ALC

1
ALC PDH RADIO
Technical Training
Instructor
Mr. Monthien Satantoranin
Senior Manager Technical Support
ALC
2
Training Topics
Training Topics
1. ALC Equipment Structure
2. Installation , Configuration and perating
!. SCT "et#or$ Management
%. &aults and Alarm 'nderstanding
(. Trou)leshooting and Loo)ac$ Test
*. +ath,Lin$ Calculation
ALC
3
ALC Equipment Structure
ALC Equipment Structure
1. ALC I-' . Indoor 'nit/
2. ALC -' . utdoor 'nit/
!. LIM . Line Interface Module/
%. 0IM . 0adio Interface Module/
(. Interconnection I-' to -' ca)le
ALC

Mains &eatures

Ma1 capacit2 3 1* E1 4 ! Ethernet +ort

I-' si5e3 1' high onl2 and single )oard

Ser6ice channel3 optional 711 codirectional.

Loops3 0& loop, I& loop and 8ase)and loops

AT+C range 3 depending on frequenc2 .29d8 or %9 d8/

Internal +08S

I-':-' ca)le3 !;9 meter of <= or 0>?

I-' . Indoor 'nit/
ALC
!
ID" #In$oor "nit%
ID" #In$oor "nit%
2
1
RX TX
AL
TEST
R
USER IN/OUT Q3 LCT
Trib. 13-14-15-16 Trib. 5-6-7-8
Trib. 9-10-11-12 Trib. 1-2-3-4
PS2
PS&
2 & 2
'(2
)
* *
)
'(&
&use3 !.1(A .M/
I-':-' ca)le
SMA connectors
129ohm E1 Su):- t2pe
connectors
LCT 'S8
connector
SCT LA" port
+S' alarm LE-s
+S' connector
T1 01
1
2
TEST
AL 0
Acti6e )ranch .T1 , 01/
Manual operation /
Loop acti6e
Alarms
0eset
ALC
+
OD" #Out$oor "nit%
OD" #Out$oor "nit%
7olt,d8m in 01
0eference Tooth
@eight A %.( Bg
ALC
,
OD" -ounting
OD" -ounting
Ma1.1 d8 Loss
ALC
'
ALC
.
Unprotected ODU
1+1 ODU
1+0 ODU
OD"
OD"
/ith
/ith
Integrate$ antenna
Integrate$ antenna
ALC
&0
&requenc2 signals3

T1 I& !!9 MC5

01 I& 1%9 MC5

Telemetr2 I-'-' 1;.( MC5

Telemetr2 -'I-' (.2 MC5

+o#er %? 7-C
Ma1 length .1,% inch or 0> ? ca)le/

%,1*DAM !;9 m
Interconnection ca1le
Interconnection ca1le
ALC
&&
Equipment Composition
Equipment Composition
ALC is made up )2 different su):modules housed in
t#o mechanical structures3
1/ I-'

LIM

Controller

0IM .one per )ranch/

2/ -'

0adiotranscei6er .0T, one per )ranch/

ALC
&2
-o$ule 2unctionalities
-o$ule 2unctionalities

Ser3ice inter2aces

-anagement so2t/are ports

Equipment controller

EOC

Alarm LEDs

"ser in 4 Alarm out 2acilities

Po/er suppl5

Ca1le inter2ace

-o$ulator #analog si$e% 330 -H6

Demo$ulator #analog si$e% &0 -H6

Ra$io Po/er suppl5

Ca1le inter2ace

I7 unit

R7 unit8 Transmitter9 Recei3er

Line inter2aces

Line -u:*Demu: circuits9 Ser3ice -u:*$emu: circuits

;it insertion*e:traction9

-o$ulator * Demo$ulator #$igital si$e%

S/itch management

;ER counters
LIM
C"T0LLE0
0IM
0T
ALC
&3
Equipment
Equipment
structure
structure
ALC
&
Controller
Controller
ALC
&!
LI-
LI- T: $irection T: $irection
/
ALC
&+
LI-
LI- R: $irection R: $irection
FEC *
#1loc< co$e%
errors
*FEC = Forward Error Corrector
Example: Without BER=10
-6
With BER=10
-13
(!"# dB$

ALC
&,
RI-
RI-
ALC
&'
OD"
OD"
ALC
&.
AL
AL
C
C
characteristics #&%
characteristics #&%

T1 po#er .%DAM,1*DAM/3
; >C5 42; d8m , 422 d8m
1( >C5 42( d8m , 429 d8m
2! >C5 429 d8m , 41( d8m

T1,01 spacing3
; >C5 1(%,1*1,1*?,1E*,2%( MC5
1( >C5 %29,;2? MC5
2! >C5 199?,12!2 MC5

+o#er consumption
149 F !9 @
141 F (( @
ALC
20
ALC characteristics #2%

01 C8E0 .19E:!/ thresholds .%DAM,1*DAM/3

: in 1*12
; >C5 :?% d8m , :?9 d8m
1( >C5 :?!.( d8m , :;E.( d8m
2! >C5 :?! d8m , :;E d8m
: in %12
; >C5 :E9 d8m , :?* d8m
1( >C5 :?E.( d8m , :?(.( d8m
2! >C5 :?E d8m , :?( d8m

