(leaf) =deva =rava,giri (hill) =srii (the sun,light,word cf.word of god)

Giri –patra =srii bhadra (blessed with prosperity) =sriikara =

Bhadra is paaNa (hand ) also.Dosha is the hand,darkness and turmeric(yellow,gold).
Dosha is thus soma as usha is asva. There is an udaya giri (hill of sunrise) and an
astamaya giri(hill of sunset) also which in fact is the rising and seting sun itself.

Like the bhadravrisha(unicorn),the bhadrapatra also can indicate Bhaarata

Varsha and Bharadvaaja (the leaf being the tuft).

28. parokshapriya(homophones and rebus) is the mainstay of the script.

Paroksha priya iva hi deva (Aitareya :3.5.1) which means the devas(the Rishis and
their compositions-the Vedas) were fond of the paroksha(indirect speech using
homophones,rebus phrases etc.) style of composition.The Indus scripts are the best
examples of this style.

= tra(tri-srii) is made dru(tree) with a saakha(branch).dru(sa = vi)-saakha =Visaakha

( sa+sa+saakha)
Prakaasa(light) is vriksha(tree). The branch is a kha or hasta .
ha-sa-ta=sa-sa-kha=saakha.Hence kha = ha, the Gha from which ha was born as observed by
Dr.Williams . Ha is also sa and pa whence hasta(hand) is shashty(sixty) and sapta.

In the amulet M-1429 a nauka(boat) is made from mu-kha(face) to give

sukha(happiness).Naasa(nose) is naava(boat,praise) and naama(name).

=bhadra(bull,king,fire) =paatra(vessel)=bhaarata=bharata – pa-tra(tri) = sa-vitri(the sun,the

fourth or outer pa is sa)=srii bhadra = trivrita = W (patri-bird) =

=trina(grass)=netra(eye,offering ) =maatri(mother) =Indra,Mitra ,Drona(Soma) .

vaaca(word) =sa(bird,god) = vaaja(arrow = vasi =spear =Siva) .Bhadra(patri=bird) is

patra(pa – leaf,sara -arrow) and bhadra(head,stop).Hence these are interchangeable. A spear
has the shape of the head or a leaf or the linga.

a patra is made a pa + tra(dru-tree,sara-arrow) to make

 bhadra(bull,auspiciousness),drava(fish),dhruva(Vishnu),srava(ear,food,rice) etc.
Srava(Malayalam -coru-rice) is soma . Srava being varsha(rain,year,place) ,the Soma
Yaaga is said to bring in rains. Of course rains or irrigation is a must for the paddy cultivation.

naaka(arrow,heaven;naga-the sun;naaga-snake;gaana-song),vaasa(house,dress) =

naasa (naama=deva) = daasa(servant),paaNa(hand) = baana(arrow) = bhaama(the

sun) =saaya(evening) = saama (maasa =daana=maaya) or Indra(yama-sara=two arrows) .
sara+sara =saraa = srii; ishu(arrow)-vaara(roof) = iisvara(god) . Srii being drii(to split),the sara
is split.Also ina(the sun ) is yama(two) and vi(two)-na(naaka).The bhadra(holes) of the nose is
made bhadra(vetra) of the sara(arrows).

vaa-sra(house)=bhadra(hand=panca = five ).. The roman v is this vaasra in inverse form.

= = = five

pa,ma,sa –tra =panca(five) ,bhadra(bull,Siva,five,ten),maatra(measure),maatara(mother),

netra(eye,offering),patri(birdcf.panca pakshi),satra(a house) = Dro-na ->soma = sara
= arrow,five .Bhadra being va(two)-sara(kara-five) is usually pattu(ten).
Hence Drona taught the Kauravas dhanurvidya(the science of sara or archery).
Drona is a measure also.

paa-tra(pa- leaf,sara-arrow) = vaasra(a house,bull,weekday) .Note the sara in the paa-tra

paatra=pa(va=ma =2.)+sara(5) = 7 or 10 = full . Hence kumbha is puurna(full) and
puurna(suurya) kumbha(soma) is auspicious.It can also indicate a saraava ( a cup,a measure
equal to two Prasthas or one Kudava).

Nava-vana(water,house) . The Kerala Nambootiris still call their residence ‘mana’ a

Dravidian contaminated form of the Harappan vana and bha-vana (a house) .

yava = nava(nine,praise,new). 8 yava =1angula(inch) = 3cm

yava = mana =maana = sama cf.Nellita was a unit of measurement for the Karalites.

drumaasraya(chameleon) = Dronaacaarya = Somaraaja .Also sa,ma + dru =druma

= Drona (a measure of Soma).
Sa +dru =satru(an enemy) = va –dru =srava(Malayalam -coru –rice) .

sa + ra = srii (fire,word,the sun) =raaja(king)

 netra(trina)+ naasa+ mouth=mukha . Drava being fish tridrava
=sriideva.Drava is
vadana(mouth) and vacana(speech).Trina is drona.Hence this can be netra –dvi-drona
or netra-subhadra or soma bhadra or dru being srii ,it is srii bhadra also.The fish being

pavana(wind)and savana( yaaga,extraction of soma ) and trina being Marut(pavana)

and soma this script indicates soma pavamaana also.A matsa( fish=bhadra ) being bhadra
( ),vadana(mouth) and bhasana(beetle ) the following scripts are also its
equivalent.

mukha -subha or bhadramukha(a handsome man) .Bhadra(drava-bull,fish) in the previous

figure is replaced by bhadra(cakra-vakra-circle) here.Dru is replaced by srava(ear =dru =srii).

srava-naasa-bhasana(a beetle,vadana-mouth,vacana-speech) =mukha

-netra(beard) of mukha netra of dru netra of bhasana(vadana) .

The sma(face) is indicated by bhadra(fish,circle,bhasana and netra-
beard).bhadravaaca=sama(sava-Siva)-sama(sava-Siva) = samaadhaana =
peace.=smasaana(cemetery cf.RIP)
Smasaana kaalii is Bhadrakaali and smasaanavesmaa is Siva.
Vadana being bhadra(dra-va = fish, dru –tree) .Being a tree,the face should have a netra (root)
apart from the normal netra(eye) .This netra is the beard.

naasa(nose) = naama(sectarian mark) = mesha(Aries) =maana(measure,honour) =

snaana(bath)=jnaana(knowledge) =janana(birth)

sa + sa Ξ = dvi-sa = ravi-sa =dvija (a Brahmin,born from ravi-srii-rati)

The svaaha provided the priests a good chance to yawn with both arms raised over the head!

netra(Indra,Mitra;tri-na) →pa-tra (three pa) = , , , pa-tra-paada →

jhasha(fish,netra-eye). Pa-tra-cakra(wheel,srii,raaja,raksha)=sarpa bhadra

=cakravarti(emperor).Normal bhadra is the rectangle or circle. The Harappan

priest king has a bhadra on his forehead along with the pa-tra-cakra marks on the

cloak. Trinetra , is netra(Indra) itself and is Siva also.He is Sriikanta(Siva,srii-ghanta-

Siva)also as shown by tri(three)-khanda(parts) . Hence a Linga stand also could be seen with
this mark indicating the phallic Siva symbolism.Pa-tra as bhadra is light and as raa-tra is night.

savana(offering,soma),bhavana(house),pavana(wind),paada(foot),bhadra(king,bull,fire)
 rice,sveda(sweat),sveta(a conch),deva(god), tvashtaa(the sun) ,bhadrapaada,sapta(seven),
sabda(sound),bhadra(bull,full,king),paada(foot), daanava(a demon), dvaadasa(12) ,
viirabhadra = bhadraasva =soma bhadra = puurna kumbha(Malayalam-niRa paRa=a full
pot,full drona) etc. As go-tra(tribe) and go-cara(sight) it is also kusala(happiness),Kosala(a

kingdom) ,pu-tra(a son), sutra(thread) etc.and its equivalent is where the ra(shaft) of the
arrow is replaced by the go(eye,bull) symbol.

=sa-vaara= varsha(year),svara(sound) ,suurya(the sun). Sa is bird and fence.Sakra

(Indra)is sa and kara(paaNa=vaara=hands,rava-sound,the sun).Sa-vana(paaNa) is sacrifice and
soma extraction.va +sa(bird) + va =vasu(ray).It is the kara(ray) of Sakra(Indra).Vaara is also
water and the patri is bhadra . Hence it is the viirabhadra(buffalo) and the rising sun.

vaara(bracket=hands,roof) + ka(bird) +pa(fish)=Bhaargava.sa(bird) –va(fish) + kara

=divaakara(the sun) ,Siva bhadra ,shat(sata) bhujaa=Durga, and prabhaata(dawn).
Va + pa(fish) + sa(bird) +va =vaasava(Indra),vaashpa(heat,tear cf.the fish is the eye.
It is also asva(fish)-viirabhadra the sacrificial victim = bhadraasva.
The bracket is the hands, brows,wings,fins and husk.

drava(fish),bhadra(bull),bhara –paada(dawn),netra (eye,sacrifice),vimsati(10+10=20),

bhadra(• )+asva( ) =bhadraasva =unicorn(the bhadra can be the horn,linga or bindu).

viirabhadra = bhadravaara, varsha =dasavaara srii-giri .

Bhadra (water) is vaara(niira=water).sa X + bhadra =savitri.

paada(foot,four)=bhadra(five,bull,cipher) =raksha(protection)
= prabhaata (dawn); bhadrapaada=40 .Upapaaduka(paaduka-footwear) is a deva(god).
Paaduka as paadapa( a tree) gives the god in the tree.

bharata = Brahmin; raaja-srii (king)

Bandhaka is vyaapaara(trade), panaya(pawn),barter(exchange) or bhaata

vandana(worship of dawn).Even now, panaya =pawn=bandhaka of the Harappans.

paada=pa + da (look at p =d = b ) + sha,sara =usha(udayagiri)

=daasa(servant,a class of people),Dasra(Asvin)

udara(belly) = patra(leaf); agna(man) +patra(cipher) =10 ;udara puurana(eating food),

puurna kumbha (full pot or belly),soma bhadra (Siva,rice) ;sha(man) + patra =savitri(the sun)
sha + na,e =shna, te(to you) or agne ( o agni !)
 kara(hand)=sara(arrow),paana(cup)=baana(arrow) . kara = sara = 5.Dhanishta(dhanu-
sara-bow and arrow) is soma(sky,noon).Manusha(man) is Manu-ja(born) and ma(great) - dhanu
also.Dhanu is dhvani (sound). Man makes great sound which is speech. In fact aatmaa (soul)
of man is his vacana(bhaashana-speech) as shown by the descending tongues(speech) of
fire at the Pentecost in the Bible(Acts:2) .Rasana(tongue) is sara(arrow,kara-hand)-na(like).
A kshatriya was supposed to carry a sara (arrow) to show that he was a raaja(king).

paaNa(hand) is paana(cup), baana(arrow)..pan = to trade, to pray

paaNa = paasa(cord) . Mushti is a measure.Paasahasta is Varuna.Kaarpaasa is

cotton. In the agnishtoma the sacrificer keeps his hands in the mushti( fist) form ,till the close
of the yaaga to show mu(Siva),nu(praise)-sti(dhi-seat,te-to you) or namaste(obeisance to you).

dasaapavitra (a fringed filtering cloth) was used as a soma filter.

, vaa-sra(house),sa-tra(house) etc. have a sara(arrow) in them.pa=va=sa=like.

A vaasra(house) , bhadra (a head cf. )) and a pa-tra(leaf ) are like the

arrow.

29 Bhaarata was the land of Bharata speakers

Now let us become a bit more positive and pose a very reasonable question.
Tamilnaadu is the land of Tamil speakers.Malayaalanaadu is the land of
Malayaalam speakers.Karnaataka is the land of Kannada speakers...Hindustaan is the
land of Hindi speakers. Greece is the land of Greek speakers. Italy is the land of
Latin speakers . England is the land of English speakers.
China is the land of Chinese speakers.Japan is the land of Japanese speakers.
Sumer was the land of Sumerian speakers.Akkad was the land of Akkadian
speakers.Egypt is the land of Egyptian speakers.Then why Bhaarata varsha cannot
be the land of Bharata speakers?. How can this happen when the Americans do not
speak America.!

In the Indian context we have ancient literary evidence of Bhaarata

Varsha but not a Tamil varsha.Why?

In Bhaarata varsha of course differet peoples were there like Gandharas,Kosalas etc.
Bhaaratavarsha is also known as Aaryaavarta(bhaarata=aarya,varsha=varta).
The story of Bhaarata getting its name from the king Bharata comes from the
Parokshapriya style of ancient writers since Bhaarata(bhaasha) is
 a bhadra(paartha-king cf.Meluhha and Hebrew- melukaah-royalty,king.) .The
Christians call the priest father, not because he is
their real father, but he is their bhartaa – paartha-bhadra -ruler.Dr. William’s
definition of Bhaarata as descended from the Bharatas(applied to agni either sprung
from the priests called Bharats or ‘bearer of the oblation’) rightly applies here.
Bhaarata varsha and bhadraasva varsha are mentioned among the seven or nine
divisions of the earth viz:Kuru,Hiranmaya,Ramyaka,ILaavrita,Hari,
Ketumaalaa,Bhadraasva,Kimnara and Bhaarata(Mbh).Hiranmaya and Kimnara being
the same and Bhadraasva and Bhaarata being the same the divisions can be seven also
instead of nine.

