H v tn:

BI C TI ANH
MSSV:
21100044
Lp:
CK11CD02
Nhm T:
Mu th nghim s:
Ngy lm th nghim:
4/5/2013

BO CO TH NGHIM CHUN B
MU NGHIN CU T CHC
KIM LOI

I. Tm tt trnh t lm mu th nghim
_ nghin cu t chc t vi ca kim loi, ngi ta dng mt thit b quang hc c bit gi l knh hin
vi kim tng. Phng php dng knh hin vi kim tng nh gi, phn tch t chc t vi gi l
phng php phn tch kim tng.
_Knh hin vi kim tng c phng i t 80 n 2000 ln. Mun quan st vi phng i cao hn,
ta phi dng knh hin vi in t.
_Nh knh hin vi, ta c th quan st c t chc ca cc pha, s phn b, hnh dng v kch thc ca
chng. Vi gang, ta d dng xc nh hnh dng, kch thc ca graphit. Ngoi ra, ta cn c th thy c
cc khuyt tt ca vt liu nh: nt t vi, r v cc tp cht.
_Trnh t ch to mu nh sau:
1. Chn v ct mu
_Ty theo nhim v nghin cu v th nghim m chng ta chn mu. Yu cu mu phi c trng cho
vt cn nghin cu. V d: khi mun quan st s thay i t chc t b mt vo li, ta phi ct mu theo
tit din ngang, cn mun nghin cu t chc dng th, si, ta phi ct theo dc trc
_Khi ct mu, c th dng cc my ct kim loi nh tin, phay hoc ca my, ca tay
Cc mu qu cng, c th dng mi ct. Vi cc thp v gang qua nhit luyn, yu cu i vi
nhit ni ct khng qu 100 0 C.
_Mu c dng hnh tr vi kch thc 10 15mm, chiu cao h= 15 20mm, hoc hnh hp c kch
thc 10 x 10 x 10mm v 15 x 15 x 15mm.
_Nu mu c kch thc nh, mng, phi nhin cu lp b mt (thm cacbon, n mn b mt) th mu
cn phi c kp vo cc g hoc khun bao quanh. Cht khun thng l cc hp kim c nhit
chy thp nh hp kim:
Bi = 50%
Cd = 10%
Pb = 27%
Sn = 13%
tnc = 70oC
Bi =56%
Cd = 18%
Pb = 14%
Sn = 14%
tnc=56oC
hoc cc cht nha do, bakelit
2. Mi mu
a) Mi th
_Mu sau khi ct c mi th trn mi hoc giy nhm t th n mn.
_Cc giy nhm thng c nh s t nh n ln. S cng ln th ht ca giy cng mn. V d: 80,
100, 150, 180400 l cc s thng dng.
_ trnh lm rch giy nhm khi mi, ngi ta thng vt mp mu.
_Giy nhm phi c t trn b mt tht phng hoc mt tm knh dy. B mt mu phi p st vo
giy.
_Khi mi tin hnh theo 1 chiu. Yu cu l to trn b mt tng i phng, c cc vt xc song song
v u nhau. Sau , ta quay mu i 90 o v mi tip, cho n khi to ra b mt phng mi, h xc mi
xa ht cc vt ca h xc c. Mi loi giy nhm, ta mi nhu th 3-5 ln, v lp li cc s giy nhm
mn hn, c nh vy, cho n t giy nhm mn nht.

_Mi th cng c th tin hnh trn my. My n gin l mt mt thng ng, trn c gn 1 a kim
loi phng. Ngi ta ln lt dn cc giy nhm c s t th n mn ln a cho mt quay ri mi. Ch
khng nhit tng qu nhit chuyn bin pha ca mu mi.
b) nh bng
_ nh bng mu, ngi ta tin hnh trn my nh bng. Cng tng t nh my mi th, thay v
dn t giy nhm ln a, ngi ta gn mt ming d hay n ln trn, khi nh bng, ngi ta phi cho
dung dch mi nh lin tc ln ming n. Thnh phn ca dung dch nh bng nu bng 1. Vi cc vt
liu mm nh kim loi mu, nn dng cc loi dung dch mn. trnh b oxy ha khi nh bng, ngi
ta pha vo dung dch cc cht th ng ha nh NaNO2, KNO2
Bng 1. Dung dch dng nh bng

Tn gi cc cht

Dung dch oxit crm (%)

Dung dch oxit nhm (%)

