n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

1/ VN DNG C BN THNG GP:

BI 1: Cho a;b;c l 3 s dng tho: ab+bc+ca 3abc
Chng minh rng: ( Ton hc tui tr - ra ngy 19/1/2007)
Gii: ab+bc+ca 3abc (*)
t : ; Khi (*) c vit li : x + y + z 3 ( x,y,z > 0) (1)
Ta c:
(**)
Khi (**) c vit li :
+p dng BT Cauchy-Schwarz : ; vi
Ta c:

= = 1
( v : x + y + z 3 )
Du bng xy ra khi: x = y = z = 1 hay a = b = c = 1.
BI 2: Cho a;b;c l 3 s dng tho: a.b.c = 1 .Chng minh rng:
* Ta c:
(*)
V : a.b.c = 1 nn tn ti x,y,z dng sao cho:

s
4 4 4
1
2 2 2
a b b c c a
a b b c c a
+ + >
+ + +
s
1 1 1
3
a b c
+ + s
1 1 1
, , x y z
a b c
= = = s
4 4 4
1
2 2 2
a b b c c a
a b b c c a
+ + >
+ + +

3 3 3
1
2 2 2
a b c
a b b c c a
ab bc ca
+ + >
+ + +

3 3 3
1
2 1 2 1 2 1
a b c
b a c b a c
+ + >
+ + +
3
3 3
1
1 1
1
2 2 2
y
x z
y x z y x z
| |
| | | |
|
| |
\ . \ . \ .
+ + >
+ + +

2
2 2
2 2 2
1
1 1
1
2 2 2
y
x z
xy x yz y zx z
| |
| | | |
|
| |
\ . \ . \ .
+ + >
+ + +
( )
2
2 2 2
1 2 3
3 1 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
a a a
a a a
b b b b b b
+ +
+ + >
+ +
; 0;1 3
i i
a b i > s s
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
y x y z
x z
xy x yz y zx z xy x yz y zx z
| | | |
| | | |
+ +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
+ + >
+ + + + + + + +
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1 1
2 2 2
y x y z
x z
xy x yz y zx z
x y z
| | | |
| | | |
+ +
| |
| |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
+ + >
+ + +
+ +
>
( )
2
2
9
x y x
x y z
(
(
+ +

+ + ( )
4
81
x y z + +
>
4
81
3
s
1 1 1
1
2 2 2 a b c
+ + s
+ + +
1 1 1
1
2 2 2 a b c
+ + s
+ + +

2 2 2
2
2 2 2 a b c
+ + s
+ + +

2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 a b c
+ + s
+ + +
1
2 2 2
a a a
a b c
+ + >
+ + +
; ;
x y z
a b c
y z x
= = =
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

Khi (*) c vit li:

Ta c:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z x y z (x y z)
1
x 2y y 2z z 2x x 2xy y 2yz z 2zx x y z 2xy 2yz 2zx
+ +
+ + = + + > =
+ + + + + + + + + + +

Du bng xy ra khi: x = y = z = 1 hay a = b = c = 1
BI 3: Cho a,b,c,d l cc s thc dng tha :
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 a b c d
+ + + =
+ + + +
.
Chng minh rng : 3 abcd > (Lavia 2002)
Ta c :
2
2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 4
a b c d
a b c d
a b c d
a b c d a b c d
| |
+ + +
|
\ .
= + + + = + + + >
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + +

Suy ra:
2
4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4
a b c d a b c d
| |
+ + + + > + + +
|
\ .
hay
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
a b a c a d b c b d c d
> + + + + + (1)
M theo bt ng thc AM-GM th
6
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6 . . . . .
a b a c a d b c b d c d a b a c a d b c b d c d
+ + + + + >
hay
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 6
a b a c a d b c b d c d abcd
+ + + + + > (2). T (1) v (2) suy ra c 3 abcd > .
ng thc xy ra khi
4
3 a b c d = = = = .
BI 4: Cho 3 s thc a,b,c khng m tho: ab+bc+ca=1. Chng minh rng:
.
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi:

rng:

-S dng BT Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:

1
2 2 2
x y z
x y y z z x
+ + >
+ + +
3 1 3 1 3 1
4
ab bc ca
a b b c c a
+ + +
+ + >
+ + +
3 ab bc ca 3 ab bc ca 3 ab bc ca
4
ab bc ca
a b b c c a
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + >
+ + +
4ab 4bc 4
4
ca
a b c
a b b c c a
+ + + + + >
+ + +
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) 3
( )( )
ab a b bc b c ca c a
a b c ab bc ca abc
a b c ab bc ca a b c
+ + + + +
= + + + +
s + + + + = + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
ab bc a b
( ) ( ) ( )
ca b c c a
a b b c c a ab a b bc b c ca c a
+ + = + +
+ + + + + +
2
( ) 1
( ) ( ) ( )
ab bc ca
ab a b bc b c ca c a a b c
+ +
> >
+ + + + + + +
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

Do , ta c:
M :
Suy ra iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi mt trong 3 bin bng 0 v
hai bin cn li bng 1.
BI 5: Cho cc s thc dng a,b,c. Chng minh :

Ta c:

Suy ra:
Do ta cn chng minh: hay
(*).
-t , ta c : x,y,z>0 v x.y.z=1
Khi (*) vit li:

( C Si nh nhng).
BI 6: Cho cc s thc dng a,b,c. Chng minh rng
2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c ab bc ca
ab bc ca a ab bc b bc ca c ca ab
+ +
> + +
+ + + + + + + +
(*)
-Ta c:
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
a b c
a b c ab bc ca
ab bc ca
+ +
+ + > + + >
+ +

Do ta cn chng minh:
2 2 2
1
ab bc ca
a ab bc b bc ca c ca ab
> + +
+ + + + + +

2 2 2
3 2
ab bc ca
a ab bc b bc ca c ca ab
> + + +
+ + + + + +
2 2 2
1 1 1 2
ab bc ca
a ab bc b bc ca c ca ab
+ + >
+ + + + + +


4ab 4bc 4 4
( )
ca
a b c a b c
a b b c c a a b c
+ + + + + > + + +
+ + + + +
4 4
( ) 2 .( ) 4 a b c a b c
a b c a b c
+ + + > + + =
+ + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
3
5 5 5
a b c
a b c b c a c a b
+ + s
+ + + + + +
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
9
4 2 5
a a
a
a b c a bc a b c
+
=
+ + + + + +
2 2
2 2 2 2
4
4 2
a a
a b c a bc
s +
+ + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
9 9 2 5
a a a
a b c a bc a b c
s +
+ + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
5 5 5
a b c
a b c b c a c a b
+ + s
+ + + + + +
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 2
9 9 2 2 2
a b c
a bc b ca c ab
| |
+ + +
|
+ + +
\ .
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
2 2 2
a b c
a bc b ca c ab
+ + s
+ + +
1 1 1
1
2 . 2 . 2 .
b c c a a b
a a b b c c
+ + s
+ + +
, ,
a b c
x y z
b c a
= = =
1 1 1
1
2 2 2
z x y
x y z
+ + s
+ + +
1
2 2 2
x y z
x z y x z y
+ + s
+ + +
1
2 2 2
x y z
x z y x z y
+ + s
+ + +
3
y y z
z x y
+ + >
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