Ma1 01 po#er : 29 d8m

ALC
2&
Installation 9Con2iguration an$
Installation 9Con2iguration an$
Operating
Operating
1. I-', -' Installation
2. SCT 3"et#or$ Management Soft#are
!. LCT 3Local Craft Terminal
%. +arameter and Configuration
(. Alarm Monitoring
*. 8ac$up ,'pload and -o#nload firm#are
ALC
22
Installation

I-' Installation

+o#er Suppl2 and >rounding

E1 Ca)le and @iring

Antenna and -' Mounting

ALC
23
Installation

I-' Installation .1/

'S8,LCT
E1
+o#er Suppl2
I-' to -'
Ca)le
ALC
2
Installation

I-' Installation .2/

I-' to -' Ca)le
ALC
2!
Installation

+o#er Suppl2 and >rounding

+o#er Suppl2
:%? to :(;.* 7dc
"ominal Consumption
%% #atts .149/
2% #atts . I-' onl2/
ALC
2+
Installation

+o#er Suppl2 and >rounding

1A I-' grounding point (AI-' matching tail grounding
2A-' grounding point *A8atter2 grounding point
!A I-':-' interconnect ca)le ;A>rounding cord connect to Earth ground rod
%ACa)le grounding,Station ground
ALC
2,
Installation
-' >rounding
ALC
2'
Installation

E1 Ca)le and @iring

ALC
2.
Installation

Antenna and -' Mounting

ALC
30
Installation

Antenna and -' Mounting

ALC
3&
Installation

Antenna and -' Mounting

ALC
32
Installation

Antenna and -' Mounting

ODU final housing position for
Vertical Polarization
ODU final housing position for
Horizontal Polarization
ALC
33
Antenna an$ OD" mounting
1 2
!
% ( *
ALC
3
SCT4LCT 8 -ain 7eatures

SCT,LCT connection

SCT Main @indo# Menus

0outing

Stored 0outing Ta)le

Station management

Commang Logger

Equipment features management

Configuration )ac$up,restore

Alarm monitoring

LCT Main @indo# Manus

0adio +arameter Configurations

ALC
3!
SUBNETWORK and LOCAL
SUBNETWORK and LOCAL
CRAFT TERMINAL
CRAFT TERMINAL
SCT/LCT
SCT/LCT
PERSONAL COMPUTER WITH GRAPHICAL DISPLAY PERSONAL COMPUTER WITH GRAPHICAL DISPLAY
WINDOWS 98, NT, 2000, P SW PLATFORM WINDOWS 98, NT, 2000, P SW PLATFORM
TCP/IP COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL USING! TCP/IP COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL USING!
RS2"2 S#$%a& '($) *COM+/2 , PPP- RS2"2 S#$%a& '($) *COM+/2 , PPP-
USB ,PPP USB ,PPP
E).#$n#) LAN E).#$n#) LAN
ALC
3+

ALC/ RADIO IP PROTOCOL STACK
ALC/ RADIO IP PROTOCOL STACK
TCP / UDP
LLC 80202
MAC 8020"
8020"
*ETH LAN-
IP / OSPF
ASYN1RS2"2
2304K5/6
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
SNMP
EOC *Rad%(-
47K5/6
P P P
LCT
USB
ALC
3,
SCT 8 Connections
C
ALC
3'
Connection to the equipment
Connection to the equipment
ALC
3.
Login
'ser3 SYSTEM .read G #rite/ H RLOM .read onl2/
+ass#ord3 siaeicr
ALC
0






C
i
s
t
o
r
2

l
o
g
Equipments inside the station
Stations
ALC
&
Log as SISTEM an
equipment in monitor
0ead again the
status of the
equipment
'ser management
and time alignment
Configuration
upload,do#nload
and station
management
Cistor2 log
management
Configuration of
the equipment
list of commands
Configuration of
the connection
ALC
2
SCT -enu*Equipment
SCT -enu*Equipment

