REPORT No.

851
THI N OBLI QUE
SUMMARY
AI RFOI LS AT SUPERSONI C SPEED
By ROBERT T. JONES
The well-known methods of thin-airfoil theory hare been
ertended to oblique or smeptback airfm18of finite wpect ratio
moring at 8uper80nic speeds. The case8 considered thus far are
symmetrical airfoila at zero lijl hating plun form8 bounded by
straight line8. Because of the conical form of the elementary
jlow fields, the re%ult8 are comparable in simplicity J% the
results of the two-dimensional thin-airfoil tlwory for subsonic
8peed8.
In the case of untapered ai rfoi l s swept back behind the
Mach cone the pressure distribu!wn at the center section h
mmilar to that gicen by the Ae&vt theory for a 8traight airfoil.
Uithincreasing distuncejrorn the center section the distribution
approaches th form gn>en by the subsonic-$ow -theoy. T%e
pressure drag is concentrated chie$y at the center section and
for long wngs a slight negatire drag may appear on outboard
sections.
INTRODUCTION
I n reference 1 i t was poi nted out that. the wave drag of
an i nfi ni te cyl i ndri cal ai rfoi l di sappears when the ai rfoi l i s
yawed to an angl e greater than the Mach angl e. Thi s
observati on l ed to the concl usi on that the drag of a fi ni te
ai rfoi l coul d be greatl y reduced by the uw of snfl i ci ent
wveepback. W5th such a svwptback wi ng the wave drag
woul d be associ ated wi th departures from the i deal two-
di memi onal fl ow at the root or ti p secti ons and wouI d thus
be a functi on of the aspect rati o. rhe present report extends
the theory of reference 1 to take account of these effects.
The treatment i s based on the theory of smal l di sturbances
i n a fri cti onkss compr-i bl e fl ui d. The i deaLi zedfl ui d and
i ts equati ona of moti on are i denti cal wi th those empl oyed i n
acousti cs i n the theory of sound waves of smal l ampl i tude.
The appl i cati on of the theory i s thus l i mi ted to bodi es havi ng
thi n cr oss secti ons so that the vel oci ty of moti on i mparted
to the fl ui d i s smal l rel ati ve to the vel oci ty of sound and so
that the pressure di sturbances produced are smal l rel ati ve
to the ambi ent pressure.
The adaptati on of the sound-wave tl wory to the aero-
d-ynami cs of movi ng bodi es was suggested many yesrs ago
by Prandtl . The theory was appl i ed by Ackeret (reference 2)
to thi n ai rfoi l s movi ng at supersoni c speed. Ackerets
treatment i s l i mi ted, however, to Mni tel y l ong cyl i ndri cal
ai rfoi l s movi ng t.ransvemel y. The present theory may be
consi dered an extensi on of Ackerets theory to take i nto
8Q~51_5&19
account wi ngs of fi ni te span and wi ngs havi ng tapered or
mveptback pl an forms. I n the case of sweptback pl an forms
the resul ts me markedl y di fferent from those obtai ned by
the Ackeret theory and approach the val ues i ndi cated i n
references 1 and 3.
I n reference 4 Busemwm descri bes a method for caL
cul ati ng the supersoni c fl ow over bodi es whi ch produce a
coni cal pressure fi el d. Busemann shows that the fl ow
around cones of ci rcul ar cr oss secti ons as well as t+e fl ow
around the ti p of a rectangul ar l i fti ng surface sat.i e&a
thi s condi ti on. The fact that a great vari ety of three-
di mensi onal fl ows can be constructed by the superposi ti on of
coni caI and cyl i ndri cal fl ow fi el ds l eads to an essenti al si m-
pl i fi cati on of the ai rfoi l theory at supersoni c speeds.
