Om Manual

OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB MANUAL
SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERAMBALUR

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1

SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ANNA UNIVERSITY OF THIRUCHIRAPALLI
REGULATION 2008
IV ECE

EC1405
OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LABORATORY
LAB MANUAL

ACCEPTED BY PREPARED BY
Prof. B. REVATHI Raghavendra Malapatti Reddy, Asst Prof
HOD/ECE Saranya.E, Assistant Professor.

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Preface

This laboratory manual is prepared by the Department of Electronics and communication
engineering for optical and microwave (EC1405). This lab manual can be used as instructional book
for students, staff and instructors to assist in performing and understanding the experiments. This
manual will be available in electronic form from Colleges official website, for the betterment of
students.

Acknowledgement

We would like to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to the support offered
by the Chairman Shri. A.Srinivasan. We also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of
gratitude to our Principal Dr.B.Karthikeyan,M.E, Ph.D, for his valuable information and
guidance, which helped us in completing this task through various stages. We extend our hearty
thanks to our head of the department Prof.B.Revathi M.E, (Ph.D), for her constant
encouragement and constructive comments.
Finally the valuable comments from fellow faculty and assistance provided by the
department are highly acknowledged.

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INDEX

S.No TOPIC PAGE
NO
1 Syllabus
4
2 Lab Course Handout
5
4 Experiments

1. Numerical aperture determination for and attenuation
measurement in fibres
8

2. Mode characteristics of fibres SM fibres
10

3. Fiber optic communication links
12

4. LED and photodiode characteristics
14

5. VSWR measurements- determination of terminal impedance
17

6. Determination of guide wavelength, frequency measurement
20

7. Microwave power measurement (using DC and H-arm of a
magic T)
25

8. Characteristics of gunn diode oscillator
28

9. Coupling fibres to semiconductors sources connectors and
splices
32

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EC1405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LABORATORY

1. Numerical aperture determination for and attenuation measurement in fibres
2. Mode characteristics of fibres SM fibres
3. Coupling fibres to semiconductors sources connectors and splices
4. Fiber optic communication links
5. LED and photodiode characteristics
6. VSWR measurements- determination of terminal impedance
7. Determination of guide wavelength, frequency measurement
8. Microwave power measurement (using DC and H-arm of a magic T)
9. Characteristics of gunn diode oscillator

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LAB COURSE HANDOUT
Subject code : EC1405
Subject Title : Optical and Microwave Lab
Staff name :Raghavendra malapatti reddy and Saranya.E
Scope and Objective of the Subject:
To verify various theorems and find the characteristics of various devices.

Course Plan / Schedule:
S.No Topics to be covered Learning objectives Page
No*
No. of
hours
1 Numerical aperture determination for and
attenuation measurement in fibers
To Determine the numerical
aperture and attenuation loss for
a given optical fiber cable
8-9 5hrs
2 Mode characteristics of fibers SM fibers To study the mode
characteristics of single mode
fiber
10-11 5hrs
3 Fiber optic communication links To setup fiber optic analog link
using a 660nm OFC and to
measure the beam width
12-13 5hrs
4 LED and photodiode characteristics To study the characteristics of
LED and photodiode
14-16 5hrs
5 VSWR measurements- determination of
terminal impedance
To determine the VSWR &
impedance unknown load by
measuring VSWR
17-19 5hrs
6 Determination of guide wavelength,
frequency measurement
To determine the frequency
&wavelength in a rectangular
waveguide
20-24 5hrs
7 Microwave power measurement (using
DC and H-arm of a magic T)
To study the power characteristics
of reflex klystron
24-27 5hrs
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8 Characteristics of gunn diode oscillator To study the VI characteristics
of Gunn diode.
28-31 5hrs
9 Coupling fibers to semiconductors
sources connectors and splices
To study the connectors,couplers
and splices
32-33 5hrs
*-As in Lab Manual
Evaluation scheme Internal Assessment

Timings for chamber consultation: Students should contact the Course Instructor in her/his
chamber during lunch break.

1 Observation Continuous 20%
2 Record Continuous 30%
3 Attendance Continuous 30%
4 Model lab 3hr 20%
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STUDENTS GUIDELINES
There are 3 hours allocated to a laboratory session in Computer Networks Lab. It is a necessary
part of the course at which attendance is compulsory.