ALC
3
SCT -enu*Option
SCT -enu*Option

ALC

SCT -enu*=et/or<
SCT -enu*=et/or<

ALC
!
SCT -enu*Tool
SCT -enu*Tool

ALC
+
Equipment menu
Equipment menu
Equipment configuration
Agent, name, time
Alarms, group )2 group
AlarmsJ configuration
Test, loops, manual operations
&irm#are update
+erformance monitoring
'nits
Automatic trou)leshooting
Alarms reading .refresh/
0outing and addressing
ALC
,
ALC
'
Properties
Properties
Equipment name
Agent, used in alarm
histor2 and in
su)net#or$ #i5ard
Equipment time alignment
and net#or$ time
alignment
Soft#are restart
.doesnJt cut the traffic/
ALC
.
(ie/ Current Alarms
(ie/ Current Alarms
ALC
!0
Alarm con2iguration
Alarm con2iguration
ALC
!&
-anual operations list
-anual operations list
ALC
!2
7irm/are "p$ate
7irm/are "p$ate
&irm#are
S#itch
-o#nload of
the firm#are
'pload of
the actual
firm#are
ALC
!3
Do/nloa$ o2 the ne/ 2irm/are
Do/nloa$ o2 the ne/ 2irm/are
+osition of the file
firm#are.d#l
6er#riting of old
firm#are .total
do#load K slo#/
-o#nload of different
sections onl2 .fast/ or
to#ards peripheral .radio/
8ench s#itch after
the do#nload
ALC
!
Per2ormance -onitoring
Per2ormance -onitoring
Dualit2 results
utput po#er
Input po#er
Start,Stop of
selected item
Sho# of the results
of the selected item
ALC
!!
"=ITS
Status
+art num)er
+art num)er
Bind of trou)le
Trou)le se6erit2
ALC
!+
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
0eading the actual alarms the
-iagnosis prepares an e1planation
of e6er2 trou)le and the
procedures to follo# to sol6e the
pro)lem
ALC
!,
Port a$$resses
Port a$$resses
All SIAE equipments, regarding SCT soft#are and super6ision, are
routers3 all interfaces need an address and rele6ant su)net mas$
Addresses can )e set clic$ing3
1. Set 6alues
2. Store
!. 0estart
Client .al#a2s/
ALC
!'
Routing
Routing
ALC
!.
Routing
Routing
ALC +ort and Address
ALC
+0
Routing
Routing
ALC +ort and Address in dais2 chain
ALC
+&
Routing ta1le
Routing ta1le
T2pe and address
of crossed port
T2pe and address of
crossed port to#ards
-estination
"etmas$ and
I+ address of
-estination
-efault destination
ALC
+2
Store$ Routing Ta1le
Store$ Routing Ta1le
The LStored 0outing Ta)le= adds routing lines, after a
0estart, to the running 0outing Ta)le of the "E.
In this #a2 #e can change +orts addresses .operation that
needs a restart/ #ithout loosing a remote "E3
1. In LStored 0outing Ta)le= add the routing lines
rele6ant to ne# port addresses 2ou are going to set
2. Set the ne# port addresses .Mthe equipment restarts/
!. After the restart the equipment has ne# addresses and
the routing ta)le configured alread23 the "E
management is still running
ALC
+3
Station management
Station management
"Es connected to SCT can )e assigned in
6arious stations using the tool 3
LSu)net#or$ Configuration @i5ard=
ALC
+
Alarm correlation
Alarm correlation
E6er2 alarm is reported #ith

Alarm )eginning

Alarm end .gra6it2 info is maintained/

ALC
+!
Alarm ac<no/le$gement
Alarm ac<no/le$gement
Alarm ac$no#ledge is a6aila)le in

alarm histor2 list3 e6er2

ac$no#ledgement can
)e managed completel2

in station list3 ne# alarm

info is highlighted )2
an asteris$
ALC
++
Comman$ logger
Comman$ logger
Cmd %o&&er rea$s the list o2 operations9 e:ecute$ 15 the users9
store$ on the controller o2 the equipment>
The ?log@9 uploa$e$ 2rom equipment9 is store$ on the PC 2or
2urther consultations> 7ollo/ing 2ilters are a3aila1le8

Operations $ate

"ser a$$ress

"ser t5pe

Operation name

ALC
+,
Con2iguration uploa$4$o/nloa$
Con2iguration uploa$4$o/nloa$
'pload #2rom equipment%

7rom Tool menu9 open the proper Template

Select "ploa$ operation an$ the equipment 5ou /ant to

uploa$ in2ormation 2rom

Sa3e them in a 2ile #A>c2g%

(ow)load #to equipment%

7rom Tool menu9 open the proper 2ile #A>c2g%

Select Do/nloa$ operation an$ the equipment 5ou /ant

to $o/nloa$ in2ormation to
"ploa$e$ parameters an$ A>c2g 2ile are e$ita1le using
Equipment Con2iguration Bi6ar$>
ALC
+'
Con2iguration Template
Con2iguration Template

!onfiguration teplate3 it is rele6ant to equipment

radio parameters as frequenc2, attenuation, capacit2,
thresholds,M

"##ress configuration teplate3 it is rele6ant to

management parameters as port I+ addresses, routing
ta)les, remote elements ta)les, S+&.
8oth configurations are necessar2 during first
installation or #hen Controller module is su)stituted
#ith a spare one3 2ou can use a file to do#nload or set
e6er2 parameter manuall2.
ALC
+.
7ull 1ac<up
7ull 1ac<up
The #hole amount of parameters .equipment
parameters, address parameters and remote element
ta)le/ can )e uploaded from equipment, sa6ed in a
file .N.)$u/, do#nloaded to equipment.

These parameters cannot )e editated.
ALC
,0
LCT
LCT
2or
2or
AL
AL
C
C
ALC
,&
Configuration
8itrate
Modulation
Lin$ I- .local onl2/
Ceneral
Ceneral
ALC
,2
&% Ceneral preset8
threshol$s
C8er,L8er, E@L
thresholds
01 +o#er Lo# thresholds
ALC
,3
2% Ceneral preset8
R: s/itches
141
149
In case of C)er, L)er, E@L, first C0C correction
In case of no 01