30. Peshawar and Bhaarata

Purushapura was the name of Peshawar. Peshawar and Persia are Bharata
descendants.Purusha is bharata and pura ..Bharata is pattana(city cf.Tamil vattam-a
taluk or district).If the scholars realized this the misunderstanding about the pastoral
Aryans would not have occurred.Purusha=Bharata = pattana(pura-
city),Harappa(t=h),Meluhha(p = m,r = l,t = h) Bhaarata Varsha is pattana
varsha(vaasra-house,bull;vaasa-house) or bhadra vrisha or Bharata Vrisha. Hence
the unicorn is Bhaarata Varsha and Bharata purusha.
The Bhaarata(bhadra) vrisha (bull) was made Bhadra(elephant) god and elephant
town (Hastinapura=Harappa) later from Bharata-pattana-bhadra transformations..
cf. Kaurava = saurava=suurya (bharata-the sun)

The unicorn is bhadraasva(Bharadvaaja-fire)= patra-asva(peepul-leaf cf.the long

pointed tip of the leaf.patra-leaf is made bhadra-bull,king,asvattha-vata ) = bhadra vaaca=
bharata vaaca=Bhaarata varsha=bhadra vrisha. It is agnesa. Its asva is bhaasha (vacas)and
vaasa(house). Hence bhadraasva=Bhaarata varsha(vaasa=vaasra-house,bull,day).
The Dravidian claim as the builders of Harappa can also be doubted by the very fact that
whereas the Harappan sites were in a stage of continous Bharata(pura,pattana)
progression from 6500 BCE to 1750 BCE,such a Bharata(pura,pattana) trend is not seen
in their travel to the South. Did they simply forget the traditional city building traits?
The Dholavira sign board bears the name Bhaarata nagara(Bhaarata city) which is a
further proof to the Bharata basis for the Harappan civilization.The inscription is

a,ca,na,pa,ma bhadra patra na,sa sa ra,la bha

= bhasana(beetle,vadana-mouth,hasta-hand,panca-five),nakra(makara-
alligator),nagara(bhadra-pura-pattana-city),harana(hand,karna-ear,karma –deed,kirana-

ray,the sun),marta(man),matsa(fish), netra(eye , bhadra), naraka(the

deep,Hades),maarga(path) .
 Makaraasva(fish eating alligator- Varuna-soma bhadra-solstice) is the tail(note the fish
tail) of the bhadraasva(unicorn-ucchaisravas-the rising sun) . Ucchaisravas is
usha(dawn,asva-bull,ahas-day)-iisvara(suurya-the sun) and is said to have uccha(long)-
srava(ears). Srava(ear,rice,soma) is prabha(sobha-splendour,light,prabhu-lord),

bhadra(bull,vetra-pestle,horn;drava-fish) itself. Thus (bhadra-circle,bull;asva-

bull,fire,king,the sun,food;cakra-aksha-wheel,netra-eye,sacrifice,leader) → (bhadra-

sarpa-naaga-snake)→ ukha(paatra-jar,bhadra-uksha-usha-iisa cf.H-3305 ) → bhadra-

asva →Bharadvaaja→ vaara(roof,tail)-patra(leaf .Malayalam -aal-ila = vaal-tail,ila-leaf

, → viira-bhadra=viira-purusha=hero , (asvattha leaf )

→ , viira-bhadra (sacrificial victim) → bhadra-asva(aja –eka-paada=

praata-avasa= rising sun =Agni, Indra)→ makara(nakra-

graaha=alligator)-asva(bull,fish) . Makara is
bhadra(bull,king) position of the noon(soma-the sky,the moon) sun.

bhadra (sara-sira-ka-head,tra-tri= ,raaja-king ,nagara-city cf.Semitic melukaah-

king-nagara)→ bhadra,netra(eye),nagara(city),vaasra(house) → sa ra
→ raaja(king) cf. bhadra(border-fence-sa-god,bird,snake) →
pa - catura(four)→savitra(the sun).Bhadra is deva(deity), subha(auspicious), sobha(shine)
and varsha(rain,year,place) and pa(water)-sara(water).

sa(bird,god,snake,border) = bhadra(border,sarpa-naaga-snake) →

pa-tra → a,pa ,da + + → patri(bird),sarpa,bhadra,bharata

The inscription is hence
(Nagara) bhaarata- mahaa(sarva) nagara(city) – bhadra(city,king,great,auspicious)-sravas(sravo-
renowned),varsha(country,year).
Bhaarata-mahaanagara- bhadra(king,auspicious) –sarva(all,subha-auspicious,sabha-court)
Nakra is nagara,naaka(the sky,mahaa-bhadra-great) and sarpa is sarva(all,full,Rudra).
In the parokshapriya style it can also be read as Pancaala(Gaandhaara)
-bhadra(city,king,stop)- sarpabhadra(cakravarti-emperor)- pa-tra (vaasra-
house,bhaarata,paa)- sra(si,su,ka)-pa(va,bha) or paartha (king, paarthva –royalty,
Paarsva-a name) or Pancaala –Cakravarti-Viirabhadra(vaasra)-
Deva(Siva,Sena,subha). Compare this name with the name of Ver-pahrada-kkai-
pperu-virar-Killi a founder king of the early Tamil Chola dynasty and note the
close resemblance to the Bharata inscription style.

31. North Indian River names.

The rivers of North India like the North Indian cities carry the vedic signature in their
names like Sarasvati,Ganga,Sindhu,Yamuna etc.Did the Aryans after their arrival
rename these rivers,replacing the earlier Dravidian names.This seems impossible
since Dravidian words for water (vellam,tanniir,niir etc.) and river(aaRu,puzha,nadi etc.)
have their roots in Bharata.

32.The counting and measuring

The Tamils adopted the counting and measuring systems of the Bharats like the other
peoples of the ancient world.
For counting the basic unit is agna(fire).agna = eka = aga = aja = mesha = naaza = mass =
maasha (a weight unit).
The root term to measure is maa(to measure) from which comes the maana,
miina,maasha,mass,metre,litre, mile etc. The hasta(hand) was the basis of counting.
Hence the dasa(2x5 decimal) and sexagesimal(3x4x5) systems came into force.The five
fingers on both hands gave a bhadra(ten). This is the roman symbol of 2xV=X
The V=5=is the palm(insert your palm into the figure of the number and see) itself.It is
ha,ka,va,pa,ma,na, sa etc. The three divisions of the four fingers on a hand multiplied by
the five fingers on the other hand makes shashty(sa-hasta = sixty).

Bhadra being hasta(panca-5 cf.Egyptian deben ) initially this may have indicated
the number 5. Sa is patri(pakshi-bird).Bhadra is hasta(five),bhadra(pasu = ten),paada-tra
or tripaada(twelve).
These units might have been in use either simultaneuously for different purposes or at
different periods of the development of the civilization itself.
Note the bhadra pakshii or Gaayatri (syena)or soma bhadra(drona kalasa) in the scripts like

, .
This soma bhadra (drona bhadra) is the nirapara (puurna kumbha –full pot)
of the Keralites which is still used in auspicious occasions like marriage,house warming
etc.
 → (dvi =sa=vi=bird,dvija-Brahmin) → (ka +tri =Gaayatri –bird) →

(kha;srii;ra-vi -bird ) → shat(sa – sa = bird or god bird ) → ashta(sa-sa =bird).

Shat and ashta are the hasta(panca) itself.Keralites still use the term kai –ppatti for the
palm.
Note the kara(hand ) in kai and the pakshii-patri(pangti-group) in patti.

1.eka= agna(srii,raaja) = uni.= aja = naasa +ra =netra(offering,eye,leader) .Ekaaha

is a one day sacrifice.Vadana is bhadra( ) also.Bhadraasva is the unicorn.

It can indicate 5+1= 6 or 11 also. Agna is aga,naga,naaga,gana,jina,jna,yajna,vaahana etc.

Agna has ka(ra=1) + na(0) .The head is a bhadra(cipher) and the foot is pa-da=va-ra(1) .
Hence we get value of 1 or ten for man.

2.dvau =randu (netra)=kannu sa +sa = dvi-sa=dvija,aja,sasa,saa,te ,

nakha(20),sapta(7),dvaadasa(12) etc.

3 traya =srii =muunru Ψravi-srii-mu =sa+ra =ra+vi .Hence the top or bottom may
be taken to begin a word. Mu is three in Malayalam and Tamil from this reading.
Siva is hence trinetra(srii-Indra,Mitra) and mukkannan(trinetra) for the South Indians.
Bharata =srii(fire).Hence the bharata(bhadra-linga) symbol is used as the cihna(mark)
of the Bharats.The trident is the linga itself.Na( ) + ma( ) is naama . Now,na is A(N=A).
Ma is placed on (u ) it. Hence naama =aum.Aum is agna.Agna is ravi(n=r;m=v).Ravi is savitri

or Gaayatri from saava + tra or saa + bhadra .

4.ca-tvara = sa(bird,god)-tula(sama) = suurya; paada(pa+ da-to cut) =deva(=sa-
god=veda=four) = catvaara = + = sa(na ,ma;symbol of no.Hence naanku =
naalu(4,saanu-the sun) = kaalu(leg-foot,a quarter)

sa –tula =bird like,god like agna(asva,netra=two,offering,sacrifice)-

panca(5)- catvaara(4) = sacrifice – 9 or 45 .

It can be naama(saama,deva,catur bhujaa=Gaayatri) bhadra(amulet,mantra) also.

5.panca = paaNa-sa = hasta(hand) = aintu(ancu=5,Tamil) Compare with

angu = hand

dva(na,ma,sa) – tra(saa,maa,naa,paa) = hara(srii )+ na =hand =

bha -dra =Siva(Hence pancaakshara-five letter- mantra for Siva.)

Panca is tapana(the sun),Siva-n and savana(soma).
 Pancaamrita is milk,honey,curd,ghee and Ganga(gagana-sky,ka-light,water;kana-
ray;jala-ga=water flow)
Any water is thus Ganga and soma(su-ma=water).For the Keralites it is tenga(coconut-
Ganga as it is born in gagana and is sweet) .Ten(honey) –kai(fruit) is sweet.

6.shat = saz (to kill),sas(to jump),nas(to ruin).hara(Malayalam-aru=to kill).It kills the

first hand and jumps to the second hand.Hence it is saa(next,sha-man)-
dhi(seat),sa(like) = saha-ja (brother).. It is the noose of death.Six signs make the
sun set and six ritus make the year complete.According to the Bible sha(man) is
the creation on the sixth day.
In Malayalam aaRu(six)= aruti(end)=nirirti(death)=mriti(death).
aaLu = anu(man )
It is the fist(o=5=bhadra) of the first hand on which the first finger of the second
hand rests. It is the first after the fist.(5).

7 .sapta = sabda(sa-dva) = Tamil elu(iru=2 after 5)

sa = 3 + paada(4) =7 For Tamils it is 5 +2 .

netra asva; saptaasva is the sun.Asva netra is offering of bulls.

Since fish is soma, it can be a saptaaha (7 days) sacrifice also.The bull (bhadra)
is vaasra(day,bull) and mantra (hymn).
Sapta itself is divasa(day) and tapasa(the sun).

8.ashta = anta,asta(end,house) = ettu(8-Tamil) =

ha-sta(hand),ishta(favourite,chosen),dasa(ten).
Ashta(asta,hasta) itself is vasu(vas-house,ray).

9.nava=onpatu(9-Tamil,one minus ten =nava) na(0 = ten) - va(tail,ka=1) =1X =9.

Hence na = sa =X = ten ; naalu = 4→ nava 9 = paaNa(hand) .It is 5+4 and 10-1.
Nava is na-bha(the sky,like the sun,pa = 0),rava(the sun), yava( =9),
yama( ,one bhadra made a cipher) and sava(a corpse,the property of Yama) also.
Nava(nine) is maapa (measure) .After a nava a bhadra (svaaha,saabat-svaasa) is given
to make the ten.Then again the counting is continued from the eleven.

10. dasa (dos-hand) = bhadra(hand,full,cipher) = pattu(Tamil-ten) =baahu(hand)

= pasu(cow) , dasa(time), desa(place)

, , , , etc can point to

tens or its multiples(ten=dasa,n=s,mesha=naasa)
. Vimsati(20) is yama(two,ina-the sun)-dasa(ten),matsa(fish),masta(head),
 simha(lion) etc. cf. ,.

Trimsat is tri-na –dasa or dru-ma-dasa .Trina is grass and druma is tree.cf. ,

60(3x4x5) or 1000 compare with dasa = da + sa

Sa-ta(100) = dasa(10) = sa-sa(hare) = nuuru (suurya) – Kaurava(100 sons=1sun)
Sahasra(1000) =aayiram(Tamil-1000) =sa(X)-hasra(cakra-wheel,bhadra-
cipher,five,patri-bird?) = saha(dasa-10)-sra(sata-100).

or ?

Thus for counting also Tamil depends on Bharata.

The Roman numerals are commonly believed to have started with the ancient Etruscans
but Bharata is the original source.Note the
Roman numbers l=1,V =5, X =10 ,L=50, C =100 ,D = 500, M =1000 etc.
The Roman numerals were adopted from the Bharata counting system as seen from the

symbols for V(panca= ),X(dasa= ),L(L=Vpancaasat=bhadra dasa cf.

?),C(sata=saras= ),D( or cf. sara = 5,sata=100),M(sahasra ?M=Z) etc

The saha in saha-sra can be a maha(buffalo) and mu-kha(face).Bhadra is the bull(1) and
the cipher (0).Mu(three)-kha(cipher,the sun) with sra(srii=1) gives=1000..
Hence sahasra is a mahaabhadra(great bull,a pond,Ganga) also.

Probably the mesha being agna is the basis for the decimal system and the fish
being paada(4,but bhadra=10) and dvaadasa(12) is the basis for the duodecimal system.
Thus the paada(foot) is 12 inches(angu).The sexagesimal system of the Sumerians and
Babylonians were derived from the hasta(dasa) and shashti(sa-hasta=sixty) of the
Bharats. Dasa is the bhadra(the bull head and the crossed hands) from which the Tamils
get pattu(ten = bhadra = 1 and 0).The English ten = dasa(n = z) .

The Harappans measured their land with measuring rods and classified the lands also.

Kara(hand) – kala(amsa-part,kara) – gana(count) – paaNa(hand)-paana(a jar)-pala(a

weight,bhaara-weight) –sara(five,water cf.sar- Sumerian measure of bricks) .
bhuja (arm-cubit) – cf.muzha-kkol of the Malayaalees = cubit(bhuja) for the Egyptians
tulaa (libra) = dvi(two)-na(0) = dina(day)=sama(equal,amsa-part)=100palas(hundred has
two na s in it )
pala = bhaara(weight,20tulaa) = 4 kazhanju(cf.a drachm of meat = kala-amsa, kara-
amsa) = 4 karshas=1/100 tula
Pala is tulaa ,sama(equal) and bhaara(weight) .
tuula = kaarpaasa= or cotton
Sulka (cf.shekel)is muulya(price) and tula-a(ka)= sama(equal) = maasha(a weight
cf.sama-equal).
Name was often the unit of purity. For example bhadra is gold and bhadra is 10.But the
Keralites say pure gold as having pattara(10 ½ ) maattu(maatra).This is by making
bhadra(gold) = pattara. Hence the purity of gold was fixed at that.

From na(grain,ha=kha=0),ma(water and time) and naa(maanava-man) maana(measure),

maapana(measure,scale) etc.evolved.