Here are some guidelines to help you perform the Programs and to submit the reports:

1. Read all instructions carefully and proceed according to that.
2. Make the connections as per the block diagram.
3. If you find difficulties ask the faculty if you are unsure of any concept.
4. Write up full and suitable conclusions for each experiment.
5. After completing the experiment complete the observation and get signature from the
staff.
6. Before coming to next lab make sure that you complete the record and get sign from the
faculty.

STAFF SIGNATURE HOD

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NUMERICAL APERTURE DETERMINATION FOR FIBER AND ATTENUATION
MEASUREMENT IN FIBER
Ex.No.1
Date:
AIM
To Determine the numerical aperture and attenuation loss for a given optical fiber cable.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Advanced fiber optic communication trainer link
2. 1m and 3m fiber cable
3. NA measurement setup
4. Patch chords
5. CRO
THEORY
NUMERICAL APERTURE
For light rays to be propagated along a fiber they must fall within the fibers acceptance
angle the numerical aperture of the fiber is an indication of how much light fiber can accept to
propagate through it. The light transmitted inside a fiber amount the total internal refelction, light
travel not only along fibers central axis but also various angles to center line.
ATTENUATION
The power coming out of the fiber should be less than the power entering it called
attenuation. If the fibre should be less than communication attenuation is decrease in the light
power or intensity during light propagation along a fiber. Here the light loss caused by the
violation of the total internal reflection concept due to improper fibre coupling called coupling
loss.
PROCEDURE
1. Make the jumper connections for 660nm wavelength source, connect a 1m fiber cable
between optical TX1 and NA setup
2. Insert the fiber cable in numerical aperture setup
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3. Now a circular red spot is shown in graph attached with the base of NA setup. Measure
the circle in horizontally and vertically and find out mean radius of circular spot as,

4. Find out the numerical aperture for a distance as
NA =
Where d is a distance in cm, r is mean radius of circular spot
5. Measure the NA for other distances of 0.4 cm, 0.6 cm, 0.8 cm and 2 cm. Finally take an
average for all readings of NA which is the numerical aperture for the given plastic fiber

TABULATION

Distance Mean radius Numerical aperture

ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT
1. Establish the analog link for 660nm link, set the sinusoidal signal amplitude and
frequency to 1VPP and 1KHz respectively using variable control POTs on VOFT-06 unit
connect I/O3 output with oscilloscope using BNC BNC cable
2. Connect the 1m fiber cable between optical Tx1 an optical Rx1. Turn GAIN control POT
so as to make 4VPP at the receiver unit
3. Replace a 3m fiber cable instead of 1m fiber cable. Note down output signal amplitude
level without altering receiver gain and input signal amplitude and find out attenuation
los for 3m fiber cable as

Fiber
length
vin vout

amp time amp time

RESULT
Thus the study of numerical aperture and attenuation loss for plastic fiber were
performed
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MODE CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBER
Ex.No.2
Date:
AIM
To study the mode characteristics of single mode fiber
APPARATUS REQUIRED
2. 1m and 3m fiber cable
3. CRO
THEORY
In the single mode fiber there are actually two independent degenerate propagation
modes. These modes are very similar but their polarization planes are orthogonal. Those may be
chosen arbitrarily as their horizontal and vertical polarization either one of these polarization
modes constitute the fundamental mode. Suppose we arbitrarily choose one of the modes to
have its traverse electric field polarized along the x direction and the other independent
orthogonal nodes to be polarized in y direction.
PROCEDURE
1. Make the jumper connections for 660nm wavelength source, connect a 1m fiber cable
between optical TX1 and NA setup
2. Insert the fiber cable in numerical aperture setup
3. Now a circular red spot is shown in graph attached with the base of NA setup. Measure
the circle in horizontally and vertically and find out mean radius of circular spot as,

4. Find out the numerical aperture for a distance as
NA =
Where d is a distance in cm,r is mean radius of circular spot
5. The refractive index of the cladding for a given fiber is 1.402, now find out the refractive
index of the core using the formula
NA =
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Where n1 is refractive index of core,n2 refractive index of cladding and NA is numerical
aperture of fiber
6. Calculate V- number as follows

Where d is the diameter of core, is the wavelength of source
7. Now calculate the number of modes

RESULT
Thus the mode characteristics of single mode fiber was studied and verified.

