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There are many different causes of deaseas. It is helpful to group them into categories.

1. communicable diseases
These diseases are caused by harmful parasites. Then can be passed from one person or
animal to another, either directly or indirectly. Diseases caused by viruses ( measles, smalifox
). Diseases caused by bacteria (tuberculosis) , and diseases caused by worms
(roundworms,hookworms) Are all communicable diseases.
2. deficiency diseases
These diseases occur when the body does not receive enough of a substance it needs to
remain healthy. Examples of deficiency diseases include protein calorie malnutrition and
beri-beri.
3. degenerative diseases
This group of illness usually occure in old age an example of a degenerative disease of
osteoarthritis
4. physical causes
Illness producted by injuries-such as burns, near drowning, and other accidents-belong in this
group.
5. abnormal functions
Diseases may result from abnormal functioning of body
6. Level disease
6. congenital disease
These diseases are present from birth, somo, such as sicle cell anemia, are passed from parent
to child others are result of damage to the body during birth. Examples include some mental
deficiencies, paralysis, and cerebral palsy
7. alien growth
This group of diseases includes many forms of cancer.
8. mental disorders
Some of these disorders result from dficullies in the patients life, such as personal problems
with faily or friends.
9. diseases of unknown cause
The causes of some illnesses-for example, some types of heart disease-are not known.









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DISEASES II

VOCABULARY A
1. Micro very small
Microscope= Instrument used to see small objects
The microscope is used to observe things that are very small
Microbiology= study of small living organisms
Bacteria and viruses studied in microbiology courses
2. Re back, away from
Resistance= action against; opposition
Resistance to disease is common in healthy people.
Remove to take away
Disinfectants remove disease-causing organisms
3. Pre before
Prevent= to keep from happening
Good diet helps prevent deficiency diseases.
Prescribe= to order medicine or order treatment
the doctor prescribe medicine
4. Trans across
Transmission= passing on to another, transfer
Transmission of communicable diseases can be direct or indirect.
Transfusion= transfer of blood or other liquid into a blood vessel
Blood transfusions replace blood lost during an accident or an operation
5. Iso alone, separate
Isolate= to separate from other persons or things
In Hospitals, patients with communicable diseases are isolated
Isolation= keeping apart from others
Isolation of smallfox patients prevents the spread of this communicable
diseases
6. It is inflammation
Poliomyelitis= inflammation of the spinal cord
Paralysis due to the inflammation of the spinal cord is called poliomyelitis
Gastroenteritis= inflammation of the stomach and intestines
When the stomach and the intestines are inflamated, the condition is called
gastroenteritis.
7. Infect cause disease
Infectious= able to cause disease




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7. control (v) to regulate
Some diseases are controlled by immunization through drugs.
8. freshwater (adj) water low in salt content
Freswater fish are found in lakes and rivers.
9. filter (n, v) separated out, to separate out
The scientist filtered the solution to obtain a sample of bacteria.
10. spore (n) an asexual reproductive cell
A single spore develops into a new organism.

Vocabulary Exercises

READING SELECTION
The agents or parasites that couse communicable diseases vary greatly in size. Some
parasites, like viruses, are so small that they cannot be seen under a light microscope. Other
parasites, like the tapeworm, may be more than a meter long. Some common parasites are
described below:
1. Viruses are the smallest living microorganisms known. They cannot be seen under the
light microscope but only under the electron microscope. Viruses can pass though a
fine filter that can hold bacteria. Viruses cannot live for very long outside living cells.
Some examples of virus diseases are smallpox, rabies, and the common cold.
2. Rickettsiae are larger than viruses and can be seen with the light microscope. The
most widespread diseases coused by rickettsiae is typhus.
3. Bacteria can be seen under the light microscope and can be separated by fine filters.
Some barteria can live freely in.







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VOCABULARY A
1. Demos people
Epidemic disease affecting many people
Many people become ill at the same time during an epidemic.
Epidemiology study of disease
Epidemiology is concerned with the spread of disease among people in a
community.
2. Inter between ,among
Intercourse relationship netween people
Some diseases are transmitted by sexual intercourse.
Intercellular between cells
Fluid is found in the intercellular spaces of tissues
3. Feces solid waste material of digestion
Feculent containing feces
Disease may transmitted by the organisms found feculent water.
Fecal pertaining to feces
Fecal material is eliminated from the body 12 hours after eating a large meal.

