25

Ieeds deveIoment Ior ost-IarvaI siny Iobster: ^ review

ovin C. \LL.MS

AU`U|.?O.?o87.(I9
Bull. isl. Kos. .gon. No. ?O, ?o87, ?OO7
Kocoivod. NovomLoi ?o, ?OOo

CSKO Muiino Kosouicl, IO Box I?O, Clovolund, Qld. 1IG8, .usiiuliu

!-muil. kovin.villiumsvcsiio.uu
]@3
^bstractOn-gioving ol siny loLsioi liom vild sood is u iliiving uquuculiuio indusiiy
in S! .siu und mosi noiuLly in Vioinum vloio ioduciion ol ilo iioicul loLsioi Ianultrus
ornalus is osiimuiod ui moio ilun ?,OOO ionnos oi unnum. Iiosoni culiuio iolios on loLsiois
Loing lod liosl lisloiy Ly-cuicl. Jlo dvindling suly ol iloso loods und iloii dovnsiioum
onviionmoniul imuci luvo inciousod ilo iioiiiy io dovolo susiuinuLlo und moio oco-
liiondly olloiod loods. !lloiis io dovolo uluiuLlo und ligl oiloimunco olloiod diy loods
loi siny loLsioi giov-oui is ioviovod in ilis uoi viil uiiicului omlusis on .usiiuliun
iosouicl viil iomoiuio Jasus s.)und iioicul I. ornalus)socios. Jlis iosouicl lus
inciousod oui undoisiunding ol ilo loLsiois ioquiiomonis loi ciiiicul nuiiionis sucl us io-
ioin und ioiul liid und iogiossod ilo dovolomoni ol olloiod diy loods loi loLsioi giov-
oui.
Key words: iock loLsioi, nuiiiiion, digosiiLiliiy, ioioin, uiiiuciunis
Siny loLsiois Iulinuiiduo)uio ono ol ilo voilds
mosi vuluuLlo souloods viil ligl muikoi uoul in
.siu, !uioo und .moiicu. Mosi cuiuio loLsioi
lisloiios uio oiiloi ovoi-oxloiiod und in doclino oi
uio Loing munugod loi iloii muximum susiuinuLlo
yiold Ilillis, ?OOO, ?OOo). .quuculiuio uouis
io Lo ilo only long-ioim vuy ol mooiing muikoi
domund loi siny loLsiois. .lilougl luLoiuioiy-sculo
iouiing ol ilo luivuo liom ogg io uoiulus lus Loon
ucliovod loi muny socios, including I. elehas, I.
jaontcus, I. longtes, Jasus lalanott, J. eouarostt
und J. :erreauxt iiiuku, ?OOO, Muisudu und
Yumukuvu, ?OOO), commoiciully-viuLlo luicloiy
ioduciion ol siny loLsiois is siill ilougli io Lo u
long vuy oll. Uniil succosslul luicloiy ioclnology is
dovolood, ilo only iuciicul vuy ol inciousing ilo
volumo ol muikoiod loLsioi is io cuiuio |uvonilos
liom ilo vild und on-giov ilom io muikoi sizo,
iloioLy ciicumvoniing ilo ligl nuiuiul moiiuliiy
ilui oiloiviso vould occui Ilillis el al., ?OO8).
Jlo iioicul oinuio loLsioi Ianultrus ornalus is
ioLuLly ilo Losi cundiduio loi uquuculiuio us ii
lus ilo sloiiosi ocounic luivul dovolomoni luso
ol 1-G monils onnis el al., ?OOI)und ilo lusiosi
osi-luivul giovil iuio, cuuLlo ol uiiuining u
muikoi sizo ol IOO-IOo mm cuiuuco longil
I kg)viilin I8 monils ulioi soiilomoni Ilillis
el al., I99?, Skovos el al., I997, onnis el al., I997,
HumLioy elal., ?OOI).
Jlo on-gioving ol I. ornalus is u llouiisling
indusiiy in muny uiis ol S! .siu und noiuLly
in Vioinum vloio ilo uLundunco ol vild loLsioi
|uvonilos lus onuLlod loLsioi giov-oui uquuculiuio
io dovol o iui dl y vi il ?,OOO ionnos, voiil
USS7O-7o M, Loing luivosiod in ?OOIO? Jluy und
Ngoc, ?OO1). n Vioinum, loLsiois uio lod oxclusivoly
on liosl lisloiy Ly-cuicl. Hovovoi, ilo diminisling
suly und inciousing cosi ol Ly-cuicl, iogoiloi viil
ilo dovnsiioum onviionmoniul imucis ol ilis iyo
ol looding, uio siiong inconiivos loi ilo dovolomoni
ol moio oco-liiondly olloiod loLsioi loods.
osiio moio ilun 8O youis ol iosouicl io dovolo
u suiiuLlo comoundod uiiiliciul)lood loi iouiing
|uvonilo siny loLsiois soo Conklin, I98O, Booil
und iiiuku, I991, Biovn el al., I99o), iogioss lus
Loon slov und oui knovlodgo ol iloii nuiiiiionul
ioquiiomonis is siill suiso. Hovovoi, iogioss in
dovoloing suiiuLlo olloiod diy loods loi siny
ovin C. \LL.MS 2o Iolloiod diy loods loi siny loLsioi 27
loLsioi giov-oui lus guinod considoiuLlo momonium
in ilo usi o-IO youis. Jlis uoi ioviovs ilis moio
ioconi iosouicl und idoniilios uious vloio luiiloi
iosouicl is ciiiicully noodod.
First princip|es of feeds deve|opment
noving vlui ilo unimul iolois io ouis in ilo
vild is u usolul guido vlon dovoloing un uiiiliciul
lood loi ilo unimul. .nulysis ol ilo conionis ol
ilo loiogui ol osiluivul siny loLsiois iovouls u
vido vuiioiy ol molluscs iodominunily, Livulvos
gusiioods und cliions), ciusiucouns iodominunily
Luinuclos, ciuLs und oiloi docuods), olycluoio
voims, oclinodoims und occusionul incidoniul)
umounis ol mucioulguo |oll und Ilillis, I98G,
Booil und iiiuku, I991, Buikui elal., I99G, Muyliold
el al., ?OOO, Coni el al., ?OOI). Jlis dioi solociion
cluiucioiizos ilom us ooiiunisiic cuinivoios
ol iodominunily Lonilic invoiioLiuios. Jlus
iloy mosi likoly luvo ovolvod io mosi ollicionily
uiilizo loods ilui uio ligl in ioioin, lov in liid
und modoiuio io ligl in siuicl sinco glycogon is
ilo mu|oi onoigy sioio ol molluscs und iyicully
I1-?1% ol ilo usl-lioo diy muiioi ull el al. ,
I99I, Lodoiios el al. , ?OOI, OiLun el al. , ?OO?).