Mn

Trung bnh

Th

Mn

Trung bnh

Th

Cr2O3

72

76

86

32

35

37

Al2O3

32

35

37

Paraphin

24

20

12

30

24

20

Axit leic C17H33CO2H

1.8

1.8

Du ha

Na2CO3

0.2

0.2

nh bng ko di cho dn khi b mt khng cn vt xc no. Khng nn nh bng qu lu, d lm

trc cc pha qu cng hoc qu mm. Sau khi nh bng, em ra sch v sy kh. Nu quan st trn knh
hin vi thy vn cn nhiu vt xc, th phi nh bng li.
c .Tm thc
_Mu sau khi nh bng, em ra sch, thm v sy kh ri quan st trn knh hin vi. Ta c th thy trn
mu c c vt xc nh do nh bng cha tt, cc vt nt t vi, r kh, x tp cht, mt s pha v t chc
nh cacbit, graphit, ch
_Mun nghin cu nn kim loi, phi tm mc mu. Tm thc l qu trnh n mn b mt mu bng cc
dung dch ho hc thch hp, gi l dung dch tm thc. Khi tm thc, bin gii cc pha, cc vng t chc
s b n mn, nhng vi nhng tc khc nhau. Sau khi tm thc b mt mu s li, lm tng ng vi
cc pha v t chc. Do , c th nhn bit c hnh dng, kch thc v s phn b ca cc pha.
_Khi tm thc, c th nhng b mt mu vo dung dch, hoc ly que tre, c thy tinh c qun bng
u ri nhng vo dung dch tm thc v bi u ln b mt mu. Thi gian tm thc ty thuc vo t
chc v trng thi ca vt liu, c th t vi giy cho n vi gi. Cng c th tm thc da vo kinh
nghim. Sau khi bi dung dch tm thc, b mt mu s ng t mu sng sang mu xm th ta c th kt
thc tm thc. lu qu, mu s c mu en v khng quan st c.
Tm thc xong, phi dng bng nn ra sch b mt vi nc chy, sau ra li bng cn v em sy
kh.

Nu quan st sau tm thc, ta thy cc ng bin gii nh, t on l tm thc cha thi gian, phi
em tm thc li. Ngc li, cc ng bin gii qu to, m, tng phn b mt km, l do thi
gian tm thc qu di, hoc nng dung dch cao. Ta phi em nh bng v tm thc li.
Thng khi quan st vi phng i b th thi gian di hn khi quan st vi phng i ln
Thnh phn dung dch
- 4% acid HNO3 trong cn
- 4% acid picric trong cn
- Dung dch picrat natri
- 20 cm3 HCl m c + 5g CuSO4
- 3 phn HCl + 1 phn HNO3
- Dung dch 0,5% HF trong nc
- 1%HF + 2,5%HNO3 + 1,5%HCl + 95%H2O
- 3% FeCl2 trong dung dch 10%HCl
- 2 4 % HNO3 trong cn

Cng dng
Gang, thp cacbon
-ntPhn bit F v Xe
Thp bn nng
Thp khng g
Hp kim nhm
-ntHp kim ng
Babit v hp kim magi

Ghi ch

Dng ngay sau pha

II. Kt qu quan st t chc kim loi

Mu trc khi tm thc

Mu sau khi tm thc

III. Nhn xt:

Mu su khi tm thc
_Sau khi nh bng ta quan st c cc t chc c trong thp,c bit l h thng li Xmentrt xen
nhau trn b mt kim loi, ngoi ra cn c vt xc nh do qu trnh mi b mt gy ra,cc vt nt t vi.
_Sau khi tm thc: li xmentrt c loi b ta thy c cc ht ostnit khi bin ht c dung dch
acid n mn.

H v tn:
BI C TI ANH
MSSV:
21100044
Lp:
CK11CD02
Nhm T:
Mu th nghim s: 19
Ngy lm th nghim:
5/5/2013

O CNG KIM LOI

I. Tm tt nguyn l o cng Brinell, Rockwell, v Vicker

_ cng l kh nng chng li bin dng do cc b ca kim loi, di tc dng ca ti trng thng qua
mi m.
_ cng l mt c tnh c l quan trng ca vt liu. N c th o c thng qua thit b o v khng
cn phi ph hy mu.
*Phng php o cng Brinell
Nguyn l ca phng php ny l n mt vin bi bng thp c ti cng, ln b mt mu, di tc
dng ca ti trng, trn b mt mu c vt lm hnh chm cu. Nu gi ti trng tc ng l P(N), din
tch vt lm l S(mm2), th s o Brinell c tnh bng biu thc
HB =

x0.1 (N/mm2)
P

Nu gi ng knh vin bi l D, chiu su vt lm l h, ta c S = Dh.