The present treatment di fFerafrom Buaema.nnsi n that i t i s
further l i mi ted to fl at bodi es, that i s, bodi es whi ch are thi n
i n both l ongi tudi nal and transverse secti ons. Thi s addi -
ti onal restri cti on l eads to a much si mpl er mathemati cal
treatment and one -whi ch i s appl i cabl e to a wi de vari ety of
ai rfoi l shapes. Symmetri cal nonl i fti ng bodi es are E&o
treated i n reference 5 where use i s made of i ntegral expres-
si ons correspondi ng to the vel oci ty potenti al of pl ane-source
di stri buti on.
SYMBOLS
fl i ght vel oci ty
Mach number
coordi nates
poi nt on X-a.xi a
l i mi t of i ntegrati on
di sturbance-vel oci ty potenti al
di sturbance-vel oci ty components
val ue of u at xl
val ue of u for conjugate arrangement
l ocal pressure
()
dynami c pressure ~PV2
densi ty of ai r
Legendre functi ons
source-strength factor
di fferenti al operator
drag coef6ci ent
thi cknew of wi ng
sl ope of l i ne source (absol ute val ue)
chord of wi ng
267
268 REPORTNO. 85 lNATIONAL ADVI SORY COMMI TTEE FOR AERONAUTI CS
THE OBLIQUE LINE SOURCE
The assumpti ons of smal l di sturbances and a constant
vel oci ty of sound throughout the fl ui d l ead to the wel l -
known l i neari zed equati on for the vel oci ty potenti al @ (see
reference 6)
(1M)4J..+&+#.z=o (1)
The anal ysi s i s si mpl hl ed by i ntroduci ng the coordi nates
Xl =x
y,=@Ty (2)
%=~mz
Droppi ng the subscri pts from the transformed coordi nate
gi ves
4%Z@,U46Z=0
(3)
Accordi ng to the thi n-ai rfoi l theory the pressures on the
transformed a.i rfoi l are gi ven by
4=2 2
Qv
-%?
(2+0) (4)
and the sl ope of the ai rfoi l surface ~ i s equal to the el ope
of the streaml i nes near the chord pl ane; that i s,
dz w
Zi=v
L *
Taz
(Z-+o) (6)
The use of the coordi nate transformati on, equati on (2), wi l l
be understood i n tbe fol I owi ng devel opment, The resul ts
are therefore appl i cabl e di rectl y to a Mach number of W.
For an equi val ent ai rfoi l at another Mach number the y-
a.nd z-coordi nates of the surface wi l I be mul ti pl i ed by
~~ whi l e the pressure coeffi ci ents at correspondi ng
poi nts wi U be di vi ded by the quanti ty W-1,
The el ementary sol uti on of equati on (3) for a poi nt source
i s
1.
=~ -
Thi s sol uti on i s di rectl y rel ated to the subsoni c potenti al
1
+=.& +f+#- .-. . _..
I n the subsoni c case the equi potenti al syrfac.es are, however,
el l i psoi ds, whereas i n the supemoni c case the equi potenti al
surfacea are hyperbol oi ds l i mi ted by the Mach cone. (See
reference 6 for the deri vati on of these el ementary sol uti ons.)
Because of the l i neari ty of equati on (1) a sol uti on maybe
used to denote one of the vel oci ty components rather than
the vel oci ty pokmti aL The speci fi cati on of one component
i n thi s manner actual l y descri bes the whol e fl ow fi el d si nce
the other components may be obtai ned by i ntegrati ng the
gi ven component-to obtai n the veI oci ty potenti al qnd then
di fferenti ati ng the resul ts al ong the desi red di recti ons to ol .)-
tai n th~ dadred components. Thi s proc.adure i s especi al l y
useful i n the thi n-ai rfoi l theory, where the compl d.a vel oci t.y
fi el d may not be requi red.