Siudios on ilo digosiivo onzymos ol |uvonilo und
uduli siny loLsiois uiiosi io iloii cuinivoious
looding ioloionco viil ligl ioioolyiic iiysin,
clymoiiysin und cuiLoxyoiiduso .), modoiuio
cuiLolydiuso -umyluso, -glucosuminiduso,
luminuiinuso und colloLiuso)und comuiuiivoly lov
liuso uciiviiios Buikui el al., I99G, |olnsion, ?OO8,
Kudloid el al., ?OOo). nioiosiingly, umyluso und
luminuiinuso socilic uciiviiios voio iooiiod io
dociouso us u lunciion ol loLsioi sizo, imlying ilui
cuiLolydiuio migli Lo u moio imoiiuni dioiuiy
consiiiuoni loi |uvonilos ilun uduli siny loLsiois
|olnsion, ?OO8).
.n undoisiunding ol vlui uiiiucis un unimul
io iis lood is ulso lollul vlon dovoloing un
uiiiliciul dioi. . loi is knovn uLoui clomoiocoiion
in muiino docuods soo Loo und Myois, I997,
Ciusso und Busil, ?OO?), und looding ioloioncos ol
siny loLsiois uio ulso Locoming Loiioi undoisiood
oiLy, ?OOO, oiLy el al., ?OOI, Ciusso und Busil,
?OO?). Li ko lomuii d l oLsiois, si ny l oLsiois
luvo u voll dovolood unionnului clomosonsoiy
sysiom loi locuiing lood, linding slolioi und sociul
inioiuciions viil oiloi loLsiois. Cluiucioiisiicully,
lood uiiiuciunis loi ciusiucouns uio lov molocului
voigli, vuioi und oilunol soluLlo, und umloioiic oi
Lusic comounds ilui uio likoly io Lo iolousod liom
oioniiul ioy iioms. Jlus io onsuio un uiiiliciul
lood vill Lo oicoivod Ly ilo loLsioi us suiiuLlo
lood, ii slould loucl u sioudy lumo ol uiiiuciunis
iicl in lioo umino ucids, osociully iuuiino, glycino,
uiginino, gluiumic ucid und ulunino, und oiloi
lov molocului voigli oigunic comounds sucl us
oigunic ucids, nuclooiidos und nucloosidos, Loiuino oi
smull oiidos Loo und Myois, I997).
Si nco slii m und l oLsi ois slov si mi l ui
Loluviouiul iosonsos io clomicul cuos uniol el
al., ?OOI), ii is noi suiiising ilui commoiciul sliim
ollois luvo Loon iosiod io soo il loLsiois vould oui
und giov voll on ilom. n .usiiuliun voik viil
|uvonilo I. ornalus, I. c,gnus und J. eouarostt,
loimuluiod sliim olloiod loods voio ioudily ouion
Ly ilo loLsiois Lui iloii giovil und suivivul voio
gonoiully mucl ooioi ilun iloso lod mussol llosl
Cioui elal., ?OOO, ?OO?, Cloncioss elal., ?OOI, Smiil
el al., ?OO8). Jloso oLsoivuiions suggosi ilui ilo
sliim ollois voio oiiloi nuiiiiionully inudoquuio
loi, oi noi sullicionily uiiiuciivo io, ilo loLsiois. Jlo
luiioi uouiod io Lo ilo mosi likoly oxlunuiion
us loLsiois vould couso looding on ilo sliim
ollois viilin u I-? l ol Loing olloiod vloious ilo
uiiiuciivonoss ol mussol llosl oisisiod loi IO oi
moio l.
Deve|opment of pe||eted dry feed
Genera| approach
Jlo moilod usod io dovolo un uiiiliciul lood loi
uny novly lusLundod unimul iyicully lollovs ono ol
ivo uilvuys. un iioiuiivo iocoss Lusod on diluiing
ilo unimuls nuiuiul lood viil inciousing umounis
ol loss-nuiuiul consiiiuonis oi u moio siiuciuiod
iocoss vloioLy ilo unimuls ioquiiomonis loi koy
nuiiionis uio dolinod und ilo uLiliiy ol ulioinuiivo
lood ingiodionis io suly iloso nuiiionis is
doioiminod. Somoiimos iloso ivo uiouclos
muy Locomo Lluiiod, osociully in ilo ouily siugos
ol uiiiliciul lood dovolomoni vlon nuiuiul lood
Tab|e 1..uioni digosiiLiliiy moun S!)ol ingiodionis ol oioniiul uso in uiiiliciul giov-oui loods
loi siny loLsiois
ovin C. \LL.MS 2o Iolloiod diy loods loi siny loLsioi 27
iioms uio olion usod io imiovo ilo uccoiunco
ol comoundod diois Loing usod loi nuiiiiionul
ioquiiomoni siudios. Jlis coiiuinly lus Loon ilo
cuso viil siny loLsiois vloio mussol llosl oi
oiloi ioy iioms luvo commonly Loon includod
in loimuluiions io imiovo ilo uccoiunco ol ilo
olloiod lood Cioui el al., ?OOO, ?OO?, Cloncioss el
al., ?OOI, Smiil elal., ?OO8, Ioioiu elal., ?OOo). Jlis
uioucl lus onuLlod ilo nuiiiiivo vuluo ol oioniiul
lood ingiodionis io Lo doioiminod und ilo loLsiois
ioquiiomonis loi ciiiicul nuiiionis io Lo luiiloi
dolinod.