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FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION LINK
Ex.No.3
Date:
AIM
To setup fiber optic analog link using a 660nm OFC and to measure the beam width
APPARATUS REQUIRED
2. 66nm fiber cable
3. AFO
4. CRO
5. Patch chords
THEORY
The analog signal can be send using one of several modulation techniques. The simplest
form of optical fiber link is direct intensity modulation, where optical output from the source is
modulated simply by varying the current around the bios point in proportion to the message
signal level. Thus information signal is transmitted directly in the end of the base band. More
efficient method is to translate the baseband signal into an electrical sub carrier prior to intensity
modulation or phase modulation techniques.
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the kit with 230V AC mains power supply using 3 pin power chord
2. Make the jumper connections for 660nm wavelength source
3. Connect the internal function generator output to analog transmitter test point using 1mm
patch chord
4. Slightly unscrew the LED2 Txm cap, insert one end of 1m fiber cable and unscrew and
screw the cap
5. Switch ON the trainer, set the sine wave frequency to 1KHz and amplitude of 1Vpp
6. Observe the sine waveform on oscilloscope, if not turn gain control POT clockwise
direction and observe the sine waveform with necessary amplitude level, analog link have
been established
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7. Use the external function generator and set the input analog voltage to 1 Vpp, 1000Hz of
frequency. Turn gain control POT and set output signal amplitude level to 1Vpp
8. Increase the sine wave frequency in steps of 1000Hz and note down the corresponding
output voltage without changing receiver gain.
9. Plot the frequency response curve for frequency Vs gain in semilog sheet and findout -
3dB bandwidth.
10. Make a analog link for 950nm wavelength , set input voltage level to 1 Vpp and output
voltage to 1Vpp

TABULATION

FREQUENCY OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
GAIN=20

MODEL GRAPH

RESULT
Thus the 660nm fiber optic analog link connection was setup and bandwidth was
measured

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LED AND PHOTODIODE CHARACTERISTICS
Ex.No.4
Date:
AIM
To study the characteristics of LED and photodiode
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. LED module
2. Photodiode Module
3. Multimeter
THEORY
LED
A light emitting diode is a semiconductor diode mode by creation of junction of n type
and p type material. Thus the principle of LED action works precisely the same way that we
described the creation of permanent light radiation. Alternatively w can say that the external
energy provided by V excites electrons at the conduction band to the valence band and
recombine with hole. The net result is the light radiation.
PHOTODIODE
Photodiode is used to convert the light signal into an electrical signal
Forward bias
Positive terminal of the voltage source is connected to the p-side and negative to the n-
side. A large amount of current flows through line junction. Under this forward bias condition,
the applied positive terminal repel electron in the n type region.
Reverse bias
Positive terminal of the voltage source is connected to the n-side and negative to the p-
side. No current majority under this condition. Under this condition holes which from the
majority carrier of the p-side moves forward the negative terminal of the battery, and the
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electrons which forms the majority carrier of the n-side are attracted towards the positive
terminal.

PROCEDURE
FORWARD BIAS
1. Construct the equipment as shown in the figure
2. Set the bias selection switch in forward bias position
3. Set the fiber cable between LED and PD
4. Now set bias control Pot in particular level(-0.6)
5. Step by step vary the LED intensity bias control POT
6. Now use the power meter to measure LED emitting power and note down the
voltage across resistor
7. Now find the current flowing through photodiode by using below formula

8. Plot the graph between voltage across power and current
REVERSE BIAS
1. Construct the equipment as shown in the figure
2. Set the bias selection switch in reverse bias position
3. Vary the POT2 to max level ie., high intensity in LED
4. Set the fiber cable between LED and PD
5. Now step by step increase the bias control voltage in 1.28V to 5V
6. Note down voltage across photo diode V
PD
and voltage across resistor V
R

7. Now find the current flowing through photodiode by using below formula

8. Plot the graph between voltage across photodiode V
PD
and current

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LED CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION
S.No Voltage across
resistor
Series resistance Voltage across
diode
Current
through diode