Adopti ng the foregoi ng procedure, one may wri te
1
=-F=7=
Si nce u i s proporti onal to the pressure, such a sol uti on cor-
responds to a poi nt source i n the pressure fi el d. The
sol uti on for an obl i que I i ne source may be obtai ned by
i ntegrati ng for the effect of a row of poi nt sources al ong L11o
Luey=mx. I t wi l l be shown that such a l i ne source sati sfi es
the boundary condi ti on for a thi n wedge-shape body. Thi s
sol uti on, as wel l as other expressi ons rel ati ng to obl i que ai r-
foi l s, can be most conveni entl y expressed by referri ng to tho
obI i que coordi nates
X=xm$l
y=ymz
z= JGZ 2
(See fi g. 1.) I t maybe shown that i f any functi onj(x, V, z)
i s a sol uti on of
.fZrfw.fts=o
thenj(x, y, z) i s al so a sol uti on. I n parti cul ar, tho poi nt-
source sol uti on becomes

Y
--J
v
FIcwrcE l.Obllque coordlnatcz.
zt-z-mv
~Jqf-mz
2. +=72
THI N OBLI QUEI AIRFOILS AT SUPERSONI C SPEED
269
Hence the i ntegrati on for the efl ect of an i ncl i ned l i ne of
sourcw may be performed -di rectl y al ong the obl i que z-mi e;
thus, for m<l .O
J
PI d(
u= I
~ J(x-.)2)y-z-z~
I
=1 COSh-1~+2 (6)
where E1i s tha posi ti on of the l ast source whose Mach cone
i nchdes the poi nt (z, y, z) and i s gi ven by
gl =y.,w
When m approaches 1.0 the source I i ne approaches coi n-
ci dence wi th the Mach cone, correspondi ng to a transverse
vel oci ty component equal to the vel oci ty of sound.
For val ues of m greater than 1.0 the i ntegrati on yi el ds
u= Ii Cos-l xt
,Iya+ zf~
(7)
I t wi l l be seen that i n thi s case I is i magi nary.
The verti cal vel oci ty near z=O, whi ch determi nes the
shape of the boundary, maybe determi ned by i ntegrati ng u
wi th respect to z and then di ftkrenti ati ng the resul ti ng
vel oci ty potenti al wi th respect to z; thus (see appendi x),
a#J
z
.*T; J--i
(8)
i f z+O and y<0. I f y>0, w=O. There i s thus a di scon-
ti nui ty i n the verti cal vel oci ty of the streani l i nee when they
cr oss the l i ne source at y =0. For smal l val ues of I/m this
di sconti nui ty i n verti cal vel oci ty agre= wi th the boundary
condi ti on for a si mpl e wedge shape havi ng a smal l wedge
angl e. (See fi g. 2.)
I f the source strength I i s hel d constant and m i s al l owed
ti approach zero, the wedge, angl e ul ti matel y becomes l arge.
At m= Othe l i ne source actual l y sati sti es the boundary con-
di ti on for the ci rcukm cone (reference 7), but i t i s found that
the sl ope of the coni ctd boundary does not agree wi th the
sl ope of the streaml i nes near 2= Oand hence the theory no
l onger hol ds. The condi ti on ~-O thus represents the tr msi -
ti on from an obl i que ai rfoi l to a body of revol uti on and w-W
be avoi ded i n the present anal ysi s by restri cti ng the formul as
to fl at bodi es, that i s, airfoils that are thi n i n both l ongi tudi nal
and transverse secti on.
ALRFOI.LOF WEDGE SECTION
Over the wedge secti on near the pl ane z=O, the formukt (6)
becomes si mpl y
=1 Coh- %
(9)
u
I I
U,ii-.cosh~ j+..
:
,, __ - --- ~=-
0 /.0 I/m
[ XI V
FIGURE2.-Pressure field for oblique wedge where m<l.O. ~~ o
c&- E%
-* %3
where ]@ ] denotes tho absol ute magni tude of #=y mx.