Nutritive va|ue of feed ingredients
n considoiing ilo usolulnoss ol u lood ingiodioni
us u souico ol nuiiionis loi ussimiluiion Ly ilo
unimul, ilo likolilood ol giovil inliLiiois oi
coniumi nuii ng ioxi ns Loi ng iosoni musi Lo
considoiod. . iloiougl ciiiiquo ol ilis usoci is
Loyond ilo scoo ol ilis ioviov. oi un uccouni
ol nuiuiully occuiiing giovil inliLiiois und ioxic
coniuminunis, ioudois uio ioloiiod io ioviovs Ly
Huidy I999), iuncis elal. ?OOI), Hondiicks ?OO?)
und Buigos-Hoinundoz el al. ?OOo). Iooi sioiugo
oi lundling ol ilo ingiodioni cun ulso diminisl iis
vuluo sinco Lucioiiul coniuminuiion undoi oxiduiivo
docomosiiion duiing oi ulioi ioduciion cun
dosiioy ciiiicul nuiiionis oi ioduco ioxins sucl
us Liogonic uminos .ksnos und Mundloim, I997,
Osivodi el al., ?OOO, Slukilu el al., ?OO8). Hovovoi,
liom u uio nuiiiiionul oisociivo, nuiiiiivo
vuluo ol un ingiodioni is iyicully liisi ussossod
Ly mousuiing iis uuioni digosiiLiliiy. Sudly,
voiy liiilo inloimuiion is uvuiluLlo on ilo uuioni
ovin C. \LL.MS 2S Iolloiod diy loods loi siny loLsioi 29
digosiiLiliiy ol lood ingiodionis loi siny loLsioi
und ilis is un uiou vloio luiiloi voik is noodod.
JuLlo I iovidos duiu on ilo uuioni digosiiLiliiy
ol somo lood ingiodionis ilui luvo Loon usod in
loods dovolomoni iosouicl loi siny loLsiois. .s
loi onuoid sliim Smiil el al., ?OOI)und mud
ciuL Cuiucuiun el al., ?OO8), siny loLsiois digosi
ilo ioioin ol unimul und somo luni mouls viil
ligl ollicioncy. Iuiiiculuily inioiosiing is ilo ligl
uuioni digosiiLiliiy ol luin und vloui gluion
ioioin, u linding ilui is similui io ilui oLsoivod
loi lisl und oiloi ciusiucouns Smiil el al., ?OOI).
Hovovoi, ilo uuioni digosiiLiliiy ol ilo ioioin
in commoiciul squid moul mousuiod in J. eouarostt
vus unoxociodly lov 7 %)und suggosis ilui
oxcossivo louiing und ioioin donuiuiuiion duiing
ilo munuluciuiing iocoss muy luvo Loon ilo cuuso.
\loiloi oi noi ilui iosuli is iyicul ol iocossod
squid moul oi un uLoiiuni Luicl ol ilo ioduci is
unknovn. Clouily, moio voik noods io Lo dono io
mousuio ilo digosiiLiliiy ol lood ingiodionis ilui
luvo oioniiul io Lo usod in uiiiliciul loods loi siny
loLsiois. \iil I. ornalus, dilliculiios in collociing u
ioiosoniuiivo sumlo ol luocos luvo Loon ovoicomo
Ly using u novol Lulloon moilod, vlicl iovonis
voidod luocos coming in coniuci viil ilo vuioi
ivin und JuLioii, ?OOo).
State of nutritiona| know|edge pre-2000
Sovoiul ioviovs on ilo nuiiiiionul ioquiiomonis ol
siny loLsiois luvo Loon uLlislod Conklin, I98O,
unuzuvu, I991). Hovovoi, ilo uuciiy ol voik
viil siny loLsiois mouni ilui inloimuiion guiloiod
on ilo cluvod lomuiid loLsiois vus louvily ioliod
uon loi iloso ioviovs. unuzuvu und oslio I991)
und Joslimu I997)comuiod ilo ossoniiul liid
nuiiiiion ol ilo |uunoso siny loLsioi I. jaontcus
viil ilui ol lomuiid loLsioi und onuoid sliim
und concludod ilui ossoniiul luiiy ucid, losloliid
und sioiol ioquiiomonis ol iloso ciusiucouns uio
ull voiy similui. Hovovoi, ii musi Lo siuiod ilui
loss ilun u lundlul ol siudios voio ioliod uon in
iovioving ilo ossoniiul liid ioquiiomonis ol siny
loLsiois. Jlo inioni ol ilis uoi is noi io iosoni
u comiolonsivo ioviov ol siny loLsioi nuiiiiion
Lui iuiloi io uduio oui knovlodgo on ilis suL|oci
Ly oxumining moio ioconi iosouicl und lov ilis
is Loing usod io dovolo ligl oiloimunco olloiod
loods loi giov-oui ol siny loLsiois.
State of protein and |ipid know|edge post-2000
. cooidinuiod .usiiuliun giovil siudy oxuminod
ilo dioiuiy ioioin und ioiul liid ioquiiomonis
ol voiy smull <1 g iniiiul voigli)I. c,gnus, I.
ornalus und J. eouarostt loLsiois Cloncioss el
al., ?OOI, Smiil el al., ?OO8, \uid el al., ?OO8). Six
olloiod diy loods coniuining inciomoniod umounis
ol ciudo ioioin liom 8o io GO% diy muiioi)ui
oucl ol ivo lovols ol ioiul liid G und IO%, diy
muiioi)voio iouiod coniiully und disiiiLuiod
io ilo colluLoiuiing luLoiuioiios. .n uddiiionul
dioi ol oiiloi liosl Lluo mussol, M,ltlus eoults oi
u kuiumu Ienaeus jaontcus)sliim lood vus
includod in ilo oxoiimoniul uiiuy us u ioloionco.
n oucl ol ilo oxoiimonis, loLsioi suivivul vus
good `7o%)und giovil imiovod cuivilinouily
viil inciousing dioiuiy ioioin conioni Lui ilo
iosonso doondod on Loil ilo liid conioni ol ilo
lood und ilo socios ol loLsioi. \iil I.c,gnus, ilo
Losi giovil occuiiod viil loods coniuining oo%
ciudo ioioin M)und vus Loiioi loi ilo lov-
ilun ilo ligl-liid loods Cloncioss el al., ?OOI).