PHOTODIODE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

RESULT
Thus the characteristics of LED and photo diode were performed

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MEASUREMENT OF VSWR OF UNKNOWN LOADS
Ex.No.5
Date:
AIM
To determine the VSWR & impedance unknown load by measuring VSWR.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Klystron power supply, Reflex klystron isolator, frequency meter, variable attenuator,
slotted section, VSWR meter, detector mount & CRO
FORMULAE USED
VSWR ,S=E
MAX
/E
MIN
(i.e) V
MAX
/V
MIN
Reflection coefficient , ||= (S-
1)/(S+1)
THEORY
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line,may be considered as the
sum of 2 travelling waves: the incident wave which propagates from the generator and the
reflected wave which propagates towards the generator. The reflected wave is set up by the
reflection of incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or from the load impedance. The
magnitude and phase of the reflected wave depends upon amplitude of phase of the reflected
impedance.The presence of two travelling waves gives rise to standing waves along the line.The
maximum field strength is found when the two waves are inphase and the minimum where the
two waves add in opposite phase.The distance between two successive minima(or maxima) is
half the guide wavelength of the line.The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and
incident waves is called reflection coefficient.The voltage standing wave ratio between
maximum and minimum field strength along the line.
VSWR, S=E
MAX
/E
MIN
= (E
I
+E
R
) / (E
I
-E
R
)
=E
R
/E
I
= (Z-Z
O
) / (Z+Z
O
)
Z is the impedance at a point on the line.
Z
o
is the characteristic impedance
The equation above gives the following equation.
||= (S-1)/(S+1)
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PROCEDURE
1. Set the components and equipments as shown.
2. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation.
3. Terminate the receiving end with unknown load
4. Keep the control knob of a klystron power supply
Beam voltage - off
Mode switch - AM
Beam voltage knob fully anti clockwise
Reflector voltage knob fully clock wise
AM amplitude knob fully clock wise
AM frequency knob mid position
5. Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as shown below
Switch normal
Input switch low imp
Range db switch 40 db
Gain control knob fully clockwise
6. Connect detector output to VSWR meter. Adjust the square wave modulation frequency
to approximately 1KHz.
7. Thus the detector by adjusting short planger for maximum meter detection.
8. Tune the probe along the slotted line, adjust it as standing wave minimum. Recod the
probe position as x1 and next successive minimum position as x2.
9. Replace slot by short circuit termination and move the probe carriage to new standing
wave minimum and record the probe position an x3.
10. Find the shift minimum it will be positive it minimum is shifted towards load.
11. Convert the shift in wavelength units ie., minimum can be known move accurately.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

CRO
VSWR
meter
Slotted section
Attenuator Frequency
meter Isolator
Pin
modulator
GUNN
power
supply
GUNN
oscillator
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OBSERVATIONS

V
max
V
min
S= V
max
/ V
min
||=(S-1)/(S+1)

RESULT
Thus the VSWR and terminated impedance was measured.

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MESUREMENT OF FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH
Ex.No.6
Date:

AIM
To determine the frequency and wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working on TE
10
model
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Klystron power supply, Reflex klystron isolator, frequency meter, variable attenuator, slotted
section, VSWR meter, detector mount & CRO.
THEORY
For dominant TE
10
mode in rectangular waveguide
0
,
g
,
c
are related as below.
1/
0
2
= 1/
g
2
+ 1/
c
2

0
= Free space wavelength

g
= guide wavelength

c
= cut off wavelength

For TE10 mode c = 2a where a is the broad dimension of waveguide. The
following relationship can be proved.
c = f
c = velocity of light
f = frequency
PROCEDURE
1. Set up the variable components and requirements
2. Setup variable attenuation at minimum attenuation
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3. Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as shown in figure
Input switch - crystal load impedance
Meter switch normal position
Gain mid position
4. Keep the control knob of a klystron power supply
Beam voltage - off
Mode switch - AM
Beam voltage knob fully anti clockwise
Reflector voltage knob fully clock wise
AM amplitude knob fully clock wise
AM frequency knob mid position
5. Switch on the klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan switch.
6. Switch on the beam voltage switch and set beam voltage at 300v with the help of beam
voltage knob.
7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some reflector in VSWR meter
8. Maximize the deflection with an amplitude and frequency control knobs in power supply
9. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum deflection
10. Tune the probe for maximum deflection in VSWR
11. Tune the frequency meter knob to get dip on the VSWR scale and down the frequency
directly from the frequency meter.
12. Replace the termination with movable short and return the frequency
13. Move the probe along the slotted line the deflection in VSWR meter will vary the probe
to a maximum deflection position to get accurate reading
14. Calculate the guide wavelength on twice the distance between two successive minimum
position obtained as above.
15. Measure the waveguide on twice inner broadband dimensions a which will be around
22.86 for x band.
16. Calculate the guide wavelength on twice the distance between two successive minimum
position obtained as above
17. Verify the frequency obtained by frequency meter and above experiment can be verified
at different frequencies