Tuy nhin, vic o ng knh d ca vt lm, li thun li hn vic o chiu su ca n, nn din tch
hnh
chm cu c th tnh

S=

Do : HB =

(N/mm2)

Ghi ch: nu P o bng kG th khng cn nhn thm 0,1.

Thng thng ta bit trc P, D nn d dng tnh gi tr cng khi o, ngi ta lp ra cc bng tra
cng khi o c d.
c th dng mt bng cho cc ti trng v ng knh D ca cc vin bi khc nhau, ngi ta phi m
bo gi tr P/D = const.
Cc bi thng dng c D =10; 5; 2,5 mm v ti trng tng ng l 30000; 7500 v 1875N. Lc ny t s
P/D2= 300 (t s ny bng 30 khi n v o l kG).
iu kin o cng Brinell:
- Chiu dy mu th nghim khng c nh hn 10 ln chiu su vt lm, xc nh theo cng thc

10.P
(mm)
.D.HB

Trong : t l chiu dy ca mu th (mm), P l ti trng tc dng (kG), D l ng knh vin bi

(mm), HB l cng d on.
- B mt mu th phi sch, phng, khng c khuyt tt. Nu b mt cong phi gia cng cho v tr cn
o thnh mt phng. Chiu rng, di ca vng cn o phi ln hn 2D. Khong cch gia hai vt o
cng phi ln hn 2D.
- Ch cho php o cc vt liu c cng nh hn 450HB trnh bin dng cho vin bi. Lc ny
cng vin bi theo thang Vicker khng c b hn 850HV.

- Thi gian tc ng ti trng cng c nh hng ng k n kt qu o. Thng thng thi gian ny

c th tra trong cc bng (xem bng 1.).
Bng 1. iu kin o cng

Gi tr ca cng Brinell c ghi nh sau

HB 10/3000/300 , ngha l
Vt liu c cng l 210HB, o trong iu kin D = 10mm ti trng 3000kG, thi gian tc dng l 30
giy.
*Phng php Rockwell:
_ c thc hin bng my, n vo b mt cn o mt ti trng xc nh qua mi m bng kim cng
hnh nn c gc nh l 1200 v bn knh cong R = 0.2 mm (vi thang A,C,D v super) hay vin bi bng
thp ti cng c ng knh 1/16, 1/8,1/4 v 1/2" . Sau tin hnh o chiu su vt lm bng ng
h so. Kt qu o c xc nh trn ng h so ngay sau khi ct ti trng (hoc hin s nu dng my
hin th s).
_ cng Rockwell c xc nh theo mt i lng quy c, khng c th nguyn, ph thuc vo
chiu su ca vt lm. Chiu su cng ln th cng cng nh v ngc li. cng Rockwell xc nh
theo cng thc HR= k-e.
Trong :
+k l chiu su quy c, k = 100 vi cc thang o A, D, C v super.
+k = 130 vi cc thang o cn li (dng mi m bng vin bi thp).
+e l chiu su ca vt lm khi o.

+Gi tr mt chia ca e = 0.002 mm vi cc thang o thng thng v = 0.001 mm vi thang o

super.
TCVN 275 85 v 41170 85 ch quy nh cho cc thang o A, B, C, N v T. Nhng thc t dng nhiu
hn c l cc thang A, B, C.
Phng php o cng Rockwell s dng hai loi ti trong:
_ Ti trng s b 10 kg (k hiu P0). Chiu su do ti trng ny gy ra khng dng tnh cng. P0
ch c tc dng san bng s nhp nh trn b mt mu m bo kt qu o c chnh xc hn.
_Ti trng chnh (k hiu P1). Ti trong ny c tc dng thm sau ta trng s b. Sau khi ct b ti
trng chnh ng h s cho kt qu o (hoc hiu s o).
Ph thuc vo thang o ta s dng cc mi m v ti trng khc nhau:
_Khi o theo thang B (HRB) dng mi m bng vin bi v ti trng tc dng tng cng l 100kg. Do
dng vin bi nn thang B s dng o cc vt liu mm cng trung bnh trong khong HV 60 240 hay
HRB 25 100 (thp, gang sau v thng ha hp kim nhm, ng).
_Khi o theo thang A v C (HRA, HRC) dng mi m kim cng hnh nn. Ti trng tng cng tc dng
vi thang A l 60 kg v thang C l 150 kg. Thang A dng o cc vt liu rt cng nh: hp kim cng,
lp thm cacbon nit c cng cao hn HV 700. Thang A c phm vi o t HV 360 900 hay t
HRA 70 85. Thang C dng o cc vt liu c cng trung bnh v cao vi cng trong khong HV
240 700 hay HRC 20 67 (v d thp, gang sau khi ti ram).