\iil I. ornalus, ilo Losi giovil occuiiod ui
culculuiod dioiuiy ioioin usymioios ol 17 und o8%
M)loi ilo G und IO% liid loods, iosociivoly,
ui ilo ligloi ioioin lovols, loLsioi giovil vus
Loiioi loi ilo ligl- comuiod io ilo lov-liid loods
Smiil el al., ?OO8). \iil J. eouarostt, dioiuiy liid
lovol lud no signilicuni olloci on ilo iosonso io
ioioin viil giovil Loing Losi ui culculuiod dioiuiy
digosiiLlo ioioin usymioios ol 88-8o%, diy muiioi
oquivuloni io 1?-17% ciudo ioioin, diy muiioi)
\uid elal., ?OO8L). !igli olloiod loods coniuining
soiiully inciomoniod ioioin liom 8o io GO%, diy
muiioi)ui u consiuni ioiul liid conioni ol 9% diy
muiioi voio oxuminod in unoiloi siudy viil luigoi
J. eouarostt iniiiul voigli ol 7O g)Cioui el
al., ?OOI). .s viil smull loLsiois, giovil iuio ol
ilo luigoi loLsiois imiovod cuivilinouily viil
inciousing dioiuiy ioioin Lui ilo iosonso lluiionod
oui only vlon ilo diy muiioi ciudo ioioin conioni
ol ilo lood vus giouioi ilun oO%. n ull loui siudios,
ilo ioloionco lood mussol llosl oi kuiumu sliim
ollois)iosuliod in signilicunily Loiioi giovil, olion
ovin C. \LL.MS 2S Iolloiod diy loods loi siny loLsioi 29
ivico us good, us ilo Losi oxoiimoniul lood. Jloso
iosulis suggosi ilui dilloioni siny loLsioi socios
luvo dilloioni dioiuiy ioioin und liid ioquiiomonis
und ilus muy ioquiio loods socilicully iuiloiod loi
oucl socios. Hovovoi, us ilo giovil ol ilo loLsiois
on ilo olloiod oxoiimoniul loods vus ooi, ii is
quosiionuLlo vloiloi iloso iosulis iiuly voio u
ioliuLlo mousuio ol ilo unimulsdioiuiy ioioin und
liid ioquiiomonis
Improving the acceptance of pe||eted dry feeds
. common oLsoivuii on i n ul l ol ilo uLovo
siudios vus ilui loLsiois vould ioudily oui ilo
olloiod oxoiimoniul lood vlon liisi givon Lui
vould ilon Lo ignoiod ulioi Loing immoisod in
ilo vuioi loi I-? louis. Jlis coniiusiod viil ilo
iosonso io mussol llosl vloio loLsiois coniinuod
io lood ulioi ii vus in ilo vuioi loi IO oi moio
louis. Jlis oLsoivuiion iomiod oxoiimonis io
oxumino vly ilo uiiiuciivonoss ol olloiod lood
diminislod ulioi sucl u sloii iimo ol immoision.
\oiking viil |uvonilo J. eouarostt, Jolomoi el al.
?OO8)mousuiod ilo oxciiuioiy cuuciiy und ilo
uiiiuciuLiliiy ol sliim ollois und mussol llosl ulioi
iloso lud Loon immoisod in vuioi loi oiiods ol
u io 8 l. Jloy ulso oxuminod ilo clomouiiiuciion
ol dilloioni conconiiuiions ol glycino, iuuiino und
Loiuino. Jlo loLsiois uiiiuciion io sliim ollois
und mussol llosl doclinod viil inciousing immoision
iimo. Hovovoi, looding sliim ollois ilui lud
Loon soukod loi oiiods ol O.o, ?, 1 oi 8 l did noi
ulloci ilo giovil, lood convoision oi suivivul ol ilo
loLsiois duiing u I?-vook giovil iiiul. Jlo giouiosi
looding Loluviouiul iosonso unionnulo llicking)ol
ilo loLsiois occuiiod viil glycino ui conconiiuiions
ol IO
1
io IO
G
molL vlilo ilo conconiiuiion ol
iuuiino lud io Lo inciousod io IO
?
molL io goi u
similui ligl Loluviouiul iosonso, ilo iosonso io
Loiuino iomuinod lov ui ull conconiiuiions ovoi ilo
iungo IO
8
io IO
?
molL.
. quiio dilloioni iosonso vus oLsoivod viil
|uvonilo I. ornalus \illiums el al., ?OOo). Jloy
sougli io cluiucioiizo looding cuos Ly quuniiiuiing
ilo niiiogonous comounds loucling liom mussol
llosl oi olloiod diy loods lolloving immoision in
vuioi ovoi u oiiod ol 7.o l und coiioluiing ilo
loucluio viil ilo ioloionco ol ilo loLsiois io ilo
sumo soukod oi non-soukod loods. Homogonuios
ol nuiuiul ioy iioms, oiiloi olycluoio, sliim,
mussol oi squid, voio includod in ilo olloiod lood
so ilui ilo clomicul signuiuios ol ilo loucluios
vould Lo dilloioni. Jlo loLsiois looding ioloionco
vus mosi osiiivoly coiioluiod viil ilo umouni ol
soluLlo ioioin, glycino und iuuiino ilui louclod
liom ilo loods. Hovovoi, loLsiois slovod u mucl
ligloi ioloionco loi mussol llosl ilun loi ilo
olloiod diy loods ovon vlon o-l soukod mussol
vus comuiod viil non-soukod olloiod lood.
Jloso iosulis suggosiod ilui inciousing looding
lioquoncy und including ioioin lydiolysuios und
oiloi lioo umino ucid-iicl ingiodionis in ilo dioiuiy
loimuluiion migli Lo iuciicul vuys loi iolonging
ilo uiiiuciivonoss ol olloiod uiiiliciul loods. loioio
el al. ?OOI)usod kiill lydiolysuio io onlunco ilo
uccoiunco ol soyLoun-Lusod loods loi ilo .moiicun
loLsioi, Honarus anertcanus, und lound ilui
soyLoun could iovido ulmosi 9O% ol ilo dioiuiy
ioioin viil no udvoiso ollocis on giovil ioluiivo
io looding mussols.