2 2 2
2 2 2
2
a bc b ca c ab
a ab bc b bc ca c ca ab
+ + +
+ + >
+ + + + + +

2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
a b c bc ca ab
a ab bc b bc ca c ca ab a ab bc b bc ca c ca ab
+ + + + + >
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
(**)
-Ta c:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
( )
1
( )
a b c a b c
a ab bc b bc ca c ca ab a b c
+ +
+ + > =
+ + + + + + + +
(1)
2 2 2
bc ca ab
a ab bc b bc ca c ca ab
+ + =
+ + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
b c c a a b
a bc ab c b c b ca bc a c a c ab ca b a b
+ +
+ + + + + +
2
2
( )
1
( )
ab bc ca
ab bc ca
+ +
> =
+ +
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra iu phi chng minh.
BI 7: Cho cc s thc dng a,b,c. Chng minh rng:
.
BI 8: Cho cc s thc dng a,b,c tho: a.b.c =1. Chng minh rng:

BI 9: Cho cc s thc dng a,b,c. Chng minh rng

2 2 2
3
2 2 2
( )( )( ) 4
3
a b b c c a a b c
abc a bc b ca c ab
| | + + +
> + +
|
+ + +
\ .
(*)


2 2 2
1
2 2 2 3
a b c
a b b c c a
| | | | | |
+ + >
| | |
+ + +
\ . \ . \ .
2 2 2
1
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
+ + s
+ + +
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

2/ S DNG YU T C T NHT :
Bi tp1:(Iranian IMO 2009). Cho ba s dng a,b,c tha iu kin 3 a b c + + = .
Chng ming rng:
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 3
2 2 2 4 a b b c c a
+ + s
+ + + + + +
(*)
Ta c (*) tng ng vi bt ng thc sau:
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 1 1 1 3
4 2 2 2 2 a b b c c a
+ + + s
+ + + + + +

2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 a b b c c a
+ + >
+ + + + + +

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
2 2 2 2
a b b c c a
a b b c c a
+ + +
+ + >
+ + + + + +
(**)
S dng:
2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
2
x y x y
x y
+ +
+ = , ta c (**) c vit li:
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b b c c a a b b c c a
a b b c c a a b b c c a
+ + +
+ + + + + >
+ + + + + + + + + + + +

Ta c:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 4( )
2 2 2 2( ) 6
a b b c c a a b c
a b b c c a a b c
+ + + + +
+ + >
+ + + + + + + + +
(1)
Nu dng Cauchy-Schwarz trc tip ta c:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
2 2 2 2( ) 6
a b b c c a a b b c c a
a b b c c a a b c
+ +
+ + > =
+ + + + + + + + +

th nh gi ny kh lng lo, v hin nhin
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
0
2 2 2
a b b c c a
a b b c c a

+ + >
+ + + + + +
.
Ta c th nh gi cht hn nh sau:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2( ) 6
a b b c c a a b b c a c a c
a b b c c a a b b c c a a b c

+ + = + + >
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 4( )
2 2 2 2( ) 6
a b b c c a a c
a b b c c a a b c

+ + >
+ + + + + + + + +
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta a bt ng thc cn chng minh v:
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
4( ) 4( )
3 2( ) 2( ) 3( ) 9
2( ) 6 2( ) 6
a b c a c
a b c a c a b c
a b c a b c
+ +
+ > + + + > + + +
+ + + + + +

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2( ) 2( ) 3( ) ( ) ( )( ) 0 a b c a c a b c a b c a b b c + + + > + + + + + > (4)
Nhn xt (4) khng phi lun ng. Nhng ta c th p n ng. Tht vy:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2( ) 6
a b b c c a a b c b c a c b
a b b c c a a b b c c a a b c

+ + = + + >
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +



n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 4( )
2 2 2 2( ) 6
a b b c c a b c
a b b c c a a b c

+ + >
+ + + + + + + + +

V
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2( ) 6
b a b c c a b a b c c a b a
a b b c c a a b b c c a a b c

+ + = + + >
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 4( )
2 2 2 2( ) 6
a b b c c a b a
a b b c c a a b c

+ + >
+ + + + + + + + +

Ta cng ln lt a bi ton v cn chng minh:
( )( ) 0 c a a b > (5)
( )( ) 0 b c c a > (6)
Nh th nu trong (4), (5), (6) c mt bt ng thc ng th bi ton ca ta c chng
minh xong.
Ta c:
| || || |
2 2 2
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 a b b c c a a b b c c a a b b c c a = >
, do trong ( )( ) a b b c , ( )( ) c a a b , ( )( ) b c c a c t nht mt s khng m. Tc
l trong ba bt ng thc (4), (5), (6) c t nht mt bt ng thc ng. Vy bi ton
c chng minh. Du = xy ra khi a=b=c=1.
Bi tp 2: Cho ba s dng a,b,c tha iu kin
2 2 2
3 a b c + + = . Chng ming rng:
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
a b b c c a
a b b c c a
+ + +
+ + >
+ + +
(*)
rng:
2 2 2
( )
2 2( )
a b a b a b
a b a b
+ +
= +
+ +
, do bt ng thc cho vit li:
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
3
2( ) 2( ) 2( )
a b b c c a
a b c
a b b c c a

+ + + + + >
+ + +

p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2( ) 2( ) 2( )
a b b c a c a c
a b b c c a a b c

+ + >
+ + + + +

Bi ton c quy v chng minh:
2
( )
3
a c
a b c
a b c

+ + + >
+ +

Ta c:
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) a c a c b a b c a b b c
a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c
+
+ + + = + + + +
+ + + + + +

2 2 2 2
3( ) ( ) ( )( ) 9 ( )( ) ( )( )
3
2( ) 2 2( )
a b c a b c a b b c a b c a b b c a b b c
a b c
a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c
+ + + + + +
= + + + + = + + > +
+ + + + + + + + + +
Nh vy bi ton c chng minh xong nu
( )( ) 0 a b b c > (1)
nh gi tng t ta cng c:
( )( ) 0 b c c a > (2)
( )( ) 0 c a a b > (3)
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

Lp lun nh bi ton trc, ta thy mt trong ba bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) t nht c mt
bt ng thc ng. Do bi ton c chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c=1.
Bi tp 3: Cho ba s a,b,c tha iu kin
2 2 2
1 a b c + + = . Chng ming rng:
1 1 1
1
5 6 5 6 5 6 ab bc ca
+ + s


Bt ng thc cn chng minh c vit li:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 5 6 2 5 6 2 5 6 2 5 6 5 6 5 6 3
ab bc ca
ab bc ca ab bc ca
| | | | | |
+ + > + + >
| | |

\ . \ . \ .