Hasta is bhuja . This gave the muzhakkol(measuring rod of Kerala). This continuity
from Harappa was used till the Indian government decided to switch over to the SI
weights and measures. But note that a metre has a matra or netra in it.
A gram and kilo has a kara or gana or bhaara in it.
An inch has an angu,ansu,anga,ank,angula etc.in it..
Uras(vakshas-chest) =maaRu ( Malayalam-chest). = cf. u -sar (paRa ?)
udara = yojana (4 krosas = 9 miles) = or maasha ?
Kara = kala = gana =sara=hala (cf.centum = kentum,sapta = hapta etc.)are all measures
derived from maanava (human body) as maapana (scale).

Bhadra = field = paddy field . Until recently the Keralites used to ask etra para
nilam(vayal) untu?(How many para of field have you got?).It is the area of field
covered by a para(drona) of paddy.

A drona = 4aadhakas =16 pushkalas=128 kuncis=1024 mushtis,or = 200 palas =1/20

kumbha,or =1/16 khaarii= 4aadhakas,or =2 aadhakas=1/2 suurpa = 64seras,or =32
seras.It is para (=10itangazhi or itangaali) for the Keralites.
Its smaller units were called naazhi(naali=1/40 of para),idangazhi(idangaaali= 4
naazhi=1/10 of para)
An acre has kara(hand), agra(border) , asra(angle),dhara(earth cf. sar) in it.

33. An inscription and the SOV language

The inscription appearing on the pot containing 17 bangles as given by Dr. Wells is:

samaa vas sapta,maatra,netra bhadra tra na,e netra(kha),na

Kha(hollow,aperture ) is rava(the sun) in the Indus script and the Devanaagari script. Rava is
kara(hand,hara-fire),vara(bridegroom,choicest,cover cf.vala-bangle),nava(new,nine cf.nishka-
nakai -jewel in Tamil). Nava(kara) netra was made nava ratna(nine gems ) later. Kara netra is

bangle.The netra(eye) is shown on the kara(hand) in by the circle on the curve(va-kra=kara)

like the eye of the needle.

continues to be e in Devanagari and English. The three lines forming sa-ra=tra = N= E=A.
It is na+ra,ma+ra,a+ ra etc.E is Vishnu who is also Naaraayana.

can be arc(to shine,to worship),arka(the sun),argha(price). arha(god,arh-to worship) ,srii

etc. also. Eka + ha = ekaaha(a form of sacrifice).

bhadra can be 1 and 0(cipher,ten). It can be a stop also as yashti is yati.

sapta can be sabda(sound),tapasa(the sun),tavas(strength),paatra(jar),

bhadra(10,mountain),maatra(measure),maatara(mother),satra(house),
netra(eye,offering) etc.Sapta is asva as sabda is vacas(speech-asva) and tapasa is
agna(asva).

vas(to shine,to dress,to dwell cf.usha-dawn,vasu-ray) ,

vasana(attire,ornament),vasati(house),vaasa(house),vana(house) etc

is naasa(nose),svaaha(visarga),maasa(month),maata(mother),maasha(a weight),
sama(end,sava-corpse,Siva),zamaa(year,zama=equal) etc.
The last two symbols read together as samaavisa(samaavas-to settle in,samaavesa-enter
together,samaavishta-entered together or filled with,samaasraya-shelter together,samaavid-to
cause to know etc.)
The inscription may be read as :
Netra(offering)- netra(karanetra-bangle)- saptaabhadra(17)- samaavisa(kept inside) =
(offering) bangles 17 kept (together). Netra netra like neti neti can denote the vedic style of giving
emphasis or making a point.
From the pa of bha-vana(house) , va-asa(house) and the samaa symbol we can have samaapa
(sacrificing or offering oblations to the gods) . Hence reading in the vedic reverse style it can be

Samaapa(offering) saptaabhadra(17) sran(to give,to present) na(kha-bangle) .

Sran –na can also be read as kravana ( worshipper ),kriinana (purchasing), kreni (sale) etc.
The most difficult part in reading the Indus inscriptions is the anvaya(syntax or logical connection)
which offers several alternatives in the vedic parokshapriya style.

This sentence also shows the SOV nature of the language to which branch Sanskrit and Tamil
belongs.

The Indus inscriptions include words indicating akshara(god),raksha(protection,amulet),

laksha(identification mark),anka(mark,count),bhadra(auspiciousness;happiness to you,good luck
to you),bharata vaaca(names of the sun or fire gods),bhadra naama(names of the god
kings,tribes,places), numbers,weights and measures,details of sacrifices,general communications
and instructions etc.as we have seen.
 34. Difference in number constructions indicate word differences in Bharata

Sapta(seven) is formed from sabda(sound) and tapasa(the sun). Hence it is a holy number.
|||||||| =7 (sapta).But these hair lines or digits denote na,ha(ha-sta=hand) etc. Hence
the sapta becomes saptaaha(a week of seven days),hapta (seven) etc.

What is the diference between||||||| and ? The first is sapta and saptaaha. The second is
maatra(measure),netra (offering,eye) , Dru-pada(pra-bhaata-dawn) etc.

With the fish(bhadra=bali,netri=offering,soma,savanna etc.) it probably indicates the number of

sacrificial animals or sacrifices or mantras as in

bhadra(1,0) netra(2) =12, 20 or 21. netra bhadra(1,5,10,0) or dvaadasa(12=21 in

reverse.
It can also indicate Satraaha(destroyer of foes,Indra) or simply bhadra(auspicious,soma,king)
sabda(word,speech). Asva-netra is Visvaa-Mitra also.

35. One tribe of Bharadvaaja and the twelve tribes of Israel.

Israel is said to have twelve tribes. One of the reasons for the 12 tribes is the 12
rasis(signs of the zodiac). But there is another reason also.
Rigveda being bharata has bhadra(10) mandalas.
Bharata is ten. But Bharadvaaja is bhadra-dvaya = dvaadasa =12. Hence the gotra of
Israel (Indra,iisvara) should have 12 tribes.

.Egypt is Pisces = ushas.It is Soma(Moses) and sona(blood). Israel sprinkled the

blood of rams(aja=usha=dawn) on the door lintels of their houses to get out of Egypt.The
the sona(blood) Israel poured is the sona varna (aruna varna-red colour ) of the dawn
when the sun cross Pisces(Egypt = ijya-Jupiter,pat-pada-foot → ushas .There is a miina-
fish in Memphis and a dyaush pitaa-Jupiter-in Hout-ka-ptah or Aegyptus.The old
kingdom name Kemet-black land- is in fact matsa-mahisha-the black bull = medini-the
earth itself as explained by the Aitareya Braahmana.Misra = land,the Arabic name of
Egypt also indicate medini and the bhadra-mahisha.)

Bhadra(bali) = sapta(7) = sa(|||)maa(||||)pa( ) =sacrifice=34 = the number of ribs of the

asva(vacas=sabda=sapta=7=3+4=34).
Maa(measure) →maasa(month) → maapana ( measurement,balance)
→ vamsa(tribe,10 kol) → vimsa(1/20)
Maapana is measure and samaapa is sacrifice. Bharadvaaja vamsa = Bharadvaaja
samaapa . Bharadvaaja = 12 . Israel has 12 tribes.
Thus one tribe of Bharadvaaja is the twelve tribes of Israel.

Bharadvaaja sahasra can be the recitation of AUM 1000 times

The numbers accompanying the fish can be the number of mantras to be recited in a

sacrifice.Different numbers were considered for different classes like 360,720,800,1000

etc. and the selected mantras were those composed by the Rishi of one’s own

gotra(Aitareya: 7.7) as seen in paara 6.

Since bhadra(asva)=bharata(asva)= = , (in para 33) = (H-9),

the two inscriptions may be the same or carry the same sense.With the unicorn(Bharadvaaja,

bhadraasva) it can indicate netra(offering)-bhadra(bull)-bharadvaaja(12) or netra(offering)-

sapta(7)-bhadraasva(buffalo) also.

36.Samhita mantra style

Sikhapaatha,rekhaapaatha,maala,dhvaja,danda,ratha,ghana etc are various styles of

reading the veda. Samhita is the style of unbroken word,which means the first word to

the last word of the veda form an uninterrupted whole.The last letter of the first word

merges with the first letter of the second word.. The repetition of letters in compound

words is not because of the Tamil style of duplication of the first letter of the second

word in compound word formation. In fact Tamil inherited this trait from the samhita

style of the Bharats. The words were read both ways also.This is why the

boustrophedon writing style is also seen in some of the inscriptions .

The words were read forward and backward to make paatha - learning of pada (word) -
perfect as veda.
Eg. bhadra (bull)- paatra( jar )-patra(leaf)- drava(fish)- srava(ear ,food,soma)- dru(tree)-
tra(three)-srii(the sun,word,light). The fish + leaf symbols (soma bhadra) in the
Harappan scripts arise from this.
Another application is in measurements.
Shat = 6 = 5+1 . In reverse it is dasa = 10.
The symbol for shat = V1.
The first 1(hand) when crossed by the second I(hand) we have X = dasa(ten).
Now multiplying dasas(X) we have sata(C=100). From the reverse of dasa(shat=6) we
have shat sa = sixty. Hence we have the shashty and sata(dasa) systems of counting.

The Harappan scripts have multiple applications as already seen. For example naasa is
mesha,maasha,visarga,agna,nagna etc.Bhadra is bharata, paada,
paatra,praata,bhaasha,bhadra(o,king,bull,ten,gold,full,field) etc.
In several cases word duplication is there in the netra-netra,neti-neti style.

37. Inter relation of the weights and measures.

The basic unit is maa (= = ) or maana(n=m) = naama =paana(jar)=paaNa(hand)=paNa

(stake,wage,price,a weight=20 maashas,commodity for sale,wealth,business etc.)

From this we have ||||=ma,maa-na = paada(foot) = biija(seed,cipher) = bhuja(arm).Hence

paada and miina became units of measurement.Miina is niiLa(length= doora = distance.)
for Tamils and mile for the Romans.Now n=m=z

Hence we have ma(time)-maa(N=Y)- maana - mina - maasa - maasha - naasa - maata =

samaa(year)= sa-maya(time) = yaama(a unit of time) –maaya(a goddess)- Yama(the god
of time and death).

The aNu is a unit and aNu is atom.Anu is man. Man’s standard length limit is six feet.
The body has three divisions, namely ,the foot (1),body(2=hands=va) and head(3 = sar =
tra) .Since saras(srii,three) forms the limit at the top and the number of limbs are 4,
4x3=12,the number of signs in the zodiac and the number of inches in a foot.Standard
fingers on the two hands are five+five = ten. Sums and multiples of 1, 2,3,4,5 and 6
=2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,15,18,20,24,27,30,60,120,360 etc. became the standard units to
count with. There are 6 ritus and 60 samvatsaras(years) in the time reckoning of the
Bharats.

Land was measured by the measure of paddy it can fill in sowing. Nellita is a measure
=1/8 of an inch .

Paada being laabha(F=L foot=leg) fish + bhadra can indicate subha laabha also.
 laabha subha(svaaha,bhadra) = pasu(go=cow)-laabha(gain).

38. Units of measurement in the ancient world.

. The Egyptians used units like the royal cubit(bhuja) and itrw(drava
=travel,water,fish;doora-distace) for length. Weights were made in units known as
debens(cf. Bharata- bhadra = panca-five; pala=bhaara-weight cf. H103.) .

The unit of value was Sna (vocalized as shena = cf.Bharata- maasha,mesha) . The word
shena was not used as the name of a weight. One deben(panca-5,dozen-12) equalled
12 shena(5+7=12)

Some of the weights from the Dynastic period take the form of bull's heads , cattle

or other animals.

The measurements for capacity included the "jar" (hin cf.miina), the "barrel"
(hekat, heqat cf.Bharata- kataaha,kalasa) ,and the "sack" (khar cf.Bharata -khaara
or khaarii).

Besides grain, these measurements were also used to measure items such as honey, resin
and gold-dust.

The Hebrews used units like the cubit (Bharata-bhuja) to measure length,the
log(Bharata-kosa) to measure capacity,and the mina(maneh or shekel) as measure of
weight. The original measures of length were derived from the human body: the finger,
hand, arm, span, foot, and pace. The Hebrew system was derived from the Babylonian
system which in turn evolved from Sumerian and Bharata roots.

Litra(cf.Bharata –maatra),ezba(finger breadth cf.Bharata – bhadra-finger),zeret(span-

bharata-kara-hand),hasit(content and width of the hand cf. Bharata-hasta- hand),
pesiah(pace cf.Bharata-paada-foot), ris(stadium cf.sar =sara=dhara -kara=5,ghar-
house), bezah(egg cf Bharata –biija – paada-bhuja) etc. are some of the units.

Kapiza( cf. Bharata kosa,kalasa) was a small vessel often used as a measure .
The Babylonians used weights and measures like

Gan , Gerah, Gur , Mina , Sar and ka(cf.Bharata =saras=ka=head) etc .

The Old Babylonian system used units like

the kush (cubit cf Bharata-bhuja) for length, sar (garden-plot Bharata-sa or bhadra-
fence,dhara-earth) for area and volume, sila(fish cf. Bharata = miina-drona ) for capacity
and mana (Bharata-maasha)for weight. At the base of the system is the barleycorn,
she, used for the smallest unit in length, area, volume and weight.

The Akkadians made use of a letter š called a shin, pronounced as 'sh'(cf. min-netra-

cakshu – soma grain = nellita-in Malayalam. The barleycorn is a 'še', ( 'shay' ='she.'
Cf Bharata –mesha = maasha = sa) .Thus the Babylonian ka gets a link to Akkadian

se through the (please note that the actual quantity indicated by these names need not
be the same in different systems).

39. The Sumerian system of weights and measures .

How the sexagesimal system came into use?The answer is sixty also is hasta or

sa-hasta or shat dasa. One can count up to 60 using two hands. On the left hand there
are three parts on each of four fingers (excluding the thumb). The parts are divided from
each other by the joints in the fingers. Now 1x2x3=
6(ritus);2x3x4=24(horas);3x4x5=60(years) and 1x2x3x4x5=120(the life of man in the
Bible,in the vimsottari dasa scheme etc.For the Keralites the life of Mahaabali was
terminated by the third foot of Vishnu!).One can count up to 60(=3x4x5) by pointing
at one of the twelve parts of the fingers of the left hand with one of the five fingers of
the right hand. This gives a way of finger counting up to 60 . hasta(hand) = shashti
(hand)shows that the sexagesimal system also originated in Bhaarata. Shashtika is
that which was bought for sixty.Shashti yojanii(journey of sixty yojanas) ,shashti
haayana(period of sixty years) etc. are other examples. The Babylonian number

( cunei form symbol) wedge is the hand itself. In general length, volume, and mass
were derived from a theoretical standard cube, called 'gur',( Gur cf.Bharata -caru-pot)

filled with either barley, wheat, water, or oil. Units of length were prefixed by the
logogram DU (�- ) a convention of the archaic period counting system from which it
was evolved. Du is do(the hand ) of Bharata.
Doo -ra is distance or length in dos(arm) and padas(foot,pada = do as v = u).

