DKGNMTngoduc

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1.1 Khi nim chung v my tnh:

My tnh(Computer): L TB in t thc hin cng vic sau:
- Nhn thng tin vo
- X l thng tin theo chng trnh nh sn trong b nh
- a thng tin ra
*Chng trnh(Program): l dy cc cu lnh nm trong b
nh(hd MT thc hin mt cng vic c th no )
* Phn mm (Software): Bao gm chng trnh v d liu
* Phn cng(Hardware): Bao gm tt c cc thnh phn vt
l cu thnh ln h thng MT
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Chng 1: Giao din ca my tnh trong LK
O Cu trc my tnh(Computer Structure): L nhng thnh
phn ca my tnh v nhng lin kt gia cc thnh phn

-CPU: iu khin v x l s liu
- M: Cha CT v d liu
- I/O: Trao i TT gia MT vi bn ngoi
- Lin kt gia cc thnh phn ca my tnh li vi nhau
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1.2 Cu trc chung ca h ghp ni my tnh
MT hay h VXL u c cu trc chung do Jonh Von Neuman
xut bao gm CPU, M, I/O. Ngoi ra MT cn cn trao
i data vi cc TB ngoi vi thng dng, cc TB ngoi
trong h LK, v vi cc MT khc do cc KGN TB
ngoi vi c xy dng gm:
- BGN cc TB vo chun nh bn phm, chut,...
- BGN cc TB ra chun nh mn hnh, my in,...
- BGN cc b nh ngoi chun nh cng, CD-ROM...
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- BGN vi MT khc trong mng MT
- BGN vi h VK, VXL
- BGN h o lng- iu khin.
Trong h L-K , MT nhn data trng thi vt l ca sys nh:
Nhit , p sut, in p, dng in... di dng tn hiu
in t cc sensor, tranducers, detectors. V MT cn nhn
TT v trng thi sn sng hay bn ca TB o.
T a ra tn hiu chp nhn trao i data vi TBN, thu thp
v x l data, tnh ton c tn hiu k a ra cc c cu chp
hnh( Cc c, Servo, cc van, cc rle, cc mch ng lc
iu tc ng c in..). Ngoi ra MT cn lu gi data..
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1.3 Vai tr, nhim v v chc nng ca KGN
* Vai tr:

* Nhim v:
- Phi hp v mc v cng sut tn hiu:
+ Mc tn hiu ca MT thng l mc TTL trong khi TBN c
nhiu mc khc nhau, thng thng cao hn(15,48 ), hay
mc cng nghip(220/380V hoc ln hn)

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+ CS ng dy MT nh(chc mA), trong cs cn cho cc
TBN thng rt ln, c bit trong cng nghip.
+ Do KGN phi bin i in p v K cs cho ph hp
+ Pha MT thng dng vi mch 3 trng thi ghp ni tn
hiu I/O
- Phi hp v dng data: Data ca Mt thng l song song
dng s, c th truyn theo 8, 16, 32 bit, cn data ca TBN
c th song song, ni tip, 8, 16, 32 bit hoc analog Y
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- Phi hp v tc trao i data: Mt thng hot ng vi tc
cao(GHz) trong khi TBN thng hot ng chm hn
nhiu. Do cn phi thc hin ng b v mt tc (Vic
ny thng c s kt hp gia phn cng v phn mm)
- Phi hp v phng thc trao i data: m bo trao i
data mt tin cy cn c KGN v c din ra theo trnh t:
Do MT khi xng:
+ MT a lnh K TBN hay KGN
+ MT kim tra trng thi sn sng ca TBN(c th trao
i, nu khng th c li trng thi)
+MT trao i khi c thy trng thi sn sng
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Do TBN khi xng: gim thi gian ch i trng thi
sn sng ca TBN, Mt c th khi ng TBN ri thc hin
nhim v khc. Vic trao i data din ra khi
+ TBN a y/c ti b phn x l ngt ca BGN a yu
cu ngt chng trnh cho MT, nu c nhiu TBN a y/c
ng thi, KGN sp xp theo th t u tin nh sn
+ MT nhn y/c sa son trao i v a tn hiu xc nhn
sn sng
+ KGN nhn v truyn tn hiu xc nhn cho TBN
+ TBN trao i data vi KGN v KGN trao i data vi MT(in)
+ MT trao i data vi TBN qua KGN(out)
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1.4 Th tc trao i data ca MT
* Ch trao i data: MT trao i data vi TBN qua 2 c:
- Ch chng trnh: S trao i data c VXL k theo
mt trong hai loi lnh sau:
+ Cc lnh vo(IN) hay ra (OUT)
+ Cc lnh chuyn data gia thanh ghi ca VXL v
thanh ghi m s liu ca KGN c a ch nh xc nh
- Ch truy cp thng ti b nh: sau khi VXL c k
s trao i data hon ton do KGN k thay cho VXL v cc
ca vo ra ca VXL trng thi High-Z lc ny KGN iu
khin mi hot ng ca khi nh M v TBN c th:
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+ Pht a ch cho khi nh hoc TBN
+ Pht lnh c (RD) hay ghi (WR) s liu
+ Cc s liu c, ghi c trao i gia khi nh M v
TBN thng qua cc thanh ghi m ca KGN
ch chng trnh: C 3 phng php trao i data:
- Trao i ng b:
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Sau khi khi ng TBN, MT
khng cn quan tm ti
TBN c sn sng trao i
hay khng m a lun cc
lnh trao i

