2012

ENOTHTA
1
2
3

--

3-25
26-54
55-69

e-BOOK
, 2012 ,
.. .

, ,
, , .
2011-2012
, .
.
1 :
M .

2
3

- ( )
( )
( )
( . )
( )
( )
MATHEMATICA ( )

..

, , .


vaggelisnikolakakis@hotmail.com

6937020032
2

-1
-
1.

:
: . ( )
: . ( )
: .
: .
: .( .).

, :




(, ) (, )
00 1800
..

00

.. =00
1800

.. =1800
=900

.. =900 u v

0
(00 1800)

2. :

( ) ( )

( ) 0

: AB A
( )
3

:
( )

( )

( )

( )

( ) ( ) ( )

0 0 0

( ) ( ) ( )

0
0 =

3. :

+
=
2

+ 2

4. :

:
(x1, y1)+(x2, y2)=(x1+x2, y1+y2)
(x, y)= (x , y)
:
x x2
y y2
x 1
y 1
2
2
( )
(x1, y1) B(x2, y2) AB ( x 2 x1 , y 2 y1 )

(x,y)

,



( )
x, y

// yy = (0 , y) ( 0)

// = (x , 0) ( 0)

a x2 y 2

AB ( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y 2 y1 ) 2
2

5. :

y

x
// x' x =0
// y' y

// det( , ) =

x1 y1
x2 y2

6. :

=0

// 1 2

//

//

7. :

,, // // //
.

8. :

( , )

( ) 2

x1 x2 y1 y 2

( ) ( )

( ) 2

9. :

x1 x 2 y1 y 2
x1 y1 x 2 y 2
2

10. :

11. !!!

: ( ) ( )

:
( )

: | | ||||

) :
) :
)
) :
) :

2 2

: ( )2
:

3 2 2 3
(+)3 +3 +3 +

:
2

AB .

OM

: OM OA AM

OM OB BM .

, 2 OM OA AM OB BM

2 OM OA OB

xOy (x1,y2) (x2,y2) .

= = ,

x x2
y y2
: x= 1
y= 1
2
2

( x 1 , y 1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 ) ( x , y)
.

1
y
OM ( OA OB )
B(x2,y2)
2

OM ( x , y) , OA ( x 1 , y 1 ) , OB ( x 2 , y 2 )

(x,y)

1
OM ( OA OB )
2
( x , y)

A(x1,y1)

1
[(x 1 , y 1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 )]
2

1
1
1
1
( x , y) [( x 1 , y1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 )]
2
2
2
2
x x 2 y1 y 2
(x, y) = 1
,

2
2

x1 x 2
y y2
y 1
2
2

(x, y) (x1,y1)
(x2,y2) : x = x2 x1 y = y2 y1.

( x1 , y1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 ) ( x, y )

AB .

: AB ( x , y) , OB ( x 2 , y 2 ) , OA ( x 1 , y 1 ) ,

B(x 2 ,y 2 )

: AB OB OA

A(x 1 ,y 1 )

( x , y) ( x 2 , y 2 ) ( x 1 , y 1 )
( x , y) ( x 2 x 1 , y 2 y 1 )
x = x2 x1 y = y2 y1.

x2 y2 .

= (x,y), :

OA ( x, y ) .
x y ,
(1 ) | x | (2 ) | y | .
:

| | 2 (1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2

y
2

A(x,y)

( 1 ) 2 ( 2 ) 2 .

| x | 2 | y | 2 x 2 y 2

A1

| | 2 x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2

N (x1,y2) (x2,y2)
() = (x 2 x 1 ) 2 (y 2 y 1 ) 2

( x 1 , y 1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 )
. ( )

B(x2,y2)

AB ( x 2 x 1 , y 2 y 1 ) , :

( ) | AB | ( x 2 x 1 ) 2 ( y 2 y 1 ) 2

A(x1,y1)

// 1 = 2 1, 2

, ..

( x 1 , y1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 ) 1 2 .
:

x

// 1
x2

y1
y
y
0 x1y 2 x 2 y1 1 2 1 2 .
y2
x1 x 2

. x 1 x 2 y 1 y 2

( x 1 , y1 )

(x 2 , y 2 )

OA OB .
:

( ) 2 () 2 () 2 2()() (1)

(x2,y2)

y
(x1,y1)

a
x
7

 , , .
( ) 2 ( x 2 x 1 ) 2 ( y 2 y 1 ) 2 ,
() 2 x 12 y12 () 2 x 22 y 22

, (1) :

( x 2 x 1 ) 2 ( y 2 y1 ) 2 x 12 y12 x 22 y 22 2

x 12 x 22 2 x 1 x 2 y12 y 22 2 y 1 y 2 x 12 y 12 x 22 y 22 2


2 x 1 x 2 2 y1 y 2 2 x 1x 2 y1 y 2

i) = () =( ) ii) ( ) = + iii) 1 2 1

( x 1 , y1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) ( x 3 , y 3 ) , :


( ) (x 1 , y 1 )(x 2 , y 2 ) (x 1 ) x 2 (y1 ) y 2 ( x 1 x 2 y1 y 2 ) ( )

() ( x 1 , y 1 )(x 2 , y 2 ) x 1 (x 2 ) y1 (y 2 ) ( x 1 x 2 y1 y 2 ) ( ) .

, () () ( )

i)

ii)

iii)

( ) ( x 1 , y 1 )( x 2 x 3 , y 2 y 3 ) x 1 ( x 2 x 3 ) y1 ( y 2 y 3 )
(x 1 x 2 x 1 x 3 ) ( y 1 y 2 y1 y 3 ) (x 1 x 2 y1 y 2 ) (x 1 x 3 y1 y 3 )

.


y y
0 x1x 2 y1y 2 0 y1y 2 x1x 2 1 2 1 1 2 1
x1 x 2

, ,
x 1 x 2 y1 y 2
=
x 12 y 22 x 22 y 22

( x 1 , y1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 ) ,

| | | | .
| || |

x 1 x 2 y1 y 2 , | | x 12 y12

| | x 22 y 22

x 1 x 2 y1 y 2
x 12 y 12 x 22 y 22

1. ;

2. AB ;

3. AB ; AB
; ;

4. AB
; ;

5 AB ;
;

6. : AB OB OA
7. :

AB = -

AB = .
A = .