ALC
,
-ain parameters o2 the lin< are8
Configuration
Capacit2
Modulation
Lin$ I-
&requenc2
Ra$io lin< parameters
Ra$io lin< parameters
For local
termi)al
Setting has to
1e copie$ in
remote terminal
&requenc2
Capacit2
Modulation
Lin$ I-
Onl5 ?Con2iguration@
has to 1e set locall5 #on
local an$ a2ter on
remote%
For *oth
local a)d
remote
termi)al
ALC
,!
PR;S #Pseu$o Ran$om ;it Sequence%
Alarm on ?Chec<e$ signal@ line
-easure results an$ $uration
Tri)utar2 selection if
chec$ed is Signal 2M8it
P>R>;>S replaces the tra22ic on selecte$ channel
P>R>;>S> test is pointe$ out as -anual Operation #su1Dect to timeout%
Chec<e$ signal selection
-easure status
Pattern t5pe
S5nc Los e3ents $uring test
ALC
,+
ATPC
ATPC #Automatic T: Po/er Control% #Automatic T: Po/er Control%
ALC
,,
ATPC Characteristics
ATPC Characteristics
Maximum ATPC range: This range is limited by the
amount of fixed attenuation with
respect to the nominal TX power
Power Control Criteria: Remote terminal Received ignal
!evel "R!# and $%R
ATPC speed: &' d$(s
Purpouse: To counteract the effect of flat fading)

minimi*ing nodal interferences
ALC
,'
-aintenance
-aintenance
1. 0eriodical Chec$
2. Alarm Meaning
!. 0oot Cause of &ailure
%. Trou)leshooting
(. Loop &acilities
ALC
,.
+eriodical Chec$s are used to chec$ for
radio equipment operation #ithout the
presence of an2 alarm conditions
Perio#ical !hec$

Chec$ of the TO +o#er

Chec$ of the 0ecei6e Signal Strength

. 0eading 7alue must )e match #ith lin$ hop Cal./

Chec$ of 8E0 and C+ performance

ALC
'0
=ormal operating con$ition
=ormal operating con$ition
01 le6el on )oth -' match 6alues gi6en )2
hop calculation.
01 le6el accurac23

:%9 d8m :;( d8m range P !d8

:!9 d8m :%9 d8m range P %d8

ALC
'&
7ault5 con$ition8 alarm noti2ication
7ault5 con$ition8 alarm noti2ication
A fault2 condition is pointed out )2

I-' front panel LE-s3

: AL3 alarms, internal or e1ternal
: TEST3 manual operation acti6e

SCT #indo#3
: Log histor2 area .#ith alarm correlation/
: Equipment 6ie# current alarms .#ith alarms
grouping/
ALC
'2
ALAR-S
There are t/o $irections o2 alarms8 T: an$ R:

T: E This line starts in LI- an$ arri3es to output 2lange8 /hen a situation o2
more alarms is occurring9 the most signi2icati3e alarm o2 them is at the
1eginning o2 T: chain9 all the others a2ter are $ue to this

R: E This line starts in output 2lange an$ arri3es to LI-8 /hen a situation o2
more alarms is occurring9 the most signi2icati3e alarm o2 them is at the
1eginning o2 R: chain9 all the others a2ter shoul$ 1e cause$ 15 this
-ost Signi2icant alarm
R:
T:
RI-
LI-
OD"
LI-
RI-
OD"
ALC
'3
CO--O= group
Alarms not relate$ to a speci2ic part o2 the equipment 1ut
rele3ant to the lin<>
E:ample8>
E
EOC ra$io alarm #rele3ant SCT management%
E
Lin< telemetr5 2ail #rele3ant tra22ic9 ATPC in2o9 man op%
I2 1oth alarms are O=9 the lin< is interrupte$>
In3estigation must 1e ma$e on a possi1le con$ition o2 1a$
propagation9 or equipment 2ailure
ALC
'
ALC
'!
=o lin< 1et/een Local an$ Remote station> Tra22ic is cut>
Lin< telemetr5 is inserte$ in main ra$io 2rame in ;it Insertion
circuit insi$e LI-9 an$ contains comman$s 2or the remote
station8 s/itch o22 the ra$ios on remote si$e in case o2 local R7
loop9 Lin< ID9 ATPC in2o>
Telemetr5 lin< is a connection 1et/een local an$ remote ID"s>
TEST * i2 this alarm occurs9 a $ou1le ID" loop #1oth 1ranches%
can 1e $one8 i2 this alarm $isappears9 local ID" is OF an$ the
pro1lem is a2ter #propagation9 local ra$ios9 remote equipment%>
Lin< telemetr5 2ail
ALC
'+
Communication Ra$io EOC Data lin<