Sumerian measures of shekel(gin,Bharata-kala,kalasa,sulka),sar(garden,Bharata-

bhadra-field,sara-5),ku(field,Bharata-ku=earth),pur(estate,Bharata-pur
=mansion,city) etc. have their roots in Bharata. The seg-sar(720 bricks,
Akkadian:libittu-muusaru) is the paRa(bhadra-drona) for the South Indians.

Capacity

Shekel(gin,Bharata-kana,gana,jala=kala,kalasa,maatra cf ma=water),bowl

(sila ,Bharata-kosa,camasa),vessel(ban,Bharata-paana) etc. have roots in Bharata .

Mass

The units of mass grain(se,cf.Bharata sa-ma = tula),shekel(gin ,Bharata-

sila,saraka,kalasa),pound(ma-na,phala,paNa),load(gun,Bharata-tulaa,pala)

have their roots in Bharata . Ma-na = maana( pari-maa-na = measure) is miina

itself.

Time

.The calendar of Nippur dates to 3500 BCE and was itself believed to be based on older
astronomical knowledge of an uncertain origin(Bharata origin) .The main
astronomical cycles used to construct the calendar were the synodic month, equinox
year, and siderial day as used by the Bharats. Some units of time are gesh(Bharata-
dasa –time),mu-es(second,Bharata-nimisha),da-na(Bharata-vinadi
cf.na=ma),ud(day,Bharata-diva,dina-day),Itud(month,Bharata –raasi-sign or month,ritu-
bimonth),mu(year,Bharata –ma-time,yama-god of time,samaa-year,samaya-time)

The similarity of the words is not accidental as already discussed in BTLOTH. It is

probably because of the migration of the Bharats to Sumer around the close of the fifth
millennium BCE.

40. Bharata measurements of time.

We have seen that the principle of maanava as maapana was first employed by the
Bharats and the ancient world followed their measuring systems. Samaya is sayana and sa
(god) –yama(god of time).

The bhuja,the paada,the paatra(kalasa,drona),maatra etc. paved the way for measuring
units.

The Bharata measurements of time can be summarized as below:

 • a paramaanu(nimisha) is the normal interval of blinking in humans, or
• approximately 4 seconds
• a vighati is 6 paramaanus, or approximately 24 seconds
• a ghati is 60 vighatis, or approximately 24 minutes
• a muhurta is equal to 2 ghatis, or approximately 48 minutes
• a nakshatra ahoratram or sidereal day is exactly equal to 30 muhurtas
• A leekshaka is 1/60th of a paramaanu
• a lava is 1/60th of a leeksha
• a renu is 1/60th of a lava
• a truti is 1/60th of a renu .
• a yaama is 7½ ghatis =3hours
The day was divided into 30 parts and the night into thirty parts.(RV.6.59.6) or .
four yaamams(AV.6.21.2).
Sapta(seven,divasa-day) - ahas(days) constituted a saptaaha(a week).

A maasa or lunar month (approximately 29.5 days) was divided into 2 pakshas,

the sukla(white) and the Krishna(dark) .

The year was divided into twelve months and occasionally an intercalary month was

added to make the year agree with the seasons.A month had thirty days and the year had

360 days. The year was also divided into three seasons of four months

and six seasons of two months each.(AV.6.55.2).The 28 lunar mansions beginning with

Krittika(the spring equinox) and including Abhijit are named in AV.19.7 and Taittiriya

samhita 4.4.10.

Measurements of volume

60 bindu = 1 saana(cf.naasa-nose,maasha) =1 teaspoon(3.55 ml)

8 saana =1 sukti=1 ounce

2 sukti =1 pala=2 ounce(cf.pala-kara-hand,pada-foot)

2 pala = 1 prasruta=4 ounce

2 prasruta=1 kudumba=8 ounce

2 kudumba = 1 saraava=16 ounce(cf.sara-arrow,water;srava-ear)

2 saraava=1 prastha =32 ounce(911.12 ml)

 Measurements of Mass

60 grain = 1 dram(3.888 mg)

3 dram=1 tola

40 tola= 1 raattal

1 grain = 1/6 pana(65 mg)

6 grain=1 pana

12 ½ pana=1¼ dram

30 pana=1 tola =2½ kazhancu

¾ kazhancu =1saana

2 saana=1 kola

2 kola=1 karsha

2 karsha=1 sukti

2 sukti=1 pala

2 pala=1 prasruta(10 tola cf.suula-spear)

2 prasruta=1 kudumba(40 tola)

2 kudumba=1 saraava

100 pala=1 tulaam(5 kilogram 831 gram 900 milligram)

41. The fish eating alligator.

The fish is asva(vacas) and the graaha is karna(ear) .Hence in simple logic this is the
bharata(speech) being caught by the srava(ear).The fish itself is srava(bhadra-
soma).Hence it is a lump or morsel of rice in the hand or in the mouth.The fish is also
netra(eye). Hence this is eye and ear. Netra is Indra, Mitra,Naarada etc.Srava
=karna(ear)=graaha(alligator)=nakra(alligator)=makara(alligator)=mihira(the sun). Hence
this is called makaramatsya(makara varsha =Solstitial year.).Karna is Varuna. The
makara matsya is Maitraa -Varuna.-the winter solstice- when the annual sun is at the
peak of the south sea(the sky).Maitraa-varuna is also one of the priests attending a soma
sacrifice.

The Christians celebrate this as Chrismas.The Tamils celebrate it as Pongal .

Bhadra(bull) is deva(god) and deepa(lamp). At Sabari mala (bhadra- sahari-lamp or the
sun cf. Malayalam- takazhi-lamp) ,in Kerala ,this is celebrated as Makaravilakku
(vilakku –deepa-lamp).

The ear so(srava = varsha = sarad-year cf.mu= year for the Sumerians.) + ma(fish,time)
= sravana = soma(the sun,the moon,rice),Sankara(Siva),dhanakara(giver of
wealth),jina(the sun) etc .Thus the fish eating alligator is soma(mu=so
=srava=varsha=year,ma = time) raaja.

Makara is na(like)-kara(hand,ray;vaara-tail).The solstice is the tail since the day sun is

not visible in the north(midnight) against which the annual sun gives the winter solstice.

Makara is harana(hand ,ray).Makaraasva is also the sun covered by his rays.The hand is
dos(cf.so).Thus soma is madhu(honey,liquor) ,soora(the sun) and doora(distance)

whence we have the muzhakkol(measuring rod.) .Harana is hiranya(gold) as soma

is svarna(gold). Harana is also offering whence it can denote offering of bulls.

The asva(rays) with a bhadra(uni-horn) is the bhadraasva.The bhadra of the asva is

bharata(fire, speech) and praaata(dawn). But asva is also abda(year, abdi is the ocean). In
the Mahaabhaarata Kunti (Sindhu cf.Bhaarata= pa-water,varsha-rain,year,place,vrita-
covered;vinaati-time,sudina-day) gave birth to Karna- a son of suurya first, and rightly
he is the first Paandava. But he was made a king by Duryodhana(suuryodaya-sunrise
only) and he was on the side of the Kauravas(suurya) in the Kurukshetra(srii-
kshidra;valsara)- yuddha (udaya).Why?Naturally, a son of the suurya will be on the side
of the Kauravas(suurya-varsha-year) itself. Now how can Karna be made a king by
Duryodhana? Varsha(year,vaara-water,sa-god)=Varuna=nripa(king) =Karna = Kaama=
karma(work)=janma(birth)=Dharma(god of death) =madana(kaama deva) =
srava(year,food) = makara = naraka(Hades) = nagara(city) = Kerala .Thus though Karna
was the king of Anga(Agna) and nurtured by Raadha(Vaisaakha,raaDa-light,the month of
agna is Raadha),Kerala being Karna and keRal(Pongal= sun rise), if we want we can
make him king of Kerala .Nowadays Kerala is called god’s own country also. For the
Harappans Makara was the god’s country and naraka was the devil’s country as savita is
god and his reverse form pisaaca is the devil.Makaraketana is both Kaamadeva and
Varuna(Karna).In fact the role of Kaamadeva is clear from the fact hat Kunti gave birth
to Karna(similar to the birth of Christ) before her marriage to Paandu(Bhaanu-the sun) .

Now va-rsha(raaja) by itself is a raaja(cf.Bhaarata varsha=melukaah=king) but

is visible as the king at p-raata(raaja) and Anga(agna) given by Duryodhana

(suuryodaya).The Harappans used to reckon time from sunrise

and it continues till date in all astrological calculations with the difference of the mistake
of mixing up the tropical and the sidereal years, though the western systems still follow
the logical Harappan tropical year for their calculations. Var(water)-sha(jha-storm and
rain,Indra) is rain.Varsha is Varuna cf. John Mamdaana. Indra and Mihira showers the
rain of light.Varuna is the lord of the sea(the sky).Srava(soma) being varsha,the soma
festival is the festival of the New Year.

Makara is the position of the sun in the nabhasa( sky) and kataka(svarga-heaven) is the
position of the sun in the naraka(Hades) in the day cycle.Varuna is called
makaraasva,makaraketana,makaradhvaja,makaravaahana etc.also.Thus the fish eating
alligator is a figure of Varuna itself and it indicated Maitraa-Varuna for the Harappans ,
the makaradeepa for the Keralites, the makarappongal for the Tamils etc.

According to Aitareya Braahmana the bhadra(varsha-year,vrisha-bull,Indra) is

Daksha(asva-bull,abda-year).Hence the makaraasva is the solsticial year.

Now, bharata is bhadra (bull ,stone. cf Hindi-pattar-stone,Greek-petros-stone).A Brit-on

has a lot of Bharata blood in him.A bhadra being stone the Bharats on their reach in
England(Wiltshire-Amesbury-Salibury) created the circular (bhadra-vritta-varsha-circle)
stonehenge(bhadra) as the burial ground as Varsha(Varuna;haa-yana,yama,ina;mrita-
dead) is the god of death .Praata(dawn) is preta(dead body).Sava is deva.Hence burial
sites were created to camouflage the actual purpose of solar worship at the equinox and
the solstice.Bhadraasva(unicorn) is praata-avasa(rising sun) denoted by the pareta-
avasa(dead king or bull) in the asvamedha and has the same significance,the bhadra

( rising stone ) being the rising horn .

The work on the stone henges was said to have begun by around 3100BCE.
Interestingly another branch of the same people began the work on the
pyramids(Bharata→pramiita-dead body of the sacrificial victim,Siva= sava-corpse;

m- ri-death,nri-king,srii-the sun,fire;Egyptian→mr-pyramid) around the same time.

The South Indians followed this custom by raising the hero stones which is called
natukal or naattakkallu(memorial stone;natu-to plant,kal-stone) in Malayalam.But natu
is naatu ( bhadra = place,king,bull,stone = viira=hero) and maatu(soma-bull) . This
bhadra memorials is a common Bharata trait.

Thus the year sun was worshipped in the form of worship of the dead(pitri = varsha) as
happened in the case of Karna.The Year has to depend on sunrise to become visible.The
solstice ,though takes birth at midnight has to wait till sunrise to become visible.It is thus
the tail of the bull of light.In other words seeing the rise of the solstitial sun was of great
festivity to the Bharats and it is their hallmark. In Tamilnaadu the bhadra is not the stone
pillar but the bull itself which they tame on the day of the makarappongal(the sunrise
of makara.).

Kerala = makara = Karna = Varuna .keral(rise) = makarappongal . Hence Mahaabali

(bali = bhadra =bull,king) descended in Kerala during the Onam and ascended in
Tamilnaadu at the makarapongal.

For the Keralite the bhadra is the deepa which is seen on the Sabari(Sahari-bhadra)
mala(mountain= bhadra,parvata-mountain,prabhaata-dawn). For the Christians

all over the world it is Happy (Greek-makar=happy) Christmas.

Bhadraasana(eating the bull or fish - soma - rice) is also bhadraazana(the throne of the
king) which is also makara ketana (one with makara for his
house=Varuna=nripa=king).

Gaayatri being prakaasa(light) , an indication of

Gaaya-tri (ca+ghaz-to swallow = cakaas = to shine) also can be seen in this.

Paada(bhadra,deva )graaha is the kolam .

.
Paada –graaha(kolam) =bharatagriha(a Brahmin’s house= devagriha = deva
graama=Brahmin’s village) . Bharata is pattana(city).
Bharata(purusha-men) -nagara (naa-man,gana-group) nagara(nakra). .Graaha is
graama.Asvakarna is a mountain and Asva griiva is a king.
Nagara (city,graama-village )- bhadra(bhartaa-ruler) or bharata graama(Brahmin village) is

also indicated in this.

A matsa graaha is a fisherman . This matsya graaha is Peter (bhadra) whom Christ made
a martyagraaha (catcher of men).
But the bhadra graaha is the farmer who ploughs the fields holding his bulls or buffaloes.
Important rituals in the Rgvedic period were concerned with Agni (Fire), Soma (the
sacred drink), and a pot which is heated, and from which a hot drink (Gharma) is
offered to the god Indra and to the two Asvins.
Jyotishtoma(agnishtoma) is a soma sacrifice.Bhadra(bhaarata) is jyoti(light).It is the
Makara Jyoti.