A ...

8. , , :

+ +
[]

+ +
[]

+0

+ - 0

[ ]
[ ]

9. N =( x , y ) x 2 y 2
10. N (x1, y1 ) (x2 , y2 )

AB x2 x1 y2 y1
2

11.
12. :

) ( ) = .
) = 0 ..


) ( ) =
) = 0 .

) ( )
=
) (- ) = (- ) = -( )

) = 0 .

13. , .

14. , 0 ( R );
9

15. .
16. ;

17. (x, y) , : x 2 y 2

18 . = x1 ,y1 , = x 2 ,y 2 . :

= .

+ = ( , )

= ( , )

+ = ( , )

19. i , j .
20. ; ()
21.
22. ;
23. ;

24. 0 ;
25 . :

= .......


= ...............

=- ..............

=0 ...................

=.....=......

26. 0 0 ;
27. .
28 . :

=-1 (, yy)

29. ;

30. :

10

-2
-

1.

M(x,y)

(x0,y0)

A(x0,y0)

, :

y-y0 = (x-x0)

B(x2, y2)

(x1,y1) (x2,y2) , :

y y1

A(x1,y1)

y 2 y1
(x x1 )
x 2 x1

2. :

yy (0,):
y=x+
:
y=x
(xo,yo) (//yy)
x=xo
xx (xo,yo)
y=yo
: y=x y=-x
.

3. :
( )
( xo , yo) ..
y-yo= (x - xo )

4. ..:

.
1 // 2 1 2

( x, y )

//
y
)
x
:
1 2 1 2 1

(:

11

( x, y )

=.

2 (x1,y1) (x2,y2 )
y y1
2
x 2 x1
xx:

A // x' x 0

// y' y .

:



:

x=0,

5. :

yy
y=0,

Ax By 0 0

:
( 0)

A 0 yy ( 0, )

=0 x

:
x+y+=0
(, ).
x+y+=0
n ( A, B).

6. (xo ,yo ) : x+y+=0:

d (M o , )

Axo By o
2 2

7. :
( x1, y1) ,B(x2, y2 ) (x3 ,y3):

( AB)

( AB)

1
1 x 2 x1 y 2 y1
det( AB, A)
2
2 x3 x1 y 3 y1

1
1 x1 x 2
det( BA, B)
2
2 x3 x 2

y1 y 2
y3 y 2

( AB)

1
1 x1 x 3
det(, )
2
2 x 2 x3

y1 y 3
y2 y3

8. :
1: y = x + 1
1 2
d ( 1 , 2 )
1 2

2 : y = x + 2

12

y y1
A ( x 1 , y 1 ) B(x 2 , y 2 ) , x 1 x 2 2
.
x 2 x1

A(x1,y1) B(x2,y2)
() xx.

()

B(x2,y2)
(x1,y1)

AB ( x 2 - x 1 , y 2 - y1 ) ,

AB

y 2 - y1
y -y
. = 2 1
x 2 - x1
x 2 - x1

xy ()
(xo, yo) . ()
y - yo = (x - xo)

Oxy

A ( x 0 , y 0 ) .

M(x,y)

M ( x , y)

(x0,y0)

A ( x 0 , y 0 )

AM ( x x0 , y y0 )

AM

y y0
x x0

: AM // , AM

y y0
=
y y 0 (x x 0 ) .
x x0

A ( x 0 , y 0 ) .
: y yo = (x xo)

A( x 1 , y 1 ) B( x 2 , y 2 )

y y1

y 2 y1
(x x1 )
x 2 x1

A(x1,y1) B(x2,y2) ()

13

x 1 x 2 ,
y 2 y1
x 2 x1
y y 0 ( x x 0 )
y y1
:
y y1 2
(x x1 )
x 2 x1

B(x 2 ,y 2 )
(x 1 ,y 1 )

N x+By+=0
0 0 , x+By+=0 0 0

.
yy
(0, ) ,
y x ,
x (1) y 0

(0,)

P( x0 , y0 ) ,
x x 0 ,

P(x0,y0 )

x 0 y ( x 0 ) 0 .

Ax By 0 A 0 B 0 .

, Ax By 0

A0

B 0.

x ,
B
B
A

yy 0, .
B
B

B 0 , , , A 0 x ,
A

x x P ,0 .
A
Ax By 0 A 0 B 0 .

B 0 , y

14

 Ax By 0

(B,A ) .

Ax By 0 (B,A )
A
A
B 0 ,
.
B
B
.

B 0 , yy
.

x + By + = 0

n ( A, B )

n ( B, A) ( A, B ) AB AB 0

( B, A) n ( A, B ) .

Ax By 0 , n ( A, B )

1. () xx ;
;
2 . () ;
;

3 . N : () // =( x , y ) , (x0)
4 . :

1 // 2 =

1 2 1 2 1

5. 1, 2
- 1, 2
1 = 2 1 . 2 = - 1.
6. y =

1
x y = - x

0.
7.

y
x
+
= 1 , 0

(, 0) (0, ).

8.N A(x0 , y0 )
: y y0 = (x x0)
15

9. N A(x1 , y1 ) B(x2 , y2 )
x1 x2 : y y1 = y 2 y1 (x x1)

x 2 x1

10.
yy (0 , ) y = x +
11 . :

( yy)

xx A(x0 , y0 )

yy A(x0 , y0 )

1 3 .

2 4 .
12.
y =

3 x.
A

13.