The pressure i s thus constant al ong the radi al l i nes
;=constant
(lo)
and i s conveni entl y represented by the vari ati on al ong a l i ne
paral I el to the X-a.xi a. Fi gure 2 shows the obl i que wedge-
shape fi gure correspondi ng to a l i ne source wi th m<l .O. I n
thi s case the pressure fi el d i s cofi ned to the i nteri or of the
Mach cone ~ys @=x%yzZ9=0 and the &eory,
wilike the Ackeret theory, i ndi cates a stagnati on poi nt al ong
the leading edge. (Actual l y, of course, the thi n-ai rfoi l
theory shows an i nfi ni te vel oci ty at such poi nts, but thi s i s
to be i nterpreted as a vel oci ty of the order of magni tude of
the fl i ght vel oci ty V. The pressure to be expected al ong the
l eadi ng edge i s the stagnati on pressure correspondi ng to the
transverse vel oci ty component.)
Gi ven z?
~ ~J the wedge angl e measured i n downstream
secti ons, the source strength must vary wi th m accordi ng to
(from equati on (7)). Then
(11)
(12)
I f m exceeds 1.0, the l eadi ng edge of the ai rfoi l wi l l l i e out-
si de the Mach cone. I n thi s case . ..
(13)
270 REPORT NO. 85 l NATI ONAL ADVI SORY CO.MM3?TEE FOR AERONAUTI CS
I n the regi on between the l eacl i ri gedge and the .Mach cone
Os-6
, i s constant and equaI to m; hence the pressure i n
thi s regi on i s constant, that i s,
Fi gure 3 i l l ustr ates thi s resul t.
\
\\ .
\
I
\
-
1,
(14)
. .
x
.
...
,
:,,.2/
---- -
Q 2U
FI GWM8.PremureMfd for oblique wedge where rn>l,% * -~.
I f m+ co a semi -i rdl ni te ai rfoi l wi th i ts l eadi ng edge at
ri ght angks to the di recti on of fl i ght i s obtai ned; h-ere -
xmy
(15)
and $=2 $ wherever y> I E2.
Thi s val ue agrees ti i th
the A~keret theory.
AIRFOILS BOUNDED BY PLANE SURFACES
The di stri buti on of pressure over symmetri cal ai rfoi l s
bounded by pl ane surfaces can be obtai ned by superi mposi ng
the pressure fi el ds for several l i ne sources and si nks. Thi s
superposi ti on i s greatl y si mpl i fi ed by the coni cal form of the
pressure fi el d for each si ngl e l i ne source. Becaus6 of thi s
form, the whol e di stri buti on i n the pl ane z=O i s, in effect,
represented by a si ngl e curve, I f the vel oc.i ty fi el d for a l i ne
source begi nni ng ~t the ori gi n (equati on (6)) i s denoted by u
and thnt begi nni ng at x= 1 i s deno[ed by u-l , and sc forth,
the sum
U-1u+l
represents the vel oci ty over a pl ate of uni form thi ckncse
havi ng a @el ed l e~i ng edge of constant wi dth. (Seo fi g, 4,)
Si mi l arl y
u_l 2?J+u+~
represents the pressure fi el d for an ai rfoi l havi ng di amond-
shape cro~secti ons,
The superposi ti on requi red for several sources or si nks
can be accompl i shed by mani pul ati on of a si ngl e curve i f i t
i s remembered that u is a function of the ratio x/y. I?iguro 4
illustrates this process for a source and a sink. I n ter ms of
the rati o x/y the separati on of source and si nk and hence
the scal e of the chord l ength conti nual l y di mi ni shes wi th
i ncreasi ng di stance from the root secti on.
At l arge di stances from the vertex (z+ co) the expressi on
(for m<l .0)
X+1 1
u_~I Q N Cosh-1 Cosl l -1-+
{yml
I v +d
(16)
is found to appronch the value
]Og Y:+m I #
()
;Y_m=l Wo -X
(17)
where QOk-the Legendre functi on. (See reference 7.)
-
-..
.. .
-* <.
i
.,
- I
4
\
\
Ii >...
- -____ :
0
%%
\
.- --- --- _
u
\
\
.- =cth BB
-------- ----
0
~iY
\
\
~
__ ------.= ----- .
\ : ,R -
\ /
FIQTSBE4.-Superposition of sonrce and sink to obtafn plete with bevekd IX@.
