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Bileaflet HeartValves
HeartValves
Fabricated from carbons, metals, elastomers, fabrics,
and natural valves.
Must NOT React With Chemicals in Body.
Attached By Polyester Mesh.
Tissue Growth Facilitated By Polar Oxygen-Containing
Groups.
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HeartValves
Almost as soon as valve implanted cardiac function is
restored to near normal.
Bileaflet tilting disk heart valve used most widely.
More than 45,000 replacement valves implanted every
year in the United States.
ProblemswithHeartValves
Degeneration of Tissue.
Mechanical Failure.
Postoperative infection.
Induction of blood clots.
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Biomaterials
Polymeric biomaterials
Bioceramics
Metallic biomaterials
Biocomposite
Biologically based (derived) biomaterials
Polymerization
Condensation: A reaction occurs between two molecules to
form a larger molecule with the elimination of a smaller
molecule.
Addition: A reaction occurs between two molecules to form
a larger molecule without the elimination of a smaller
molecule.
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Polymericbiomaterials:prosandcons
Easy to make complicated
items
Tailorable physical &
mechanical properties
Surface modification
Immobilize cell etc.
Biodegradable
Leachable compounds
Absorb water & proteins
etc.
Surface contamination
Wear & breakdown
Biodegradation
Difficult to sterilize
Polymericbiomaterials
PMMA
PVC
PLA/PGA
PE
PP
PA
PTFE
PET
PUR
Silicones
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Bioceramics:prosandcons
High compression strength
Wear & corrosion
resistance
Can be highly polished
Bioactive/inert
High modulus
(mismatched with bone)
Low strength in tension
Low fracture toughness
Difficult to fabricate
Bioceramics
Alumina
Zirconia (partially stabilized)
Silicate glass
Calcium phosphate (apatite)
Calcium carbonate
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Metallicbiomaterials:prosandcons
High strength
Fatigue resistance
Wear resistance
Easy fabrication
Easy to sterilize
Shape memory
High moduls
Corrosion
Metal ion sensitivity
and toxicity
Metallic looking
Metallicbiomaterials
Stainless steel (316L)
Co-Cr alloys
Ti
6
Al
4
V
Au-Ag-Cu-Pd alloys
Amalgam (AgSnCuZnHg)
Ni-Ti
Titanium
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Tissueengineering
Theapplicationofengineeringdisciplinestoeithermaintainexistingtissue
structuresortoenabletissuegrowth.
Fromamaterialengineeringpintofview,tissuesareconsideredtobecellular
compositesrepresentingmltiphasesystem:
Threemainstructuralcomponents:
1.Cellsorganisedintofunctionalunits
2.Theextracellularmatrix
3.Scaffoldingarchitecture
Porous3Dscaffoldpreparation
Fabrication procedures of a porous polymer 3D scaffold:
PLGA dissolved in chloroform and mixed with NaCl
particles, evaporation of the chloroform, dissoltion of NaCl
in water, resulting a polymer sponge with over 96% porosity.
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Requirementsofsofttissueadhesion
Biodegradable
Fast spread on wet (wound) surface
Adequate working time
Adequate bonding strength
Hemostasis
Biocompatible
CelltransplantationthroughECM
Matrix purposes
Maintain structural
integrity of the implant
Guide the growth of new
tissue
Allow for the invasion of
blood vessels
Provide necessary
mechanical forces to
cells
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Hydrogels
Hydrophilic polymeric networks that can absorb water
without dissolving
Can be composed of natural or synthetic polymers
First suggested for use in biomedical applications in 1960
NaturalVsSyntheticHydrogels
Natural
Most closely resemble
the tissues they are
meant to replace
Almost always
biocompatible
Biodegradable
Difficult to isolate from
biological tissues
Restricted versatility
Synthetic
Can be reliably produced
Greater control over
polymer structure
May not be
biocompatible
Not always
biodegradable
Use of toxic reagents a
problem
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Hydrogelsfortissueengg.:prosandcons
Advantages
Aqueous environment for cells
Porous to allow for nutrient
transport
Easily modified
Usually biocompatible
Disadvantages
Hard to handle
Physically weak
Difficult to sterilize
Degradationrate
Vary the PEG
molecular weight
Lower molecular weight
monomers, slow
degradation due to
increased crosslink
density
PEG MW Deg. Time
1000 45 days
4000 6 days
6000 5 days
10000 <1 day
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Measurementofphasechange
% Transmittance solutions are transparent,
gels are opaque
Swelling Ratio =Swollen Weight Dry Weight
Dry Weight