14.

. 30

. 60

. 90

. 135

. 45

x
0

(x1, y1) (x2, y2)
. y1 y2

. x1 = x2 y1 y2

. x1 - x2 y1 y2

. y1 = y2 x1 = x2

. y =

(),

. y

. y = x

. x1 x2

.
. y =

. y = x

15.. :
Ax+By+ = 0 0 0 (1)
(1) .
16 . Ax+By+ = 0

= B , -A

= A , B
17 .

(x0 , y0 ) Ax+By+ = 0 .

A(x1 , y1 ) , B(x2 , y2 ) , (x3 , y3 ) .

1 : y = x + 1 2 : y = x + 2

16

-3
-

y
(x,y)

1. :

:
x2+y2=2

(x,y)

(x0,y0)
:

K(x0, y0)

(x-x0)2+(y-y0)2=2

x
y

2. :

(x,y)

A(x1,y1)

x2+y2=2

(x1,y1) :

x
C

xx1+yy1=2

(x-x0)2+(y-y0)2=2

() =+ :
(0 , 0) , (1,1)

(,)

d ,

0 1 0
2 12

x2+y2=2
C:

A(x1,y1) , xx1+yy1=2
(x1,y1) ,
i) C
ii) H

3. :

i)

K(-A/2,-B/2)

x2+y2+x+By+=0 , 2+2-4>0
ii) H x2+y2+x+By+=0 ,

2+2-4>0
:

4. :

(x0,y0) , d(K , )=


d(K , )

d(K , )=

d(K , )<
2
d(K , )>

17

5. :
2 :
x 2 y 2 1 x 1 y 1
( 2 )
x 2 y 2 2 x 2 y 2
1) 2 .
2 2 . .
2) 1 .
.
3) R .

:
=

R1 R2

R1 R2

R1 R2

18

R1 R2

R1 R2 R1 R2

19

p
( ,0)
2
p
: x=-
y2=2px
2

: x=-

p
( ,0)
2

p
(0, )
2
p
: y=-
x2=2py
2

p>0

E( p ,0)
2

p<0

p
2

: x=-

p>0

1. :

(0, p )
2

: y=-

p
2

: y=-

p
2

p
(0, )
2
p<0

p
2

2. :
1(x1,y1) :
y =2px

yy1=p(x+x1)

x =2py

xx1=p(y+y1)

2
2

M1(x1,y1)

A(x1,y1) , o
(x1,y1) ,
i)
ii) H

3. :

y2=2px

: yy p>0 , yy p<0

x2=2py

yy

p :

: p>0 , p<0

( p>0 p<0)

|p|

C

,
.

20

(x,y)

(,0)

1. :

(-,0) (,0)
2

x2 y 2
+ =1
2 2

2x2+2y2=22

(-,0)

2 - 2

=2

C :

+=2

x2 y 2
+ =1 , 0 < <
2 2

(-,0) (,0)

yy B(0,-) B(0,)
C ()=2

(- x - y )

(0,)

1. :

(0,-) (0,)
2

C :

y
x
+
=1 2x2+2y2=22
2 2

x=- , x= , y=- , y=

C ()=2

(x,y)

2 - 2

y 2 x2
+ =1 ,
2 2

0<<

(0,-)

=2

+=2

yy (0,-) (0,)
C ()=2
B(-,0) B(,0)
C ()=2

x=- , x= , y=- , y=

(- x - y )

,
yy (0,0)

, , ,

14 :

2 (14) 2
21

2.

y 2 x2
+ =1 ) :
2 2

x2 y 2
+ =1
2 2

< 1 ( < )

= 1- 2

3. :
1(x1,y1) :

y
x
+ 2 =1
2

2x2+2y2=22
y 2 x2

+ =1
2 2

xx1
2

yy 1

1(x1,y1)

=1

2xx1+2yy1=22

2x2+2y2=22

yy 1

xx1
2

=1

2xx1+2yy1=22

-
.
:
, (= 2 - 2 )

( yy)
2 ( yy)

. C
A(x1,y1) , o
(x1,y1) ,

i)
ii) H

C
, .
C

!!! .
=2 2=4 ,
!!

22


1. :

(x,y)

(-,0) (,0)
2

(-,0) (,0)

x2 y 2
- 2 =1 2x2 - 2y2=22
2

C :

2 - 2

=2

|- |=2

x2 y 2

=1
2 2

(-,0) (,0). ()=2

2

yy

(x,y) C

(x - y ) (x y )

x=- , x=
2

3
x=-

= C x -y = ( I )

1. :

(0,)

(-,0) (,0)
2

x y
- =1
2 2

2x2 - 2y2=22

2 - 2

y 2 x2

=1 ,
2 2

C :

x=

yy (0,-) (0,). ()=2

(0,-)

(x,y)

=2

|- |=2

4
y=

(x,y) C

(y - x ) (y x )

y=-

y=- , y=

1
2

= C y -x = ( I

,
yy (0,0)

23

2.

x2 y 2

=1
2 2

> 1 ( > )
:

= 2 1

3.

y=- x

x2 y 2

=1
2 2

:
y=

y= -

y= x

y 2 x2

=1
2 2

y= x

y= - x

y= x
x
y=-

4.

x2 y 2

=1
2 2

(,) , (,-) , (-,-) , (-,)

24

5. :

1(x1,y1) :
x2 y 2

=1
2 2

2x2-2y2=22
y 2 x2

=1
2 2

2y2 - 2x2=22

xx1
2

yy1
2

=1

2xx1-2yy1=22

yy 1
2

xx1
2

M1(x1, y1)

=1

2yy1 - 2xx1 =22

-
.
:

, (= 2 - 2 )
( yy)
2 ( yy) ( )

. C
C:

A(x1,y1) , o
- (x1,y1),
:
i)
ii) H

C
, .
C

!!!
, :
B ,
B
..