I n the thi n-ai rfoi I
can be shown that i f
then
THI N OBLI QUE
theory for subsoni c speeds i t
waPJz)
+
(18)
uaQn(z) (19)
si nce Neumanns formul a (reference 8, p. i 16)
1 1 ~n(t) @
Q=J-, (zg)
(20)
AI RFOI LS AT SUPERSONI C SPEED
271
(
U.2
may be i nterpreted as the i ntegrati on for the vel oci ty di str i -
buti on due to an army of sources of strength
w dg=P.(:) dg
f
al ong the chord of the ai rfoi l . The expressi on Q % of equa-
ti on (17) thus repr-ents the subsoni c pressure di stri buti on
over the bevel ed edge.
At the root secti on (y= O) onl y the forward source need
be consi dered si nce-the ai rfoi l mrfate i s ahdfi d of the Mach
cone ori gi nati ng at the rear source. Here
U_l U+l cccosh-l
Z+l my
111-~(z+l)l
wcosh-l + (21)
and the pressure over the root secti on i s thus constant, as
gi ven by the Ackeret theory, but i s al tered i n magni tude
by the obl i qui ty.
The obl i que -wi ngl yi ng behi nd the Mach l i nes thus shows
the Ackeret type of pressure di stri buti on over the foremost
secti on and a progressi ve change al ong the span from thi s
di stri buti on to the subsoni c type of di stri buti on. Si nce the
subsoni c type of di stri buti on shows no preesure drag, there
i s a conti nuous fal l i ng off of the pressure drag wi th i ncreasi ng
di stance from the root secti on. The pressure drag of the
obl i que wi ng thus ari ses chi efl y on the foremost secti on, and
i t fol l ows that the drag coeffi ci ent of the wi ng as a whol e.
di mi ni shes wi th i ncreasi ng aspect rati o. I t wi l l be shown
subsequentl y that the effect of cutti ng the wi ng off al ong a
Li ne y= Constant to produce a downstream ti p causes a
reducti on of the pressure drag on the adjacent secti ons; and
i f the aspect rati o i s suffi ci entl y hi gh, the pressure drag i n
the regi on of the downstream ti p may actual l y be negati ve.
I f the wi ng l i es ahead of the Mach l i nes (m>l .0) the
Ackeret type of pressure di stri buti on occurs and a pressure
drag ari ses over the whol e l ength. I n thi s case both u and w
are constant over the bcvekd part at a di stance from the ori gi n.
I Sfnrflarly ff P.(t)dt Is taken as the ehordwfee dlstrfbutkm of vortkfty,
Sba P.(.Z)
w a Q. (z)
%
The first of MY serbw of rdrfofleIs tbe ember shape eorved to supporta onl fonn l oad.
A.ibch [he. ~ ,
w
A{ ~
,E- ,.
G
.
-- .-
FIGmE 5.-V~iation of pressure dlstrfbut!an abng span of eweptback wing. m-tan W.
.90Ge. dzfdx
sectionparallelto fl~htvehcity
3 -
;Stmgh 1wing (Ack wet fhebry)
2
c
Q
... dz
. .
I \
\ ,,swepf back wing (60y
+
1
0 f 2 3 4 5 6 7
i Z%kmce from roof sectioninJ/2 chord lengths
FIwas 6.-Varfetlon of drag cMEefent with Uetanco froro rod wctfon for sweptbsck wing.
Walge seetioq M-1.4.
The treatment thus far appl i es to semi -i fi ni te cyl i ndri cal
wi ngs havi ng root secti ons near the ori gi n. A compl ete
sweptback wi ng may be obtai ned by the addi ti on of a sym-
metr i cal or conjugate arrangement of source l i nes bel ow the
X-axi s. Val ues of u for thi s conjugate arrangement maybe
denoted by E. Fi gures 2 and 3 show 77for a single i ncl i ned
source and @ure 5 shows cal cul ated pressure di stri buti ons
at several secti ons al ong the span for a compl ete svreptback
ai rfoi l havi ng bevel ed secti ons. The addi ti on. of the con-
jugate source l i nes doubl es the pressure at the root secti on,
but thi s i nterference effect faI I s off rapi dl y fdong the span.