Do
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 2 ( ) ab a b c ab a b c = + + = + , tng t
2 2 2 2
1 2 ( ) ,1 2 ( ) bc b c a ca c a b = + = +
Do BT trn vit li:
2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 1
5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 3
c a b a b b c c a
ab bc ca ab bc ca

+ + + + + >


2 2 2 2
( )
5 6 5 6 5 6 15 6( )
c a b a b c
ab bc ca ab bc ca
+ +
+ + >
+ +

2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 4( )
5 6 5 6 5 6 15 6( )
a b b c a c a c
ab bc ca ab bc ca

+ + >
+ +

Ta cn chng minh
2 2
( ) 4( ) 1
15 6( ) 15 6( ) 3
a b c a c
ab bc ca ab bc ca
+ +
+ >
+ + + +

2 2
( ) 4( ) 5 2( ) a b c a c ab bc ca + + + > + +
2 2 2 2 2
( ) 4( ) 5( ) 2( ) a b c a c a b c ab bc ca + + + > + + + +
( )( ) 0 a b b c > (1)
nh gi tng t ta c:
( )( ) 0 a b b c > (2)
( )( ) 0 a b b c > (3)
Lp lun nh bi ton trc, ta thy mt trong ba bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) t nht c mt
bt ng thc ng. Do bi ton c chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi
1
3
a b c = = = .
M rng: T bi ton ny ta c th m rng ra bi ton sau
Cho ba s a,b,c dng tha iu kin
2 2 2
1 a b c + + = . Chng ming rng:
1 1 1 9
1 1 1 2 bc ca ab
+ + s


(Tp ch Crux
Mathematicorum)
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
2 2 2
16 1 (1 3) 1 3 8 1 9
. . 1
6 1 1 (5 6 ) 1 5 6 3 1 5 6 bc bc bc bc bc
+
= s + s +
+



n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

Tng t
8 1 9
. 1
3 1 5 ca ca
s +

,
8 1 9
. 1
3 1 5 6 ab ab
s +


Suy ra
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1
3 9 3 9.1
3 1 1 1 5 6 5 6 5 6 3 1 1 1 bc ca ab ab bc ca bc ca ab
| | | | | |
+ + s + + + + + s +
| | |

\ . \ . \ .

1 1 1 9
1 1 1 2 bc ca ab
+ + s


Bi tp 4: Cho ba s thc dng a,b,c. Chng ming rng:
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c ab bc ca
a b b c c a a ab b b bc c c ca a
+ + > + +
+ + + + + + + + +

Bi tp 5: Cho ba s thc dng x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha xyz=1.
Chng minh rng
1 1 1
1
1 1 1 x y y z z x
+ + s
+ + + + + +

Bi tp 6: Cho ba s a,b,c tha iu kin 3 a b c + + = . Chng ming rng:
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
9 9 9
5
2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )
a b c
a b c b c a c a b
+ + +
+ + s
+ + + + + +


DNG 3: MT S BI TON S DNG HAI B C BN

B 1: Trong 3 s a, b v c bt k lun tn ti hai s m cng ln hn hoc bng m
hay cng nh hn hoc bng m ( vi m l s thc tu ).
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s : .
-Nu th v .
-Nu th b>m v c>m .
(iu phi chng minh).
B 2: Nu hoc th ta c:
( d dng c suy ra t BT: )

Bi tp 1: Cho 3 s thc a,b,c dng tho : (*)
Chng minh rng: .
(USAMO-2000)
-T gi tht suy ra c t nht mt trong ba s a,b,c khng ln hn 1.Gi s s l c, khi
ta c:
.
*Ta i chng minh: .
-Cch1:


a b c s s
b m s a m s b m s
b m >
x m
y m
>

>

x m
y m
s

2
( ) xy m x y m > +
( )( ) 0 x m y m >
2 2 2
4 a b c abc + + + =
0 2 ab bc ca abc s + + s
(1 ) ( ) 0 ab bc ca abc ab c c a b + + = + + >
2 ab bc ca abc + + s
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

-Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s hai s a v b tho: Trong 3 s a, b v c bt k lun
tn ti hai s m cng ln hn hoc bng m hay cng nh hn hoc bng m ( vi m l
s thc tu ). khi ta c:

hoc
1
1
a
b
s

-Mt khc ta c:
.
Suy ra:
-Cch2: Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s:
a 1
b 1
>

>

hoc
a 1
b 1
s

Khi theo B 2 ta c: ab a b 1 abc ac bc c > + > +
ab bc ca abc ab bc ca (ac bc c) ab bc ca abc ab c + + s + + + + + s +
Ta i chng minh ab c 2 + s (1)
T (*) ta c:
2 2
2 2
a b
a 4, b 4, ab 4
2
+
s s s s .
Mt khc
2 2 2
(*) c abc a b 4 0 + + + = (**)
Xem (**) l phng trnh l bc hai theo bin c.
2 2 2 2 2
(ab) 4(a b 4) (4 a )(4 b ) 0 A = + = >
Phng trnh (**) c hai nghim;
2 2
ab (4 a )(4 b )
c
2
+
= v
2 2
ab (4 a )(4 b )
c
2

=
V c 0 > nn
2 2
ab (4 a )(4 b )
c
2
+
=
Do (1)
2 2 2 2
ab (4 a )(4 b ) ab (4 a )(4 b )
ab 2 ab 2
2 2
+ +
+ s + s
2 2 2 2 2
4 ab (4 a )(4 b ) (4 ab) (4 a )(4 b ) > > ( v
2 2
4 a 0, 4 b 0 > > nn 4 ab 0 > )
2
(a b) 0 > (ng). Suy ra iu phi chng minh.
-Cch3:
-T gi thit, d dng chng minh c tn ti ba s khng m x, y ,z sao cho:
(x+y)(y+z)(z+x)>0 v:

-Bi ton a v chng minh:

1
1
a
b
>

>

( 1)( 1) 0 c a b > abc ac bc c > +

2 2 2 2
4 2 a b c abc ab c abc = + + + > + +
2
4 2ab c abc > + +
2
4 (2 ) 2 c ab c ab c > + s
(2 ) ( ) 2 ab bc ca abc c bc ca ac bc c + + s + + + =
2 2 2
4 a b c abc + + + =
2 2 2
, ,
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
x y z
a b c
x y y z y z z x z x x y
= = =
+ + + + + +
( )( )( )
2 2
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 4
1
x y y z z x ( ) ( )( )
xy yz
x y x z y z y z y x z x
zx xyz
z x z y x y
+
+ + + + + +
+ s
+ + + + + +
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz



Thay vo c iu cn chng minh.
Bi tp2: Cho 3 s thc a,b,c dng tho: .
Chng minh rng: .
(VIT NAM-2000)
-Cch 1:
-Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s hai s a v b tho: Trong 3 s a,b v c bt k lun tn
ti hai s m cng ln hn hoc bng m hay cng nh hn hoc bng m ( vi m l s
thc tu )., khi ta c: hoc
1
1
a
b
s

(1)
Mt khc ta c:

(2).
T (1) v (2) suy ra:

-Cch2:
-T gi thit, d dng chng minh c tn ti ba s khng m x, y ,z sao cho:
(x+y)(y+z)(z+x)>0 v:

-Bai ton a v chng minh:

=...= .
(ngoi ra ta c th gp li bi ton ny phng php dn bin)
2 2
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 1 1
( ) ( )( )
1 1 1 1
xy yz
x y x z y z y z y x z x
zx xy
x y x z y z z x z y x y
yz zx
y z y x z x z x z y x y
+
+ + + + + +
| |
+ s + +
|
+ + + + + +
\ .
| | | |
+ + +
| |
+ + + + + +
\ . \ .
( )( )( )
4
1
x y y z z x
xyz
= +
+ + +
4 ab bc ca abc + + + =
a b c ab bc ca + + > + +
1
1
a
b
>

>

( 1)( 1) 0 c a b > abc ac bc c > +

( ) ( ) a b c abc a b c ac bc c + + + > + + + + ( )( 1) a b c abc a b c + + + > + +
4 ( ) ab bc ca abc abc c a b ab = + + + = + + +
2 2
( ) ( )
. ( )
4 4
a b a b
c c a b
+ +
s + + +
2
2
( )
4
4
4
1
( )
( )
4
a b
c c
a b a b
a b
+

> >
+ +
+ +
( )( 1) 4 a b c + + >
4 a b c abc + + + > a b c abc ab bc ca abc + + + > + + +
a b c ab bc ca + + > + +
2 2 2
, ,
x y z
a b c
y z z x x y
= = =
+ + +
2 2 2
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
x y z xy yz zx
y z z x x y x z y z y x z x z y x y
+ + > + +
+ + + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
VT xy yz
x z y z y x z x
( (
s + + +
( (
+ + + +

2 2
1 1
( ) ( )
zx
z y x y
(
+ +
(
+ +

x y z
y z z x x y
+ +
+ + +
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

Bi tp 3: Cho 3 s thc a,b,c>0 v tha abc=1. Chng minh rng
2 2 2
1 1 1
3 2(a b c)
a b c
+ + + > + +
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s:
a 1
b 1
>

>

hoc
a 1
b 1
s

. Suy ra (a 1)(b 1) 0 >

Ta c:
2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
P 3 2(a b c) 2(a b c) 3
a b c a b ab c
| |
= + + + + + = + + + + +
|
\ .

2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2c a b 2(a b c) 3 a b 2a 2b 3 2(a 1)(b 1) (ab 1) 0
a b a b a b
| | | | | |
= + + + + + = + + = + + >
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

T suy ra c iu cn chng minh.
Bi tp 4: Cho 3 s thc x,y,z. Chng minh rng
2 2 2
xyz 2(x y z ) 8 5(x y z) + + + + > + +
( Chuyn mc cho IMO 2007 t 1 ca tp ch THTT s 357 thng 3 nm 2007)
Bi tp 5: Cho 3 s thc x,y,z khng m. Chng minh rng
3 3 3
5(x y z ) 3xyz 9 9(xy yz zx) + + + + > + +
Bi tp 6: Cho 3 s thc x, y, z (0;1) e v tha xyz (1 x)(1 y)(1 z) = (*).
Chng minh rng ta lun c
2 2 2
3
x y z
4
+ + >
Bi tp 7: Cho 3 s thc x,y,z tha xyz=1. Chng minh rng
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y y z z x 3 2(x y z) + + + > + +
Bi tp 8: Cho 3 s thc x,y,z . Chng minh rng
2 2 2 2
(x 2)(y 2)(z 2) 3(x y z) + + + > + +

DNG 4: NG DNG TNH N IU CA HM S TM GI TR LN
NHT-GI TR NH NHT CA BIU THC NHIU BIN.
y l mt phng php c bn chng minh bt ng thc, tm GTLN-GTNN ca
hm s v biu thc nhiu bin.
s dng phng php ny ta thng tin hnh nh sau:
- Vi mi bt ng thc (biu thc) ta chn mt hm s thch hp (cc hm s ny
thng c th thy ngay t u bi, hoc sau mt vi php bin i n gin s tm c
n).
- Kho st chiu bin thin hm s va tm c trn min xc nh ca n (min xc
nh ny c tm thy da vo iu kin ca u bi). Thng thng ta s dng o
hm lp ra bng bin thin.
- T bc hai s cho ta li gii ca php chng minh bt ng thc, hoc gi tr ln nht,
gi tr nh nht ca hm s, biu thc nhiu bin.
Bi tp 1:
Cho cc s thc x, y, z l cc s thc phn bit v khng m. Tm gi tr nh nht ca

2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
A x y z
x y y z z x
(
= + + + +
(


n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

Cch 1:
Trc tin ta rng:
+ Hu ht bt ng thc i xng ba bin th ng thc ch xy ra khi t nht hai bin
bng nhau hoc t nht mt bin bng 0.
+ i vi bi ton ny th khng th xy ra t nht hai bin bng nhau.
-t z=min{x,y,z}. Khi ta c :


-Ta c :


t
2
( ) x y
t
xy

=

,t>0

Xt
2
2
( ) 1 ( 2) f t t
t
= + + + . Lp bng bin thin tm c
11 5 5
( )
2
Minf t
+
= khi
5 1
2
t

=
Vy
11 5 5
2
MinA
+
= khi
2
( ) 5 1
2
x y
xy

= , z=0 v cc hon v.
Cch 2: Gi s z=min{x,y,z}
2 2 2
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 2( )
2
x y y z z x xy yz zx
x y z
+ + + + +
+ + =

2 2
( ) ( ) 2( )( ) 2( )
2
x y y z z x y z z x xy yz zx + + + + +
=
2 2
( ) ( ) 2( )( ) 2( )
2
x y y x y z x z xy yz zx + + + + +
=

2
2( ) 2( )( ) 2( )
2
x y y z x z xy yz zx + + + +
=

Hn na ( )( ) xy yz zx y z x z + + > .
Tht vy: ( )( ) (2 2 ) 0 xy yz zx y z x z z x y z + + > + > (ng)
Do
2 2 2 2
( ) 2( )( ) x y z x y x z y z + + > + (1)
2 2 2
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) x y y z z x
+ +

2
2
1 1 1 1 1
2 .
( ) ( ) ( ) x y y z z x y z z x
| |
= + +
|

\ .