25


(0,0) x2+y2=2.
;

Oxy C O(0,0) .
M ( x , y ) C, ,
, :
(OM )

, (OM )

(1)

x 2 y 2 . , (1)

x2 y2 x2 y2 2 .

(2)

M(x,y)

(0,0)

, ,

x
C

(2). ,
O(0,0) x2 + y2 = 2.

x2+y2 = 2 (x1,y1) ,
xx1+yy1 = 2.

C : x 2 y 2 2
A( x1 , y1 ) .
M ( x , y )

M(x,y)

(x1,y1)

OA ( x1 , y1 ) AM ( x x1 , y y1 )

M ( x , y ) OAAM 0
x1 ( x x1 ) y1 ( y y1 ) 0

xx1 yy1 2 , x12 y12 2 .

, x 2 y 2 2 A( x1 , y1 ) xx 1 yy1 2

1. (xo, yo) :
(x xo)2 + (y yo)2 = 2

Oxy C K ( x 0 , y 0 ) .
M ( x , y) C, :
(KM)

(1)

26

, (KM) ( x x 0 ) 2 ( y y 0 ) 2 .
, (1) :

(x0,y0)

(x x 0 ) 2 ( y y 0 ) 2 (x x 0 ) 2 (y y 0 ) 2 2

M(x,y)
x

x2 + y2 + Ax + By + = 0

K ( x 0 , y 0 ) ,
(x x 0 ) 2 (y y 0 ) 2 2

:
x2 2xxo + xo2 + y2 2yyo + yo2 = 2
x 2 y 2 2 x 0 x 2 y0 y ( x 02 y 02 2 ) 0

x 2 y 2 Ax By 0
A 2 x 0 , B 2 y 0 x 02 y 02 2 .

: x2 + y2 + Ax + By + = 0 2 + 2 - 4
> 0 .

x + y + Ax + By + = 0 (1) :

x2 + y2 + Ax + By + = 0
( x 2 Ax) ( y 2 By)
2
A
A2 2
B
B2
A 2 B2
x 2 x
y 2 y

2
4
2
4
4
4

A
B
A 2 B 2 4

.
x y
2
2
4

A 2 B 2 4 0 , (1)

A B
K ,
2 2

A 2 B 2 4
.
2

A B
A 2 B 2 4 0 , (1) , K , .
2 2

A 2 B 2 4 0 , (1) , M ( x, y )
.

27

x2

y2

1 .
2 2

: 1 2

x2 y2

2 1 , 1
2

2 2 :
2 2
2 2

2
1 2 1
1 2 .
2

;.

2 1

x2 y2
2 1 , 1 .
2

2 2 , :
2 2

2 1

2 1 .

;
= 2

x 2 y2

1,
2 2
=
x 2 y2
x 2 y2

2 1 x 2 y 2 a2

1
2
2
2

2 2
2 2
2

= 2

28

1. O(0,0) x 2 + y 2 = 2
2. C : x 2 + y 2 = 2 A(x1,y1)
: xx1 +yy1 = 2
3. K(x0,y0)

x-x 0

+ y-y 0 = 2
2

4.
x 2 + y 2 + Ax + By + = 0 2 2 4 0 ()
()
2 2 4

, =
.
2
2
2

5.
;
p
p
( ,0)

6.
() : = 2
2
2

y =2px
2
7. xx y =2px
2

8. y =2px A(x1,y1) .
9. ;

10. E ;
11 . (,0) (-,0)
x 2 y2
2 : 2 + 2 =1 , = 2 - 2

12 . xx , yy
x 2 y2
2 + 2 =1 , = 2 - 2

2
2
13 . x 2 + y2 =1

, = 2 - 2

(x1,y1) .
14 . () ;

0<<1

= 1- 2

15. ;
16 . ;
17. ;
x 2 y2
18. : 2 + 2 =1 , = 2 - 2 . - x , - y

29


19 . E ;
20 . (,0) (-,0)
x 2 y2
2 2 - 2 =1 , = 2 - 2

21 . xx , yy
x 2 y2
2 - 2 =1 , = 2 - 2

x 2 y2
- =1 , = 2 - 2 . x
2 2
23 .
x 2 y2
- =1 , = 2 - 2 (x1,y1) .
2 2
24. ;
25. () ; :

1 <
= 2 1

26 .
x 2 y2
- =1 , = 2 - 2 .
2 2
27. ;
;
28. ;
22.

29. x2 + y2 + 2x + 3y - 1 = 0
x2 + y2 + 2x + 3y +

2 = 0 .

30. (- 2, 2) (4, 2) (x - 1)2 + (y - 2)2 = 9

.
31. y = x.
(x - )2 + (y - ) 2 = 2.
32. (x1, y1)
(x0, y0) . : (x1 - x0)2 + (y1 - y0)2 < 2.

33. (x - 1)2 + y2 = 1 y2 = - 2x .
34.

2 2 1 2 3
x + y =
.
3
5
2

35.
36. C:

x2
y2
= 1. > .
2
2

x2
y2
= 1 yy .
2
2

30

10

2 , 3 , 1

2 3 0 (1), 2 4 .

(1)

1 3
1 9
3

2 2 2
2
2 :
4
4
2

1
9 4
4 9 6 2 2 2
6
6
6

1
9
4
9 9 16 2 1
9 1 4

6
6
6
6 6 6 6 3

(2)

(1) 2 3 : 4 9 12

1 4 9
1
4
9
16
4
2 2 2 9 4 1
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
3

1 2
1
4
4

2 2 2
3
3 :
9
9
9
(1)

1
9
1
9
2 2 2 9 4 4
4
4
4
4

(3)

(4)

(2), (3), (4) :

1 4
8 32
24 4 8
3 3
3 3

20

0 ,

2 2 2 2 2 0

( ),

2 2 2 2 2 0

.
2

2 2 2

2
2
2
2
2 4 4

31

2
2
2
2

2
2

4 , 4 , 1 0

, 1

,
.
2
, .
0 .

