What is a Gene?

A gene is the basic unit of inheritance.

Gregor Mendel, 1865. Experiments in Plant Hybridization.
Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brnn, 4:3-47
Probability
# of times outcome is expected/ # of opportunities
Given as a fraction, percentage, or proportion of 1
Product Rule: The probability that two independent events both occurring
is the product of each event occurring separately.
Using a fair die, the chance of rolling a 1 is 1/6, 16.7%, or .167
Using a pair of fair dice, the chance of rolling two 1s is
1/6 X 1/6 = 1/36 or 0.027
Sum Rule: The probability that either of two mutually exclusive events will
occur is the sum of the probability of each event.
Using a fair die, the chance of rolling either a 2 or a 3
1/6 + 1/6 = 1/3 or 0.333
and
or
1/36
Using a pair of fair dice, the chance of rolling two 1s is
1/6 X 1/6 = 1/36 or 0.027
Product Rule: The probability that two independent events both occurring
is the product of each event occurring separately.
1/36
1/36
Sum Rule: The probability that either of two mutually exclusive events will
occur is the sum of the probability of each event.
Using a pair of fair dice, the chance of rolling a 2 and a 3 or
A 3 and a 2 are 1/36 + 1/36= 2/36 or 1/18
You are playing backgammon and your
opponent has you on the ropes.
However you can knock him off the
board with a role of a ten.

What is the probability of rolling a ten
with two die?
The seven phenotypic pairs studied by Mendel
Gamete
specialized haploid cells that function during reproduction
Egg
Sperm
Plants: Egg is located in Ovule
Sperms cells are located in Pollen
Cross-pollination and selfing are two types of crosses
Figure 2-12 part 2
Figure 2-12 part 3
Yellow trait is dominant
Green is recessive
Figure 2-12 part 4
Figure 2-12 part 5
Figure 2-12 part 6
Figure 2-12 part 7
Figure 2-12 part 8
Figure 2-12 part 9
Figure 2-12 part 10
Figure 2-12 part 11
Figure 2-12 part 12
Figure 2-12 part 13
Figure 2-12 part 14
Figure 2-12 part 15
Punnett Squares
Test Cross
Table 2-1
These data are pretty darn close to the expected 3:1, but are they close
enough to support the hypothesis?

2
(chi-square) Test
Goodness of Fit

2
= (0bserved-Expected)
2
/Expected
Class Observed Expected (O-E)

(O-E)
2
(O-E)
2
/E


round 5474 5493
(75%)
-19 361

361/5493
= 0.065
wrinkled 1850 1831
(25%)
19 361 361/1831
= 0.197
Total 7324 7325
2
= 0.262
Degrees of Freedom = # of independent variables
i.e., # of groups -1

2
Distribution - degrees of freedom
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

2
= (0bserved-Expected)
2
/Expected
Class Observed Expected (O-E)

(O-E)
2
(O-E)
2
/E


Yellow 105
Green 95
Total 200
2
=
Degrees of Freedom = # of independent variables
i.e., # of groups -1
Yellow X Green
Test the Hypothesis that it is a Test-Cross

2
(chi-square) Test
Important considerations:

* the P value is the probability of a deviation at
least as large as what was found. A p of 0.05 means that 1 in 20 times,
you may find a deviation this large or larger not never.

* having passed the test means that the results are
consistent, not that the results prove the hypothesis.

* Since the chi-square value is related to 1/# of
expected, the test becomes more accurate
with larger numbers.


1)Recessive trait present in F1
hybrid -heterozygotes. One
maternal copy and One Paternal
copy.

2) Recessive trait in progeny was
same as in grandparent.

3) Traits found in a 3:1 ratio in F
2

generation
Mendels First Law of Inheritance
Begins to differentiate Genotype (internally coded trait) from Phenotype
(outwardly manifested trait).
Figure 3-3 step4
Forked-Line Diagram for
Gamete Frequencies
RrYy
Dihybrid
R
r
Y
y
Y
y
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
Gamete Frequency
RY X =
Ry X =
ry X =
rY X =

2
(chi-square) Test

2
= (0bserved-Expected)
2
/Expected
Phenotype Observed Expected (O-E) (O-E)
2
(O-E)
2
/E

Round,
Yellow
315 313 2 4 0.013
Round,
Green
108 104 4 16 0.154
Wrinkled,
Yellow
101 104 -3 9 0.087
Wrinkled,
Green
32 35 -3 9 0.257
Total 55566

556

2
=
0.511
Df = 3
Data are consistent with Independent Segregation
Rules of Inheritance
1) The units of inheritance (genes) come in pairs.
Each gamete will get only one of the two units of
inheritance . The progeny then gets one maternal
and one paternal copy.

2) The segregation of one gene pair is most often
independent of the segregation of another gene
pair independent assortment.