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a
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a. T;" 3a# -ung -.ch cfn pH !hLp nh A]7.
Q. T'#ng phBng !hW ngh"I/ c /u0" Cu[O
a
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2
OY nFc ngu7n chL!Y H
2
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a
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O
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2
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.
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=
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x
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9 = =
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9 =.
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a x
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p
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= = =

+
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2
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2
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2 2
. . r .
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x
x p x
a
Kp p Kp p p
a x a x a x a x
a a

= = = =
+

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[PC+
V
] g
S
= 1 9 a
r [PC+
,
] g [C+
2
] g
S
a
cYbV
cY2V
1Yc
1Yc
@

a
Uc g
PC+
C+ PC+
V
2 ,
g
= 1 9 S V Y 2c`
/
= 1 9 S
a
= 1 9 a
S
S
= a 9
2 2
2
2

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(hW
g 1
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= 1 9 a
pS
@ a
pS
+
=
+

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U
C
+
p
1
2
2

g
@ a
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U
C
+

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1
2
2

g
= 1 9 a
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U
C
+

2
2
C
1
= 1 9
S
a
U

+
=

2 2 2
91 =
.
91 =91 = 91 = 2c`Y V 91 =
C
a a
K
V V V


+
= = =
+
2. ThW ngh"I/ 1h
V
PCl !an"a#
n a = =
`,Y a
cY ac
2c`Y V
ol =
M
c1a hPn hKp cHn Q\ngh deYV 2Yc g 1,eYc g:/#+
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1
g a 91 &
1
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n
1
g a 91 &
1
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1
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1
g cYVcc
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1
h
( )
2
2
2 2
cY V
2Y b cY ec
1 1 9cY V=
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= = =

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s {"O ngu7n 30 /#+ PC+
V
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s p 3uL! cHn Q\ng p
2
g cYVc a!/.
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2
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2
2
1

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2
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2
2
2
2
1

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2
2
g cYda2`d

2
g cY`c2
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2
g cYacc.91&
2
= cYb21 9/#+=.
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2
g
2
2
p
T n
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1
g
1
1
p
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1 1 2
. cY b21.2Y b
dY a`e
. cY d.cY V
V n p
V n p
= = =
+fn
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&

To pH g 2 C
H&
g 1c
s2
M. S]7 -ung -.ch c nnng > a@"! +Fn !'nh 3^ !hu phHn /u0" Cu[O
a

Q= Cu[O
a
.VH
2
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H
2
[O
a
Z/ QZ# 2 +W! Cu[O
a
c pH g 2 +N cYVV /+ e`i 9- g 1Y`a=
Cch phah & LL7 Q<nh c A;ch chuln 2 +W!Y ch# AN# 1 +W! H
2
O cL!.
& Th/ AN# Q<nh cYVV /+ H
2
[O
a
e`i 9- g 1Y`a= AN +uc :u.
& Th/ !"Tp V ga/ Cu[O
a
.VH
2
O AN +uc ch# !an hT!.
& Th/ !"Tp nFc cL! ch# :u A;ch 2 +W! AN +uc :u.
cYV
cYV
cY2V
cYbV
cYV
9&= N 9=
j
* U C


2k a= Cch +up !h"T! Q.h
*h an0! 9QZn Cu=
Ch ca!0! 9A]! cfn /;=
Uh (huL7
Nh ngunn "In
jh -ung -.ch Aoa pha chT

jF" !c -mng c1a -Bng "In @Z7 'a cc phZn ?ng.
& !;" an0!h c 3^ h#N !an Cu s 2% Cu
2&
& !;" ca!0!h c 3^ (T! !1a Cu
2&
& 2% Cu
Q=Th !Wch +Fp /; S g 3.+ g 1c.cYc1b g cY1bc/
,

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Th_" g"an /;h !h%# + !hu7T! g
96500 . m .n
A. I
g e2cbY,cd93=
SF" h"Iu 3uL! g `ci !h< ! g e2cbY,cdk cY` g 11VceY1,,93=
ha7 , g"_ 11 ph2! aeY1,g"H7
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t "In c^c phZ" MnO
a
s
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t "In c^c !'" ,q
s
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c
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cY cVe2 cY cVe2 cY c2
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I
E
I

+ = + =


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s }
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ha7 cY`2a g
`
cY cVe2
1Y V1 +g9V. = cY Vba
V
H
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+


cY cVa h H M
+
= =

M! (hc !o cHn Q\ngh
[ ]
2 1Yee
a a
2 2
1c
Y cY ,,e
a
a
a
a
HSO H SO K
C h h h
h h
K C h
C h K
tha$ h K C M
+
+ =