30

, :

2 2
i)

,
2

ii)

i)
2

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

ii)

2 2 2 2 2 2 4

40

B
(1, 3),

(4, 0).

(x, y) .

H (1)

//

=0

(1)

= x x
x

= x 1,

= y y = y (3) = y + 3
y

x
= x B x = 4 1 = 3,
B

y
= yB y = 0 (3) = 3
B

x 1

y 3

3
(x 1) (y + 3) = 0

=0

3(x 1) 3(y + 3) = 0

3
x 1 y 3 = 0

x =y+4

(2)

, (2) y, y = 1, x = 5.
(5, 1) .

32

 50
-
() () .
i.

(3, 1), (3, 1)

ii det( , ) = 0

iii det( i , j ) = 1

iv

, x x
6

3
v
= (4, 3)
4

(3, 1) = (3, 1)

ii

//

iii

=10=1

iv

= (x, y)

2
= x 2 + y2
2

2
2
=x +
2
2

2
2
=x +
4

2
3
x2 =

3 |
3 |
x=
|
x=|
2
2
y
3
=
= .....=
x
3

|| =

x 2 y2

= ((4, 3)

60

= (1, 3), = (0, 4) = (3, 1), , .

= +

= +

(1)
(1, 3) = (0, 4) + (3, 1) (1, 3) = (0, 4) + (3, )

(1, 3) = (0 + 3, 4 + ) 1 = 3
= 1
3

5 =
6

(1)

3 = 4 + = 1
3

= 5 1
6
3

3 = 4 1
3

33

 70
B
(1, 4), (-1, 6), (7, 0).
,
.

.
x M = 1 1 = 0 yM = 4 6 = 5.
2
2

.
,
x x
y y
xM =
yM =
=5
2
2
7 x
0 y
0=
5 =

x = 7
2
2

y = 10

80
B

= (2, 5), = (1, 3)

2
. .
3

2
=
3

//

, ,

2
=

5
2
= ( ) = 2 [(1, 3) (2, 5)]
5
5
2
2
6
4
= (1 2 , 3 5) = ( 3 , 2) = ,
5
5
5
5

= + = (2, 5) + 6 , 4 = 2 6 , 5 4
5
5
5
5

54 , 215
=

90

(1, 2), ( 0, 1) = ( 2, 0).

i) ( ) ,
( ) ,
(3 )2




ii) ,
( ) ,
( ),

i)

( 1, 2)( 0, 1) = 10 + 2( 1) = 2

( ) 2( 2, 0) = ( 4, 0)

= ( 0 , 1)( 2 , 0) = 0( 2) + ( 1)0 = 0

( ) = 0. (1, 2) = ( 0, 0) 0

34

(3 )2 = 3.2 [ ( )] 6 0 0

ii)

12 22 5

5 0 0

( 1 ,2)( 2 ,0) = 1. ( 2) + 2. 0 = 2

( ) 2 = 2(0, 1) = (0, 2)

( ) 02 22 2

(2)2 02 2 2 ,

( ) 2. ( 2) = 4

2 ( 2, 0) = 2 ( 2, 0) = ( 4, 0)

100

1 ,

2 , ( , )
2 3 , v 2
3

i)

ii)

iii)

2
2

i) 2 3 (2 3) 2
2

2
= 4 12 9
2

2

= 4 12 9
3
1
= 4 12 1 2 9 4 52
2

: 52 = 2 13

13

ii) (2 3)( 2) 2 6 = = 21

21
21
iii) ( , )

26
2 13 13

35

 110

2, 3 ( , ) 600 , x

i) (2 3) ( x) 2

ii) ( (2 3) ( x)

i) (2 3) ( x) 2

2

2
2 (3 2x)( ) 3x 2
2


2
2 (3 2x) ( , ) 3x 2

2.2 2 (3 2x)2. 3600 3x32 2

8 (3 2x).3 27x 2
8 + 9 6x 27x = 2
33x = 19

ii) (2 3) ( x)

x=

19
33

(2 3) ( x) = 0
2


2
2 2x( ) 3( ) 3x 0


2. 22 2x( ) 3( ) 3x. 32 0
8 2x.3 3.3 3x. 9 0
17
33x = 17 x =
33

120
-

2,
2,
( , ) ( , )
2
,

,
4

v = 2 3

2

2
v = 2 3 (2 3 ) 2
2

= 4 9 12( ) 4( ) 6( )

(1)

= 2. 2 . 2 = 2
2

1
= 2 . 90 = 0

2

= 2 . 1 . 2 = 1
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
v = 4. 2 9. 2 12. 2 4. 0 6.
2
2
1 24 3 = 29 v = 29
= 16 + 18 +
4
4
2

(1)

36

 130
-

, 1


2, 5 4 ,

,

( 2)(5 4) 0
2

2
5 6( ) 8 0
2


2
5 6 ( , ) 8 0

5.1 6( , ) 8.1 0

6( , ) = 3

1
( , )
( , ) 60
2

140

, 2

, , , x ,

x ( 3) ( ) x 2

x ( 3)

x 2

( )

x ( 3) ,

x 3 x (1)

3 2

3 2 . (2)

(2)

( 3 2)( ) 0


2 2

2

2 ( ) 3( ) 3 2( ) 2 0 (3)

2
2

0 2 4 .
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(3)
4 3 4 2 0 7 6 0 (7 6) = 0

6
0 , 7 6 = 0 =
7
6

x ( 3) x ( 3)
7

6
18
1
4
(2)

2
7
7
7
7

37

 150

=1 , ( , ) 60 , 3 ( , ) 600

(1)

. ( )

2

( )


2


( , ) ( , )

1.3.600 .1 .1.1 600

1 = + . 1
3.
2
2
3 = 2 +

(2)

. ( )


2
( )

2
( , ) ( , )

1.3.( , ) .1.600 .1

1
3( , ) (3)
2

, 00

600

(3) 3 00 =
2

3=

(4) .