In the seal M-312,a bhadra(bull) is seen to hurl in the wind five(bhadra)

purusha(bharata).In the Egyptian Sed(sada =soma bhadra=rice=king and bull) festival
the King(bhadra) had to tame the Apis bull(bhadra).The farmer was told to hold the
hala(siira) and instead he began to catch the kaalai(the bull) which is called
jallikkattu(bull taming) by the Tamils.A kola is also soma and the kolam is used to
worship soma bhadra(srava-rice,suura bhadra-sunshine) every morning by the white
soma bhadra powder(kolappoti) sprinkled in front of the house in various bhadra forms.
Interestingly the Heb Sed festival was to be celebrated every thirty years. The Bharata
term for thirty is trimsat.Trimsat → soma srii (rice)→ trina-sada=
rice;mrit(earth,death)-sta(sit,stay);tri(three,srii-rice,king)-dasa(ten,period). Thus this also
has a reference to the soma king(rice).The Egyptians considered the tail as the tail of the
wolf(Bharata- vrika) god Wepwawet.But vrika(wolf) is vrisha(bull) and Wepwawet is
Viirabhadra=prabhaata=prakaasa(light).Prakaasa is vrika(wolf,vrisha-bull)-sa(iisa-
god),ta(tail).Hence the wolf god and the bull god has a tail of light itself.A Sed feast is
seen recorded in the solar temple at Abu Gurab during the period of the Ra king
Nyuserre Ini(ca.2416 BC-2392 B.C) probably to denote the thirtieth Jubilee of the
King’s ascension to the throne or a soma festival.The body of the king said to be eaten
by the worshippers during theSed festival can be beef(bhadra=bull,king) or rice(soma
bhadra = king) like the purodaasa(bhadra-as→ rice- eat) or the Eucharist.The period of
the king agrees with the mature Harappan period.Note the vaara( tail,roof) in the trina of
soma bhadra as shown :

viira bhadra → suma bhadra → soma bhadra → soma bhadra (rice) →

→ → → → → → → →. → → → →

→ → etc.
The makara matsya is also Maitraavaruni(Agastya).It is Happy Christmas! Augustus
Caesar is often associated with the period of Christ also!
Karna = Varuna = Varsha = bhadra = Soma = Siva (bhadra).Rudra
is mutala(Malayalam-a graaha) .Sankara(Siva) is sa-nakra.Bhadra is the lord of
iisaana(northeast-Pisces-fish) from where the sun rises in the morning.
 , denote soma bhadra by the suula(trident,suura-soma-the sun,sona-fire,blood)-
patra(leaf,bhadra-water,light,Siva,rice) and soma(jambhiira-jambiira-jambhala-jambha-lemon,
Malayalam-jona-ka-naara-ka=lemon,jona =jam= soma = naara = water =
bhadra=bhiira=viira=vaara=miina=fish) placed on it which is a common sight in Hindu
temples.Along with patra(leaf) and bhadra(circle,head) sometimes a separate square or

rectangular bhadra is also used to indicate soma bhadra(deva).

→ → → →
Srava-patra is karma patra( the ear lobe) and soma bhadra (sasa bhadra)

The Bharat’s link to the Egyptians is also shown by the large number of common words
for the two languages (refer Bharata the language of the Harappans) . Also compare
Egyptian scripts like

, , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , etc. with the Bharata scripts , , , , ,

, , , or , , , , , , or , , ,
etc.Let us take one or two examples to illustrate:

= = Sumerian →kur = mountain, Egyptian → ha-sh-t = foreign land.

Bharata → giri=mountain,parvata(mountain;para-other,rava-the sun;pada-foot,vaasa-
house),prabhaata-dawn from where the sun goes to the high land or the sky,pravaasa = staying
abroad.

Man with bow and arrow. In Egyptian this is h-f-t-j = foe. Bharata → aapad=vipad =
tearing,destroying,paataka=hatya=killing,satru-enemy;satru →sa(with),sha(man)-
sara(arrow)

42. The Unmistakable gaayatri

gaayatri : Gaayatri is defined as that which protects the singer, a vedic metre

with six letters in a line, one who recites the hymns of the Saamaveda etc.

gaayatri→ savitri(the sun)→sa(bird,god=ra)-patri(bird=vi )-srii ( the

Sun),tri(three)→jaya(the Sun), gaaya (singing),yaaga(sacrifice) ,ja(light)-srii→

prakaasa(light )→ tri(three)-kaaya(body) etc.

kesari(a lion),khecarii(khacarii-Durga), gaatra(the body,sariira is

srii ;hence gaayatri is marked on the body );tri(three) –ka(head,kha-cipher);

tilaka;ka(agni)-strii(a woman),patri(bird,gayatri often takes the form of syena-the

heavenly falcon);bhadrikaa(an amulet); gaya(the sky)-srii(the sun-the sun in the sky).

On DTIS page 91 Fig 6.3 the three sides of the Harappan amulet H-3305, wherein a

nagna(naked )bhadra(girl) close to whose legs the (sa,bhadra,patri ) mark is

written is shown.

strii(woman) + →ka-strii …ka-srii…gaayatri .

Srii-ka is Agni (the Sun) or Sarasvati. Gaayatri(jayasrii) is also the Sun .

On DTIS page 111 and112. Fig7.14 the animal bodies (carii-animal-srii) are marked

with gaayatri by way of marks of srii(the Sun ), athari( finger), adri( mountain),

tri(three-three lines), and three leaves (equivalent to trefoil) marks on the

kaaya(body) of the animals. In B12 B6(page112) the gayatri is directly shown by the

lute(ka - gaaya)+three line symbols.

 saa-pa-tra = gaayatra=Drupada=prabhaata(dawn)

Joined bodies(kaaya) of animals(carii) shows saya( union,rati) and thereby gaayatri.

A three ka UUU or or ka-dri figure denotes gaayatri as do

, , , etc.

On DT1S page 212, the priest king is shown with marks of gaayatri(bhadrika) by way of

a circle on the forehead(circle-srii,head-ka), the beard lines(hair-line-srii,head-ka) and

the trefoils (tripatra—sriibhadra; three circle –tri-kha—gaayatri).

The trefoils correspond to fire(bharata=pa-tra) places (hearth) and fire.

On DTIS page 228 gaayatri is written in fig13.6 as

sa-bhadra paa - pa-tra sara ->ravi→ subhadra,srii (tri)-bhadra

=jhasa= bhadra= bhadra( 10,0,1; stop;bull etc)

On DTIS page 13.16 the gaayatri is shown by the three leaves(trefoil,tri saakha-three

forks) motifs .

On DTIS page 254 Fig14.26, the seal K-50 shows the deity with a tree crest to show

gaayatri (kaaya-body,ka-head –dru-tree-srii)

Tree (dru-tri)+head (ka) → tri-ka—gaayatri

Srii (fire,the sun) is rati(sex).

On DTIS Page 219 Fig12.10,12.11,12.12;and on page 256 Fig 14.32;on page 257 Fig

14.33 etc. gaayatri is shown by the saya(sex)-rati(sex) =gaayatri.

In John Marshal’s Mohenjo-daro pl.CX11 No 387 a tree itself is shown with two

unicorn heads(ka +ka =kaa) projecting out from its stem in a gaayatri (kaa-

dru)pose.

Gaayatri is shown by

-> -> ->

Gaayatri(srii-chaaya→image of the Sun)

+ = savitri =bhaarata = gaayatri= = jhasha (fish)

=jhasha(fish=jha-Indra,sa-god,bird)= tri-ka,pa = patri(bird),gaayatri =

= gaayatri,pa-tra (bharata)

43. The myth of the soma

The soma oblation was often associated with animal sacrifice(RV.5.43.7).At the time of

oblations the gods were invoked by their secret names.(RV.9.95.2). Vishtarii offering

is extolled in AV.4.34 .Pious people performed the sataudaanam where a hundred

pots of boiled rice(cf.soma) were given away(AV.9.9cf.annadaanam-offering of food).

Sacrifices were given on New Moon and Full Moon days.

(AV.7.79,80,81cf.moon=soma).Fire sacrifices extending for nine and ten

months(RV.5.45.7,11) and year long(RV.7.103.8) were there.The soma might have been

the body( tanu-somos) , blood(sona) , fire(sona) and sound(svana).Seven adhvaryus

sprinkled it with water(RV.9.10.7 Cf.M-1186). Water itself is soma.(su-ma;ma =

water).The meat of the sacrificial victim was cooked and offered to the gods and

eaten by the worshippers.(RV.5.1.162.11,12).The asvamedha(avasa-medha = meat

juice of the king;avasa –mesha = the Aries Sun) denotes the sacrifice of the buffaloe or

the king.(RV.1.162.11-19).It was believed that the sacrificial victim did not die but went

to the gods(RV.1.162.21,AV.9.5.8).

44.The soma question

One of the most important allegations against a vedic origin for the Harappan

Civilization is based on the use of the mysterious drink called Soma by the vedic

Bharats and the extent of availability of this plant in various parts of the world from Iran

to America! Rigveda indicates that soma was to be bought from vikrayin (traders)

who belonged to the kutsa (sakata-vehicle cf.transporting grain in cartsRV.1.9.8;sudra-

farmer) gotras. Soma was to be sold for a cow (somakrayanii-price of soma).This shows

that the Vedic Bharats moved away from the original homeof the soma where it was

available in plenty. But as in the case of the asva and its bones ,the soma and its twigs

did not come up with satisfactory answers for several questions.

A few people of all times used some form of intoxicants and proof of this is available in

the form of its residue or its chemical derivatives in their containers.

From the presence of remains of small amounts of Ephedra(in the case of horse bones it

was the absence,but in the case of soma, it is the presence),it was concluded that soma is

Ephedra .Since it was abundantly available in the Iranian plateau, and the

Parsis call this plant haoma and use this in their haoma sacrifice, this plant was

considered as the soma plant of the Rigveda and the vedic Aryans were believed to
have entered India from Iran. Thus, improper understanding of a few terms from a great

text of a great civilisation and its consequent explanations were used as a tool to distort

its history and the history of the whole world itself.

The procedures in the Soma-sacrifice (e.g. the Jyotistoma) does not provide a suitable

occasion for the process of fermentation that an alcoholic drink would require.

Moreover, the Vedic texts prescribe the consumption of alcohol for someone who has

drunk too much Soma (alcohol will help digestion). One would hence expect that the two

have opposite effects. Hence Ephedra was chosen as the most favoured soma candidate.

But in the Christistian Holy Mass(medha,soma) ,the purodaasa(bread) and soma( wine)

are kept ready before the ritual begins.

Rigveda is a work of the greatest poetic genius .It is the veda of gira(pada-word).It
discusses each nuance of the padas (words) with great imagination and creates
narratives and stories around them.For example marut(wind,gold) is soma by the
elimination of r.Moksha (sky) is soma by the elimination of k .Taking the Rig words
and comments on face value can lead to grave misunderstandings as happened with the
asva,godhuuma etc. The soma myth is another story fabricated in this line.

45. soma , syena and tavas

Gaayatri brings soma to the earth in the form of the falcon-syena as it is

dhaanya(grain).

As per RV.9.48.3 Gaayatri in the form of Suparna(Garuda) is said to have brought

Soma from heaven to the earth. Suparna is svarna which is soma itself.
NellaRa(granary) is called ponnaRa(cellar of gold) by the Keralites.In the somayaga the
syena is made of bricks(bhadra = soma,brick).But in reality the syena is the soma
dhaanya itself. Standard Malayalam dictionaries(Gundert Nighantu,Sabda Taaravali etc.)
give the meaning of soma or suuma as the juice of Cynanchum acidum drunk at sacrifice,
nectar,rice gruel,milk,the sky,water,air,the moon,Siva,Yama,Kubera etc.

Compare the Malayalam words coru(rice=srava) and jor(Persian- zor-strength).

Eating coru gives jor.But r = m.Hence srava-coru-zor = soma(rice) itself.It is

tavas(strength,heat) of the soma.
 sa(bird) → = (sa,ma,na ) + V (ka,va,ya ) + = (sa,ma,na) →

savama=haoma=soma;savana (extraction of soma,sacrifice),sahas(tavas);

mahas(strength,yaaga,splendour),sayana(sex),syena(falcon), naasa(nose),
naama(name),saama(veda),dhaanya(grain) etc. Thus Gaayatri(Savitri) is

syena and soma and can bring soma from heaven(moksha-soma).

The priests attending a soma sacrifice are (1) the Hotr-priest, specialist of the Rgveda
with assistants- the Maitravaruna (or Prasastr cf.fish eating alligator), the Acchavaka
and the Gravastut.(2)the Adhvaryu, specialist of the Yajurveda with assistants- the
Pratiprasthatr, the Nestr, the Unnetr(cf.netra=fish=soma) and (3)the Udgatr, specialist of
the Samaveda with assistants- the Prastotr, the Pratihartr and the Subrahmanya.

There is a fourth group of assisting priests including the Brahman-priest,the

Brahmanacchamsin cf. , the Agnidh and the Potr .

Soma being bhadra(bull,Siva) ,the adhvaryu was to lead away the soma(Tamil-maatu)

with a leather whip(varatraa-kaanda ,Vritra-ghanta=Rudra ghanta=Siva= bhadra) .

46 . Soma candidates

A study of the Rigveda shows that for a plant to be called soma or saoma or haoma it
should satisfy the following conditions.Of course, sa is ha and na as in svaasa
(breath),naasa(nose) and svaaha. .

1. It should be able to explain the additional vowel a in the term.

2. It should be grown in water.
3. The plant should grow knot by knot.
4. It should have green leaves. It should have ansu

5. It should have hari (green,gold) colour.

6. It should be guarded by the Gandharvas.
7. It should be brought by syena(cf.dhaanya).
8 Its name should indicate it to be a king.(cf. paddy-bhadra-king,srii-raaja-king)

9 It should be a god (cf.srii –raaja-arici = anna =god)

10 It should be daughter of Meru(cf.bhadra=mountain).It should be giristha.
 1I It should be crushed by adri (stone).
It should be stored in kalasa(jars)-or large vessels(drona).
Drona = soma . cf.paRa = bhadra = paddy( Bharata dr =Dravidian
R,eg.bhadra = paaRa = rock)
12.I t should be fermentable.
13 It should be the food of all- both devas and men.
14.It should be available in sufficient quantity to be given to soldiers who went for war.

15.. Soma pounding is said to generate a lot of tapas( heat,tavas-strength).Hence it

should generate a lot of tavas during processing.

16.It should be miscible and consumable with milk,curd,ghee,sugar or honey ie.

it should be like a pancaamrita.

Asclepias acida is a a genus of herbaceous plants which yield an intoxicating milky

juice when squeezed. All of these are more or less poisonous. All the 114 hymns of
the ninth book of the Rig Veda are said to be in its praise.
In both the Rig Veda and Zend Avesta, Soma is the king of plants .

Soma is a regular name for the moon, which is regarded as being drunk by the gods and
so waning, till it is filled up again by the Sun.
Ragi is a soma from which madhu (that cause mada-intoxication and give moda-
happiness is soma ) extracted.

Can soma be cola (Great millet,maize as l=m) as it has a svarna(soma) colour. But the

problem with it is that it does not need the pavamaana part for eating.It can direcly be
boiled and eaten.Hence it loses its candidacy.

Can it be caama( syaamaka =Panicum miliaceum) of the Keralites?

Sugar cane is a soma(madhu) lata as it gives out the juice when pressed but it does not
require pavamaana and it does not generate tavas.Sugar is of course mixed with milk

and milk products to prepare sweets and sweet drinks.