= = +

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v%
2&
& H
2
O v%OH
&
& H
&

+
FeOH
w
g 1c
sVYe2
91=
v%
2&
& 2OH
s
v%9OH=
2
U3
s1
v%9OH=
2
g 1c
1VY1
92=
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2
h
2&

%
%
OH
F
K
C
C

f
!'#ng C Kc !Wnh !o 91=
v%
2&
& H
2
O v%OH
&
& H
&

+
FeOH
w
g 1c
sVYe2
91=
Ch cYcc1
C cYcc1s @ @ @
cYV
cYV
cYV
1Yc
1Yc

2
VYe2 V a
1c ,Y a.1c cY cc1 eY dd.1c
cY cc1
x
x C x M
x

= = = =

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2
+Nh

1VY1
dYca
a
1c
1c bY ed
eY dd.1c
OH
C pH

= f
Q. G (T! !1a Kc eei +Kng v%
2&
2&
V
%
cY cc1.1i 1Y c.1c
F
C M

= =

1VY1
VYcV
V
1c
1c `Y eV
1Y c.1c
OH
C pH

= f
c. G (T! !1a Kc h#Nn !#Nn +Kng v%
2&


2&
1VY1
d aYVV
d %
1c
1Y c.1c 1c eY aV.
1c
F OH
C M C pH

= f
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&
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,
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,
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,
CH
,
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2
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,
+
+
chuyn v
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(II) (III)
2-Clo-2-metylbutn 2-Clo-!-metylbutn
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,
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2.
2sC+#s2s/%!7+Qu!an +N 3Zn phl/ chWnh.
j# cacQ#ca!"#n Q]c Qa 9q= Q:n hn cacQ#ca!"#n Q]c ha" 9qq=Y /! (hc -# cacQ#ca!"#n Q]c ha" 9qq=
c (hZ nxng chu7n A. h"'ua !;# !hNnh cacQ#ca!"#n Q]c Qa 9q= nn 3Zn phl/ 2sc+#s2s/%!7+Qu!an
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a= C chT [
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2 Y u !"n AN# A. !'W cacQ#n 30 a.
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C+
&
v%C+
a
s

Q.

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(
(
g
1
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d . 1
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=
+
cYV
cYV
cYV
cYV
cYV
cYV
cYV
cYV
H
&
Cl
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CH
,
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sCH
,
CH
,
Cl
2-Clo-!-metylbutn
CH
,
sCHsCHsCH
,
CH
,
Cl
H

+
Cl
+
Cl
- "
+
nhnh
ch#m
Cl
"
+

T0c > /#n#c+# h# c1a Q"ph%n7+ hn Q%ny%n a,c +fn.
c= G! @ +N 30 ga/ asc+#Q"ph%n7+Y !a ch
1V` @
a . 2Vc
2 . bec
1cc
@
= =
ga/
C;< E3 =9># ?+@1A
1. Th17 phHn h#Nn !#Nn 1 /#+ p#+"p%p!"! 8 ch# !a 2 /#+ *+aY 1 /#+ {+uY 1 /#+ L73Y 1 /#+ H"3
nn 8 +N />! p%n!ap%p!"!.
To phZn ?ng g"Oa 8 AF" *'v a/"n# a@"! fu N c1a 8 +N H"3
To 3Zn phl/ !h17 phHn 8 nh_ %ny"/ cacQ#@"p%p!"aya a/"n# a@"! fu C c1a 8 +N L73.
Th17 phHn (hDng h#Nn !#Nn 8 !hu Kc cc "p%p!"! *+as{+uY *+as*+aY H"3s*+a
!']! !^ 3up @Tp cc a/"n# a@"! !'#ng 8 +Nh H"3s*+as*+as{+usL73.
2. CH
,
sCH9NH
2
=sCOOH 9*+a=r HOOCsCH
2
sCH
2
sCH9NH
2
=sCOOH 9{+u=r
H
2
Ns9CH
2
=
a
sCH9NH
2
=sCOOH 9L73=r
N
N CH
2
sCHsCOOH
NH
2
H
Th? !^ !xng -fn pH
q
{+u 9,Y22= *+a 9dYcc= H"3 9bYVe= L73 9eYba=
&i'i th()h* pH
q
phm !hu>c AN# 30 nh/ COOH AN NH
2
. CNng nh":u nh/ COOH !h< pH
q
cNng nh)Y
cNng nh":u nh/ NH
2
!h< pH
q
cNng +Fn. pH
q
9H"3= pH
q
9*+a= +N -# H"3 c -. ABng ch?a ngu7n !M
N cng +N !H/ Qay.
,. pH g 1 pH g 1,