(2), (4) = 0 = 3.

0 3

, 1200

(1)

600
600

(3)

3 12 00 =

1
2

3 ( )

(5)

(2), (5) = 3 = 3
(1)

3 3

38

 160

, , x

x, 2, x 1 0,
1,
x 2

i)

ii) x

i) , , x x ,

x 0 , x 1 0 1 = 0, .

x x ( )

2

x ( )
1 = + 2
(1)

x x x x ( )
2


x ( x) ( x)
4 = (1) + . 0 = 4 (2)
3
(1) 1 = 4 + 2
2

3
x 4
2
ii)

170

1 . ( , ) 1.

. =2 1 , 2 .

2
( )2
2
2
2
2 2( )
2

2 2
2 2( ). 0
2

2
2 2( ). 1 0
(1)

(1) , ,
0

2 2
2 2

2 2
2
4( )2 4 1 0 4 2 ( , ) 4 4 0

2
2
2 ( , ) 1 0
2

2

2

1 1 2 ( , ) 0 1 2 ( , ) 0 2 ( , ) 1 ( , ) 1

2
2

2

. 1
1 ( ) 1 2( ) 1 0 (1)

39

(1) , ,

4 2 ( ) 4 0 2 ( ) 1 0 2 ( ) 0 2 ( ) 0


( ) 0 ( ) 1

( ) 1 , ( ) = 0
2

(1) 2 1 0

2
1 0

1 0 1

, > 0

2 = . 1 =2

( ) 1 , ( ) = 180 ,

O 2

180

(4, 3)

(1, 2) ,

x =

x, x (1)

x ()
2
4 6
, (1)

190

2 = 25

2
x (4, 3 ) = 8 , 6
25 25
25

4(1) + 3. 2 = 2

2
25

= 2, = 6, 60 .

i)

ii)

iii)

1
1

i) ( )

2
2
2 1 2 1 2

1 2 2
( ) ( 2 ) =
4
4
4

40


1
1
1 2 2

(
= (4 36 2 2 6 ) 13

2
4
4
1
ii) ( )
2
1 2
= ( )
2

1 2
= (
2

1
1
=
(4 + 2 6 ) = 5
2
2
(ii)

iii =

5 = E
(1)

E E = (2)

5
(1) 5 = ( ) 5 = 5 = . 22
4
5
(2) E =

200

i) ( )

13

= (1, 4).

ii) (2 3)

= (1, 2)

x= ( )

, x x = , (1)

( ) ( ) 2 = x

2 =
2
2

12 22 [1(1) + 2. 4] = ( 12 22 )
2
5 7 = 5 =
5

2
2
2
4
(1) x = = (1, 2) = ,
5
5
5
5

ii) = (2 3)

, = ,
(2)

(2 3) (2 3) (2 + 3 ) =

2 + 3 2 = ( )

2 + 3 2 = 2
2[1(1) + 2. 4] + 3( 12 42 ) = ( 12 42 )
65
14 + 51 = 17
17

65
65
260
(2) =
(1, 4) = ,
17
17
17
i)

41

 210

(-1, 0), (3, 2) (-3, 4). :

i)
ii) .

y y
i) B =
= 42 = 2 1
x x
3 3
6
3

ii)

. B = 1

y y = 3(x x M )

= 3

y y A = 3 (x x A )
y 0 = 3 (x + 1)
y = 3x + 3

x M = 1 ( x + x ) y = 1 ( y + y )
2
2
x M = 1 ( 3 +3) y = 1 (4 + 2)
2
2
x M = 0 y = 3

= 3

y 3 = 3(x 0)

y = 3x + 3

220

, (-1, 2)
.

.
,
y 2 = (x + 1)
y = x + + 2
(1)

x
K

:
,

, ,
0 2

:
y K = 0, (1) 0 2 = x K + x K = 2
:
x = 0, (1)

y 2 = (0 + 1)

xK = 2 .

y = + 2
42

() = ()

x = y
2 = 2

2
= 2

1 =1

(1)

=1

y = 1x + 1 + 2
y=x+3

= 1 = 1

y = 1x 1 + 2
y=x+1

230

, y = 1 x + 3
2
2
y = x + 2 (1, 4)

, : y = 1 x + 3

. = 1

y 4 = 2(x 1)

y=x+2

. = 1

y 4 = 1(x 1)

= 2

y = 2x + 2 + 4

y = 2x + 6

= 1

y=x1+4

y=x+3

, ,

y x 3
y 1 x 3
2
2

y x 3
x 3 1 x 3
2
2

y x 3
2x 6 x 3

y x 3
x 3

y 0
x 3

, ,

y 2x 6
y x 2

x 2 2x 6
y x 2

x 4
y 2

240

(2, 1)
y = x + 1 y = x + 1 ,
.
43


1 : y = x +1

( x1 , y1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 )
1
2

y1 = x1 + 1
y2 = x 2 + 1

(2)

2 = 1 ( x1 + x 2 ) 1 = 1 ( y1 + y 2 )

2
x1 + x 2 = 4 (3)

(1)

y1 + y 2 = 2

(4)

2 : y = - x + 1

(4), (1), (2)

x1 + 1 x 2 + 1 = 2
x1 = 2 = x 2

x1 = x 2

(3) 2 x1 = 4
x = 2

250

(2x -3y +4) + (x +3y +2)=0 (1).