2
2
1 1 1
2 .
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
y x
x y y z z x y z x z
| |
= + +
|

\ .
2
2 2 2
1 ( ) 1 1
2 .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x y
x y y z x z y z x z

= + +

(2)
0, 0 x x z y y z > > > >
2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
( )
( )
A x y
x y y x
(
> + + +
(

2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
( )
( )
x y
x y y x
(
+ + + =
(

2 2
2
2 2 2
1
( ) 2
( )
x y
x y xy
x y x y
( +
( = + +
(



2
2
2 2 2
1 ( ) 2
( ) 2
( )
x y xy
x y xy
x y x y
( +
( = + +
(



2
2
2
2 ( ) 2
1
( )
xy x y xy
x y xy
( +
= + +
(

2
2
2
2 ( )
1 2
( )
xy x y
x y xy
(
= + + +
(

n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

t u=(x-y)
2
v v=(y-z)(x-z) (3)
T (1), (2) v (3) suy ra :
2
2
1 2
( 2 )( ) 4 2 5
u u u v
A u v
u v v v v u
| |
> + + + = + + +
|
\ .

t
, 0
u
t t
v
= >
. Xt
2
2
( ) 4 5 f t t t
t
= + + +
Lp BBT suy ra
11 55 1 5
min ( )
2 2
f t t
+ +
= =
Vy
2
1 5
11 55 ( )
min
2
2
0, 0, 0
x y xy
H
z x y

+
+ =
=

= > >

(v cc hon v)
Ni thm: Nu ton sa li: cho cc s thc x, y, z l cc s thc phn bit. Tm gi
tr nh nht ca
Phn tch:
+ Hu ht bt ng thc i xng ba bin th ng thc ch xy ra khi t nht hai bin
bng nhau hoc t nht mt bin bng 0.
+ i vi bi ton ny th khng th xy ra t nht hai bin bng nhau. Gi s ta cho :
y=0, x v z khc 0. Kh ta c :
Nhn xt :
. Tht vy , du = xy ra khi x=-z.
, du = xy ra khi y=0 v x=-z. (Suy ra: x+y+z=0)
Gii:
+ Nhn xt


Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x>y>z.
t a=x-y, b=y-z, z-x=-(a+b) (a,b>0).




2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
A x y z
x y y z z x
(
= + + + +
(


2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
( ) 2
( ) ( )
x z z z
A x z
x z z x z x z x
( +
= + + + = + + +
(


2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1
2,
( ) 2
x z z z
z x z x
+
+ > >

2 2
2
2
1
( ) 0
( ) 2
z z
x z
z x
+
> + >

1 9
2 2
2 2
A = + + =
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
x y z x y y z z x
x y z
+ + + + +
+ + =
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
3
x y y z z x + +
>
2 2 2
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ) 1 1 1
3 ( ) ( ) ( )
x y y z z x
A
x y y z z x
( + +
> + +
(


2 2 2
2 2 2
( ) ) 1 1 1
3 ( )
a b a b
A
a b a b
( + + +
> + +
(
+

2 2
2 2 2
2 1 1 1
( )
3 ( )
A a ab b
a b a b
(
> + + + +
(
+

2 2 2 2 2
3 1 3
( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4
a ab b a b a b a b + + = + + > +
2
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 8
, ( ) 4
( )
a b ab
a b ab ab a b
+ > + > >
+
2 2 2
1 1 8
( ) a b a b
+ >
+
2
2 2
2 3 8 1
. ( )
3 4 ( ) ( )
A a b
a b a b
(
> + +
(
+ +

9
2
A >
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

Du = xy ra khi :
Vy GTNN ca A bng 9/2 khi y=0,x+z=0 v cc hon v.
Bi 2: Cho 3 s thc a,b,c >0 .Tm GTNN ca biu thc

Li gii: -p dung BT ta c:

.
Suy ra

t t=a+b+c+1,t>1. Khi ta c: .
Xt , . ,
Lp bng bin thin suy ra c: khi .
Bi 3: Cho 3 s thc x,y,z >0 tho .Tm GTNN ca biu thc

(Khi A-2003)
Li gii: t , ,
-Theo tnh cht vc t ta c:

t , suy ra
-Li c:
-Xt , vi

0 ( ) ( ) 0
0 0
a b x y y z
x y z x y z
= =

+ + = + + =

2
0 0
x z y z x
x y z y
+ = =


+ + = =

2 2 2
1 2
A
(a 1)(b 1)(c 1)
a b c 1
=
+ + +
+ + +
2 2 2
1
x y (x y)
2
+ > +
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
a b c 1 (a b) (c 1) (a b c 1)
2 2 4
+ + + > + + + > + + +
( )
3
a b c 3
(a 1)(b 1)(c 1)
27
+ + +
+ + + s
3
2 2 2
1 2 2 54
A
(a 1)(b 1)(c 1) a b c 1 (a b c 3)
a b c 1
= s
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + +
3
2 54
A
t (t 2)
s
+
3
2 54
f (t)
t (t 2)
=
+
t (1; ) e +
2 2
2 54.3
f '(t)
t (t 2)

= +
+
t 1(loai)
f '(t) 0
t 4
=
=

=

(1; )
1
max max ( ) (4)
4
t
A f t f
e +
= = = 1 a b c = = =
x y z 1 + + s
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
A x y z
x y z
= + + + + +
1
a x;
x
| |
=
|
\ .

1
b y;
y
| |
=
|
\ .

1
c z;
z
| |
=
|
\ .

a b c a b c + + > + +

2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
A x y z
x y z
= + + + + +
( )
2
2 1 1 1
x y z
x y z
| |
> + + + + +
|
\ .
( )
2
2
3
3
1 1 1
3 xyz 3 . .
x y z
| |
> +
|
|
\ .
( )
2
3
t xyz =
9
A 9t
t
> +
( )
2
2
3
x y z 1
0 t xyz
3 9
+ + | |
< = s s
|
\ .
9
f (t) 9t
t
= +
1
0 t
9
< s
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

Lp bng bin thin suy ra c: khi .
Bi 4: Cho 2 s thc x v y khc 0 v tha : (*)
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc (Khi A-2006)
Li gii: t : S = x+y , P = xy . Khi ta c : vit li :

Ta c :

Hn na : (x+y)
2
4xy suy ra :
( lu S = 0 khng tha)
Ta i xt hm s: trn .
Lp bng bin thin tm c : khi S=1 suy ra khi
* Cch khc: .
t . T gi thit ta c:
Do . T .
Xt hm s .
Lp bng bin thin ta tm GTLN ca A l: 16 t c khi .
Bi 5: Cho cc s thc x, y, z l cc s thc phn bit v khng m. Tm gi tr nh nht
ca

2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
H x y y z z x
x y y z z x
(
( = + + + + + + +
(





min 82 A =
1
3
x y z = = =
( )
2 2
xy x y x y xy + = +
3 3
1 1
A
x y
= +
( )
2 2
xy x y x y xy + = +
2
2
( 3)
3
S
P S S P
S
+ = =
+
3 3 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
2
2 2
3 3 2 2
1 1 ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 3
( )
x y x y x xy y
A
x y x y x y
x y xy x y x y S S
x y xy P S
+ + +
= + = =
+ + + + | |
= = = =
|
\ .
>
2
2 2
3
4
4 0 0
1 3
S
S
S P S
S S
<
> >

> +

2
3
( )
S
f S
S
+ | |
=
|
\ .
( ) | ) ; 3 1; +
max ( ) 16 f S = maxA 16 =
1
x y
2
= =
3 3 2 2
2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 ( )( ) 1 1
( ) ( )
x y x y x xy y x y
A
x y x y x y xy x y
+ + + +
= + = = = = +
x ty =
2 2 3 2 2
( ) ( 1) ( 1) x y xy x y xy t ty t t y + = + + = +
2 2
2
1 1
;
1
t t t t
y x ty
t t t
+ +
= = =
+ +
2 2
2
2
1 1 2 1
1
t t
A
x y t t
| | | | + +
= + =
| |
+
\ . \ .
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2 1 3 3
( ) '( )
1
1
t t t
f t f t
t t
t t
+ + +
= =
+
+
1
2
x y = =
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