Re-examination of protein requirements
Jo iosi ilo vuluo ol including kiill mouls in lood
loimuluiions loi siny loLsiois, un oxoiimoni vus
cuiiiod oui viil |uvonilo I. ornalus io io-oxumino
dioiuiy ioioin ioquiiomonis Smiil el al., ?OOo).
ioozo-diiod kiill lydiolysuio und lioozo diiod kiill
moul voio usod ui u consiuni inclusion iuio ol 8
und 8O%, iosociivoly, und ilo ioioin conioni ol
ilo lood soiiully inciousod Ly udding inciomoniul
umounis ol lisl moul ui ilo oxonso ol siuicl io
ioduco livo isoliidic loods ilui vuiiod liom 81 io
GI% ciudo ioioin diy muiioi 8I io oG% digosiiLlo
ciudo ioioin diy muiioi). .n uddiiionul dioi ol
iluvod gioon-liod mussol, Ierna canaltculus, vus
includod in ilo iiouimoni uiiuy us u ioloionco. Jlo
loimuluiion und doioiminod clomicul comosiiion
ol iloso loods uio doiuilod in JuLlo ?. uiing ilo
8-vook oxoiimoni, giovil iuio ol ilo loLsiois
lod ilo olloiod lood loui-iimos duily coniinuod
io inciouso viil inciousing dioiuiy ciudo ioioin
conioni, vi il no suggosii on ol ilo iosonso
luiouuing ovon ui ilo liglosi lovol oxuminod
GI%, diy muiioi, oG% digosiiLlo, diy muiioi)ig.
I). Jlus, |uvonilo I. ornalus, ioquiio ligl dioiuiy
Tab|e 2.oimuluiion und koy clomicul comosiiion

ol loods usod in io-ovuluuiing

ilo dioiuiy ioioin ioquiiomoni ol |uvonilo I.ornalus Smiil elal., ?OOo)
Fig. 1.Koluiionsli Loivoon ilo digosiiLlo ciudo ioioin CI)conioni
ol ilo lood on u diy muiioi Lusis)X)und giovil iuio ol I. ornalus
loLsiois lod olloiod loods loi ilo O-8 vook oiiod ol ilo giovil iosonso
oxoiimoni Y). Jlo giovil iuio ol loLsiois lod iluvod gioon-li mussol
is slovn ui iis coiiosonding ciudo ioioin conioni diy muiioi Lusis).
!iioi Luis uio S!M.
ovin C. \LL.MS 30 Iolloiod diy loods loi siny loLsioi 31
ovin C. \LL.MS 30 Iolloiod diy loods loi siny loLsioi 31
ioioin socilicuiions viz, `GO% ciudo ioioin, diy
muiioi, `oG% digosiiLlo ciudo ioioin, diy muiioi)
io ucliovo ligl giovil iuios on olloiod loods.
Adequacy of musse| f|esh as so|e feed
nioiosiingly, loLsiois lod ilo iluvod mussol in
ilo oxoiimoni ol Smiil elal. ?OOo)giov voll loi
ilo liisi loui vooks Lui iloioulioi ilo giovil iuio
ol ilo loLsiois iogiossivoly doclinod und douils,
muinly ui iimos ol mouliing, inciousod. Suivivul ol
loLsiois lod iluvod mussol vus only 1I% comuiod
io 78-81% loi loLsiois lod olloiod loods. Moioovoi,
mussol-lod loLsiois Locumo inciousingly ulo in
coloui, und iloso ilui diod voio invuiiuLly voiy ulo
oi ink-iingod. |unio-Monoz und Kuinuiu I99G)ulso
lound iluvod gioon mussol, Ierna :trots, io Lo un
inudoquuio solo lood loi |uvonilo I.ornalus viil only
G% ol loLsiois suiviving ilo 1-monil oxoiimoni.
n u Nov Zoulund siudy viil |uvonilo J. eouarostt,
liosl Lluo M,ltlusgalloro:tnctalts)oi gioon-liod
I. canaltculus)mussol iosuliod in signilicunily
Loiioi giovil und suivivul ilun looding 8-duy ugod
mussols oi liozon mussol |umos und Jong, I997).
Jloso siudios collociivoly indicuio ilui lioozing muy
luvo doloioiiously ulioiod ilo nuiiiiionul quuliiy
ol ilo mussol, oilus ioducing viiumin oioncy
oi ulioiing ilo LiouvuiluLiliiy ol somo ciiiicul
micionuiiioni. Jlo ulonoss ol ilo loLsiois lod ilo
mussol in ilo siudy ol Smiil elal. ?OOo)suggosiod
u suL-oiimul iniuko ol usiuxunilin.
Dietary carotenoid and astaxanthin
Cuioionoids uio un oxonsivo uLoui USS8,OOOkg
ol uciivo usiuxunilin)und ciiiicul comononi ol
ciusiucoun loods Lui liiilo is knovn ol ilo cuioionoid
ioquiiomonis ol iioicul siny loLsiois. Mosi
unimuls uio unuLlo io syniloiiso cuioionoids oeno:o
und ilus uio doondoni on un oxogonous dioiuiy
suly io mooi iloii ioquiiomonis Moyois und
Luisclu, I997). n ciusiucoun und lisl, usiuxunilin
is ilo iodominuni cuioionoid. i is sioiod us lioo
usiuxunilin oi us usiuxunilin osiois vloio ilo
usiuxunilin moloculo is uiiuclod io u luiiy ucid.
.siuxunilin lus muny lunciions in ciusiucouns.
i lus Loon domonsiiuiod io Lo imoiiuni in
ioioduciivo oiloimunco Iunguniilon-ullmunn
el al., I998, Ioioz-Voluzquoz el al., ?OO8)und in
luivul und osi-luivul dovolomoni Ioiii el al.,
I997, Iun el al., ?OOI). i ulso uouis io luvo un
imoiiuni iolo us un uniioxiduni und io Lo involvod
in immunocomoionco und siioss ioloiunco Moyois
und Luisclu I997, Linun-CuLollo el al., ?OO?, Clion
el al., ?OO8). n ciusiucouns, usiuxunilin is noi
ioudily synilosisod liom oiloi ingosiod cuioionoids,
viil -cuioiono luving ilo liglosi Lio-convoision
ollicioncy ol uLoui oO% Moyois und Luisclu I997).
Cioui el al. ?OO?)ovuluuiod six commoiciul
sliim olloiod loods und liosl Lluo mussol, M.
eoults us loods loi |uvonilo J. eouarostt. Jlioo ol
ilo sliim loods voio loimuluiod loi ilo kuiumu
sliim, I. jaontcus und ilo oiloi ilioo loi ilo
Lluck iigoi sliim, Ienaeus nonooon. Jloso
loods voio lod io sligli oxcoss loi I81 duys und
mousuiomonis mudo ol giovil oiloimunco,
cuiuuco coloui und Lody comosiiion ol ilo
loLsiois. LoLsiois giov signilicunily Loiioi on ilo
mussol ilun on ilo sliim olloiod loods Lui oiloi
ioduciiviiy iiuiis did noi dilloi giouily Loivoon
ilo vuiious loods. Hovovoi ui ilo conclusion ol ilo
oxoiimoni, cuiuuco coloui ol ilo loLsiois dilloiod
muikodly Loivoon ilo loods, viil coloui scoios
Loing muikodly ligloi loi ilo ilioo kuiumu sliim
loods 1.?-o), lovosi loi ilo Lluck iigoi sliim
loods I.1-I.8)und inioimodiuio loi ilo mussol 1).