) R (1) .
) (1) ( )
.
) (1) (2,-1);
) (1)
i) xx ii) yy ;
) (1) 1: 2x +y -5=0 ;

) (1) : (2+)x +(3 -3)y +2 +4 =0.

x = - 2 y =1.
x y,
(1) R .
) (1) ,
= - 2 : -9y =0y=0
= 1 :3x +6 =0. ( - 2, 0)
(1) .
) x=2 y=-1 (1) (2+).2+(3-3).(-1)+2+4=0=-11.
-9x-36y-18=0x+4y+2=0.
) (1)
i) xx 2+=0=-2. y=0
ii) yy 3-3 =0=1. 3x+6=0 . x= -2

) 1 =(1,-2). R (1)

=(3-3, -2-).

1 =0(3-3).1+(-2-).(-2)=03-3+4+2=05=-1= -1/5.
11x-12y+22=0.

44

 260

(-4, 6) (-1, 1) .
x + 3y = 2
x y + 2 = 0 . :
(i) .
(ii) .

A = = 1
3
1
: y- 6 = (x +4)
3
3y 18 = x 4

(i)A

x -y+2 =0

x + 3y = 14

x + 3y = 2

x 3y 14

x y 2

D=

-1

Dx =

14

= 1 3 = 4,

= 14 + 6 = 8,

Dy =

14

= 2 14 = 16

-2
-1
1
-2
Dy
D
x = x = 2,
y=
=4
(2, 4)
D
D

= 1 6 = 5
(ii)

1 = (3, 5)

1 4
3
.
( 4 1 , 1 6 ),

( 5 , 7 )

2 2
7 4
= = 2

= 7 8 = 1

5
5 4
9
2
2

.
3.9-5.1
( 1, 2 ) = 1 2 =
=
2
2
2
2
1 2
3 5 9 1

2 = (9, 1)

22
=
9 25 81 1

22
24 82

270

(1, 3) 1.

, ,
x = 0 y = x, . (1)

: x = 0
45

d(, ) =

1. 1 0 0

= 1, x = 0 .

1 0
: y = x
2

x y = 0
. 1 1.3 0
d(, ) = 1

=1
3 = 2 1
2
2
1
6 = 8 = 4
: y = 4 x
3
3

2 +6 + 9 = 2 +1

280

(1, 2) (3, 1). ,

() = 8

(x, y) () = 8

= (x + 1, y + 2),
= (3 + 1, 1 + 2) = (4, 3)

1 det , = 8
2

() = 8

x+1 y+2

= 16

4
3
3x 3 4y 8 = 16 3x 4y 5 = 16
3x 4y 5 = 16
3x 4y 5 = 16
3x 4y 21 = 0

3x 4y +11 = 0

290

x + ( 1)y = 2 ( + 1)x + y = 2 + 1
. ;

D=

+1

= -( -1) = +1 = 1 0.
2

, .

Dx =

Dy =

= 2 2 +2 + 1 = + 1
2

2+1

+1

= 2 + 2 2 =
2

2+1

(x, y) .

Dx
D
Dy
y
D

x 1
1
y
1

x=y+1

x 1
y

x 1
y

x y 1
y

x+y1=0

46

 300

x 2 2 0 (0,3)

0 0
2

x 2 2 0 . x0 2 0 2 0

(0,3) , 0 3

x0 2 0 2 0
4
0

0 3
0 3

d , 4 1

4, 3

3 16
2

310

2+y2=20 (6,-2) .
.

2


: () y= +
-y + =0
( .)
=
)
. 2+y2=20 (0,0) R 20

R .

Ax1 By1

01 01

20

A B
1
(6,-2):
y
2 6 (6 2)
(6, 2)
2

1
2

20 2 1

(1)

(2)

(1), (2) 20( 2 1) ((6 2) 2 ) 20 2 20 36 2 24 4

16 2 24 16 0 2 2 3 2 0 (2 1)( 2) 0 1

1
2

2 2

1 (2) (6 2) 5
1
2

: y 12 x 5 x 2 y 10 0
(3)
2 2 (2) (6 2) 10
: y 2 x 10 (4)

47

 : (3) x 2 y 10
(5)
.

2 y 10

y 2 20 4 y 2 40 y 100 y 2 20 0 5 y 2 40 y 80 0

y 2 8 y 16 0 ( y 4)2 0 y 4
x (5) x 2(4) 10 2 ( 4, 2)
y 2 x 10
(4, 2)
1 2 1

320

2+y2=9 (3,5)

.
x =
.

Ax1 By1

01 01

A B
1
y
5 3 (5 3 )
(3,5)

1
2

3 2 1

(1)

(2)

(1), (2) 9( 2 1) (5 3 ) 2 ) 9 2 9 9 2 30 25
8
30 16
15
8
51
(2)
15
15
51
: y 158 x 15
15 y 8 x 51 0
H . . : x 3

330

C 1 : ( x 2) 2 ( y 3) 2 5 2 C 2 : x 2 ( y 1) 2 3 2 .
(i) C 1 A(5,1) .
(ii) C 2 .

C1 K (2,3) 5, C 2 (0,1) 3.
(i) M ( x, y ) , AMKA , ,

48

KA AM 0 .

(1)

C1

, KA (3,4) AM ( x 5, y 1) .
, (1)

K(2,3)

3( x 5) 4( y 1) 0

M(x,y)

3x 4 y 19 0 .

(0,-1)

, :

3x 4 y 19 0 . (2)

C2

A(5,-1)

(ii) C 2 , (0,1)
C 2 C 2 , 3.
:

d ( , )

|3 0 4(1) 19| 15
3 .
5
32 4 2

340

x 2 + y 2 2x + 4y + 4 = 0
(1, 1)

x 0 = A = 1,
y 0 = B = 2.
(1, 2)
2
2
(x, y)


. = 0

(x 1)(1 1) + (y + 1)( 2 + 1) = 0
(y + 1)(1) = 0

y1=0
y = 1
350

C1 : x 2 + y 2 = 1 C 2 : (x 1) 2 + y 2 = 4

1 (0 , 0),
1 = 1
2 (1 , 0),
2 = 2
( 1 2 ) = 1

2 1 = 2 1 = 1

( 1 2 ) = 2 1

360

x 2 + y 2 = 25,
(2, 4).