CH
,
sCHsCOOH
NH
,
CH
,
sCHsCOO
NH
2
s
&

HOOCs9CH
2
=
2
sCHsCOOH
NH
,
OOCs9CH
2
=
2
sCHsCOO
NH
2
s s
&

N
N CH
2
sCHsCOOH
NH
,
H
H
N
N CH
2
sCHsCOO
NH
2
H
&
&
s

H
,
Ns9CH
2
=
a
sCHsCOOH
NH
,
H
2
Ns9CH
2
=
a
sCHsCOO
NH
2
&
&
s

CH
,
sCHsCOOH
NH
2
CH
,
sCH
2
sNH
2
CO
2
s
%ny"/
9a=

CO
2
s
%ny"/
N
N CH
2
sCHsCOOH
NH
2
H
N
N CH
2
sCH
2
sNH
2
H
.. 9Q=
9c=
9-=
TWnh Qay g"Z/ -fnh N
9a=
N
9Q=
N
9c=
N
9-=
&i'i th()h* M]! > % 4 N
9a=
N
9Q=
+"n (T! AF" g0c C
2
H
V
l7 %Y N
9Q=
Znh h4ng g0c -. ABng h2! %.
M]! > % 4 N
9c=
N
9Q=
A< N
9c=
4 !';ng !h" +a" ha 3p
2
nn c > H/ "In +Fn hn N
9Q=
+a" ha 3p
,
. M!
(hcY N
9c=
+"n (T! AF" C93p
2
=Y N
9Q=
+"n (T! AF" C93p
,
= 9(hZ nxng h2! % c1a C93p
2
= /;nh hn C93p
,
==.
cYV
cYV
cYbV
cYbV
cYV
cY2V
cY2V
*+ah
{+uh
9H"3=
H"3h
L73h
a.
N
9-=
(hDng c !Wnh Qay A< (hDng cBn cp % !^ -# 9cp % nN7 5 !ha/ g"a hI +"n hKp ns=.
C;< E3 =9># ?+@1A
HOCH
2
9CHOH=
,
CHO
,
HNO
HOOC9CHOH=
,
COOH 9$=
TXng hKp Ua+"an"h

CHOH CH
CHO
CHOH
CHOH
HCN
CHOH
C
CHOH
CHOH
N
HOH
COOH
CHOH
CHOH
sHOH
C
CHOH
CHOH
O
O
CHOH
CHO
CHOH
CHOH
2
,
a
1 1
2
w
,
9CY j=
Nh_ Cu !'<nh !Xng hKp nN7 c !h/ 1 C QL! 0" /F".
S< * +N jsan#p%n!#y nn cLu h<nh c1a ngu7n !M C
a
+Nh . M! (hc $ (hDng Cuang
h#;! nn phZ" c /! phng 0" @?ng !'#ng phHn !MY -# C
2
phZ" c6ng phWa AF" C
a
. S]7 $ c !h
+Nh

COOH
H OH
H OH
H OH
COOH
COOH
H OH
O H H
H OH
COOH
2
,
a
V
1

CLu h<nh C
2
9C
w
/F" !;# !hNnh= c1a } AN v c !h +Nh
CLu h<nh cc ngu7n !M C
w
(hc c1a } AN v nh * h#c $.
v (hDng Cuang h#;! nn v phZ" +Nh
CHO
H OH
H OH
H OH
CH
2
OH
1
2
,
a
V
COOH
H OH
H OH
H OH
COOH
H OH
1
2
,
a
V
d
H OH
CHO
H OH
H OH
H OH
CH
2
OH
d
1
2
,
a
V
H OH
CHO
O H H
H OH
H OH
CH
2
OH
d
1
2
,
a
V
COOH
H OH
H OH
H OH
COOH
1
2
,
a
V
9v= 9j= 9*= 9$= 9C=

H OH
H OH
H OH
H OH
CH
2
OH
COOH C
H OH
H OH
H OH
CH
2
OH
N
H OH
H OH
H OH
H
CH
2
OH
CgO
O

H OH
COOH
O H H
H OH
H OH
COOH
d
1
2
,
a
V
9*
1
= 9*
2
= 9*
,
= 9}=
T</ 'a /P" chL! ch# 1k, "/.
cYV
,Yc
UhM
H OH
h#c
AN H OH
2
O H H
2