CELL DIVISION

MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
CELL
CYCLE
3
phases
B.mitosis
A.interphase
G1
S G2
Replication/
synthesis of DNA /
duplication of
chromosomes
phases
C.!"to#inesis
$rophase 1 interphase
Te%ophase 1
$rophase
2
Metaphase
2
Anaphase
2
Te%ophase 2
Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1
Di&ision o' (ona) !e%%s
pro)*!es (ametes 'or se+*a%
repro)*!tion
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Resulting in 2
haploid cells
produces 4
different
haploid cells
/ causing
variation
Division of somatic cell to produce 2
identical daughter cells. In plants , it takes
place in meristematic tissue. In animals, it
takes place in ygote and !alphigian cells
of skin.
Important in
"ro#th and ase$ual
reproduction
After nuclear division,
cytoplasm produces 2
identical daughter cells .
G2
S
G1
C
B
%rganelles
formation/ mi
&inthesis of
ne# proteins
'.(rophase) chromosomes shorten and
thicken, nuclear mem*rane disappears.
2. !etaphase + sister chromatids
arranged themselves at the e,u,tor / middle of
cell -. Anaphase + .entromere
divides, sister chromatids separated and moves
to#ards opposite poles. 4. /elophase + single
chromatids arrived at opposite polesl
interphase prophase metaphase
anaphase telophase .ytokinesis

.ell Division
Meristem p*!*#
Meristem
a#ar
Bi,i Benih Ber!am-ah
1. Tis* meristem ia%ah tis* "an(
a#ti' mem-aha(i se!ara
mitosis )a%am t*m-*han.
2. Mitosis men(hasi%#an -an"a#
se%.se% -ar* )a%am /on
pert*m-*han.
3. Ia mem-o%eh#an pert*m-*han
0pertam-ahan pan,an(1 tin((i2
-er%a#* )a%am t*m-*han.


.ell .ycle
1. Apa#ah "an(
-er%a#* semasa
perin(#at G13 S
)an G24
2. Apa#ah
#epentin(an
peristi5a.
peristi5a "an(
-er%a#* )i
perin(#at G13 S
)an G2 it*4
C"to#inesis
Te%ophase
Anaphase
Metaphase
$rophase
!itosis
6ormation
o' ne5
or(ane%%es
7ep%i!ation o'
DNA 1
Chromosomes
S"nthesis o'
ne5 proteins

!itosis
$ro'asa
Metaphase
1. 8hat happen to the 'o%%o5in(
str*!t*res )*rin( prophase4
a2 the !hromosomes
-2 n*!%ear mem-rane
!2 spin)%e 'i-res
)2 !entrio%s 0in anima%s !e%%s 2
2. 8hat is the !hromosoma%
n*m-er in parent !e%% -e'ore
mitosis4
$rophase
1. 9o5 is the !hromosoma%
-eha&io*r at metaphase4
2. 8hat is the '*n!tion o' the
spin)%e 'i-res4
3. 8hat happens at the en) o'
the metaphase sta(e4
$rophase -e(ins 5hen
!hromati)s !*r%e) an)
shortene)3 an) there'ore
&isi-%e *n)er the %i(ht
mi!ros!ope.
N*!%ear mem-rane
)issappears. Spin)%e
'i-res start to 'orm an)
!onne!tin( the
!entromere an) !entrio%e.
This !a*ses the
!hromosomes to mo&e
to5ar)s the e:*atoria%
p%ate o' the !e%%.
Centrio%e
Centromere
!hromati)s
Metaphase sta(e -e(ins 5hen a%%
the !hromosomes %ine *p at the
e:*atoria% p%ate.
The metaphase en)s *p
5hen the !entromeres
)i&i)e an) the sister
!hromati)s start to
mo&e to the opposite
po%es.
E:*atoria% p%ate
Spin)%e 'i-res