=o lin< 1et/een Local an$ Remote station or /rong
port a$$ress con2iguration>
EOC is the channel in3ol3e$ in management
communication>
I2 EOC ra$io lin< is acti3e8
* Tra22ic is OF
* -anagement is cut #no remote%
ALC
',
PR;S 7ail
Bhen PR;S is /or<ing an$ no signal is recei3e$ on chec<e$
signal9 in PR;S /in$o/ the 2iel$ +,)c %o- .larm is acti3e
together /ith /RB+ Fail in Current alarms /in$o/
E3er5 O=*O77 transition
increases the 2iel$
PR;S 7ail Alarm Counter
ALC
''
Communication 2-1 EOC Data lin<
=o EOC channel is present on selecte$ tri1utar5 in selecte$ timeslot 8 /rong
port a$$ress con2iguration or no tri1utar5 input #LOS%>
EOC is the channel in3ol3e$ in management communication>
I2 EOC 2-1 lin< is acti3e8
*
-anagement is cut
#no remote%
* I2 relati3e LOS is acti3e9
tra22ic on that tri1utar5 is
cut
ALC
'.
Re3erti3e
Bhen a 1ranch is $eclare$ pre2erential9
the s/itch on opposite 1ranch gi3es
Re3erti3e alarm>
The return to pre2erential 1ranch9 /hen
a3aila1le again9 happens a2ter ?Bait Time@
perio$>
ALC
.0
2-14s C>,0 #Tri1>:%
Ra$io 7ail4AIS an$4or Line 7ail4AIS
Bhen management messages come 3ia tri1utar5
timeslot9 2urther chec<s are per2orme$ on 1oth
$irections o2 this tri1utar5
ALC
.&
T: 7ail
T: 7ail
Bhen on remote si$e 1oth ra$ios $onGt recei3e9 on local
si$e a T: s/itch comman$ is per2orme$ an$ 0x 1ail alarm
is ena1le$>
Bhen this alarm is on9
chec< local OD" in stan$ 15
This 2unctionalit5 is ena1le$
in LCT E Ceneral Preset
The alarm remains acti3e
until Re-et is gi3en
ALC
.2
Lin< ID
Lin< ID
Alarm is on i2 Lin< ID chec< is ena1le$ #Lin< ID 0%
an$ remote Lin< ID is $i22erent 2rom the local one>
Tra22ic is cut 1ut signal is recei3e$ an$ measure$>
Output H AIS
This alarm
causes8
ALC
.3
LI- group
LI- group
These alarms come 2rom

E:ternal 2ault8 tri1utar5 LOS

LI- 2ailure8
*-ultiple:er4$emultiple:er 2ailure
*-o$ulator4$emo$ulator 2ailure
Barning8 mo$ulator4$emo$ulator
circuitr5 is sprea$ into LI- an$ RI-
mo$ules>

RI- or OD" alarms propagation

#seen in LI- as Ba-e*a)d R2 alarm%
ALC
.
ALC
.!
Tri1utar5*& Signal loss
Loss O2 Signal alarm is acti3e /hen a situation opposite to that
2oreseen 15 con2iguration is per2orme$ on tri1utar5 inter2ace8
=o input or
or
ca1le $isconnecte$
Tri1utar5
connecte$
TRI;> STAT"S
T:
ALC
.+
-ultiple:er 2ail
The alarm is gi3en $uring multiple:ing o2 input tri1utaries 15

O3er2lo/ stu22ing memories

O3er2lo/ is $ue to 1a$ cloc< o2 one tri1utar5 #too 2ast8 I)!0ppm%
or har$/are 2ailure
In case o2 3ultiplexer Fail the signal 2or/ar$e$ to the ra$io is
= : AIS #2rom all the = tri1utaries%
T:
ALC
.,
;ranch*: -o$ulator 7ail
This alarm is acti3e /hen at ca1le inter2ace T: I7
mo$ulate$ signal #330 -H6% is missing or is un$er a
certain 3alueJ this is $ue to8

-o$ulator 2ault5

Ca1le ID"*OD" open #that pro$uces high (SBR

3alue%
Tra22ic is cut
T:
ALC
.'
;ranch*: OD"*ID"
Communication 2ail
This alarm occurs /hen on carrier use$ to recei3e
in2ormation 2rom OD"9 or remote comman$s 2rom other si$e9
are $etecte$8

CRC errors

Loss o2 2rame
This carrier is separate$ 2rom carrier use$ 2or opposite
$irection #ID"OD"% an$ 2rom TK or RK carriers
ALC
..
;ranch*: Demo$ulator 7ail
Tra22ic is cut
This alarm is acti3e /hen a3erage $e3iation o2 s5m1ol
recognition is higher o2 a certain le3el>
E3er5 pro1lem in constellation gi3es Demo$ulator alarm8

Pro1lem o2 $igital con3ersion o2 recei3e$ signal 2rom RI-

I or L signal missing

High le3el o2 inter2erence #1a$ qualit5 1ut goo$ R: le3el%

=o R: I7 mo$ulate$ signal #&0 -H6% 2rom OD" #no R:9 OD"

2ault59 ID"4OD" ca1le open%
(emodulator alarm causes8
R: qualit5 alarms #4BER9 %BER9 EW%%
R: signal alarms #Ba-eBa)d Rx%
R:
;ranch R: qualit5 alarm
#so2t/are setta1le%
ALC
&00
;ranch*: ;ase;an$ R:
This alarm is acti3e /hen

;it E:traction $oes not /or< #in LI-%

Demo$ulator $oes not /or< #in LI-%

Demo$ulator $oes not recei3e 2rom RI- or OD"

Ba-eBa)d Rx causes8
Demultiple:er 7ail
Tra22ic is cut
R:
ALC
&0&
Demultiple:er 7ail
0he alarm i- &i5e) duri)& demultiplexi)& *,:

7rame Alignment Bor$ not recognise$ #LO7 * loss o2 2rame%

O3er2lo/ $estu22ing memories

O3er2lo/ memories o2 hitless R: s/itch

Ba-eBa)d Rx alarm
In case o2 (emultiplexer Fail9 output is AIS #2rom all the
tri1utaries%
R:
ALC
&02
RI- group
These alarms come 2rom

E:ternal 2ault8 $emo$ulator 2ail alarm an$

OD" alarm are generate$ /hen OD"
1ecomes 2ault5

RI- 2ailure8 PS" alarm /ith ca1le

open4short alarm or mo$ulator4$emo$ulator
alarms are acti3e
Barning8 mo$ulator4$emo$ulator circuitr5 is
sprea$ into LI- an$ RI- mo$ules>
ALC
&03
ALC
&0
;ranch*& Po/er Suppl5
This alarm is acti3e /hen the PS" #Po/er Suppl5 "nit% o2 one
RI- is s/itche$ o22 or is in 2ailure con$ition
I2 the PS" is o229 all the alarms o2 that RI- are acti3ate$8
this alarm causes all
R: ;ranch*& alarms
e:cept those rele3ant
Ra$io& #is O77%
Anal5sis or$er is8

/+'
All alarme$
2rom no/ on
R
T
I
D
"
ALC
&0!
;ranch*& Ca1le open4short
This alarm is acti3e /hen the 2ollo/ing situations occur8
*
Ca*le ope) alarm no current through ca1le inter2ace8 OD" is not
supplie$M so situation loo<s li<e PS" alarm #R: alarms% /ith ca1le alarm
instea$ PS" alarm
*
Ca*le -hort alarm o3ercurrent4lo/ 3oltage through ca1le inter2ace
Cause$ 15 high (SBR
3alue o2 $amage$ ca1le
Ca1le open
situation
I2 1oth alarms are
acti3e9 ' ( source
has no enough current
ALC
&0+
RT group
These alarms come 2rom

E:ternal 2ault8 R: po/er lo/ alarm is

generate$ 1ecause o2 1a$ propagation
or 15 remote terminal 2ault5

OD" 2ailure8 PS" 2ail alarm or R7

(CO alarm or R7 I7 alarm is acti3ate$
ALC
&0,
ALC
&0'
;ranch*: ID"*OD"
Communication 2ail
This alarm occurs in OD" /hen on carrier use$ to recei3e
comman$ 2rom ID"9 are $etecte$8

CRC errors

Loss o2 2rame
This carrier is separate$ 2rom carrier use$ 2or opposite
$irection #OD"ID"% an$ 2rom TK or RK carriers
ALC
&0.
;ranch*& RT Ra$io Po/er Suppl5
This alarm is acti3e /hen the Po/er Suppl5
section o2 the ra$io $oesnGt /or< properl5 or is in
2ailure con$ition #3oltage in input out o2 range%>
Depen$ing 3oltage 3alue9 ra$io can /or<>
Bhen the un$er4o3er 3oltage is too high9 ra$io is
o22 an$ other alarms #ca1le open% co3er this>
ALC
&&0
;ranch & RT (CO 2ail
This alarm occurs /hen (CO in R7 unit is not a1le
to loc< an5 2requencies>
E3er5 pro1lem in (CO causes alarms in 1oth
$irections8 R7 unit is not a1le to con3ert I7 T: in R7
T: #T: Po/er Lo/ alarm% an$ R7 R: in I7 R: >
In this situation the alarm is acti3e together /ith 0x
/ower %ow an$ all Rx alarm- 1ecause R7 channel
is not loc<e$>

T: N R:
ALC
&&&
;ranch & RT I2 2ail
This alarm occurs /hen is not present I7 signal insi$e
OD"> There are t/o $i22erent I7 signals 1ut one alarm
onl5>
=o I7 T: 8 the alarm is on an$ causes 0x /ower %ow
=o I7 R:8 the alarm is on /ith all R: alarms
Rt 61 1ail can 1e cause$ 15 3odulator 1ail #no I7 T:%
Bhen (CO is 2ault59 R7 unit gi3es a I7
RK
signal ma$e
up o2 noise8 this is enough to mantain I7 2ail alarm o22
#1ut Demo$ulator cannot /or< R: alarms%>

ALC
&&2
;ranch & RT T: Po/er Lo/
This alarm occurs /hen T: po/er is 3 $; un$er
stan$ar$ output o2 OD"*R7 unit>
ATPC an$ manual attenuation $o not a22ect this alarm
that is $ue 15 internal 2ailure o2 R7 unit>
This alarm can 1e acti3ate$ 15 a manual operation
also8 0x 0ra)-mitter o11 in Ra$io ;ranch * Settings
I2 1oth R: Po/er Lo/ an$ T: Po/er Lo/ are acti3e9 R7
unit insi$e OD" is 2ault5
T:
ALC
&&3
;ranch & RT R: Po/er Lo/
This alarm occurs /hen R: po/er is un$er a
$e2ine$ threshol$ #a1out &0 $; un$er stan$ar$ R:
le3el%
Threshol$ 3alue can 1e set 2or 1oth 1ranches in
range * 0 $;m* .. $;m in %C0 - 7e)eral pre-et
The alarm R: Po/er Lo/ is a 1ranch alarm an$ it is
use$ to $ri3e R: s/itch
01
ALC
&&
"=IT group
This group generates alarms #hen one of the
units, the equipment consists of, is fault2 or
does not respond to controller polling3