Bi 6: Cho hai s thc x v y. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
.
(Khi B-2006)
Bi 7: Cho x, y l hai s thc khng m thay i. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht
ca biu thc
(Khi D-2008)
Bi 8: Cho cc s thc x, y thay i v tho mn (x + y)
3
+ 4xy 2.Tm gi tr nh nht
ca biu thc :
A = 3(x
4
+ y
4
+ x
2
y
2
) 2(x
2
+ y
2
) + 1. (Khi B-2009)
Bi 9: Cho cc s thc khng m a, b, c tha mn: a + b + c = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc M=3(a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+c
2
a
2
) + 3(ab + bc + ca) + .(Khi B-2010)
Bi 10: Cho x, y, z l 3 s thc thuc on v Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc (Khi A-2011)
Bi 11: Cho a v b l cc s thc dng tha mn 2(a
2
+ b
2
) + ab = (a + b)(ab + 2). Tm
gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = . (Khi B-2011)
Bi 12: Cho 2 s thc x,y >0 tho .Tm gi tr nh nht ca : .
Bi 13: Cho x,y e R v x, y > 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
Bi 14: Cho v l cc s thc tha mn: .
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc:
Bi 15: Cho x,y,z l ba s dng tho mn iu kin:
.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc :
Bi 16: Cho x, y, z tho mn x+y+z > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

Bi 17: Cho . Tm gi tr nh nht ca
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 1 2 Q x y x y y = + + + + +
2 2
(x y)(1 xy)
P
(1 x) (1 y)

=
+ +
2 2 2
2 a b c + +
| | 1; 4 , . x y x z > >
.
2 3
x y z
P
x y y z z x
= + +
+ + +
3 3 2 2
3 3 2 2
4 9
a b a b
b a b a
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
x y 1 + =
x y
Q
1 x 1 y
= +

( ) ( )
3 3 2 2
( 1)( 1)
x y x y
P
x y
+ +
=

x y
2
1 ( ) y x x y =
6 6
3 3
1 x y
P
x y xy
+
=
+
2
1 1 1 3 1
9 1
( ) 81. x y z x y z xyz
| |
+ + s
|
+ +
\ .
( ) ( )
3 3 3 3
( 3)(1 )
2 2
4
z z
P x z y z
+
= + + + +
0 >
( )
3 3 3
3
16 x y z
P
x y z
+ +
=
+ +
x, y, z 0
x y xy 3

>

+ + =

2 2
x y xy
H
y 1 x 1 x y
= + +
+ + +
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

Bi 18: Cho cc s thc khng m tho mn .Tm gi tr ln
nht ca
biu thc .
Bi 19: Cho hai s thc x,y thay i sao cho: 2(x
2
+ y
2
) - xy = 1. Tm GTNN v GTLN
ca biu thc :
.

Bi 20: Cho 2 s thc x,y >0 tho . Tm gi tr nh nht ca : .
Bi 21: ( C Khi A, B 2008 ). Cho l s thc tha mn . Tm gi tr
ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc .
Bi 22: Cho ba s thc
1
a, b, c ;3
3
(
e
(

. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:

Bi 23:Cho l ba s thc tha mn iu kin . Tm gi tr ln nht
ca biu thc :
Bi 24:Cho ba s dng tha mn iu kin . Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc: .
Bi 25:Cho a, b, c l di ba cnh ca tam gic c chu vi bng 3. Tm gi tr nh nht
ca biu thc:

Bi 26: Cho cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin . Chng minh
rng:
Bi 27: Cho cc s thc x, y, z tha mn iu kin x +y + z = 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc .
( thi TSH khi A nm 2012)
Bi 28: Cho hai s dng phn bit a v b tha . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu
thc:
.
z y x , , 3
2 2 2
= + + z y x
z y x
zx yz xy A
+ +
+ + + =
5
4 4
x + y
P =
2xy + 1
5
x y
4
+ =
4 1
Q
x 4y
= +
, x y
2 2
2 x y + =
3 3
2( ) 3 P x y xy = +
a b c
P
a b b c c a
= + +
+ + +
, , a b c abc a c b + + =
2 2 2
2 2 3
1 1 1
P
a b c
= +
+ + +
, , a b c 21 2 8 12 ab bc ca + + s
1 2 3
P
a b c
= + +
2 2 2
3( ) 4 T a b c abc = + + +
, , x y z
4
3
x y z
xyz
+ + =

4 4 4
183 165 5 18 x y x s + + s
2 2 2
3 3 3 6 6 6
x y y z z x
P x y z

= + + + +
2
2 12 a b + =
4 4 2
4 4 5
8( )
P
a b a b
= + +

n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

Bi 29: Cho hai s thc dng x v y tha: .
Tm gi tr ln nht ca bi thc .
Bi 30: Cho ba s thc x,y,z tha: . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu
thc
Bi 31:
Cho ba s thc x,y,z tha: . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

Bi 32: Vi x v y l hai s thc ln hn 1. Tm GTNN ca biu thc:
3 3 2 2
2 2
x y x y
P 2(x y ) 16 xy
(x 1)(y 1)
+
= + +


Bi 33: Cho ba s thc dng a,b,c tha iu kin: .
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
( Khi A -2013)
Bi 34: Cho cc s thc dng a,b,c. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc sau:
3
2 3
P .
a ab abc a b c
=
+ + + +

Bi 35: Cho cc s thc dng x,y,z tha mn
2
y xz >
v
2
z xy > . Tm gi tr nh nht
ca biu thc :
x y 3z
P
x y y z z x
= + +
+ + +
.
Bi 36: Cho cc s thc dng a, b, tha iu kin
4a 2c b c
1 1 6
b b a a
| | | |
+ + + =
| |
\ . \ .
. Tm gi tr
nh nht ca biu thc:
bc ac ab
P 2
a(b 2c) b(c a) c(2a b)
(
= + +
(
+ + +


Bi 37:
Cho cc s thc a,b,c khng ng thi bng 0 tha mn:
2 2 2 2
( ) 2( ) a b c a b c + + = + + . Tm gi
tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
3 3 3
( )( )
a b c
P
a b c ab bc ca
+ +
=
+ + + +

DNG 5: DNG PHNG PHP DN BIN




4 4
1
2 x y xy
xy
+ + = +
2 2
2 2 3
1 1 1 2
H
x y xy
= +
+ + +
1
1; 1; 1
4
x yx xyz s s > =
1 1 1
1 1 1
H
x y z
= + +
+ + +
1 , , 9, , x y z x y x z s s > >
3 4
x y z
H
x y y z z x
= + +
+ + +
2
( )( ) 4 a c b c c + + =
3 3 2 2
3 3
32 32
( 3 ) ( 3 )
a b a b
H
b c a c c
+
= +
+ +
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