I t i s noted that, as i n i 5gnre 4, the most si gni fi cant change
i n pressure di stri buti on occurs al ong the expansi on wave
ori gi natq at the trai l i ng edge of the root secti on. Fi gure 6
shows the vari ati on i n pressure drag al ong the span for thi s
ai rfoi l obtai ned by i ntegrathg the chord,vi se components of
pressure at the di fferent secti ons.
The addki on of a reversed source-si nk di stri buti on havi ng
i ts ori gi n di spl aced to a poi nt 01 (see fi g. 7) wi l l show the
effect of cutti ng the wi ng off i n a di recti on paral l el to the
di recti on of fi ght. I t wi l l be evi dent that the effect of such
a ti p i s characteri zed by the subtracti on of the curves Z and
i s l i mi ted to the area l yi ng wi thi n the Mach cone whi ch
ori gi nates at the ti p. I t i s i nteresti ng to note that pressure
di stri buti ons of the Ackeret ty-pe, except reversed i n si gn,
are added near the ti p; hence, cutti ng the ti p off i n thi s man-
ner reduces the drag of adjacent secti ons.
272
REPORT NO. 85 l NATI ONAL ADVI SORY COMMI TTEE FOE AERONAUTI CS
/
/
/
lwlrm 7.
.
+
m
+
Sectim
-Addttion of revrxssd source+lnk dk,trtbution to ~OdUC13tip.
Fi gure 8 shows the pressure di stri buti ons over a rectangu-
l ar &foi l havi ng a l eadi ng edge at ri ght angl e: to }+ fl &y.
I n the tri angul ar axea ahead of the Mach cones orgmati ng
at the ti ps the pressure i s constant, as gi ven by the Ackeret
theory, whereas behi nd tl we Mach cones the pressure drops
sharpl y.
AIRFOIL OF BICONVEX SECTIONS
Curved surfaces requi re a conti nuous di stri buti on of sources
and si nks di ned wi th the generators of the surface. Each
el ementary source l i ne causes an i nfi ni tesi mal change i n
di recti on of the surface and hence the sl ope at any poi nt may
be obtai ned by addi ng up the effects of al l sources ahead of
that poi nt. Thus
(22)
m-.
For ai rfoi l s of ccmstant chord, m wi l l be a constant and the
i ntegrati ons can be performed wi thout di ffi cul ty. The si mpl est
case i s that of constant curvature, whi ch l eads to proti es
formed from ci rcul ar arcs.
I n order to obtai n a bi convex profi l e, i t i s necessary to
i ntroduce ti te sources of strength suffi ci ent to form the
desi red angl e of i ntmsecti on of ti e arcs at the l eadi ng r md
trai l i ng edges, together wi th a uni form di stri buti on of si nks
al ong the chord l i ne between the two sources. These pro-
fdes thus requi re a uni form di stri buti on of sources or si nks,
whi ch may be obtai ned by i ntegrati ng the el ementary sol u-
ti on for the l i ne source (equati on (6)). The resul ti ng sol uti on
1
may be denoted by ~ u and is, for m<l,
A-
B
c
Y
I
/
/
/
/
,
+!
/-
---
-.
.
_. / i
/
J
---
-... ,
-. / 1.
./
!
..;:-.. .,
-.. .
f

.. =-
I
II

-
e,?:
--4 -. .44X
.
,-
-\
.
-,.1.. : \
:,
i
m-.-+
-.---fi i
I \\ I
\
I
I
I
\
I
Secfltm
.-
FIGURES.Pressure Wtrtbutlon ovor afrfotl of ractnngular plan form.