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

OBSERVATION LEAST COUNT = .01cm (Slotted line)
LEAST COUNT = .01mm (freq micrometer & attenuator)

FROM SLOTTED SECTION

Trial
No

MSR

VSC

VSR=
VSCx.01

Total
Reading

1.

Klystron
power supply
(0-500)
Reflex
Klystron
Frequency
meter
Attenuator Slotted
Section
Waveguide
detector
mount
CRO (or)
VSWR
meter
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CALCULATIONS

g
is calculated from slotted section line
g
/2 = (d
1
n d
2
)
a = dimension of the waveguide = 2.286 x 10
2
m
1/
0
= ((1/
g
)
2
+ (1/2a)
2
)
1/2

f = c/
0
c = 3 x 10
8
m/s

2.

3.

4.

5.

MICROMETER READINGS

PSR

HSC

HSR=
HSCx.01
OBR=
PSR+
HSR
Total
Reading
((OBR
ZC)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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f is calculated and the result is verified from the given table with the corresponding
micrometer reading taken from frequency meter.
FINAL OBSERVATION
Micrometer
Reading

g
/2

1/
0

f = c/
0

RESULT
Thus waveguide wavelength and frequency was determined for the given microwave
setup and values are obtained.

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MICROWAVE POWER MEASUREMENT
Ex.No.7
Date:
AIM
To study the power characteristics of reflex klystron
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Klystron power supply, Reflex klystron isolator, frequency meter, variable attenuator,
slotted section, VSWR meter, detector mount & CRO
THEORY
The reflex klystron is a microwave tube used as a microwave source in a lab. It makes
use of velocity modulation to a continuous electron beam into microwave power. Its oscillation
frequency can be varied over wideband and it can be pulse and frequency modulated.
Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated by and pass through a position
resonator grids towards the reflector and negative terminal to the cathode are consequently and
finally reflex the electrons which then turn back through the resonator grids. In case klystron
starts to oscillate a bifixed exist and these electrons leave at a reduced velocity because of the
different in velocity.
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the corresponds and equipment as shown in figure
2. Keep the control knob of klystron power supply as below
Mode switch - ON
Beam voltage knob- fully anti clockwise
Repeller voltage - fully clock wise
Meter switch - cathode voltage position
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Rotate the frequency meter at outside.
3. Switch on the klstron power supply VSWR and cooling fan for the klystron tube wait for
1-2 minutes for klystron to respond
4. Cathode voltage knob at minimum position gives a beam voltage at 235V observe beam
current on the meters by changing meter
5. Now change the meter switch to repeller voltage position
6. Select response range for the power meter so that power output of max node will not
exceed the meter range
7. Decreasing the reflector voltage record output power and frequency
8. To measure the frequency, switch the node switch off klystron to mode and observe
output on CRO
9. Plot the power relative frequency vary repeller voltage to get node curves
10. Complete various parameter from graph
BLOCK DIAGRAM

TABULATION
REPELLAER
VOLTAGE(V)
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE(mV)
FREQUENCY

FREQUENCY
METER
REFLEX
KLYSTRON
ISOLATOR

KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
DETECTOR
MOUNT
CRO
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MODEL GRAPH

RESULT
Thus the power characteristics of reflex klystron were determined.