Higlly signilicuni cuivilinoui und linoui ioluiionslis
voio lound Loivoon dioiuiy cuioionoid conioni und
ilo loLsiois cuiuuco coloui und iissuo cuioionoid
conioni, iosociivoly. Jloso uuilois concludod ilui
loLsiois nood u dioiuiy cuioionoid lovol ol uiound
IIo mgkg io onsuio u cuiuuco colouiuiion scoio
ol `1, oquivuloni io ilui ol vild-cuugli |uvonilo J.
eouarostt.
Jlo ooi giovi l, l ov suivi vul und ul o
oxoskoloion colouiuiion ol |uvonilo I. ornalus lod
liozon gioon-liod mussol in ilo voik ol Smiil
el al. ?OOo)iomiod u luiiloi siudy io oxumino
ilo dioiuiy usiuxunilin ioquiiomoni ol ilis socios
Buicluy el al., ?OOG). Jloy cuiiiod oui u I?-vook
oxoiimoni viil |uvonilo I. ornalus lod oiiloi
olloiod loods sulomoniod viil usiuxunilin
ioviding ioiul dioiuiy cuioionoid conionis ol 8O,
GO, 9O oi I?O mgkg)oi ono ol ivo liozon mussol
ioloionco loods-Lluo, M. eoults, oi gioon-liod, I.
canaltculus, mussols. Jlo olloiod loods voio Lusod
ovin C. \LL.MS 32 Iolloiod diy loods loi siny loLsioi 33
on ilo loimuluiion ol ilo Losi lood in ilo ouilioi
siudy ood GICI, JuLlo ?)oxcoi ilui usiuxunilin
vus inciomoniully uddod io ioduco ilo dosiiod
dioiuiy usiuxunilin socilicuiions. Noiiloi giovil
iuio noi suivivul slovod u doso iosonso io dioiuiy
usiuxunilin Lui loLsiois lod ilo ivo mussol loods
consisionily giov moio slovly und suivivul iondod
io Lo lovoi, osociully duiing ilo lusi 1-vooks
ol ilo oxoiimoni ig. ?.). !xoskoloion coloui
inciousod diiocily us ilo dioiuiy cuioionoid conioni
ol ilo olloiod loods inciousod Lui ilo coloui ol
loLsiois lod ilo mussol vus only ooily ioluiod
io ilo cuioionoid conioni ol ilo mussol ig. ?B).
Similuily, vlolo Lody ioiul cuioionoid conioni ol ilo
Fig. 2.!llocis ol dioiuiy cuioionoid on giovil Luis)und suivivul A)ig. .)
und on oxoskoloion coloi scoio ig. B)ol |uvonilo I. ornalus lod oiiloi olloiod
loods ioviding inciomoniul sulomonis ol lioo usiuxunilin oi liozon Lluo, M.
eoults BM)oi liozon gioon-liod, I.canaltculus, CM)mussol. !iioi Luis uio
S!M n - 1).
ovin C. \LL.MS 32 Iolloiod diy loods loi siny loLsioi 33
loLsiois inciousod linouily viil inciousing dioiuiy
cuioionoid loi ilo olloiod loods Lui ilo ioluiionsli
vus loss cloui loi ilo mussol-lod loLsiois ig. 8.).
Hovovoi, mosi ol ilo cuioionoid in ilo mussol vus
noi usiuxunilin, Lui oiloi igmonis mosi likoly
oiiginuiing liom ilo micioulguo ilui lud Loon
consumod. \lon vlolo Lody usiuxunilin conioni
ol ilo loLsiois vus oxuminod in ioluiion io ilo
lioo usiuxunilin conioni ol ilo lood, un oxcolloni
cuivilinoui ioluiionsli vus soon loi ull loods ig.
8B). .lilougl ilo iungo ol dioiuiy usiuxunilin
oxuminod in ilo oxoiimoni did noi ulloci loLsioi
ioduciiviiy, ii did muikodly ulloci oxoskoloion
coloui und iissuo usiuxunilin conioni, vlicl
could luvo imoiiuni imlicuiions on ilo unimuls
immunocomoionco und on ilo muikoi uccoiunco ol
Fig. 3.!llocis ol dioiuiy cuioionoid conioni und vlolo Lody \B)
cuioionoid conioni ig. .)und dioiuiy lioo usiuxunilin usiux)conioni und
lioo usiux conioni ig. B). !iioi Luis uio S!M n - 1).
ovin C. \LL.MS 31 Iolloiod diy loods loi siny loLsioi 35
ilo culiuiod loLsioi. Moioovoi, ilo siudy conliimod
ilo lindings ol ilo ouilioi siudy Smiil elal., ?OOo)
ilui liozon mussols uio noi u suiiuLlo solo lood loi I.
oinuius.
Noiiloi ilo siudy ol Cioui el al. ?OO?)noi ilui
ol Buicluy el al. ?OOG)voio uLlo io domonsiiuio
un imiovod ioduciiviiy iosonso io dioiuiy
cuioionoi d, und ilus coul d noi doli no u iiuo
ioquiiomoni. Hovovoi, Loil siudios slovod dioiuiy
cuioionoid suly lud u cloui und muikod olloci on
loLsioi colouiuiion, u louiuio ilui lus considoiuLlo
imuci on ilo muikoiing und ilo iicod uid loi
ilo loLsioi. l loi ilis iouson ulono, u ioiul dioiuiy
cuioionoid socilicuiion ol ui lousi IOO mgkg, und
un usiuxunilin oquivuloni ol noi loss ilun 7O mgkg,
is iocommondod.
Future research perspectives
Mucl iogioss lus Loon mudo i n ilo usi
livo youis oi so io Loiioi dolino ilo nuiiiiionul
ioquiiomonis ol osi-luivul siny loLsiois und io
dovolo suiiuLlo comoundod olloiod diy loods.