(x, y)

y
K

A(2, 4)

49


2
2
( 2 0 , 4 0 ) = (1, 2) = () = 1 2 = 5 .

(x 1 ) + (y 2 ) = 5

370

x 2 + y 2 2x 1 = 0 (1), .
(i) , (1) ,
.
(ii) C , (1)
, .
;

(i) (1) x 2 + y 2 +x + By + = 0.
2 + 2 - 4 = (2 ) 2 + 0 + 4 = 4 + 4 > 0
2

(, 0) =
(ii) = 0, (1) x 2 + y 2 = 1

C 0

= 1, (1) x + y 2x 1 = 0
2

4 4
= 2 1
2

C1

, C 0 , C1
x 2 y 2 1
2 2
x y 2x 1 0

x 2 y 2 1

1 2x 1 0
2
2
0 y 1

x 0
(0, 1) (0, 1)
C 0 2 + 12 2.0 1 = 0 0 = 0

x 2 y 2 1

x 0

y 1 y 1

x 0

, C .

C 0 + ( 1) 2.0 1 = 0 0 = 0 , C
x = 0.
2

380

(1, 0)
3x + y + 6 = 0 3x + y - 12 = 0.

0 0
2

(1)

, (0 , 0)
() = -3 + 3.
0 = -30 + 3 (2)
1 2 .

1
1
1 3 1 1 3 12
9
=
1, 2 , 2
2
2
2
2
2
10
3 1

50

 (1,0) 1 0 0 0
2

10

390

x2 + y2 = 4
x + y = 0.

1 1 4 1, 1

// +=0 1=2

1, 1

1
1 1 1 (1)
1

, 12 12 4 (2)

(1) (2) 1, 1

2, 2

1, 1

2, 2

21 2 4 21 2 4

400

y = 1 x 2
4
:
(i) y = x + 1
(ii) y = 2x
(iii) (0, 1)

x = 4y x = 2. 2y = 2
( x1 , y1 )
2

: x x1 = 2(y + y1 )
(i) y = x + 1

x x1 = 2y +2 y1

= 1

( x1 , y1 )
(1)

= 1
2

( x1 , y1 )

2y = x1 x 2 y1

y=

x1
x y1
2

(1)

x1
=1
x1 = 2
2
y1 = 1 x12 y1 = 1 2 2 = 1
4
4

: y=x1

(ii) y = 2x

(1)

x1
= 1
x1 = 1
2
2
y1 = 1 x12 y1 = 1 12 = 1
4
4
4

: y= 1 x- 1

(iii) (0, 1)

1 =

( x1 , y1 )

x1
.0 y1
2

y1 = 1 x12
4

y1 = 1
1 = 1 x12
4

x12 = 4 x1 = 2 x1 = 2

51

(1)

y = 2 x 1

y = x 1

y = 2 x 1

y = x 1

410

3 x 2 + y 2 = 4, :
(i) y = 3x + 1
(ii) y = 1 x
2
(iii) (, 4)

(i) : 3 x1 x + y1 y = 4 , ( x1 , y1 ) .
3x
y = 3x + 1 = 3 1 = 3

x1 = y1
y1
( x1 , y1 )

3 x1 + y1 = 4

3 x1 + x1 + = 4

4 x1 = 4

x12 = 1

x1 = 1 x1 = 1
x1 = 1 y1 = 1, : 3. 1x + 1y = 4 3x + y = 4
x1 = 1 y1 = 1, : 3. (1) x + (1)y = 4 3x y = 4
(ii) : 3 x1 x + y1 y = 4 , ( x1 , y1 ) .

3x
. 1 = 1 1 . 1 = 1
2
2
y1
2
2 y1 = 3 x1

y1 = 3 x1
2
2
2
2
2
( x1 , y1 ) 3 x1 + y1 = 4 3 x1 + 9 x1 = 4
12 x12 + 9 x12 16
4
2
21 x1 =16 x1 = 4
x1 = 4
21
21
x1 = 4 y1 = 3 4 = 6

2 21
21
21
: 3 4 x + 6 y = 4 12x + 6y = 4 21 6x + 3y 2 21 = 0
21
21
x1 = 4 y1 = 3 ( 4 ) = 6

2
21
21
21
: 3(- 4 )x 6 y = 4 12x 6y = 4 21 6x + 3y + 2 21 = 0
21
21
(iii) : 3 x1 x + y1 y = 4 , ( x1 , y1 ) .
M(0, 4) 3 x1 .0 + y1 .4 = 4 y1 = 1
y = 1 x

( x1 , y1 )

3 x1 + y1 = 4
2
1
2
1

3x + 1 = 4
3x = 3
2
1

x1 = 1 x1 = 1
x1 = 1, y1 = 1, : 3. 1x + 1y = 4 3x + y = 4
x1 = 1, y1 = 1, : 3. (1)x + 1y = 4 3x + y = 4

x =1

52

 420
-
y 2 4 x . :
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y 2 2x E , 0 x .
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y x 1 y x 1 .

y 2 2x x1 , y1 yy1 x x1 .

y 2 4 x x1 , y1 yy1 2 x x1 .

x1 , y1 . ( x1 , y1 .) y12 4 x1 . yy1 2 x x1 .
y x 1 .
2

1 y1 2 . yy1 2 x x1 x1 y1 . y 2 2 x 1
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yy1 x x1 . y 2 4 x x1 , y1 yy1 2 x x1 .
x1 , y1 . ( x1 , y1 .) y12 4 x1 .

53

 yy1 2 x x1 . y x 1 .

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y1

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430

x 2 y 2 2 x 2 y 1 0
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x y : 2 2 1 .
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54

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