Phng php ny ch c thc hin khi:
+ Thit b ngoi lun sn sng trao i
+Tc trao i ca MT v TBN lun ph hp nhau hoc TBN
trao i nhanh
u im: Nhanh, khng tn thi gian ch i
Nhc im: Thiu tin cy, c th b mt TT v s c lm TBN
cha sn sng.
- Trao i khng ng b hay hi trng thi(polling)
Trnh t trao i din ra nh sau:
+ MT a data k TBN
+ MT ch v ktra trng thi sn sng ca TBN bng cch:
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> c TT v trng thi ca TBN
> Kim tra trng thi sn sng. Nu cha MT li
c v ktra trng thi sn sng
+ MT trao i data vi TBN

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Phng php trao i ny thc
hin khi tc trao i data
ca TBN chm hn so vi
MT.
u im: Tin cy, ch trao i khi
bit chc chn TBN sn
sng
Nhc im: Tn thi gian
- Trao i tin ngt Vi x l
PP ny khc phc nhc im ca cc phng php trn.
Trnh t nh sau:
MVT ang thc hin chui lnh ca mt chng trnh no
.
TBN c yu cu trao i tin, s gi tn hiu yu cu trao i
tin (yu cu ngt INTR)
MVT (c th l VXL ) a tn hiu chp nhn (xc nhn ngt
INTA)
Chng trnh chnh b ngt, MVT chuyn sang chng trnh
con phc v ngt tc l chng trnh con trao i tin cho
TBN yu cu.
Chng trnh chnh li tip tc thc hin ch b ngt.

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1.5 Cng ghp ni song song.

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A. Vi nt c bn v cng ghp ni song song
1. Tn gi:
Cng my in: L do l hu ht cc my in u c ni vi
my tnh qua cng ny.
Cng Centronic: y l tn ca mt cng ty thit k ra
cng ny. Centronic l tn mt cng ty chuyn sn xut my
in kiu ma trn ng hng u th gii. Chnh cng ty ny
ngh ra kiu thit k cng ghp ni my in vi my tnh.
Cng song song: D liu c truyn qua cng ny theo cch
song song, c th d liu c truyn 8 bit ng thi hay
cn gi byte ni tip bit song song.

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2. Mc in p cng
u s dng mc in p tng thch TTL(Transiztor -
Transiztor - Logic) 0v +5v trong :
0v l mc logic LOW.
2v +5v l mc logic HIGH.
V vy khi ghp ni vi cng ny ta ch ghp ni nhng thit b
ngoi vi c mc in p tng thch TTL.
3. Khong cch ghp ni
Khong cch gii hn cc i l 8m. Thng thng ch 1,5
n 2m. Nu trn 3m th cc ng dy tn hiu v ng
dy ni t phi c xon vi nhau thnh tng cp. Bin
php khc s dng cp dt, trn mi ng d liu c
t gia hai ng dy ni t.
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4. Tc truyn d liu
Tc truyn d liu qua cng song song ph thuc vo
phn cng c s dng. Trn l thuyt tc c th t
n 1Mb/s nhng vi khong cch truyn hn ch trong
phm vi 1m.
Vi nhiu mc ch s dng th khong cch ny hon
ton tha ng, tuy vy cng c nhng ng dng i hi
phi truyn trn khong cch xa hn. Trong trng hp
ta phi ngh ngay n kh nng ghp ni khc (nh
ghp ni qua cng RS232).
B. Cu trc cng song song