Jlis iosouicl lus slovn ilui ilo iioicul I.ornalus
giovs Losi vlon iovidod viil loods ilui uio ligl
in digosiiLlo ioioin `oG % diy muiioi)und viil
IO-II % ioiul liid diy muiioi. Moio iomoiuio
socios sucl us I. c,gnus und J. eouarostt uoui
noi io nood us ligl u dioiuiy ioioin oi liid
socilicuiion us I.ornalus Lui ilis conclusion noods
luiiloi vuliduiion. Voiy liiilo ioconi iosouicl lus
Loon dono io quuniily ilo loLsiois ioquiiomonis loi
ossoniiul liids, osociully sioiol, losloliid und
ossoniiul luiiy ucids, und ilis vill ussumo giouioi
imoiiunco vlon ioiiosiiiul lood ingiodionis uio
usod io ioluco muiino souicos in clouoi dioiuiy
loimuluiions. . comoundod uiiiliciul lood ilui is
voll uccoiod Ly Ianultrus und Jasus loLsiois und
vlicl ioducos good giovil und suivivul lus Loon
dovolood. Hovovoi, ilis loimuluiion iosonily
ioquiios ligl inclusion iuios ol kiill ioducis, vlicl
uio oxonsivo. Jlo iusk uloud loi iosouiclois vill
Lo io dovolo loss oxonsivo lood loimuluiions
ilui loLsiois ioudily uccoi und giov voll on. Jlis
vill ioquiio moio inloimuiion on ilo uuioni
digosiiLiliiy und uccoiuLiliiy ol ulioinuiivo und
clouoi lood ingiodionis, mosi likoly ol ioiiosiiiul
iuiloi ilun muiino oiigin, und luiiloi doliniiion ol
ilo loLsiois ioquiiomonis loi ciiiicully imoiiuni
nuiiionis und onoigy.
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CoLL, |.S., und iiiuku, |.), Bluckvoll Scioniilic
IuLlicuiions, Oxloid, U, . 188-191.
unuzuvu, .. und oslio, S., I991. Liid nuiiiiion ol
ilo siny loLsioi Ianultrusjaontcus ocuodu,
Iulinuiiduo). . ioviov. Cruslaceana, G7, ??G-?8?.
iiiuku, |., ?OOO. Culiuio ol luivul siny loLsiois, in
Siny LoLsiois. isloiios und Culiuio, ?nd
odn.od. Ly Ilillis, B.. und iiiuku, |.),
Bluckvoll Scionco Lid, London, U, . oO8-o8?.
Loo, I.C. und Moyois, S.I., I997. Clomouiiiuciion
und looding, in Ciusiucoun Nuiiiiionod. Ly
.Liumo, L.K., Conklin, .!., und .kiyumu,
.M.), \oild .quuculiuio Socioiy, Buion Kougo,
L., US., . ?9?-8o?.
Linun-CuLollo, M..., Iuniuguu-Miclol, |., und Hokins,
I.M., ?OO?. Biouciivo iolos ol cuioionoids und
ioiinoids in ciusiucouns. Aquac.Nulr., B, ?99-8O9.
Lodoiios, C.|., Kongol, |.|., Cudoiloy, H.!., Nusoiii,
O., und Himmolmun, |.H., ?OOI. Bioclomicul
comosiiion und onoigy ullocuiion in ilo iioicul
scullo L,roeclen Nooteclen)nooosus duiing
ilo monils louding u io und lolloving ilo
dovolomoni ol gonuds. Aquacullure, 199, G8-78.
Muisudu, H. und Yumukuvu, J., ?OOO. Jlo comloio
dovolomoni und moilologicul clungos ol luivul
Ianultrus longtes ocuodu, Iulinuiiduo)
undoi luLoiuioiy condiiions. Itshertes 5ct., GG,
?78-?98.
Muyli ol d, S. , .iki nson, S. , Biuncl, C. M. , und
Cockcioli, ..C., ?OOO. ioi ol ilo vosi cousi iock
loLsioi Jasus lalanott. nlluonco ol loLsioi sizo,
sox, cuiuio doil, luiiiudo und mouli siugo. 5.
A/r.J.Mar.5ct., 22, o7-G9.
Moyois, S.. und Luisclu, L., I997. Cuioionoids,
in Ciusiucoun Nuiiiiion .dvuncos in \oild
.quucul i uiood. Ly .Liumo, L. K. ,
Conklin, .!., und .kiyumu, .M.), Jlo \oild
.quuculiuio Socioiy, Buion Kougo, Louisiunu,
US., . IG1-I98.
Osivodi, |., Mundloim, H., Nyguid, !., .uso, H.,
und Iiko, .H., ?OOO. Koducod giovil und lood
consumiion ol .iluniic sulmon 5alno salar
L.)lod lisl moul mudo liom siulo lisl is noi
duo io inciousod conioni ol Liogonic uminos.
Aquacullure, 1BB, 8?8-887.
OiLun, !. , i lonu, C. , Noviguio, J. , Cusini, . ,
Muizoiii, .., und Cuioni, K., ?OO?. Sousonul
clungos in moui conioni, condiiion indox und
clomicul comosiiion ol mussols M,ltlus
galloro:tnctalts)culiuiod in ivo dilloioni iuliun
siios. IoooChen., 77, o7-Go.
Iun, C-H., Clion, Y-H., und Clong, |-H., ?OOI. !llocis
ol ligli iogimo, ulguo in ilo vuioi und dioiuiy
usiuxunilin on igmoniuiion, giovil und
suivivul ol Lluck iigoi iuvn Ienaeusnonooon
osi-luivuo. Zool.5luo., 4O, 87I-88?.
Iunguniilon-ullmunn, M.I., Millumonu, O., und
Cloin, Y., I998. !lloci ol dioiuiy usiuxunilin
und viiumin . on ilo ioioduciivo oiloimunco
ol Ienaeus nonooon Lioodsiock. Aqual. Lt:tng
Iesour., 11, 1O8-1O9.
Ioioiu, !. , iugu, . , Cuiiillo, O. , iuz-glosius,
!. , Ciuz, K. , Buoz, M. , und Cul i cl, C. S. ,
?OOo. !vuluuiion ol iuciicul diois loi ilo
Cuii LLoun si ny l oLsioi Ianultrus argus
Luiioillo, I8O1). ollocis ol ioioin souicos on
suLsiiuio moiuLolism und digosiivo iocossos.