AL1-~h , I-r ; *.* ~
?
z z
I nasmuch as the el ementary sol uti on u i s of tho form
f@, the i ntegrated sol uti on appears i n the form
and wi l l be conveni entl y represented
al l spanwi se stati ons, namel y,-
by a curve typi cal of
For a cl osed profi l e i ntersecti ng the X&i s at the poi nts + 1
there i s obtai ned
(
%=u-l +u+l y +p++l
)
(24)
THI N OBLI QUE ~FOI LS AT SUPERSONI C SPEED
273
I
I
1
>
.FU4... ~.
.
FIGUBE9.Prewuce dfetrfbutkn over wing of bleonvex section. ~~.
This superposition may be accomplished conveniently by
transposing and adding the typi cal curves u and $ U,
(See
fi g. 9.)
I t wi l l be found that i f m i s l ess than 1.0 the vel oci ty
di stri buti on approaches, wi th i ncreasi ng di stance from the
root secti on, the form gi ven by the subsoni dl ow theory for
an ai rfoi l of bi convex secti on, that i s,
(25)
At the root section, however, the form is simply that given by
the Ackeret theory for a strai ght ai rfoi l al though the val ues
are reduced in magnitude by the factor
CO*-1 L
&
The pressure distribution and the variation of drag along
the span for the bilaterally symmetrical wing are shown in
figures 10and 11.
CONICAL SURFACES
For tapered ai rfoi k both m and 1 wi l I be functi ons of ~.
I t i s easi l y seen that cl osed surfaces can be obtai ned onl y i f
the reI ati on between m and c i s such that the l i ne sources
have a common poi nt of i ntersecti on, as i n *e 7. I f thi s
poi nt i s denoted by %, yO
I fo
=FE
.
I
:1
I
FIWCEE10.Preemre cUetrfbutIon et M9erent pofnte aIong spon. Bkonvex wfng.
.%ctbn.porallel to fi~htvebc[iy
.06
t I I
.04
.(22 k
G
o
-.02
0 z 3 5 6
DL&nce frm roof sectim4in~2 d-m-d lengths
7
Bmmw 11.Verfatfonof dreg eoeflicfent wfth dfetanm IYOIOrcmt eectfon for wtoge of bfeonves
eectfon. M= I.* ~-lo PETeent.
The surface obtai ned i s one generated by a l i ne passhg
through the ti ed poi nt a, y. and hence i s a coni cal surface.
The prassure over the tapered ai rfoi l requi res the integra-
ti on of
J r
z-u
u=
El 1
cosh-l ~ $ d[
Y
-Y dI
=
El
wd~
.
where & is the l ocati on of the vertex of the ai rfoi l and
dIVmo?z
@; ~~d(z
274 REPORT NO. 85 I NATI ONAL ADVI SORY COMMI TTEE FOR ~ERONAUTI CS
I n concl usi on i t shoul d be noted that the pressures have
been deri ved for an ai rfoi l transformed accordi ng to equa-
ti ons (2). The pressures at correspondi ng poi nts of the
ori gi nal ai rfoi l are to be obtai ned by di vi di ng by M1.
LANGLEY hfEbi ORI AL AERONAUTI CAL LABORATORY,
NATI ONAL ADVI SORY COMMI TTEE FOB AERONAUTI CS,
LANGLEY l ?I ELD, VA., May 9S, 1946.
APPENDI X
EVALUATION OF INTEGRAL OF EQUATION (8)
For m< 1,0 the di sturbance i s zero outsi de the hi ach cone
and the range of i ntegrati on shoul d be extended onl y from
xl = -9 ti ox, that i s,
J:.u~x=J&icosh-l .&dX
(for uni t source strength). Furthermore,
since the integrand is zero at the lower limit. Now
?)
/
cosh-l
XZJ1??12
% Jy:+ z~-(yi+ #jJ22_y;2_za
and hence the integral
u)= dx
(Al )
(A2)
(A3)
(A4)
must be evaluated.