Hence it is possible that either Ephedra or Draaksha(vine,grape) or both might have

served the role of sura and soma.But since Ephedra is poisonous it is unlikey
that a Vedic text should devote many of its hyms to its praise.Also if soma was a rare
thing how could it be a common food and its sura be given to soldiers fighting a war and
how could gambling houses serve meat and liquor (AV.6.70.1).

Now look at the term Draaksha.It is a relatively new term.Does it mean that the vedic
people were unaware of Draaksha.Wine is vine.If the Semitic tribes were aware of it the
vedic people were in all probability aware of it.

Draksha = dra(sura=madhu=soma)-rakta(red),raksha(protection).Rakta is sona(soma)

Draksh is to make sound. Draaksha is also sa(like,god,bird,snake)-rakta(blood),raksha

(protection).

The mushroom Amanita muscaria is considered as another soma candidate..

Cannabis (soma) is also suggested as a candidate as zulu warriors use it as an energizer.

The sacred lotus also is a candidate for it because of its form, color and haluucinating
properties.

Unless it was available in large quantities why it was stored in kalasas and dronas as
described in the Vedas?

Dra is to travel.Grape wine grows knot by knot,joint by joint .

Soma(su-ma=juice) is mentioned as existing in all plants (RV X.97.7). Water itself,

particularly that of the Himalayan rivers, is a kind of Soma (RV VII.49.4).

The presence of Ephedra at the Harappan sites led to the assumption that soma was

Ephedra .Ephedra being a madhu was probably used by a small number of people . .
Ephedra is a dry plant with very little juice.Then how can the juice be stored in
numerous kalasams and many large dronas? Drona as the name itself indicate is soma.So
Ephedra cannot be the vedic soma even though it has the properties of soma as
madhu(intoxicant).The custom of using Ephedra as soma is of later origin through the
Persian trade or migration links itself.

But was this plant that much important in the life of an entire population to get the
dedication of an entire mandala of the Rigveda to its praise? Were the vedic savants so
fond of intoxicants? Obviously,not.

Vedic soma is su-ma(water,happiness,Brahma), sona(fire),sona(blood),suura(the

sun),madhu(liquor,honey),svana(sound cf. Asva is vacas ,soma is svana),soma(the
sky,ray,air,rice gruel),tanu(the body), bhuumi(the earthcf.medini and
mahisha),saanu(mountain) ,dhuuma(smoke) etc.The sun rises from the udayagiri(a
mountain) in the distant east.Muuja(moksha-soma)-vat mountain(RV.10.34.1) is
prabhaata (usha -dawn) also.Prabhaata (dawn) is parvata(mountain).

Rigveda itself states that the first soma is the rising sun(soma,suura,usha ).Soma being
saanu(the sun,a hill) it was to be brought from the mountains.Indra ,the asvins and agni
(the rising sun) drinks a lot of Soma which is the soma(sona-red,blood) colour at sun
rise.The asva of the asvins is usha(dawn),aasava(liquor), vaaja(food,srava-rice) etc.Also
rice is cooked on fire which is assumed as feeding the firegods.

For the residents of the Harappan cities ,of course ,the soma like any other

grains and herbs had to be brought from the hills like we get madhu(honey)

and soma (rice) even today.

The second soma is soma,the moon. Moon being noon and gold was called
candra=svarna=soma. Soma Candrakkala(lunar crescent) is candra(soma)-
hala(Malayalam-kaaLa- bull,cf.p=h,paana=hasta).

→ This is soma bhadra(paddy-bull). The sharp roof or top is the glumes or

bracts for soma.The lemma of the hull with fine hairs is the hide of the bull.The
bran is the blood.The kernel is the flesh of the bull-(soma bhadra). Compare this
soma –sara(srava=sara=arrow,lata-grass) figure with the figure of the parts of
mature rice given by LSUAg center.com in Google.com.

Parts of Mature Rice Kernel

Anna puurnesvari is anna(rice,the sun)- puurna(suurya),svarna(soma) –iisvary(goddess).

The rising sun is first red (rudra) and then gold (svarna.).Hence Rudra and Soma were
the sacrificial deities. Pavamaana is pavana(wind =fan) and bhagavaan(god).
Rigveda calls upon soma to give mainly vaaja ( food ), srava(food) and andhas(anna-
food) .All these are the same. Soma( agnistoma) or vaaja peya ( anna ) is related to rice.

Soma was mixed with milk,curd,butter,ghee,honey etc.for consumption.This is the way

rice is consumed even today.

The asvamedha and the somayaaga are the most important of the yaagas performed by
the Bharats.

Mu means Siva and brown colour.

Siva is bhadra.Bhadra = ta(d)va(bha)s(ra) = braan .Braan is brown. Being

blood it is praana(life cf.Bible.Leviticus. 17.14).

Soma is also called saoma .It is called haoma by the Parsis.Hence the original name

of the plant and the etymology of the term should be able to explain the double vowel in

this. When two vowels are there, in some cases, it can imply the drop of a consonant or

semi vowel like ka,ya,ra,la,va,ha etc.eg.agna-avana-ahna-aum;svarna-sona etc.

Thus svarna(hari=gold=srii=rice) = sronaa(rice bran gruel,Sraavana)= sauma = haoma =

sona(blood,fire cf.from the colour of bran it was considered as blood by the vedic poets)

= soma( s=h is the usual transition.eg. svaasa =svaaha.,sapta- hapta etc.) .

Its stalk is called amsu(soma=lata=plant,M=L) and the whole plant is called

andhas(soma plant = rice,food ).Andhas is dhaanya(grain);sa(god,possessing)-

adana(food),anna(food,the sun);anna-ja(generated from anna or food);anna-da(giver of

anna ,Siva,Durga);sada(rice)-na(grain) etc.In the Holy Mass(medha=sacrifice) of the

Christians which is a blend of the asva(ahna-day,usha-dawn,anna-food,the sun) and

soma(madhu-honey,madya- liquor,maddyaahna-midday) yagas, the purodaasa (purusha-

aasa=Eucharist=body of the bhadra-bull or the king) and the draaksha rasa(grape wine)

is used.The soma sacrificer had to fast for days before he was fed with soma.The
Christians have reduced this fasting to just one hour before the intake of the

Eucharist.Gaatra (body) = kaasara(bull)=bhadra(bull)= soma = tanu(body).Sava(a corpse)

is fed into dava(fire) as food of the deva(deity) who is Rudra(Siva-the sun) himself.

Food itself is god as shown by the Eucharist. Hence all gods need soma(food,fire ) to

survive.Food is god .Anna puurnesvari is god. In the Bible God was told to convert stone

into bread. Srii(rice) is adri(rock). Adri-arici –rice = srii .Rice is bhadra(king,bull,rock)

also.Bhadra is paaRa (rock) and paRa( drona = soma) .Soma bhadra(king,bull) is soma

raaja(king,srii-rice).Also compare pakti(cooking),pacata(fire),tapasa(the sun),

bhakti(worship),bhakta(worshipper),bhaata(dawn),bhaksha(drinking or

eating,food);puuja(worship),bhuja(hand),bhoga(eating,coil,sexual enjoyment) etc.

Soma(srona-rice gruel or wine) was to be filled in kalasas and Drona(srona)s which

shows large volume. It was a common food.It was consumed by soldiers,devas and
humans.
Raw rice was fanned with suurpa( fans) and rice flour was usually filtered using a

strainer – pavitra(bhadra)-caalana(filter). . The Keralites call the strainer

ari-ppa(cf.ari = rice).
For the Keralites paddy is nel.

Nel (rice=soma) = haalaa(liquor) = kallu (toddy) → na = ma , la - sa = soma =

srona(rice).

Only thine – thine only- is the noonday libation (RV.4.35.7). Noon is Moon.Noon day is
maddhyaahna. Maddhyaahna was made madya anna (intoxicating food or beverage) in
the soma libation.Hence the statement ‘madyam madam ’ (RV.9.107.14).
Ahna(day,anna-food) is agna(fire) and yajna(sacrifice).Yajna is also asana(anna-food) for
the fire god,the priest and the worshipper. In the soma sacrifice , two terms,namely
vashat(vaaja-food,kalasa-pot,divasa-day,dvija-Brahmin,svaasa-breath,tavas-
strength,savita-the sun) and svaaha(svaasa-breath,havis-ghee,water,Vishnu,libation) are
of significance. Soma is bhadra .Bhadra is bharata(speech,fire) and breath. Soma is
svana(sound ,speech) also.The people who ate bhadra became the Bharats.
Fire is born in arani. Soma is purified by pounding in an uduukhala ( uluukhala-

a mortar) with an ulakka(a pestle for pounding rice,cf.uluukhala-ulakka,musala-a club).

The uduukhala is called ural (=arani in which fire is generated by churning) in

Malayalam which carries the sense of soma bhadra as sona(fire)- bharata(fire).Since

agni(fire) resides in arani ,the soma is food to agni.

Agni is the head of the family. He generates and preserves the gaarhapatya agni. Agni is
man.Soma(rice) is his food.It is food for Indra(antana-a Brahmin) , the solar priest.
He is netra(a leader) .He is traana(protection,power).

The bull(soma,pa-sa,la=ma) is said to eat it. Of course fodder is patra and bhadra

(soma). “Bellow aloud the bulls that eat the soma shoots”(RV.X.94.3). Soma is linked to

Varuna,Mitra and Aryamaa in (RV.1.91.3).Thus soma is the food of

man(agni),animal(pasu),Indra and the gods(by the fire sacrice).

Parjanya(varsha-varshana-rains) is associated with soma.Bhadra is varsha.Soma grows

in water and its cultivation and harvesting is closely related to the seasonal rains.

In fact paddy seedling is called njaaru(trina,druma,srona,,srii,lata,the sun) and njaattuvela

is the period of a solar asterism(cf.the star of Bethlehem).

Mu = Siva,brown. Soma = sa(god) –mu(Siva) → saanu(the sun,hill). Katir(ear of paddy-

Malayalam=suurya-the sun)→ amsu(soma) → ambu (water.Note the water symbols seen
with soma the fish. The fish and soma grow in water)
Amsu (a filament of the soma plant,a solar ray) →su-ma (flower,water) →
suuna(bud,flower) →suura(the sun) → sura(alcohol)
Ear = srava(ear) = bhadra = patala,patara(ray of sun light).
Ear of paddy is called nelkatir in Malayalam. Katir is also the sun and the solar
rays.Vedic ansu is the same.

Soma is sa –uma(usha,ina =Siva).Hence it is said to be available on the mountain of

Muuja(usha) –vat.Muuja is soma and mosaa( Hebrew -going out,sunrise) .Sushoma is
sushama(light).Thus soma is also sobha(shine,light) .
Soma is said to have hanging branches of yellow colour.cf.Vriihi (rice) =
harina(green,white,a deer,the sun ) = kirana(the sun,rays).It is said to have the
hari(green,RV.9.31.5,9.92.1),harita(green RV.9.6.10),hiranya(gold ,RV.9.6.10) colour
and is with sahasravalsa(many horns or branches. Cf ear of paddy). It is said to have
naicasaakha(cf.sickle like bent ear of paddy cf.RV.3.53.14 ). RV.9.15.4 compares the ear
of paddy with the horn of a bull as soma is bhadra(bull,gold).Soma is called ‘babhro’
( O,brown coloured one!RV.9.32.5) from the brown colour of raw rice. Thus the green
colour is from the plant,golden colour from ripe paddy , the brown and white colour
come from raw and pure rice.RV.9.32.3 describes the wind blowing and river flowing
to spread the glory of soma indicating the paddy fields on the banks of rivers and canals.
RV.9.42.3 describes the mighty soma being purified to get vaaja( anna-food,Tamil-
saadam-rice).It is to get brihat(plenty of) srava(rice) and vaaja(food) in RV.9.44.6.

The soma shoots were considered to be purchased from suudra(farmer, siira = su-hala
= plough) , the farmer.

Somalata is somaraaja = soma(trina)= srii(rice,arici) = soma bhadra =

=
In the arani fire is generated. In the ural soma is purified.Ural = bhadra = arani = drii
(to split.druu-to kill .Dru-daaru-drona-wooden implement or vessel.Dru was used to
split the soma grains and drona was used to store the soma grains).

Soma → su(to press out)-ma(water,juice) = the soma extract .But ma = na(grain).It is

suuna (a bud or flower) like godhuuma which is another soma.The brown colour of the
rice makes it appear like the sona(blood = soma) liquid extract.
Bran-praana(life) – praasa(food)
Anna praasa is the rite of feeding rice for the first time to Brahmin infants at the age of
six months.

The Christians of Kerala are said to be Nambootiris converted by St. Thomas, a disciple
of Christ. Somavedins became Christians in Kerala .Soma is Mosa(Moses) and Thoma.
The story is that St. Thomas founded ezhara pallis (7½ churches) in Kerala.This 7½ is
iisvara(god). For gold , measure of purity is 10½ maattu as bhadra is gold.

Srona(rice) is svarna(gold) ,trina(grass) and soma. Lata(grass) is raaja(king). Nellu is

pullu(ulapa = grape like creeper,grass).
Locally brewed rice liquor is called kota. Kota is sura and soma. In Kerala toddy is called
kaLLu –haalaa(toddy) = nellu = soma(madhu-liquor).
I have already pointed out that the Malayalee Nambootiris are very close to the
Harappans by their descent.
They even call their houses mana (vas,vaasa) .The Harappans called their bha-vana
(house) as vana

as seen from the scripts nava vana vana.

Mana is also illam(ill –villa) .

The Christian priests reside in palli(villa,bhadra) which is illam itself.
Interestingly the Keralites have a great fondness for elephants which is a continuation
of the Harappan traits itself and the Govt. of Kerala has two elephants(subhadra =
Bharadvaaja = unicorn) itself as its emblem. History often repeats itself.!

Bran is brown and praana.Tapas is tavas(strength).Tavas is also tapasa and soma. The
Malayalam term for brown is tavitu(brown,bran). This tavitu is the large amount of tavas
created during the pounding of Soma. Our modern way of removing the praana
( bran) and cooking the white rice removes the amrita as waste and leaves the dead body
for eating.

Pavamaana is cleansing. But it is also poshana(nourishment),bhojana(food),bhaga(the

sun)-naama(name) and bhuu(the earth)-naama( name).Bhadra is va(like)-dhara(the
earth). The name of the sun is anna(food,rice;ina-the sun). Srii(rice) is fire and the
sun.Rice gets its name from its bhadra(white) colour, its being cooked on srii and the
offering as purodaasa to fire.Rice is considered as a sacrificial bull as per Aitareya
Brahmana.The ear is the horn. The husk is the hide. The bran is the blood.The white
kernel is the flesh. Hence it is called bhadra. Bhadra is king and gold .Bhadra is full(bull)
and white.