Output
voltage
Repeller voltage

Repeller
voltage
Output
frequency
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STUDY OF GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
Ex.No.8
Date:
AIM
To study the following characteristics of Gunn diode.
1. V-I characteristics.
2. Output power & frequency as a function of voltage.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Gunn power supply, Gunn oscillator pin Modulator, Isolator, frequency meter, attenuator,
slotted section with probe carriage, Detector mount & VSWR meter.
THEORY
The Gunn oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk.
Semiconductor, which has two conduction, bands minima separated by an energy gap (greater
agitational energies). A disturbance at the cathode gives rise to high field region, which travels
towards the anode. When this high field domain reaches the anode, it disappears and another
domain is formed at the cathode and starts moving towards anode and so on. The time required
for domain to travels from cathode to anode (Transit time) gives oscillation frequency.
In a Gunn oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in a resonant cavity. In this case the
oscillator frequency is determined by cavity dimension than by diode itself.
Although Gunn oscillator can be amplitude modulated with the bias voltage, we have
used separate pin modulator through pin diode for square wave modulation.
A measure of the square wave modulation capability is the modulation depth (i.e.) the
output ratio between ON and OFF state.

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PROCEDURE
1. Set the components and equipments as shown
2. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation
3. Keep the control knob of gunn diode power supply as below
Meter switch OFF
Gunn diode fully anti clockwise
Pin bias knob / mode amplitude mid position
4. Set the micrometer of gunn diode oscillator between 5 to 7 mm for required frequency of
operation
5. ON the power supply use meter and cooling fan
6. Keep the mock switch off gunn power supply to square wave / internal modulation
7. Turn the meter knob to voltage position, apply gunn bias voltage around 5V. Now
change the meter switch to current position and note that as gunn bias voltage is varied
current starts decreasing. This indicates negative resistance characteristics of gunn diode.
Apply the voltage such that the device is in the middle of the negative resistance region.
8. Connect detector output to VSWR meter
9. Adjust the square wave modulation frequency to approximately 1KHz
10. Change the meter range if no deflection is observed
11. Keep the slotted line probe at position where max deflection in meter is observed
12. Adjust the attenuator settings, gain control knob on VSWR meter and have the detector
plunger for the pointer to indicate VSWR
13. Move detector probe using along the slotted line and note the position probe where
pointer comes to expense left position which is first minimum
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BLOCK DIAGRAM

OBSERVATION
A. V.I. Characteristics

MODEL GRAPH

Voltage
(Volts)
Current
(mA)

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B. Output power & frequency as a function of voltage
Voltage (Volts) Attenuation (dB) Frequency (GHz)

Increases

Attenuation decreases and
output power increases

As frequency increases

MODEL GRAPH
(i) Frequency Vs Voltage

(ii) Voltage Vs Power

RESULT
Thus the VI characteristics of gunn diode oscillator is studied

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32

STUDY OF THE CONNECTERIZATION OF OPTIC FIBER
Ex.No.9
Date:
AIM
To study the connecterization of optic fiber
FIBER AND FACE PREPARATION
One of the first chip that might be followed before fiber are connected or spliced to each
other it is prepare the fiber and face properly. In order not to backlight deflected or reflected at
the joint, the fiber and preparation techniques.
Connectional finds that pausing techniques produce a smooth surface that is
perpendicular to the fiber axis.
LIP
This is a sharp position from the edge of cleared fiber that presents the loads from coming
is closed light on cause fiber damage
ROLL- OFF
This rounding off at the edge of a fiber is the opposite display based on condition
CHIP
A chip is a localized from center of break of at the end of a closed fiber
CHIP-SPIRAL
These are absort changes is end free surface topology
THEORY OF OPTICAL FIBER CONNECTOR
A wide clarity of optical fiber connector for numerous different applications this side
ranges from simple single channels
LOW COUPLING LOSS
The connector assembly recut maintains straight alignment to assume coupling
INTER CHANGABILITY
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Connectors of the some type must be compatible form a maintelization to another
LOW ENVIRONMENT SENSITIVITY
Connector such as temperature dust mixture should have a small effect on connected los
variation
CONNECTOR TYPE
Connectors are available in design that systems on twist on scrap into fibre. The most
commonly used connectors are the twist on end sharp of design. Butt joint connectors employ a
metal cosmic or modulated plastic fraction
Two polar butt joint alignment design used in both multi and single mode fiber system.
There are the straaaight source and taped biconical mechanism
CONNECTOR RETURN LOSS
A connector point is an optical link can be category into best interface types. These
consist of either or perpendicular or an angled and fiber on the fiber. In each case these
connection requires high selection loss and insertion losses.

RESULT
Thus the connecterization of optic fiber was studied.

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OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB MANUAL

SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERAMBALUR

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