Focus Question # 18

Suppose that a new OHS policy has

gone into effect:
If you want an A in class you MUST pay
your teacher $1,500 immediately
If you want a B - $1,000
If you just want to pass, $750

Will you pay? Why or why not?
The Reformation
Obj. 4.1
The Printing Press
Johannes Gutenberg
introduced moveable
type
Chinese invention
Spread quickly
First book printed the
Bible
Impact Spread of
literacy, knowledge,
ideas
Abuses of the Church
Ignorant clergy
Simony sale of church offices
Nepotism Friends and family
appointed in powerful Church positions
not necessarily the best qualified
Abuses of the Church
Indulgences
Pardons paid
for to the
Church
Buying a way
into Heaven
Martin Luther
Ordained priest
Professor of
theology at the
University of
Wittenberg

95 Theses
Presented to university
colleagues
Objections to the sale
of indulgences
Written in Latin
unknown person then
translated to German
Reform & Pope Leo X
Luther calls for reform
within Catholic
Church
Maintained Pope and
all clerics were fallible
men and highest
authority was the
Scripture
Pope Leo X charged
Luther with heresy &
excommunicates him
Lutheranism
New church formed Lutheran Church
Luther translates Bible into German for
people to read
Diet of Worms
1521 Holy Roman
Emperor, Charles V
declared Luther an
outlaw and heretic
Prince of Saxony
Frederick the Wise
protected Luther

Spread of Protestantism
1
st
main area of spread was
to Switzerland
Set up theocracy in Geneva
Ruled by religious leaders
Believed in predestination
The belief that God
determines the fate of every
person
VERY strict

John Calvin
Presbyterians Scotland, Holland
Puritans England, America
Huguenots - France
Calvinism Spreads
John Knox
John Knox took
some of Calvins
ideas to Scotland
Knoxs Church were
led by presbyters =
Presbyterians
Another Protestant group were the Anabaptists
Members initiated ONLY as adults
Freedom given to make own decision regarding God
Anabaptists are persecuted by Catholics and other
Protestants
Anabaptists
The Spread of the Reformation
Across Germany First
Protestants vs. Catholics =
War
A Protestant View of the Papacy!
Drowning
Protestants
A
n
a
b
a
p
t
i
s
t
s

H
u
g
u
e
n
o
t
s

C
a
t
h
o
l
i
c
s

Thirty Years War
Many German Princes became Lutherans to
seize Church property and to overthrow
church power
War ended with the Peace of Augsburg
(1555)
Division of Christianity formally acknowledged
Luther states to have the same legal rights as
Catholic states
Each ruler decided which religion his country
would follow
Europe
After
Augsburg
Catholic Reform (Counter-Reformation)
Catholic Church decides to make changes over
threat of Protestantism
Pope Paul III had cardinals & church authorities give
a report on needs for change
Report blamed corruption of high officials
Report agreed that changes would bring Protestants back
to the faith
Council of Trent met to define Catholic doctrine
Salvation from faith AND works
Church alone was to decide interpretation of the Bible

The Inquisition
1542 Catholic Church
begins Inquisition
Pope gave full power to
church-based court
Purpose was to purge
church of heretics

King Henry VII & Arthur
In an effort to
strengthen the
power of England,
Henry VII set up a
brilliant political
marriage between
his eldest son,
Arthur, and the
daughter of the
Spanish monarchs
Ferdinand and
Isabella, Catherine
of Aragon
v Had no
responsibility
since he was not
going to inherit the
throne

King Henry VII
vArthur dies leaving Henry
as future king
vHenry VII knew that he had
to find a way to transfer the
marriage of Arthur and
Catherine to Henry and
Catherine
vAsked for a papal
dispensation

Mary Tudor
Anne Bolyn
Elizabeth
Henrys Deathbed
Henry VIIIs Children
1510 Daughter - died
1511 Son - died
1513 Son - died
1514 Son - died
1516 Mary - survived
1518 Daughter - died
1533 Elizabeth - survived
1534 Son - died
1535 unknown - died
1536 Son - died
1537 Edward - survived
Henry Fitzroy,
Duke of
Richmond:
Illegitimate Son
of Henry VIII
Edward VII [r. 1547-1553]
vAnglican Church dramatically changed
under Edward VI - became king at 10 years
old
vEdward was largely raised by Henrys
advisors, who were very Protestant in their
outlook
vThey convinced Edward to de-Catholicize
the Church of England, removing from all of
the churches in the country the elaborate
Catholic alters and the Catholic prayer book
vIn their place, they put a Protestant Bible
(in English) and much simpler,, more
Protestant church decoration (gone were the
pictures and statues of saints).
vEdward did not prove to be a very resilient
king as he died while still relatively young.
vPampered childhood, isolated
and fearful teenage years,
unhappy adulthood as Queen of
England
vCatholic Queen in a religiously
divided country

vShe had 283 heretics burned at
the stake in a misguided effort to
bring England back to Catholicism
vMarried Philip II of Spain
vBecame known as Bloody Mary

Elizabeth I [r. 1547-1553]
vThe reign of Queen
Elizabeth I is often referred to
as The Golden Age of
English history
vWas an immensely popular
Queen
v Defeated the Spanish
Armada
1. What is the name of the first book printed?
a) The Reformation
b) The Bible
c) The Gutenberg
d) The Scriptures

2. Which of the following began the Protestant
Reformation?
a) Martin Luther
b) John Calvin
c) John Knox
d) Martin Luther King
Reformation Assessment
4
1. What is the name of the first book printed?
a) The Reformation
b) The Bible
c) The Gutenberg
d) The Scriptures

2. Which of the following began the Protestant
Reformation?
a) Martin Luther
b) John Calvin
c) John Knox
d) Martin Luther King
Reformation Assessment
4