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Theo chun IEEE 1284 a ra nm 1994

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Qua cch m t chc nng ca tng tn hiu ring l ta c
th thy l cc ng dn tn hiu c th chia thnh 3 nhm:
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Cc ng dn tn hiu xut ra t my tnh v k my
in, c gi l cc ng dn iu khin.
Cc ng dn tn hiu, a cc thng bo ngc li
t my in v MT, c gi l cc ng dn trng thi.
ng dn d liu, truyn cc bit ring l ca cc k t
cn in
ng ch l 8 ng dn song song u c dng
chuyn d liu t MT sang my in. Nhng khi chuyn
sang ng dng l & k ta phi chuyn d liu t mch
ngoi vi vo MT thu thp & x l.

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Question?
C. Cc thanh ghi cng song song.
c th ghp ni cc TBN, cc mch in ng dng trong
l & k vi cng song song ta phi tm hiu cch trao i vi
cc thanh ghi thng qua cch sp xp v a ch cc thanh
ghi. Cc ng dn ca cng song song c ni vi ba
thanh ghi 8 bit khc nhau:

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D. Trao i vi cc ng dn tn hiu bng phn mm
y l nhim v m bt k khi no mun vit mi hoc sa
i mt phn mm dng cho mch ghp ni vi cng song
song u phi ngh cch gii quyt. Cu hi t ra l lm th
no c c cc tn hiu in trn cc ng dn tn
hiu ca cng song song hoc xut d liu ra cc ng
dn ny.
Vic truy nhp trc tip ln cc giao din ca my tnh PC,
c th l ln cc ng dn ring l c tin hnh thun li
nht l bng hp ng, Cc ngn ng bc cao nh Turbo
Pascal hoc C cng c nhng lnh n gin thc hin
vic truy nhp ln cc cng tuy rng tc truy nhp c thp
hn i cht.
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Trc ht ta cn bit a ch ca cc cng m qua cc
giao din song song c th c trao i. Sau s quyt
nh c d liu trong thanh ghi no hoc xut d liu ra
thanh ghi no
1. Bng hp ng
xut ra d liu OUT DX, AL
nhp vo d liu IN AL, DX
Trong a ch ca thanh ghi cn trao i phi ng trong
DX.
V d: Gi s LPT1 c a ch l 378H
MOV DX,378H; Np /c ca cng LPT1 vo thanh ghi DX
OUT DX,AL; Xut ni dung ca thanh ghi AL ln ng
dn d liu (T D0 n D7) ca LPT1.
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Hai lnh sau c cc byte ng dn d liu ca cng
LPT1:
MOV DX, 378H; Np a ch ca cng LPT1 vo thanh ghi
DX
IN AL,DX: c thng tin trn cc ng dn d liu (T
D0 n D7) ca LPT1 sang thanh ghi AL.
2. Bng Turbo Pascal
xut ra d liu PORT [a ch cng]:= Variable
nhp vo d liu Variable:=PORT [a ch cng]
V d
PORT [$378]:= 5; Xut gi tr 5 ln ng dn d liu (T
D0 n D7) ca LPT1.
X:= PORT [$378] ; c thng tin trn cc ng dn d
liu (T D0 n D7) ca LPT1 v t chng vo bin x.