Fi r st i t i s noted that the i ntegral v~ni shes wi th z em.ept
i n the nei ghborhood of the Mach cone ( ZZy*z~i =o)
and i n the nei ghborhood of the l i ne source (#=0). Near
the Mach cone Y*+ z*~x2, so that
Si nce the l atter i ntegral approaches zmo wi th z, there i s no
contri buti on to equati on (A4) i n the regi on of the Mach
cone. On the other hand, near the l i ne source y+ and
4#_yt2
z%; hence, as z+0,
=: tan-l $+ Constant (A6)
The vahe of the i ntegnd changes from O to r i n _wossi ng
over the l i ne source at y= Oand i s posi ti ve or negati ve de-
pendi ng on whether z approaches zero from the posi ti vc or
negati ve si de of the xy-pl ane. Hence
...
...-.--
w= k; \m
..
I f m k greater than 1.0,
and the fl ow di sturbance extends outai de @e Mach cone to
a regi on bounded by pl ane waves extwdi ng from the l i ne
source &d tangent to the Mach cono. (See fi g. 12.) Thti
equati on of these pl anes can be easi l y shown to bo y*+z*= O;
hence for m>l .O the l ower l i mi t of i ntegrati on i s gi ven by
Y
o
I
I
24
8
I
\
\
/
/
/
/
,/
Phe wow,
#+z lS=Q@
>/
[ /;
1//
/ /
/ /
.----A4176+Cme
I
I /
/
./
...%o~ of ktfegrofb
+ .X1
,
*
o
b
Lhe
*X
;\
\
sourcef ,
\
I
-\
\
\\\
\\
\\
\\\
FIGURE 12,InfomntIon petihent toevaluation of equation (S) for m>l .O. (Seeamndl x,)
or
~i=y J7=lz
m
Then
THI N OBLI QUE AI RFOI LS AT SUPERSONIC SPEED 275
$zP=al-,va
(As)
(A9)
I n thi s case u does not go to zero at the l ower l i mi t but i s
equal to T. I n al l other regi ons, however, the i ntegral
approaches zero uni forml y wi th z as i n the precedi ng case;
hence
as before.
REFERENCES
1. Jones, Robert T.: Wi ng Pl an Forms for Hi gh-Speed Fl l ght. NACA
TN No. 1033, 1946.
2. Acker et, J.: Ai r For ces on Ai rfoi l s Movi ng Faster Than Sound.
NACA TM NO.317, 1925.
3. Jones, Rober t T.: Properti es of Low-&pect-Rati o Poi nted Wi ngs
at Speeda bel ow and above the Speed of Sound. NACA Rep.
No. S35, 1946.
4. Busemann, Adol f: I rdi ni teei mal e kegel i ge Uberschal l stri l mung.
Sonder dr uck aus dem Jahrb. 1942/43 der Deutschen Akademi e
der Luft.fahrtforeohung. (Avai l abl e as NACA TM No. 1100,
1947.)
5. Puckett, Al l en E.: Supersoni c Wave Drag of Thi n Ai rfoi I s. Jour.
Aer o. Sci ., vol . 13, no. 9, Sept. 1946, pp. 475-484.
6. Prandtl , L.: General Ca.wi derati one on the Fl ow of Compressi bl e
Fl ui ds, NACA TM NO.805, 1936.
7. Von Kkrm~n, Theodor , and Moor e, Nor ton B.: Resi stance of Sl ender
Bodi es Movi ng wi th Supersoni c Vel oci ti es, wi th Speci al Refer ence
to Projecti l es. Trans. A. S. M. E., vol. 54, no. 23, Dec. 15, 1932,
pp. 30-*310.
(Al o)
8. Jahnke, Eugene, and Er ode, Fri tz: Tabl es of Funati ons wi th Forrnu-
1ss and Curves. Rev. cd., Dover PubI i cati one (New York), 1943,
pp. 107-117.
sMa51-5G20