I/NH L V DN BIN: Gi s ( )
1 2 3
, , ;...,
n
f x x x x l hm s lin tc v i xng
vi tt c cc bin
1 2 3
, , ;...,
n
x x x x xc nh trn mt min lin thng tha mn iu kin:
( )
1 2 1 2
1 2 3 3
, , ,..., , , ,...,
2 2
n n
x x x x
f x x x x f x x
+ + | |
>
|
\ .
(1)
Khi bt ng thc sau c tha mn ( ) ( )
1 2 3
, , ,..., , , ,...,
n
f x x x x f x x x x > vi
1 2 3
...
n
x x x x
x
n
+ + + +
=
*Lu : (1) c th thay mt s dng khc sau:
( )
( )
1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3
, , ,..., , , ,...,
n n
f x x x x f x x x x x x > ,
( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 3 3
, , ,..., , , ,...,
2 2
n n
x x x x
f x x x x f x x
| |
+ +
> |
|
\ .
,
+ Nu ch xt trn R, min lin thng thng xt:
| | ( | | ) ( ; ), ; , ; , ; , ( ; ), ( ; ),... a b a b a b a b a b +
II/ BT NG THC BA BIN VI CC TR T TI GI TR BIN I
XNG
a/Phng php:

Gi s bt ng thc cn chng minh c dng: ( ) , , 0 f x y z > vi x,y,z l cc bin s thc
tha mn cc tnh cht no . Khi ta s thc hin hai bc chnh.
Bc 1: (K thut dn v hai bin bng nhau)
nh gi ( ) ( ) , , , , f x y z f t t z > , vi ( ) , , t t z l b s tha mn mi tnh cht ca b s
( ) , , x y z .
Bc 2: nh gi ( ) , , 0 f t t z >
Lu : i vi cc ng thc ng bc ta c th lm cho chng minh n gin hn bng
cch chun ha cc bin trong bt ng thc trc khi thc hin hai bc.
b/Phn loi:

Loi 1: Bt ng thc khng c iu kin
( khng rng buc cc bin bng mt ng thc hay bt ng thc)


i vi loi ny th dn bin theo cc i lng trung bnh chng hn nh
2 2
, ,
2 2
x y x y
t t t xy
+ +
= = =
l nhng k thut chnh dng dn hai bin bng nhau.
Bi 1: Cho ba s thc khng m x,y, z chng minh rng
3
3. x y z xyz + + >
*Cch 1:
3 3
3. 3. 0 x y z xyz x y z xyz + + > + + > , t
3
( , , ) 3. f x y z x y z xyz = + +
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

Bc 1: Ta i chng minh ( , , ) ( , , ) f x y z f t t z > vi
2
x y
t
+
= .
Ta c
2
2
x y
t xy t xy
+
= > > .
Suy ra
( )
3 2 3 2
3 3
( , , ) ( , , ) 3. 2 3. 3 0 f x y z f t t z x y z xyz t z t z t z xyz
(
= + + + = >


( , , ) ( , , ) f x y z f t t z > .
Bc 2: Ta i chng minh
3 2
( , , ) 2 3. 0 f t t z t z t z = + > .
Ta c:
3 2 3 2 2
( , , ) 0 2 3. (2 ) 27. ( ) (8 ) 0 f t t z t z t z t z t z t z t z > + > + > + > (ng).
Vy ( , , ) ( , , ) 0 f x y z f t t z > > (iu phi chng minh).
*Cch 2:
3 3
3. 3. 0 x y z xyz x y z xyz + + > + + > , t
3
( , , ) 3. f x y z x y z xyz = + +
Bc 1: Ta i chng minh ( , , ) ( , , ) f x y z f t t z > vi t xy = .
Ta c
2
2
x y
t xy t x y
+
= s s +
.
Suy ra
3 2
3
( , , ) ( , , ) 3. 2 3. 2 0 f x y z f t t z x y z xyz t z t z x y t
(
= + + + = + >


( , , ) ( , , ) f x y z f t t z > .
Bc 2: Ta i chng minh
3 2
( , , ) 2 3. 0 f t t z t z t z = + > .
Ta c:
3 2 3 2 2
( , , ) 0 2 3. (2 ) 27. ( ) (8 ) 0 f t t z t z t z t z t z t z t z > + > + > + > (ng).
Vy ( , , ) ( , , ) 0 f x y z f t t z > > (iu phi chng minh).
*Cch 3: (K thut thut chun ha theo tng i vi bt ng thc ng bc)
Nu 0 x y z k + + = > th ta c:
3
3
27
3. 1 0
( )
xyz
x y z xyz
x y z
+ + > s
+ +
(1)
0
3 3
27 27
( , , ) 1 ( , , ) 1 . ( , , )
( ) ( )
xyz xyz
g x y z g tx ty tz t g x y z
x y z x y z
= = =
+ + + +
( vi t khc 0).
Do g(x,y,z) l thun nht bc khng nn ta chun ho 1 x y z + + = .
Ta c th lp lun nh sau:
Nu 0 x y z k + + = > th
3
3
3
3. ( ) 27 27 . .
x y z x y z
x y z xyz x y z xyz
k k k k k k
| |
+ + > + + > + + >
|
\ .

T ta c th gi s 1 x y z + + =
Ta c:
3
3. 1 27 0 x y z xyz xyz + + > > , t ( , , ) 1 27 f x y z xyz =
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

Bc 1: Ta i chng minh ( , , ) ( , , ) f x y z f t t z > vi
2
x y
t
+
= .
Nhn xt: khi thay x v y bi
2
x y
t
+
= th vn m bo c: t+t+z=1.
Ta c:
2
2 2 2
1 1 ( , , ) ( , , )
2 2
x y x y
xy xy xy t xyz t z xyz t z f x y z f t t z
+ + | |
s s s s > >
|
\ .
.
Bc 2: Ta i chng minh ( , , ) 0 f t t z > .
Ta c:
2
( , , ) 1 27 . . 27. . (1 2 ) (1 6 )(1 3 ) 0 f t t z t t z t t t t t = = + > (v t+t+z=1).
Vy ( , , ) ( , , ) 0 f x y z f t t z > > (iu phi chng minh).
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
1 1
3 1 3 3
x y
x y x y z
t
=
= = = = =

.
Bi 2: Cho ba s thc khng m a,b,c. Chng minh rng
2 2 2
( 2)( 2)( 2) 9( ) a b c ab bc ca + + + > + +
(APMO 2004)
Nhn xt: do v tri l hm chn vi cc bin a,b,c nn ta ch cn chng minh bt ng
thc cho cc s thc a,b,c khng m.
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi bt ng thc:
2 2 2
( 2)( 2)( 2) 9( ) 0 a b c ab bc ca + + + + + > .
t
2 2 2
( , , ) ( 2)( 2)( 2) 9( ) f a b c a b c ab bc ca = + + + + + .
Gi s { } min , , c a b c =
Bc 1: Ta i chng minh ( , , ) ( , , ) f a b c f ab ab c > . (tc l dn bin t ab = ).
Ta c
2 2 2 2
( , , ) ( , , ) ( ) 2( ) . 4( ) 9 0 f a b c f ab ab c a b a b c a b c
(
= + + + >