Soma is tanu( body.Greek-somos) , vadhu(wife) ,madhu(honey,liquor) and

moda(happiness,mada-sex). By pounding it between adris(adri = yoni = female
genitals,rati-sex) somarasa is produced which is the biija or sukla(su-jala=soma). Hence
soma pounding stone was also called linga(agni-Malayalam-kallu-stone,kaLLu-soma)
Kaamalataa(phallus) is somalata(soma herb). Adri is yo(ad)ni(ri).

But when we deal with the greatest poetic genius we should not take everything on face
value.What is the adri (cf.thresh and thrash,Malayalam-meti-treading out grain) used to
pound soma? The clue can be found in the Indus script itself. Adri is

athari (finger) and paada as seen from the scripts.The harvested rice ears(ansu)
were pounded between the feet and the hands when the golden grains flow out like water
drops.In the next step, the ural served as the arani where the soma was pounded.

47. The mistaken bull’s hide

Ox hide has been used to sit upon while pressing soma.This is by a misunderstanding

of the veda. Press stones chew and crunch thee on the ox’s hide (RV.9.79.4) .It is also

called the skin of cows( RV.9.66.29,9.101.11 ). The hide is the husk(hull) on which the

stones grind.The exponents of the veda mistook it as the hide on which the priests sit.
The bhadra(soma) grain itself is the bull and the cow.The Soma is said to give the
bull(bhadra,purusha) his bull(soma,bhadra) like strength (RV.10.175.3) also.
RV.9.86.44 compares the removal of the husk to the peeling of the skin of a snake.
.

Avittam pirannal tavittilum ponnu( One born in the asterism of Dhanishta will turn
even braan into gold or whatever he do will be a success) is a Malayalam proverb.
Avittam = dha-nishta =dhana(dha=srii=the sun) –sta(seated) = noon and solstice
matching.It marks beginning of noon or Kataka(Cancer,Kalasa-pot ) in the day(bhadra)
and Makara(Capricorn) in the year. The pot being the fish it is a figure of the fish eating
alligator.The soma lump or rice ball is the noon sun under the aspect of the sign of
Makara.

The different stages of growth of paddy were denoted by njaaru praayaam(sapling age)
– kol praayam(stalk age)- pottin praayam(flowering age)- katir praayam(ear of paddy
age)- kaaymatangi praayam(bent ear of paddy age) - pazhazm tatti praayam(golden
ripe age) etc. and the days from flowering were counted as puuvancu(flower
-5days),paalancu(milk-5 days),kaayancu(grain-5days)-vilayancu(ripe grain -5 days) .

Indra and Agni were known for drinking massive amounts of soma as do the mortals .

soma = sobha(light cf.sushoma=Malayalam tuuma-splendour) .The soma plant is the

embodiment of the sun and the solar rays(cf.ansu,katir etc.). Pounding it produces
tapas(heat) as it happens with the solar rays. It is also sona(the aruna varna) at sunrise.
Indra(the rising sun) and agni (aja-the Aries sun) drinks it and grows stronger to become
the bhadra(white,bull,girl) in Taurus.

The Rig Veda associates the Sushoma(kusuma,punca), Arjika(arici,krishi,varsha) and

other regions with Soma (RV. 8.7.29; 8.64.10-11). Probably the most important Soma
region is Sharyanavat ( RV. 10.35.2; 9.113.1-2) which is Srii –ayana-patha(day,bhadra-
mountain,varsha-rain,year),kalyaanapatha(dawn)and sraavanapatha(cf.muntakan
koyttu –the paddy harvest in Dhanu-Sraavan) .These parts of the day and the year are the
soma parts.

The plant is described as growing in the mountains (giristha→srii-giri), with long stalks,
and of yellow (hari) colour.Krishi (farming) is giri(mountain)-dhi(seat) itself. The
harita(green) fields achieve hari(golden) colour as the crop mature.Hari is the colour of
the ripe rice fields. Rice is pounded to produce srona.

The most important Vedic sacrifices were the Asvamedha (usha,ahna,equinox=Easter)

and the Somayaaga(madhyaahna,solstice = Christmas).

Asvamedha is the worship of the equinoctial sun. Soma yaaga is the worship of the
Solsticial sun. In the festival of Maattuppongal the soma is worshipped by preparing
the rice Pongal first and then the maatu (bull;soma-madhu-pasu) is tamed to
make the soma bhadra .Soma ( bhadra ) vandana is performed as maatu(soma)
bandhana(taming).

See the seal M-312( a neat photograph of this seal is available in the article: bull baiting
of yore by Srii T.S.Subramanian in THE HINDU dated 13 Jan .2008)where five(panca-
bhadra=va-two+tra-three) men(bhadra) try to tame (bandhana) a bull(soma bhadra).
Interestingly at the end of the game the winner would be presented with a bhadra(a girl-
daughter) of the chieftain(bhadra,bhartaa,paartha) making it a kalyaanapatha as indicated
by the Rigveda. Thus the bull(bhadra-varsha) becomes the girl(bhadra-praatar) seeking a
husband(bhartaa-bharata-the rising sun).In the sacrificial riual the wedding is between the
year and the day .

The bhadra(five,bull) , with the viira(the men taming the bull)

makes a viirabhadra and shat bhadra. Thus this is also a repeat of the sasa patra
(C2B7) theme. Shat bhadra is sada(grain) – bhadra(rice) or somabhadra itself.

Aum nama Sivaaya is a shat bhadra.

The rice meal of a Keralite or Tamilian is never complete without buttermilk,curd

etc. Pongal is prepared by mixing bhadra(rice), sugar(madhu) and ghee. Paalkanji
is prepared with milk(kshiira) and rice(bhadra).In the Tairu saadam curd is mixed
with rice. Neycoru is rice prepared with ghee.These are still favourite dishes of
Kerala and Tamilnaadu. .

48. Soma Pavamaana and Onam

A sthivi(suurpa -bhadra-muram= fan cf.viij-to shower) is used to perform

paattu(Malayalam-winnowing,kaattu = pavana-wind, paRakkal-flying ) or
pavamaana(purification ) of soma.This segregates the grain from the chaff after
harvesting. It is also used to segregate the rice from the husk and bran which also is
pavamaana (pavana-wind-fanning) .

Pavamaana is also bhagavaan (god). Asva = avasa(the sun), soma = suura (the sun).
Suunu is the sun and a son .

The RV.8.48.3 says ‘‘We have drunk soma and become immortal; we have attained the
light.Now what may foeman's malice do to harm us?’’

Does this not point to the ‘sariira(tanu-soma-body) and rakta’(blood,raksha-protection) of

the Christ which is the sariiraksha(food) or the purodaasa(rice cake) and
draaksha(grape wine;sa-raksha,rakta) which is the body and blood of Christ?
Soma = madhu(sura) and sona( rakta,Malayalam-cora) .Soma(sura,sona)-
paana(drinking) is kurbaana(Holy Mass) which is a blend of the asva and soma yaagas.
In it the soma(sura) is the draaksha. Draaksha is sa(god,with)-rakta ; sa(god,with)-
raksha and sura(wine)-aksha(seed,cf.Rudra-aksha).Hence it is a soma and the Christian
priests still use it. Then why the Hindu priests do not use it?The use of a substitute soma
was probably a ploy employed by the priests to hide the actual soma as the sacrifice itself
was a drama like the Holy Communion.With the fall of Harappa under the influence of
the migrating non-vedic communities the rituals too lost their original significance.The
Parsis had a great influence on the Hindus.The Parsis themselves had already lost sight of
the Rigvedic concepts by the period of Zoraster due to the influence of the various
groups of non-vedic people who were living in the Persian belt. Rigveda by this time was
a text with an age of at least two millenniums (Early Harappan to 1500 BCE).

The Rig Veda describes Soma as a watery plant, growing near water (RV VIII.91.1) and
giving out a milky juice.It can be from the paalancu(paal=milk) age in the ripening of
rice. Also purified rice is white like milk or light .

The Ninth Mandala of the Rigveda is known as the Soma Mandala. It consists entirely
of hymns addressed to Soma Pavamana ("purified Soma"). The drink Soma was
guarded by the Gandharvas. It is described as "green-tinted" and "bright-shining" in the
RigVeda. (R.V., 9.42.1 and 9.61.17). The Soma region Muuja(soma)-vat also means
‘abounding with sara(reeds)' ..Sugar-cane was probably used in some soma
preparations (cf.cakkarappongal) .The Rig Vedic soma was a grass or reed grass. Sara
(srii)was mainly used to make sara(arrows) and was sacred to both Agni(srii) and
Soma(srii-rice).Srava(ear,rice-soma) is sara-va(like,two) whence like srotra(srava-ear-

sasa) ,netra(matsa=madhu=soma) etc.twin arrows also denote soma as do

any trina(sara-na=sara-va=srava) .

The soma drink was prepared by priests pounding the plants with stones, an occupation
that creates tapas (literally "heat"). The juice so gathered is mixed with other ingredients
(including milk) before it is drunk.

The Atharva Veda (AV XI.6.15) specifically mentions five great plants of which Soma is
the best, including marijuana, barley and darbha (kusha or durva), showing that
several plants had Soma-like qualities.

In general, Soma was prepared in three forms, as cooked with grain or barley (yava),
milk (gocf. paal kanji,neycoru or curds -dadhi). RV.9.16.2 clearly states soma as
andhasa(anna –rice),the source of strength(daksha) ,which is mixed with milk(go)
products. Soma was also prepared with gold(cf.soma=svarna-gold). .

Soma was often used with ghee (ghrita) and honey (madhu), which are sometimes .
synonyms for Soma. In fact, Soma was often called madhu (honey or mead).
The great ayurvedic doctor, Sushrut(cf.susruushaa- service), also was probably
influenced by the Persians and mentions several Soma plants which are mainly
intoxicants or nerve stimulants. This shows that a number of soma-like plants existed.

The legendary king Mahaa(haoma,soma,sravana)bali(bhadra) and vaamana(onam=

pa-vamaana )are the soma pavamaana itself.Mahaabali = soma bhadra =svarna bhadra
= the ascending day sun and the moon.The sun enters the sign of the moon at noon.Luna
is soma. Krittika (Asvamedha) is the mesha equinox and Dhanishta(Sraavana-Soma-
Onam) is the winter solstice. In the sign of the moon the fall of the sun begins which is
the going of Mahaabali to paataala(Hades). He visits Kerala every year on the Tiruvonam

day .Thus this is similar to the annual resurrection of the Christ at the vernal equinox.

The asterisms puurvaashaada ,uttaraashaada,sraavana(savana,soma) and

Dhanishta(Dhanu-soma,sta-seat) point to the noon(soma-sky) position of the day sun.In
the annual cycle the winter solstice marks the noon and the beginning of the sign(month)
of Makara .

The purodaasa is the soma cake (soma juice).

The tapas or tavas produced by pounding soma is tavitu(bran-brown-praana= blood as

per the vedic concept) produced during the pavamaana of soma.

Pavamaana = poshana = bhojana = tavas = srona = sraanaa = rice bran cooked as gruel?

Sraavan(Tiruvonam) is soma festival. It is called onam (homa -soma - srona - svana -

savana - tavas = strength) .It is celebrated in the month of Cinga(kanji = soma = king =
Simha = Leo;kanji=soma=rice gruel) when soma(the moon,kanji) is in the asterism of
sraavana(sraana-cooked meat;sraanaa-soma-kanji cf.animal sacrifice was an essential
aspect of the soma yaaga)

The sraavan rite of drinking sraanaa(rice bran gruel ) has its roots in the Harappan vedic
traditions. Kaatikkanji (kaati=kaavi=brown=bran,kanji-rice gruel-soma) is consumed
after Tiruvonam . It is performed on the asterism of Dhanishta(tavas-strength,tavisha-
heaven,ocean,strength; savita-the sun Dhanu-sta=the high sun = noon sun) .

Bran mixed with milk and honey would give extra strength.

Rice bran oil is an extract of bran itself.

Only in Kerala this festival is there. This again shows the closeness of the Kerala
Nambootiri Brahmins to the Harappan traditions .
Pavamaana is annapuu(the sun) and Annapuurnesvari(anna-svarna-iisvari or srii) also.

Annapraasa is feeding rice(especially putting rice into a child’s mouth for the first
time).Annadaana is giving food as an offering.Purodaasa is a mass of ground rice
rounded into a cake usually divided into pieces ,placed on receptacles –kapaala- and
offered as oblation in fire. Purodaasa is also the soma but this idea has been lost sight
by the end of the Harappan Times. Purodaasa is bhadra(king,bull)-aasa(ad-to eat)
whereby the king’s body was eaten as in the Eucharist where bhadra was made
putra(son of god,putra=bhojana=food itself is sariiraraksha and sariira-rakta) and
eaten.When required rice wine served the role of the soma juice.

Pavamaana is poshana and bhojana.Soma has to be purified before eating to remove the
hull .The white juice comes out if semi ripe paddy is pressed. In some vedic rituals the
whole stem of the paddy might have been pressed which may give a green colour to the
extract.

Rice cultivated at various periods of the year were called by different names like punca,

Muntakan etc.A munta(soma,Dhanu) is a dwarf or a short man.Muntaka means

Brahma,kaLLu,lotus etc. The harvest in Dhanu-Makara is called muntakan koyttu.This
munta kan is the Vaamana.

The Keralites have a preference for the mutta(bhadra-soma) brown rice whereas in
Tamilnaadu the white rice is preferred. The special like of the Keralite for the matta ari
(brown rice) and the onam celebration with drinking of rice bran gruel point to the
Keralite’s celebration of Harappan soma festivals.

The importance of soma in the life of the vedic Bharats can be understood from the
following facts:

More than 140,000 varieties of cultivated rice (the grass family Oryza sativa) are
thought to exist .
According to Dr. Richaria, one of the most eminent rice scientists of the world,
4,00,000 varieties of rice existed in India during the vedic period. He estimated that,
even today 2,00,000 varieties of rice exist in India .

Rice farming has been traced back to around 5,000 BC.Most believe the roots of rice
come from 4000- 3000 BC India, where natives discovered the plant growing in the wild
and began to eat and cultivate it.

More than 90 percent of the world's rice is grown and consumed in Asia, where people
typically eat rice two or three times daily.