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1.6 Cng ghp ni ni tip.
A. t vn :
Ghp ni qua cng ni tip l mt k thut c s dng
rng ri nht bi s lng v chng loi cc TBNV ghp ni
qua cng ny ng hng u trong cc kh nng ghp ni
vi MT. Qua cng ny ta c th ghp ni modem, chut, b
bin i A/D, D/A, cc thit b b o lng thm ch c my
in.
Ghp ni qua cng ni tip l d liu c truyn qua cng
kiu ni tip ngha l ti mt thi im ch c mt bit c
truyn dc theo mt ng dn. c im ny cho php to
ra s khc bit so vi cc cch ghp ni khc chng hn
cch truyn thng theo kiu song song trong nhiu bit
c gi ng thi. u im chnh ca k thut ny l s
dng mt ng truyn v mt ng nhn cho nn vic
iu khin tr nn n gin.
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Cng ny c tn l RS232 hoc V.24. RS232 l tn mt tiu
chun quy nh cc c tnh cho cng ni tip, cn V.24 l tn
ca cng ny c p dng cc nc Ty u.
RS232 khi cha tr thnh mt chun chnh thc c rt
nhiu cty MT v cty sn xut thit b o lng p dng. Cho
thy tnh cn thit v tin li ca n,qua nhiu TBNV ca
nhiu nc khc nhau c th cng ni vi MT hoc l cng ni
vi nhau m khng cn phi c s thay i g v phn cng.
Tc thng s dng l 19600 bit/s/20m (chm). Tc
truyn cc modem i mi nht cng ch t 56,6Kbit/s. V
sau c mt s tiu chun ni tip khc ra i nh RS422,
RS485 cho php truyn vi tc cao hn v khong cch di
hn: v d RS422 10Mbit/s/hng ngn km. Mt s chun khc
cn cho php s dng trn mng MT.
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B. Ngun gc:
RS232 c mt thi gian di tn ti di dng khng chnh
thc, cho n nm 1962 hip hi cc nh cng nghip in
t (EIA-The Electronics Industries Association) ban hnh
mt tiu chun chnh thc c tn l RS232 p dng cho cng
ni tip ca my tnh.
Ngay sau khi RS232 ra i xut hin nhu cu ci tin.
Phin bn u tin l RS232B,tip theo l RS232C. Phin
bn RS232B tr ln li thi, RS232C n nay vn cn s
dng. V vy, tiu chun hin nay ang c s dng cho
cc my tnh PC l RS232C i khi ngi ta gi ngn gn l
RS232 nhng y khng phi l tiu chun lc ban u ban
hnh nm 1962.

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C. Mc in p trn ng truyn:
Mt trong nhng thng s quan trng nht ca RS232 l
mc in p trn ng truyn. RS232 u tin s dng
mc n p TTL ging nh cng song song. Chnh v th
ngay sau khi ra i RS232 xut hin nhu cu phi ci tin.
Ngoi mc in p th tiu chun cng quy nh r gi tr ca
tr khng ti u vo bus v tr khng ra ca b pht v b
m. Hng ci tin ca mc in p l tng gi tr ca in
p truyn tng kh nng chng nhiu do vy truyn c
xa hn.

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T s trn ta thy ci tin ca RS232B l lm tng mc
in p t 5V n 25V Trong :
Mc logic 1 tnh t -5V n -25V.
Mc logic 0 tnh t +5V n +25V.
Cc mc t -3V n +3V gi l trng thi chuyn tip.
Cc mc in p t 3V n 5V gi l khng xc nh.
RS232C l chun hin nay ang c p dng.in p s
dng l 12V. Trong :
-12V l mc logic 1 (HIGH)
+12V l mc logic 0 (LOW)
C th:
+3V -> +12V l mc 0
+5V -> +12V l mc tin cy (ca mc 0)
-3V -> -12V l mc 0
-5V -> -12V l mc tin cy (ca mc 1)
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D. u ni trn my tnh PC

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c im ca ng truyn d liu qua cng ni tip l tin
hnh truyn v nhn trn cc ng dn n l, cho nn khi
TB truyn v TB nhn c ghp ni vi nhau th ng
truyn bn ny s c ni vi ng nhn bn kia v
ngc li. C nh vy mi hnh thnh c vng kn ca
qu trnh truyn d liu. lu mi quan h bt cho tay
nh vy ngi ta a vo du x gia TD (TxD) v RD
(RxD).
Vic truyn d liu qua cng ni tip RS232 c tin hnh
theo kiu khng ng b,trong khun mu d liu c bit
bt u, bit dng c ch ra nh hnh v sau:

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R rng theo cch truyn ny ch c mt k t c truyn
ti mt thi im. Gia cc k t c mt khong phn cch
gia chng trong c cha bit dng, bit bt u. u tin
b truyn s gi mt bit bt u (bit Start) thng bo cho
b nhn bit l sau bit ny s l cc bit d liu c th l 5,6
hoc 7 bit. Tip theo l mt bit chn l v sau cng l 1 hoc
2 bit dng.
Bit bt u bao gi cng mc LOW. Khong thi gian
phn cch ca mt bit n s quyt nh tc truyn.
Khong phn cch cng nh th tc truyn cng ln

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Bit bt u mc 0, tip theo l 7 bit d liu 1000001,1 bit
chn l 1, cui cng l 2 bit dng 11.
Nh vy, ton b khung truyn c pht ra l 01000001111
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E. Tc truyn
*Tc Bit: y l mt tham s c trng ca RS232, l tc
truyn nhn d liu hay cn gi l tc bit. Tc bit c
nh ngha l s bit truyn c trong thi gian 1 giy.
Tc bit ny phi c thit lp bn pht v bn nhn
u phi c tc nh nhau ( Tc gia vi iu khin v
my tnh phi chung nhau 1 tc truyn bit)
*Tc Baud. Tc Baud lin quan n tc m phn t
m ha d liu, c s dng din t bit c truyn cn
tc bit th phn nh tc thc t m cc bit c truyn.
Thng thng tc bit v tc baud l ng nht. Mt s
tc Baud thng dng: 50, 75, 110, 150, 300, 600, 1200,
2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 28800, 38400, 56000, 115200
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1.7 Cc rnh cm trong my tnh PC.
Khi mt MT xut xng th c nh sn xut v ngi dng u
ngm hiu l cu hnh cha hn hon chnh, m tu tng
mc ch s dng c th a thm vo cc bn mch (card)
ghp ni m rng kh nng p ng ca my tnh. Bn
trong my, ngoi cc rnh cm dng cho card vo/ra (I/O),
card mn hnh, vn cn nhng rnh cm trng. Cc rnh
cm ny c tip tc dng ghp ni cc bn mch cm
thm vo vi my tnh P.C thng qua cc bus m rng.
T trc n nay c 8 kiu bus m rng c s dng cho
my tnh c nhn. Vic phn loi bus m rng c da trn
s bit d liu m bus x l ng thi. l cc bus:
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Bus PC (ISA 8 bit)
Bus EISA (32 bit) Extended Industry Standard
Architecture.
Bus VESA Local (32 bit) Video Electronics Standard
Association.
Bus SCSI (16/32 bit)
Bus ISA (16 bit) Industry Standard Architecture.
Bus MCA (32 bit) Microchanel Interface Architecture.
Bus PCI (32/64 bit) Peripheral Component
Interconnection.
Bus PC/MCIA (16 bit).
Trn mainboard c ch to gn y thng ch c cc rnh
cm PCI; S lng v chng loi ny p ng cc
nhu cu s dng thng thng ca hu ht nhng ngi s
dng my tnh.
A. BUS PC
Bus PC xut hin ngay trn my tnh PC/XT u tin cho nn
c gi lun l bus PC. N tn dng cu trc ca b x l
Intel 8088 cho nn c 1 bus d liu 8 bit ngoi v bus a ch
20 bit.
Rnh cm ni vi bus PC c 62 chn v vy cho php cm
vo 1 card m rng lm t mt tm mch in 2 mt cng c
62 tip im, mi mt l 31 tip im. V trn bus ny c 8 bit
data c truyn cho nn bus PC cn c tn l bus 8 bit hay
bus ISA 8 bit. Tc truyn c c nh 4,772727 MHz,

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B. BUS ISA
T tn gi cho thy y l loi bus c kin trc theo tiu
chun cng nghip (Industry Standard Architecture). Mt s
ti liu gi bus PC l bus ISA 8 bit th loi ny c phn bit
r l ISA 16 bit.Tc gi ca loi bus ny l cng ty IBM. Cng
ty ny thit k ra bus ISA dng cho my tnh AT
Advanced Technology da trn c s ca b x l 80286.
im mnh r nt ca loi bus ny l c th cho php cng
mt lc x l hoc trao i vi 16 bit d liu ngha l gp i
bus PC.
Bus ISA c tng cng 16 bit d liu v 24 bit a ch . Tc
truyn d liu 8 MHz