00: Lc cha o
11: Ti trng s b Po
22: Thm ti trng chnh P1
33: B ti trng chnh P1

V tr tng i gia mi m v mu o cc thi im o

o cc lp c chiu dy nh hn 0.3 mm phi dng cc thang super.
Phng php Rcven gy ra vt lm rt nh, o c cc vt liu mng v khng ph hy chi tit
nn c s dng rt rng ri kim tra cht lng sn phm c kh.
thun li trong vic la chn phng php xc nh cng, ta s b phn loi nh sau:
_Loi c cng thp (mm ): Gm cc vt liu c cng nh hn HB 220, HRC 25 n HRC 45.

_Loi c cng trung bnh: C gi tr cng trong khong: HB 250 450 v HRC 25 n HRC 45.
_Loi c cng cao: c gi tr cng t HRC 52 n cao hn HRC 60 mt t.
_Loi c cng rt cao: C gi tr cng > HRC 62 hay > HRA 80.
*Phng php o cng Vicker
Phng php Vicker v nguyn l o ging nh phng php Brinell, nhng thay mi bi bng mi kim
cng hnh thp, c gc gia hai mt bn l 1360. Ti trng s dng P = 50 1500N, ph thuc vo chiu
dy mu o. o theo phng php Vicker c th p dng cho cc chi tit rt cng hoc mm, v s o
cng khng ph thuc vo ti trng (xem s hnh 4).

HV

P
S

Hnh 4. S o Vicker
Gi ti trng l P, din tch b mt vt lm l S, ta c:
P: C th o bng N hay kG.
S: mm2
thun tin, ngi ta c th tnh S thng qua ng cho d v = 1360

ng cho d c o bng knh hin bi gn ngay trn my, ngi ta cng lp sn cc bng gi tr Vicker
vi P v d tng ng.
Phng php o Vicker thng dng o cng cc vt mng, cc lp thm

II.Kt qu o cng theo cc phng php trn.

_Rock well:
HRA

HRC

Thi gian tc dng

10s

10s

Ti trng tc dng

60Kg

150Kg

cng

Ln 1

Ln 2

Ln 1

Ln 2

67.2

67.2

33.2

34.2

Trung bnh: 67.2

Trung bnh: 33.7

_Vicker:
ng knh (mm)
Trung bnh
Vy

HV 1.854

Ln 1

Ln 2

0.74

0.76
0.75

P
100

1.854
329.6
2
2
d
0.75

- cng HV 100: 329.6

III. Nhn xt kt qu
_ cng ca vt liu khng ng nht trn ton b b mt m c s khc bit nh so vi tng v tr,nn
ta cn phi o nhiu ln,ly gi tr trung bnh.
_Trong th nghim tnh cng HV,do kch thc ng knh d ca mu rt nh,trong cng thc tnh
HV,ta li c d 2 ,do cn phi o tht cn thn,chnh xc,trnh sai s ln so vi l thuyt.

H v tn:
BI C TI ANH
MSSV:
21100044
Lp:
CK11CD02
Nhm T:
Mu th nghim s:
Ngy lm th nghim:
12/5/2013

BO CO TH NGHIM TI THP

1. Xc nh nhit , thi gian nung v gi nhit

Kch thc mu: 12.
Bng1: Thng s cng ngh
Nhit ti 0C

Thi gian nung v gi nhit (pht)

Mc C45
20.25
19.5
18.75
18
16.5
15
13.5

730
740
760
780
820
860
900
2. nh hng ca nhit n cng sau khi ti
Nhit ti 0C

Thi gian nung v gi nhit (pht)

730
740
760
780
820
860
900

Ln 1
20.
19.
18.
17
16
15
13

Mc C45
Ln 2
Ln 3
20.
20.
19.
19.
18.
18.
17
17
16
16
15
15
13
13

Trung bnh
20.
19.
18.
17
16
15
13

th quan h gia cng v nhit ti

3. nh hng ca mi trng ti n cng

Bng 3 nh hng ca tc ngui ca mi trng n cng
th quan h gia tc ngui v cng sau ti

Trc khi nhit luyn (HRA)