VOCABULARY B
1. Cough (v) to expel air and mucus,with force,from the lungs through the mouth
People with colds cough and spread the cold virus through the air.
2. Sneeze (v) to expel air and mucus,with forces,from the lungs through the nose
If you have a cold,you should cover your nose when you sneeze.
3. Spit (v) to release saliva with force through the mounth
Infection organism found in saliva are released when people spit
4. Spread (v) to scatter,to release over a large area
Infections are spread by coughing ,spitting,and sneezing.











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5. Crowd (n) a large number of people or things in a small space
Crowded (adj) many people or things pushed together
A crowd of people transmits many disease-causing organism
An epidemic can start on a crowded bus
6. Swallow (v) to cause food to pass from the mouth through the throat and into the
stomach
When a person swallows, food moves along the esophagus to the stomach
7. free-living (adj) able to exist by oneself, independent
Some insects depend on a host during stages of larval development; others are
free-living
8. Uncooked (adj) not cooked, raw
Many people may become infected with parasites found in uncooked meat
9. Droplet (n) small amount of liquid
Manu viruses are present even in small droplets of mucus


READING SELECTION
A. Ways in which diseases are spread directly
Infectious diseases are passed directly from one person to another without any
intermediate stage. Diseases are transmitted from one human to another in the
following ways :
1. Transmission by droplets
Large numbers of organisms that cause disease are released when patients
exhale. Coughing, sneezing, and spitting also spread disease. Epidemics can
occur when people are crowded together. Some examples of diseases spread
by droplets are measles, smallpox, the common cold, streptococcal tonsillitis,
diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis, and meningitis.





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Common cold, streptococcal tonsillitis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis and
meningitis.
2. Transmition by direct skin contact
Disease causing organisms are found on the surface of the skin. Many diseases are spread
through direct contact with the skin of the patient, including yaws and scabies, leprosy and
venereal disease. Two venereal disease, syphilis and gonorrhea are transmitted by skin
contact during sexual intercourse.
3. Transmition by the fecal mouth route
Large numbers of infectious agents are found in the feces or vomit of sick people. Disease of
the digestive tract are spread by the fecal mouth route. The germs are transmitted to healthy
people either directly to the mouth by the fingers or indirectly by infecting food and water.
Flies also spread disease of the digestive tract they feed on feces and then transmit the disease
causing organisms to unprotected food. Some examples of diseases spread by the fecal mouth
route are cholera, bacterial and amebic dysentery, thypiod, poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis)
and bacterial food poisoning. Epidemics of digestive tract diseases occur when the water
supply of community is infected.
B. ways in which diseases are spread indirectly
Some diseases are not transmitted directly to other humans by the infected persons. One
method of indirect transmission is the spread of the infecting agents by an animal or insect
that has been in contact with the diseased person. In a second method of indirect
transmission, a parasite lays eggs in the body of the diseased person. These eggs are passed
out of the body through vomit or feces. The eggs develop into the infective stage outside the
patients body and spread the disease to other people.










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1. Transmission by parasites
Ascaris (roundworm) eggs develop into the infective stage outside the human body
and transmit disease when they are swallowed. Hookworm eggs become free-living
larvae in the earth. The larvae transmit infection by entering a persons body through
the skin.
2. Transmission by insects
Some diseases transmitted indirectly from person to person by insect carriers are
malaria, by anopheline mosquito; onchocerciasis (river blindness), by the simulium
(black fly); and typhus, by the body louse.

Other diseases are transmitted indirectly from animals to humans by insect carriers.
For example, yellow fever is transmitted from monkeys to human by mosquitoes.
Bubonic plague is transmitted from rats to people by fleas.
3. Transmission by animals that pass a stage in another animal
Schistosome worms must live in freshwater snails before reaching the free-living
stage of larvae development. The free-living larvae become infective and are capable
of transmitting schistosomiasis when they penetrate a persons skin. The guinea worm
larvae must reach a level of development in cyclops before they are capable of
infecting the person who swallows them. The beef tapeworm develops in the cow and
infects the person who eats uncooked beef.