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C. BUS MCA
Tc gi ca loi bus MCA(Microchannel Interface
Architecture) l cng ty IBM dng cho cc MT PS/2 ca hng
ny. Bus ny hon ton khng tng thch vi bus ISA v c
th hot ng nh mt bus d liu 16 bit hoc 32 bit. S
khc nhau ch yu gia hai loi bus ny l:
MCA c mt bus ng b trong khi PC v ISA s dng
mt bus d b.Bus d b lm vic vi tc xung nhp
(xung ng h c nh) trong khi vic truyn d liu trn
bus ng b khng ph thuc vo ng h c nh. Cc
bus ng b hnh thnh s phn chia thi gian t cc TB
tham gia vo cuc truyn d liu l ng h h thng
hoc ng h ca b x l.
Tc truyn ghi trong bng thuyt minh v thng s k
thut ca bus MCA l 160 Mb/s.
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D. BUS EISA
Bus ISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture.) l kt
qu ca bc ci tin bus ISA nhm tng thm s bit c
truyn. Ngi ta thc hin gii php bng cch a thm
mt on rnh cm m rng na tng s bit t 16 thnh
32. Khi ta c th thc hin vic ghp ni vi mt bus d
liu c a ch 32 bit.
Card EISA c s tip im gp i card ISA trn c s
dng mt b truyn d b vi tc xung nhp ng h bng
8 MHz. N c mt bus d liu v a ch y 32 bit v vy
c th nh a ch cho mt vng nh rng ti 4 Gb. Trn l
thuyt tc truyn cc i l 4 byte /mt chu k ng h.
Bi v ng h chy tn s 8MHz, nn tc truyn d
liu cc i l 32Mbyte/s.
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E. BUS VESA LOCAL
Sau khi nng s bit d liu c truyn ln 32 bit th nhu
cu ci tin ca cu trc bus l lm sao c th truyn c
d liu tc ca ng h h thng. V vy hi tiu chun
in t hc video VESA (Video Electronics Standard
Association) thit k ra loi bus ny ch to ra nhng
loi card truyn d liu gia b x l v b x l video vi
tc nhanh . C th hn l ch to ra card mn hnh vi
cht lng cao. Bus ny cng c hnh thnh trn c s
rnh cm ISA tiu chun, sau b xung thm rnh cm ph
hi nhp vo h thng bus.
Khc vi phn m rng ca card EISA phn b xung thm
ca card ny c khong cch gia cc tip im rt dy.
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Khi nng tc truyn d liu ln khng phi tt c cc b
phn trong MT u i hi phi c tc cao. Vic trao i
gia CPU vi b nh v card ho i hi phi c tc
truyn rt cao, trong khi cc ng dng khc nh card
mng, card m thanh, card vo ra ... li khng i hi tc
truyn cao. V vy song song vi vic a ra thit k bus m
rng ny ngi ta cng tm cch phn b hp l vic tn
dng tc truyn.
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C th cc b x l b nh card ho, b iu khin a
cn tc nhanh nn c php truy nhp ti bus cc b
33 MHz trong ch 32 bit. Cn cc ng dng khc khng
i hi tc cao th vn s dng bus ISA thng thng.
S kt hp gia bus VESA Local v bus ISA 16 bit th hin
bng s sau:

10/21/2014 2:37 AM 54
F. BUS PCI
Tc gi bus PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnection ) l
cng ty Intel. Cng ty ny xy dng ln mt tiu chun
ghp ni mi c tn l bus cc b PCI hay thng gi tt l
bus PCI dng cho b x l Pentium. Bus ny c thit k
vi ch tiu:
Tc hot ng nhanh
S bit truyn trn bus cao (64 bit).
Mc ch l y nhanh tc truy nhp p ng nhu cu
tng tc trao i d liu gia b nh, b x l, b iu
khin a v card mn hnh.
Mt b vi mch ghp ni c s dng cho loi bus ny l
chip PCI 82430 cho php ghp ni trc tip vi bus.

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1.1 Khi nim chung v my tnh:

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