PHYS 8310 Statistical Mechanics Formulas

Microcanonical Ensemble
(E, V, N) = number of states at (E, V, N)
S(E, V, N) = k
B
ln
Large systems: S k
B
ln
Identical classical particles: =
1
N!
1
h
3N

H<E
d
3N
q d
3N
p
Canonical Ensemble
Q
N
(V, T) = Tr e
H
=

r
e
Er
sum over all microstates
Identical classical particles: Q
N
=
1
N!
1
h
3N

e
H
d
3N
q d
3N
p
Non-interacting identical particles: Q
N
=
Q
N
1
N!
Q
1
(V, T) =

sum over single-particle states

Classical system: Q
1
=
1
h
3

e
H
1
d
3
q d
3
p
Equipartition theorem: H
i
=
1
2
k
B
T when classical coordinate x
i
appears in H as x
2
i
Quantum freeze-out: Coordinate x
i
does not contribute to thermodynamics if k
B
T is small
compared to the minimum excitation energy for x
i
.
Density of states: a() =
d
d
for () = number of states with energy less than
Q
1
=

0
a()e

d
A(N, V, T) = k
B
T lnQ
N
(V, T)
U =

lnQ

N,V
Magnetism
M=
N
V

=
1
V

U
H

N,S
=
1
V

A
H

N,T
=
1
V

z,T
for

= magnetic moment of a particle and H =

H.
1
Grand Canonical
Q(, V, T) =

N
z
N
Q
N
(V, T) with z = e

Classical, identical, noninteracting: Q = e

zQ
1
(V,T)
Quantum, identical, noninteracting: Q =

n
z
n
e

Bosons: n

= 0, 1, 2 . . .
Fermions n

= 0, 1
(, V, T) = kT lnQ
U =

lnQ

z,V
N = z

z
lnQ

V,T
Quantum
n() =
1
z
1
e

1
+ for Fermi, for Bose
N =

0
a()n() d
U =

0
a()n() d
g

(z) =
1
()

0
x
1
z
1
e
x
1
dx = z +
z
2
2

+
z
3
3

+. . . () as z 1
f

(z) =
1
()

0
x
1
z
1
e
x
+ 1
dx = z
z
2
2

+
z
3
3

. . .
(lnz)

( + 1)
as z
dg

dz
=
g
1
(z)
z
df

dz
=
f
1
(z)
z
Math
1
h

e
p
2
/2m
dp =

2mk
B
T
h
2

1/2

() =

0
x
1
e
x
dx
( + 1) = () (n) = (n 1)! (1/2) =