'nit fail

'nit is not responding

'nit is missing

'nit hard#are mismatch

'nit soft#are mismatch

ALC
&&!
ALC
&&+

OTHER
ALAR-S
ALC
&&,
Per2ormance alarms
E3er5 per2ormance measure can $ri3e the rele3ant alarm i2 threshol$
is e:cee$e$>
Threshol$ in sec> rele3ant &! minutes alarm
Threshol$ in sec> rele3ant 2 hours alarm
Threshol$ in $; o2 R: alarm
alarm counter reset
&! minutes
alarms se3erit5
I2 09 alarm
is $isa1le$
ALC
&&'
Per2ormance monitoring
&! min>
alarms
2 hours
alarms
P
R
K

I

*
!
!

$
;
m
P
RK
O *,0 $;m
R H &! minutes
ALC
&&.
Recor$er 8 Pr:
$ate time $;m
LCT
ALC
&20
-easures
8/er1orma)ce-9 is a group o2 measures9 &! minutes 15 &!
minutes9 $a5 15 $a59 recor$e$ 15 the equipment itsel2 an$
$o/nloa$e$ on the PC #the $o/nloa$ nee$s 1itrate%>
These measures remain acti3e also /ith SCT #an$ PC%
$isconnecte$>
8Recorder /rx 8 is the recor$ing o2 R: po/er on a log 2ile insi$e
the PC8 e3er5 time a ne/ 3alue is measure$ a ne/ ?recor$@ is
/ritten insi$e the log 2ile /ith in2o o2 /hen #$a59 hour9 minutes
an$ secon$s% an$ ho/ much #$;m measure$%>
This recor$ing remains acti3e until SCT is connecte$ to the
equipment>
ALC
&2&
Current Alarms
Current Alarms
ALC
&22
S/itch mo$es
S/itch mo$es

Auto
/re1ere)tial8 operator can select /hich 1ranch must 1e
operati3e /ithout alarms>
Bait Time H time 1e2ore coming 1ac< to the pre2erential
1ranch /hen alarms $isappear> In this /a5 the controller
$oesnGt s/itch continuousl5 in case o2 2leeting alarms>
Reset H Bait Time is not respecte$
Full auto8 1oth 1ranches ha3e same priorit5

-anual 2orcing
Operator can select /hich 1ranch must 1e operati3e $espite
alarms
ALC
&23
T: s/itch criteria
T: s/itch criteria
1. 0IM +S' alarm
2. Manual forcing
!. Ca)le short, Ca)le open alarm
Modulator failure
-' unit failure alarm
7C failure alarm
I& unit alarm
-' +S' alarm
T1 po#er lo# alarm
%. 01 failure on )oth remote radios
(. 0e6erti6e T1
Cighest priorit2
lo#est priorit2
ALC
&2
R: s/itch criteria
R: s/itch criteria
1. 0IM +S' alarm
2. Manual forcing
!. Ca)le short,open alarm
8ase )and unit failure alarm
-emodulator failure
-' unit failure alarm
7C failure alarm
I& unit alarm
-' +S' alarm
Cigh 8E0 alarm .selecta)le3 8E0Q19
:!,:%,:(
/
%. Lo# 8E0 alarm .selecta)le3 8E0 Q19
:*,:;,:?
/
(. Earl2 #arning alarm .selecta)le3 8E0 Q19
:E,:19,:11,:12
/
*. 0& input lo# .selecta)le from :%9d8m to :EEd8m/
;. C0C pulse
?. 0e6erti6e 01
Cighest priorit2
lo#est priorit2
ALC
&2!
ED'I+ME"T &EAT'0E
MA"A>EME"T
ALC
&2+
L+ &ACILITIES

Local Tri%utar& Loop 3 used to test the ca)le interfacing

for the equipment upstream

Reote Tri%utar& Loop 3 used to test t#o direction lin$

performance ma$ing use of an unused 2 M)it,s signal

'ase%an# Loop 3 it permit to test the LIM circuits

(DU Loop 3 it permit to test the complete I-' .optional/

R) Loop 3 it permit to test the complete radio terminal

ALC
&2,
3
'
2
-
(
E
3
'
2
RF

E1 %::/
B.+EB.;(
%::/
6('
%::/
RF
%::/
LI-
RI- & OD" &
.% : a5aila*le loop-

data directio):
- toward- the e<uipme)t that ha- e)a*led the loop (*a-e*a)d= 6('= RF$
- -electa*le 1or E1 loop
- o)l, local loop-