Three of the world's most populous nations are rice-based societies: People's Republic of
China, India, and Indonesia. Together, they have nearly 2.5 billion people almost half of
the world's population. The Bharats were a part of this Asian population .
The average Asian consumer eats 150 kg of rice annually compared to the average
European who eats 5 kg.

In several Asian languages the words for 'food' and 'rice' are
identical.Anna(food,rice)-puurna(svarna-suurya) is andhas , vaaja, vriihi,
saali,srava,sara,sraa,srii etc.

Rice is thrown on newly married couples as a symbol of fertility, luck and wealth.

For sacrifices the purodasa and the rice wine were used as soma.

49. Rice wine the sura(alcohol) or madhu(alcohol) form of soma

That rice is soma can be confirmed further from the sura application of soma among the
people of Asia under various names as listed below.

Rice wine is an alcoholic beverage made from rice.

Rice brew has a higher alcohol content (18-22%) than wine (10-20%), which in turn has
a higher alcohol content than beer (3-8%). To have a general idea of the sura application
of soma(rice ) let us look into the rice wines (soma) of different parts of Asia.

The Japanese call it ginjō sake, the Koreans call it cheongju and the E De (cf. Yadu ,
Aarya,aadi,d = r ) people of the Central High lands of Vietnam call it rượu cần(cf.soma-
they still use earthenware jars, similar to the kalasa and drona of the Bharats, for
storage of the soma as seen in this figure in the Wikipedia article on Rice wine) .

drona = soma(vessel) = ruou – can - jar

To understand the actual relevance and magnitude of the influence the soma had in the
life of the Asians from the vedic period to the present we can take note of the somas like
:

• Amazake - low-alcohol Japanese rice drink.

• Ang Jiu - Chinese red rice wine.
• Cheongju (cf.soma)- Korean rice wine.
• Cơm rượu (cf.soma) -A Vietnamese dessert consisting of rice balls in mildly
alcoholic, thick, milky rice wine.
• Huangjiu (cf.soma)- A Chinese fermented rice wine, literally "yellow wine" or
"yellow liquor", with colors varying from clear to brown or brownish red.
 • Kulapo - A reddish rice wine with strong odor and alcohol content from the
Philippines.
• Lao-Lao - A clear rice wine from Laos.
• Mijiu (cf.soma)-a clear, sweet Chinese rice wine.
• Raksi - Tibetan and Nepali rice wine.
• Sato - A rice wine originating in the Isan region of Thailand.
• Soju (cf.soma)- Korean alcoholic beverage, often mistaken as rice wine, but
actually almost always in combination with other ingredients such as wheat,
barley, or sweet potatoes .
• Sonti (cf.soma)- Indian rice wine
• Hadia(cf.madya,h = m)- Rice beer made after fermentation in Chottanagpur
regions of eastern Indian states of Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal
(India).Rasi(cf.srava-srii-rice) is the refined wine of Hadia .
• Keralites brew the kota (sura,soma)- kkallu(toddy) from nellu(paddy or rice).

50.Conclusion

The right identification of the vedic asva and the soma further confirms the point

we discussed in regard to the age of the Rigveda .The asva medha as asva veda and

the soma medha as soma veda is also poetic lores of cattle rearing and rice farming

along with the solar worship practised by the Bharats.Cattle was an essential part

of the farming process for which the hala(siira=srii=rice) was developed.This period

is the 4000-3000 BCE period.By comparison of the historical records of the

beginning of the Sed festival in Egypt and the period of the drying up of the

Sarasvati as per the SPOT image study we had already given a period of the fourth

millenium BCE as the period of beginning of the composition of the Rigveda. The

relevant passage from BTLOTH is quoted below again:

Rigveda being giraveda contains the most authentic version of Harappan speech. Of

course we should not confuse the mahisha(asva) for the domestic horse or godhuuma

(wheat) as dust of cow! The Rigveda should be restudied in

the light of the ‘Deva (veda,Brahmin) parokshapriya’ composition concept.

The Bible has drawn heavily from it for the creation of its books.
The four Vedas of the New Testament are Luke, Mark,Matthew and John.

The age of the Rigveda is a subject of great debate.However the Rigveda speaks of the

asvamedha yaaga which in fact is the SEDfestival of the Egyptians which they were

practising from the first dynasty (BC 3150-2700) .It was during this period that the

Bharats invaded Egypt and settled there.Hence it is probable that the

avasa(asva,abda)medha(mesha,vedha) was practised by the Bharats before they

settled in Egypt and the Rigveda described it even before this period.Another clue can

be had from the description of the Sarasvati(Gaggar-Hakra)river.The drying up of the

Sarasvati probably prompted the Bharats to explore new territories including Egypt.Most

of the early Harappan settlements were along the banks of the river

Sarasvati.P.H.Francfort,utilizing images from the French satellite SPOT,has

suggested that the river Sarasvati (Gaggar-Hakra) started drying up in the middle of

the 4th millennium BC.The arrival of the Bharats in Egypt is a little later.Hence at least

parts of the Rigveda might have been composed in the first half of the 4th

millennium BC .This is the early Harappan period.The Vedas were probably

composed during the early Harappan and mature Harappan periods and the

Brahmanas in the post Harappan periods. Contemporariness of the Rigveda with

the dynastic Egyptian culture is seen in the Sed(asvamedha), Isis(usha,Aja-

Gaayatri,Iisa),Osiris(Savitri),Horus(Rudra),Ra(Ravi) etc. concepts. The Unicorn

(bhadraasva ,aja-eka-pada ) which is also the raama(lama,lamassu) and the

asva(mahisha) puts it on contemporary Sumerian or Akkadian planes.

A restudy of words like asva(avaza,mahisha), srii(rice = reversed

srii),bhadra(brick=rock),ratha(bharata,rati),hala(drii,siira),
langala(mangala,sangama,naama-hala),godhuuma (ku-suuna,bhojana),

purandara(pura-Indra;surendra),yaaga(agna,aga,saya,gha,ha),raasi(srii,raatri),

bhaava(bhaa,bhaga,bhaaga),simha(mahisha,matsa,matsa,marta,Durga),vyaaghra(

agra-first,end;arka-the sun,argha-price, kraya-purchase,price;kravya-meat),etc. will

help one understand properly the period of the Rigveda. It belongs to the period

when the worship of fire as the worship of the Sun was introduced by humans,

when the priest kings were sacrificed and eaten by the worshippers, farming and

weaving were advancing, when wheels were introduced on carts and sacrificial

rathas etc. and writing was being introduced as can be seen from the Harappan

seals and earthenware. The gurus wrote hymns on tablets, taught their disciples and

threw away the tablets once the disciples mastered those hymns. This explains why

many tablets were seen scattered as if thrown into dustbins.

Another passage from The Life of the Harappans(BTLOTH) also will be relevant here to

show how the asva and soma went together in the life of the Rigvedic Bharats.

The chief occupation of the people was agriculture(Cf. from Mehergarh till the present it

is the same). They ploughed the land with a plough(siira RV.10.101.3 or laangala

AV.2.8.4).The ploughmen were called kiinaasa(RV.8.20.19).The fields were watered

by means of irrigation canals(kulya RV.3.45.3;irinaa AV.4.15.12 ) from wells or

lakes(AV.1.3.7,3.13.9;RV.3.45.3,7.49.2,10.43.7) or by drawing water using a bucket and

pulley (asmacakram RV.10.101.5.7cf.refer scripts like ).They reaped the fields with

sickles(srinii AV.3.17.2RV.10.101.3,parsuAV.12.3.310).They left three sheaves for the

Gandharvas who guarded the fields(AV.3.24.6cf.H-182.Even nowadays the sound of

drums and crackers is used to frighten away the animals and birds that come to feed on

the soma crop in the fields).Threshing floors(khala cf.Malayaalam kaLam-todate) and

winnowing baskets (sthivi) were used(RV.10.27.15) and grain was transported in carts to

the homes(RV.1.9.8) and stored in granaries(RV.2.14.11 cf.the granary in

Mohenjo-daro).

The mearure for grain was the khaarii(RV.4.32.17cf.Egyptian khar).Their next

important profession was cattle- rearing. Cattle(go) were kept in

go-tra(RV.2.23.8 cf.sara –arrow is made go.Go is also dhara-the earth,king and eye

denoted by or ie. aksha-asva-netra-bhadra etc denoting the eye, bull , king and the

earth),vraja and goshtha(AV.3.11.5,4.21.1) .Cow-herds(gopa) took cows out to pasture

daily(RV.10.19.45). Water troughs called prapaa(RV.6.28.7),drona(RV.5.50.4)or

prapaana (AV.7.75.1cf.pranava) were provided for them(Note the prapaa and drona

before the Unicorns , ) .Professional milkers were called godhuk.

(AV.7.73.6).Draught oxen were castrated with claspers(sleshamaana AV.3.9.2) . They

reared also goat and sheep(Refer the scripts , ).Rams were cooked (RV .

27.17) .Wool was collected (RV.1.126.7). Dogs guarded cattle and houses and barked at

thieves (RV.7.55.3 cf.dogs in the Harappan seals.).Weaving in cotton and wool was
done by men and women(RV.2.3.6,10.26.6,1.61.8,10.130.1-2cf.netra-cloth- figures

in the seals cf.Malayalam-muntu-neriyatu- cloth.).The warp was called tantu

(cf.Tamil-tuntu-cloth)and the woof was called ota and the shuttle was called tasara

(RV.6.9.2,10.130.1-2).Carpenters made chariots and carts.The wheels were of solid wood

(RV.7.32.20).Boats and ships were built(RV.10.101.2 Cf the amulet M-1429).

It will now be clear that The Indus-Harappan Civilisation was the Vedic Bharata

Civilization and the language was Vedic Bharata.

Let us conclude this artcle with a pancaakahara mantra

The inscription on the right is the Gandharva(Mahaabhadra) pancaagni,the guardian

of the soma fields. In the inscription on the left an aksha ( panca ) is shown

followed by the agna(vighna) inscription.Hence =

pancaagni(pancaakshara=Siva). is sriikanta (Siva) . is khandaparsu (Siva).

Interestingly khandaparsu(ghanta-Siva;parsu-bhadra-Siva,kratu-Vishnu,sacrifice ) is also an

elephant with a broken tusk. This is Ganesa ( agnesa = unicorn).

The rectangle is a bhadra(cell,bull,elephant) and this figure inverted is the unicorn itself as

→ → →

The last script is the same in both inscriptions indicating bhadra (Siva).

Thus this inscription is also a Siva oriented one.

Of course reading the scripts is easy but the anvaya(syntax) will be difficult .

aksha,bhadra(go),Siva,AUM = raaja= srii = = triangle=rectangle =circle

=bhadra

AUM – agna - is srii itself.Ca-kra is Sakra (Indra) and raksha(protection cf.Gandharva)..Bhadra

is soma.

• a ,ca,va,vi,sa,ma,na,ha-visarga : svaaha is dva(two) – ha .

With the or =bhadra=srava=soma, make

bhadravaaca(Bharadvaaja,agna,AUM) from the alpha(bull) and the omega(nose)

or speech and breath.

ru,vri,kri,nri,gna,gni,snu,karna(ear),Varuna,varna(script,caste,colour)

tra,srii,sna,bhadra,sira . Ghnataa is a tool to grind and pound.Ghanta is

Siva.Khandaparsu as seen is Siva.Compare this with also.

naama,raama,lamassu,bhadra,vrata,svaaha,deva,visarga :
The inscription may be read as

= Bhadra : Rudra(Vritra,Krishna):( naama-name,nama-bowing,praise)

Bhadra(Siva) - ca(va = same ) – Rudra- bha(va,ca)
 Bhadra(Siva) –Savitra-bha

Gokarna Siva

Gokarna means Siva,an arrow, the span from the tip of the thumb to

that of the ring finger.

AUM Vishnu bhadra Svaaha

Srii Rudra svaaha . Nama Sivaaya(adoration to Siva) is the pancaakshara mantra of

Siva(bhadra).Aksha is five and Siva.Aksha – agni – Siva is another possible reading.

Siva is trinetra (Srii Mitra) and the third eye is agni(fire).

Aksha is also a weight(16 maasha= 1 karsha) or measure=104 angula.It is also the seed

Indraaksha or Rudraaksha of which rosaries are made.

Aksha agni(vighna) ghanta bhadra -are synonyms of Siva.

Pavitra kanta,Savitra kanta are also possible .

Some of the other possibilities are :

Srii Vishnu bhadra svaaha

Bhadra(bharata) nripa(king-Varuna,Vishnu) pranaama(adoration,pranava-AUM),

Srii(raaja) Vishnu sra-va(soma,sacrifice)

a-vi-ghna- ghanta –vrata=a rite on the fourth day of Phaalguna.

a-vi-ghna-si(su)-va(bha) = bhadra astu te = endless happiness to you !

Another interesting element is aksha(5)-agni(1)= 6 or 15 . Akshaagni is also

akshauhinii an army consisting of 21870elephants,21870chariots,

65610 horses and 109350 infantry men.Thus the one aksha(Siva) was

made a one man army! Anu (man) is aaRu (Malayalam -six ).Shat(six) is sha(man) .
It can be the name of a king (bhadra,raaja) or Brahmin(Bharata)- Vishnu Ghanta

or simply a mantra with the names of the sungod Siva.

A practical Bharata writing exercise

. AUM srii bhuvanesvarai nama:

AUM srii bhuvanesvari(a deity) namaha(bowing).

Aum is bharata vaaca,bhadravaaca,Bharadvaaja etc.It announces

sunrise and is a wake up call.All symbols of agni,the

sun,man,unicorn,bull,wheel,peepul leaf,kolam etc. can indicate it. Let us select the

unicorn itself which is the most common Bharata symbol for AUM.

Srii is the sun ,fire light,king,speech,prosperity etc. It is denoted by the wheel,man,spider

etc.Let us select the wheel for this word.

Bhuvana is a man,being,abode, the earth etc.It is denoted by the

man,hand,waterfall,house etc.Let us select the bha-vana(abode) with a baana(arrow)to

for this.

Iisvara or iisvari is god and is denoted by ishu(arrow) – vara(vri-environing,stopping),

vaara(roof,tail),bhara(ruling) and suurya(the sun,suula-trident) symbols.Let us use for this.

Nama: is namaha (obeisance) and svaaha(svaasa-breath) and is denoted by the terminal signs

of head or nose like the jar,spear etc. Let us select the jar symbol to denote this.

The resulting inscription explains the style and brevity of the Indus-Harappan inscriptions

Vijayabhaarati.

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