(v { } min , , c a b c = )
( , , ) ( , , ) f a b c f ab ab c > hay ( , , ) ( , , ) f a b c f t t c > .
Bc 2: Ta i chng minh
2 2 2 4 2
( , , ) ( 2) 18 (2 8) 0 f t t c t c tc t t = + + + > .
Nhn xt: ( , , ) f t t c l tam thc bc hai theo bin c v c:
2 2 4 2
( 1) (2 11 32) 0 t t t A = + + s .
( , , ) 0 f t t c >
Vy ( , , ) ( , , ) 0 f a b c f t t c > > (iu phi chng minh). ng thc xy ra khi a=b=c=1.
Loi 2: Bt ng thc c iu kin
Bi 3: Cho ba s thc dng a,b,c tha abc=1. Chng minh rng
( )( )( ) 4( 1) a b b c c a a b c + + + > + + .
( )( )( ) 4( 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4( ) 6 0 a b b c c a a b c ab a b bc b c ca c a a b c + + + > + + + + + + + + + + >
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

t ( , , ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4( ) 6 f a b c ab a b bc b c ca c a a b c = + + + + + + + +
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s { } max , , a a b c = .
Bc 1: Ta i chng minh ( , , ) ( , , ) f a b c f a bc bc > . (tc l dn bin t bc = ).
Ta c
2 2 2
( , , ) ( , , ) ( )( 2 ) ( 2 ) 4( 2 ) f a b c f a bc bc a bc b bc c a b bc c b bc c = + + + + +

2
( ) ( )( ) 2 4 b c a b a c a
(
= + + +

.
V
4 4
4 . 4 4 ab ac a > = > ( v 1 a > ) nn
( , , ) ( , , ) 0 ( , , ) ( , , ) f a b c f a bc bc f a b c f a bc bc > >

hay ( , , ) ( , , ) f a b c f a t t > .
Bc 2: Ta i chng minh ( , , ) 0 f a t t > . Ta c
2
1
1 . 1 . . 1 abc a bc bc a t t a
t
= = = =
2 2 2 3 2
6 4 3
2 2 2
( 1) ( 1) 2
1 4 4 2 1
( , , ) , 0
t t t t
t t t t
f a t t f t t
t t t
( + +
+ + | |

= = = >
|
\ .
(ng)
Vy ( , , ) ( , , ) 0 f a b c f a t t > > (iu phi chng minh). ng thc xy ra khi a=b=c=1.
Bi 4: Cho ba s thc x,y,z tha
2 2 2
9 x y z + + = . Chng minh rng 2( ) 10 x y z xyz + + s .
t ( , , ) 2( ) f x y z x y z xyz = + +
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s { } min , , x x y z = .
Bc 1: Ta i chng minh ( , , ) ( , , ) f x y z f x t t s , vi
2 2
2
y z
t
+
= .
Ta c
2 2
2
2 0, 0
2
y z
t y z t yz t
+
= + s s v
2 2 2
9
2 2
y z x
t
+
= =
2
( , , ) ( , , ) 2( 2 ) ( ) f x y z f x t t y z t x yz t = +
- Xt 0 x s , khi
2
( , , ) ( , , ) 2( 2 ) ( ) 0 ( , , ) ( , , ) f x y z f x t t y z t x yz t f x y z f x t t = + s s .
Ta i chng minh ( , , ) 10 f x t t s .
2 2
1
( , , ) 2 2 2(9 ) (9 ) ( )
2
f x t t x x x x g x = + = ,
| |
3; 0 x e .
| |
2
2
3 5 4
'( ) 0 1 3; 0
2 2
18 2
x x
g x x
x
= = = e

. Lp bng bin thin suy ra:

| |
( , , ) ( , , ) ( ) 10, 3; 0 f x y z f x t t g x x s = s e ; ( , , ) 10 1, 2 f x y z x y z = = = = .
- Xt 0 0, 0 x y z > > > . Khi ta s nh gi trc tip m khng cn ng bin.
+ Nu
3
4
x > :
2 2 2
( , , ) 2( ) 2 3( ) 6 3 f x y z x y z xyz x y z xyz xyz = + + s + + =
v { } min , , x x y z = nn
3
3
4
xyz
| |
>
|
\ .
. Suy ra
2
3
( , , ) 6 3 10
4
f x y z
| |
s <
|
\ .
.
n thi i hc mn Ton: S dng bt ng thc Cachy-Schwarz

+ Nu
3
4
x s :
2 2
3
( , , ) 2( ) 2( ) 2 2( ) 2 2.9 10
4
f x y z x y z xyz y z x y z x
(
(
= + + s + + s + + < + <
(



Suy ra
2
3
( , , ) 6 3 10
4
f x y z
| |
s <
|
\ .
.
Vy tm li: ( , , ) ( , , ) 10 f x y z f x t t s s .
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi x=-1,y=z=2 v cc hon v.
Bi 5: Cho 3 s thc a,b,c khng m tho: .
Chng minh rng: .
*Lu : rng ngoi im ng thc xy ra l a=b=c=1 ng thc xy ra cn c mt
im khc l a=b=2, c=0. iu gi cho ta gi s c=min{a,b,c}v ta dn bin a
hai bin a,b v bng nhau v bng mt s t dng no . Trc tin ta chn b s ( , , ) t t c
phi tha mn: 4 ab bc ca abc + + + = tc l
2 2
2 4 t tc t c + + = . Suy ra
2 2
2 t tc t c ab bc ca abc + + = + + + .
Ta c: 0 a b c ab bc ca + + > , t ( , , ) f a b c a b c ab bc ca = + +
+ Trc tin ta chng minh:
2
( , , ) ( , , ) 2 2 f a b c f t t c a b c ab bc ca t c t tc > + + > +

2
( 2 )(1 ) ( ) 0 a b t c t ab + + > (*)
Mt khc:
2 2 2
2 ( 2 ) ( 1)( ) t tc t c ab bc ca abc c a b t c t ab + + = + + + + = + (**)
Ta s chng minh
2
2 , a b t t ab + l nhng s khng m.
Gi s 2 0 a b t + < , t (**) suy ra
2 2
0 t ab t ab < < . Khi ta c :
2
2
2 2
a b a b
t t ab
+ + | |
> > >
|
\ .
.
Suy ra ab ab > v l). Vy
2
2 , a b t t ab + l nhng s khng m. Suy ra (*) ng.
Hay ( , , ) ( , , ) f a b c f t t c >
By gi ta i chng minh: ( , , ) 0 f t t c > hay
2
2 2 0 t c t tc + > .
T
2 2
2 4 t tc t c + + = suy ra
2
0
t
c
t

= > .
Khi
2
2
(2 )( 1)
2 2 0
t t
t c t tc
t

+ = > . Suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Bi 6: Cho ba s thc khng m a,b,c tha 6 9 ab bc ca abc + + + = . Chng minh rng
3 6 a b c abc + + + >
Bi 7: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b + c = 1. Chng minh
rng ta lun c

4 ab bc ca abc + + + =
a b c ab bc ca + + > + +
25 ) ( 48
1 1 1
> + + + + + ca bc ab
c b a