53

56

54

54.33

(HRA)
Trung bnh

53
54
54
53.67

54
56
55
55

54
55
52
53.67

54.11

Thng ha (HRA)
trung bnh

59
56
57
57.33

55
55
54
54.67

56
57
58
57

56.33

Ti trong nc (HRC)
trung bnh

56
57
59
57.33

57
55
56
56

57
59
57
57.67

57

Ti trong nc mui (HRC)

trung bnh

54
55
56
55

54
53
54
53.67

56
53
55
54.67

Ti trong du (HRC)

34

36

37

54.45

trung bnh

32
38
34.67

34
34
34.67

37
39
37.67

35.67

4. Nhn xt
_Thp ti hon ton c cng ln hn thp ti khng hon ton.
_ lm cho vt liu thp mm i, cng gim. t chc Bainht (54.11<54.33)
_Thng ha cng lm tang cng ca thp, do ngoi khng kh tc ngui tng i nhanh. t
chc Bainht (56.33>54.33)
_Ti trong nc c cng cao nht do lm ngui nhanh t chc Mctenxt (57>54.33)
_Ti trong nc mui cng lm tng cng nhng khng nhiu bng trong nc(54.45>54.33)
_Ti trong du lm cho cng gim do tc ngui kh chm. t chc Xmentrt(35.67<54.33))

H v tn:
BI C TI ANH
MSSV:
21100044
Lp:
CK11CD02
Nhm T:
Mu th nghim s:
Ngy lm th nghim: 12/5/2013

BO CO TH NGHIM RAM THP

1. Tm tt l thuyt qu trnh ram

Ram l phng php nhit luyn nung nng thp ti c t chc mactenxit qu bo ha v stenit d
chuyn thnh cc t chc n nh hn ph hp vi yu cu t ra.
Ram cn lm gim hoc kh hon ton ng sut, cng nh tng do dai cho chi tit sau ti.
Khi ram thp cabon, xy ra s chuyn bin ca mactenxit ti thnh mactenxit ram, ngha l cacbon qu
bo ha c tit ra khi mng di dng cacbit , chnh phng c/a gim dn v cacbit chuyn dn
thnh xementit Fe3C, con stenit d li phn hy thnh mactenxit ram.
Ty theo t chc nh mn ca xementit v ferit tit ra khi ram m ta c cc t chc trustit ram hoc xoobit
ram. Cc qu trnh trn ph thuc vo nhit v thi gian ram. Ph thuc vo nhit ram, ngi ta chia
lm 3 loi ram:
*Ram thp (150 200 0 C)
T chc nhn c l mactenxit ram, cng hu nh khng thay i, ng sut gim cht t, chi tit c

 cng v chu mn cao.

*Ram trung bnh (300450 0C)
T chc nhn c l trustit ram. cng cn kh cao (40 - 45HRC), ng sut gim mnh, do dai
tng, gii hn n hi t gi tr ln nht.
*Ram cao (500650 0C)
*Gin ram
Gin ram l hin tng dai va p ca chi tit sau khi ram rt thp (thp hn khi ram nhit
thp hn). C hai loi gin ram, gin ram loi mt xy ra nhit 250350 0C, bn cht qu trnh ny
cha c tm ra, nn hn ch khng ram chi tit vng nhit ny. Gin ram loi hai xy ra nhit
500600 0C i vi mt s hp kim c cha Cr, Mn, Cr-Ni, Cr-Mn gin ram loi hai c th khc
phc bng cch lm ngui nhanh chi tit sau khi ram, chng gin ram loi hai c th khc phc bng
cch hp kim W, hoc Mo vi lng 1% v 0,3%
2. Kt qu th nghim

Ram thp (HRC) 5500C

trung bnh

50
49
46
48.33

49
48
49
48.67

50
49
47
48.67

48.56

Ram cao (HRC) 8200C

trung bnh

26
30
27
27.67

28
30
27
28.33

30
28
32
30

28.67

3. Nhn xt
_Ram lm gim cng ca vt liu nhng ram thp lm gim t hn ram cao.
V khi ram cao t chc kim loi tr thnh Bainht trn hoc peclt c cng thp do cha t cacbon.
_Khi ram thp th ta c t chc Mactenxt hoc Bainht di cho cng kh cao.