Aquacullure, 244, ?oI-?G?.
Ioioz-Voluzquoz, M., Conzuloz-olix, M.L., Luvionco,
..L., Biuy, \..., und Cuiilin, .M. T, ?OO8.
ioiuiy ollocis on soim quuliiy ol Ltloenaeus
:annanet.J.1orloAquac.5oc., 84, 9?-98.
Ioiii, H., Nogio-Suduiguos, C., Cusiillo, K., und Jiillos,
|-I., I997. Jlo ollocis ol dioiuiy usiuxunilin on
giovil und mouliing cyclo ol osiluivul siugos
ol ilo iuvn, Ienaeus jaontcus Ciusiucou,
ocuodu). Con. Ltochen. Ih,stol., A117,
o89-o11.
Ilillis, B.., ?OOO. Ioisociivos, in Siny LoLsiois.
isloiios und Culiuio, ?nd odn.od. Ly Ilillis,
B.., und iiiuku, |.), Bluckvoll Scionco Lid,
London, U, . GG7-G7?.
ovin C. \LL.MS 3o Iolloiod diy loods loi siny loLsioi 37
Ili l l i s, B. . , ?OOo. LoLsiois. ilo souicl loi
knovlodgo coniinuos und vly vo nood io
knov| ). N. Z. J. Mar. Ireshualer Ies. , 89,
?8I-?1I.
Ilillis, B.., Molvillo-Smiil, K., und Clong, Y.\.
?OO8. !sii muii ng ilo ollocis ol iomovi ng
Ianultrus c,gnus uoiuli on ilo lisloiy siock.
ItshertesIes., G5, 89-IOI.
Ilillis, B.., Iulmoi, M.|., Ciuz, K., und Jiondull, |.J.,
I99?. !siimuiing giovil ol ilo siny loLsiois
Ianultrusc,gnus, I.argus und I.ornalus.Mar.
IreshualerIes., 48, II77-II88.
Kudloid, C..., Muisdon, .., uvison, \., und Juyloi,
H.H., ?OOo. Huomolyml glucoso conconiiuiions
ol |uvonilo iock loLsiois, Jasus eouarostt,
looding on dilloioni cuiLolydiuio diois. Con.
Ltochen.Ih,stol., A14O, ?1I-?19.
Sluki l u, K. , |oyu, K. , Vi | uyul ukslmi , . , und
|oyusokuiun, C., ?OO8. Clungos in lisiumino
und vol uii l o umi nos i n si x commoici ul l y
imoiiuni socios ol lisl ol ilo Jlooilukkudi
cousi ol Jumil Nudu, ndiu sioiod ui umLioni
iomoiuiuio. IoooChen., B2, 817-8o?.
Skovos, J.., Iiicloi, C.K., und onnis, .M., I997.
Ciovil ol oinuio iock loLsiois, Ianultrus
ornalus, in Joiios Siiuii, .usiiuliu. Mar.
IreshualerIes., 4B, 197-oOI.
Smiil, .M., .llun, C.L., \illiums, .C., und Builov,
C.C., ?OOI. islmoul iolucomoni iosouicl loi
sliim loods in .usiiuliu, in Jlo Nov \uvo,
.quuculiuio ?OOIod. Ly Biovdy, C.L. und
|oiy, .!.), Jlo \oild .quuculiuio Socioiy,
Buion Kougo, L., US., . 9G-IO?.
Smiil, .M., \illiums, .C., ivin, S., Buicluy, M., und
JuLioii, S., ?OO8. ovolomoni ol u olloiod lood
loi |uvonilo iioicul siny loLsioi Ianultrus
ornalus). iosonso io dioiuiy ioioin und liid.
Aquac.Nulr., 9, ?8I-?87.
Smiil, .M., \illiums, .C., und ivin, S.|., ?OOo.
Kosonso ol ilo iioicul siny loLsioi Ianultrus
ornalus io ioioin conioni ol olloiod lood
und io u dioi ol mussol llosl. Aquac. Nulr., 11,
?O9-?I7.
Joslimu, S-., I997. Ilosloliids und sioiols, in
Ciusiucoun Nuiiiiionod. Ly .Liumo,
L.K., Conklin, .!., und .kiyumu, .M.), \oild
.quuculiuio Socioiy, Buion Kougo, L., US., .
8o-IO7.
Jluy, N.J.B. und Ngoc, N.B., ?OO1. Cuiioni siuius
und oxloiiuiion ol vild siny loLsiois in
Vioinumoso vuiois, in Siny LoLsioi !cology
und !xloiiuiion in ilo Souil Clinu Sou Kogion
od. Ly \illiums, .C.), .C.K Iioc. No. I?O,
.usiiuliun Coniio loi nioinuiionul .giiculiuiul
Kosouicl, CunLoiiu, .usiiuliu, .I8-IG.
Jolomoi, .., Cioui, B., und |olnsion, ., ?OO8. ioi
immoision iimo. ollocis on giovil, suivivul
und looding Loluvioui ol |uvonilo souiloin
iock loLsioi, Jasus eouarostt. Aquacullure, 219,
8O8-8IG.
\uid, L.K., Cuiioi, C.C., und Cioui, B.|., ?OO8u.
.uioni digosiiLiliiy ol oioniiul ingiodionis
us ioioin souicos in loimuluiod loods loi ilo
souiloin iock loLsioi Jasus eouarostt, in Jlo
Nuiiiiion ol |uvonilo und .duli LoLsiois io
Oiimizo Suivivul, Ciovil und Condiiion
od. Ly \illiums, .C.), inul Kooii ol KC
?OOO?I?. isloiios Kosouicl & ovolomoni
Coioiuiion, CunLoiiu, .usiiuliu, . 1O-19.
\uid, L.K., Cuiioi, C.C., Cioui, B.|., und Smiil, .M.,
?OO8L. Oiimul dioiuiy ioioin lovol loi |uvonilo
souiloin iock loLsioi, Jasus eouarostt, ui ivo
liid lovols. Aquacullure, 217, 188-oOO.
\illiums, .C., Smiil, .M., ivin, S.|., Buicluy, M.C.,
und JuLioii, S.|., ?OOo. \uioi immoision iimo
ioducos ilo ioloionco ol |uvonilo iioicul siny
loLsioi Ianultrusornalus loi olloiod diy loods
und mussol llosl. Aquac.Nulr., 11, 1Io-1?G.