3:(- (E3:(
LOOPS
LOOPS
3'2-(E3'2RF E1 %::/B. +EB.;( %::/ 6(' %::/ RF%::/ LI-RI-& OD"& .% :a5 aila*le loop- datadirectio): -toward-t hee<uipme) tthatha-e)a*l edtheloop( *a-e*a)d=6('=R F$ --electa*l e1orE1loop -o)l,loca lloop- 3:(-(E3:(
Line si$e
Ra$io si$e
;ranch
&
B.+EB.;(
%::/
ALC
&2'
ALC loop8
ALC loop8
e:ternal PR;S
e:ternal PR;S
E1 loop line side 3 loop #or$s #ith line
ena)led or not
E1 loop radio side 3 loop #or$s #ith line
ena)led on local side and on remote side
8ase 8and, I-', 0& loop 3 loop #or$s if
line used is ena)led local side and on
remote side
Line si$e Ra$io si$e
ALC
&2.
loop
loop
s
s
8
8
internal PR;S
internal PR;S
E1 loop line side3 it is )efore +08S chec$ing point
E1 loop radio side3 loop #or$s #ith line ena)led on
remote side, indifferentN on local side.
8ase 8and, I-', 0& loop3 loop #or$s an2 status of
localN and remote line
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
N +08S ena)les automaticall2 the local side of used line
Alarm &&3 signal is )ac$S
ALC
&30
Propagation Lin<
Propagation Lin<
( ) f L Log dB A
fs
+ = 29 %% . E2 &ree space loss .L in Bm, f in >C5/
0ecei6ed po#er
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) dB G dB G dB A dBm P dBm P
R T fs T R
+ + =
L
+
T
+
0
h
E.I.0.+ A +t 4 >t4 Ca)le loss
ALC
&3&
Antenna
Antenna

2
2 2
19
D
Log G Antenna gain
-
- A antenna diameter
A #a6e lenght A c,f

A A
eff
, A
geo
A antenna efficienc2 9,*
c A speed of light A
1 ?
19 !

ms
ALC
&32
&% Re2raction
&% Re2raction
$ F %,! .su):standard/
$ A %,! .standard/
$ Q %,! .super:standard/
Snell la#3
2 2 1 1
sen n sen n =

2
n
1
n
2
n
1
n
2
n
!
n
%
ALC
&33
2% h
2% h
geo geo

Mearth is not 2lat

Mearth is not 2lat
h
geo
0
9
A *!;? $m
L
9
2
R
L
h
geo
=
9
2
R k
L
h
geo

#ith $F%,! , $A%,! , $Q%,! considering the

troposphere refraction .pre6ious page/
considering geometrical 6isi)ilit2 on
a planet #ith no air
ALC
&3
3% 7irst 7resnel 6one
3% 7irst 7resnel 6one
0
M
2
L
R
M

=

L
A n
th
fresnel 5one gi6es in phase contri)utes to radio #a6es
propagation.
In order to a6oid attenuation is important that first fresnel
5one is #ithout o)stacle3 to to#er height calculation, must )e add
the ra2 of )iggest &resnel 5one, the first 5one
ALC
&3!
Height o2 the to/ers
Height o2 the to/ers
@e ha6e to consider3

earthJs cur6ature

$ effect .refraction/

first &resnel 5one free

&rom the first #e o)tain h
geo
, #ith refraction h
geo
)ecomes
and from the last #e ha6e to add also 0
M
geo
h

2
9
2
L
R k
L
R h h
M geo tower

+

= +

=

}
ALC
&3+
e:ample
e:ample
L A 29 $m
f A 2! >C5
$ A %,!
0
9
A *!;? $m
m km
R
L
h
geo
%; 9%; . 9
!!! . 1
9
2
= =

*
m
L
R
M
1 . ?
2
=

=

h
to+er
A %;m 4 ?.1m A ((.1m
ALC
&3,
7a$e -argin
7a$e -argin
Mfrom pre6ious page3 %DAM,1*12
L A 29 $m +
T
A 429 d8m
f A 2! >C5 C8E0 : ?2 d8m
( ) dB f L Log dB A
fs
; . 1%( 2* . (! %% . E2 29 %% . E2 / . = + = + =
1 A gain of antennas
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) dB G dB G dB A dBm P dBm P
R T fs T R
+ + =
&MA +
0
:C8E0 +
0
A ,?2d8m * %9d8 A ,%2d8m
&M A %9d8 .purpouse/
>
T
4>
0
A 2> A +
0
:+
T
4A
fs
A :%2d8m:29d8m41%*d8A?%d8
>
T
A>
0
A%2d8 -A*9cm >A%9d8 -A?9cm >A %2,*d8
ALC
&3'
Rain attenuation #2 I 'CH6 %
Rain attenuation #2 I 'CH6 %
freq - rain ./ /h 011 /h

19 >C5 9.( d8,$m 2.( d8,$m

1( >C5 1.( d8,$m ; d8,$m

29 >C5 2.1 d8,$m 19 d8,$m

!9 >C5 % d8,$m 1( d8,$m

%9 >C5 * d8,$m 29 d8,$m

ALC
&3.
Rain $epolari6ation
Rain $epolari6ation
@ind
-rag .air resistence/
-rop #eight
E
C
6ertical polar. e.m. #a6e
E
C
hori5ontal polar. e.m. #a6e
I
>C5
h
6
ALC
&0
-ultipath
-ultipath
Indirect ra2, depending on its phase, can increase or decrease the
po#er of the main stream
T#o ra2s model
( ) [ ]
/ .
1



=
j
e b H
-irect ra23 amplitude A
Indirect ra23 amplitude A % , phase dela2 A , time dela2 A
-irect ra2
Indirect ra2
A
8
In 8 position, recei6ed signal has a notch e6er2 1/ C5 #ith
deepness depending on %
ALC
&&
TCA"B I'