Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal

Stop p t ts c k q
Voiced b ~ v ~ d ~ ~ dz ~ z ~ ~ ~ j g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Fricative f s x ~ ~ h
Nasal m n ~ ~
Lateral l ~ ~ l
Trill r
The actual pronunciation of these phonemes varies greatly: they are pronounced as fricatives word-initally if not followed by a
lateral or trill (then they are pronounced as plosives); word-medially they are pronounced as approximants if between two
vowels, as fricatives if following a consonant (other than a glottal stop), as plosives if followed by a lateral or trill or after a glottal
stop; at the codas of the syllables or word-finally they are pronounced as fricatives (if followed by a voiceless consonant they are
consistently devoiced);

The manner of articulation of this phoneme follow the above rules, but the place of articulation is variable: most speakers tend
to pronounce it always as velar, but if theres a back vowel nearby they may be pronounced as uvular; between two unstressed
vowels it is generally a breathy-voiced glottal transition; when devoiced it generally becomes [h], except nearby velar or uvular
consonants, when it is assimilated into the correspondent fricatives;

[h] word-initally, [x] in all other positions, except between two unstressed vowels (then [h]) or close to uvular consonants (then
[]), some speakers consistently pronounce it as [h] in all situations;

Allophones of [n] when preceding a velar or a palatal [] or a glottal [] or a uvular [] consonant; and [] word-finally;

Is [l] if between two vowels or if the liquid element of the onset, [l] word-finally or if followed by a glottal stop or a velar
consonant. [] in all other situations;

Not all speakers pronounce it as uvular, most replace it with [r], commonly in informal situations, but is mandatory in formal
and standard speech. This may also happens with [q], being replaced by [k], and failling to produce the glottal stop next to
consonants is also common.
Front Central Back
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i y u
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e o
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Near-Front Central Near-Back
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