!itosis
1. 8hat happen to the
!hromati)s )*rin( anaphase4
2. 8hat -rin(s a-o*t the
!han(es in the !hromosoma%
-eha&io*r4
3. 9o5 )o "o* re!o(nise the en)
o' the anaphase sta(e4
. Are the t5o sets o' the
)a*(hter !romosomes
i)enti!a%4 8h"4
ANA6ASA
1. 8hat happen to the 'o%%o5in(
str*!t*res at te%ophase sta(e4
a2 The spin)%e 'i-res4
-2 The !hromosomes4
!2 The n*!%ear mem-ranes4
2. 8hat is the n*m-er o'
!hromosomes in -oth )a*(hter
!e%%s.4
3. Are the t5o )a*(ter !e%%s
i)enti!a%4
TELO6ASA
A'ter !entromere )i&i)es3the sister
!hromati)s separates an) p*%%e)
a5a" 0)*e to !ontra!tion o' the
spin)%es2 to opposite po%es.
The !romati)s are no5 !a%%e)
)a*(hter !hromosomes.
The anaphase sta(e en)s *p 5hen
the !hromosomes arri&e) at the
po%es.
ANA$9ASE

Te%ophase -e(ins 5hen
!hromosomes arri&e) at the
opposite po%es. Spin)%e 'i-res
)isappear3 the !hromosomes *n5in)
an) -e!ome e%o(ate).
Te%ophase en)s *p 5hen n*!%ear
mem-rane reappears3 s*rro*n)in(
the t5o sets o' !hromosomes.
TELO$9ASE


!itosis
1. 8hat is !"to#inesis4
2. 9o5 )oes it happen in ;
a2 anima%4
-2 p%ant4
3. 8hat is a )ip%oi) !e%% 02n24
. 8hat is a hap%oi) !e%% 0n2
<. Gi&e e+amp%es o' )ip%oi)
an) hap%oi) !e%%s in;
a2 anima%s
-2 p%ants
=. 8here )oes mitosis ta#es
p%a!e in
a2 anima%s4
-2 p%ants4
>. State the si(ni'i!an!e o'
mitosis 'or %i&in(
or(anisms.
!
"
t
o
#
i
n
e
s
i
s
C"to#inesis or )i&ision o'
!"top%asm -e(ins as soon
as n*!%e*s is 'orme). In
anima% !e%%3 the !e%%
mem-rane !onstri!ts a%on(
the e:*atoria% p%ate an)
th*s )i&i)es the !e%%
!omp%ete%".
In p%ant !e%%3 a !e%% p%ate
0!ontainin( !a%!i*m pe!tate2
-e(ins to 'orm 'rom the
mi))%e o' the !e%% o*t5ar)s
a%on( the e:*atoria% p%ate
*nti% the ne5 !e%% 5a%% is
'orme) an) )i&i)es the !e%%
into t5o )a*(hter !e%%s.
Both )a*(hter !e%%s th*s
'orme) are )ip%oi) 02n2 %i#e
the parent !e%%3 !ontainin(
homo%o(o*s pairs o'
!hromosomes.
C"to#inesis in
anima% !e%%
Ce%% p%ate
C"to#inesis in
p%ant !e%%

MEIOSIS MENGE?AL?AN BILANGAN ?7OMOSOM O7GANISMA
9o5 the )ip%oi)
n*m-er o'
!hromosomes is
mantaine) in h*man
9ap%oi) (amete 0n@232
O&*m 0 e(( !e%% 2
sperm
'erti%i/ation
Dip%oi) /"(ote
02n@=2
Dip%oi) a)*%t
02n@=2
Mitosis an)
)e&e%opment

MEIOSIS
2 hap%oi) !e%%s
hap%oi) !e%%s
!eiosis II 0 mitosis

!eiosis
1. Des!ri-e the
-eha&io*r o'
!hromosomes )*rin(
prophase 1
2. 8hat happen )*rin(
a2 sinapsis
-2 !rossin( . o&er
!2 %ate prophase 1
3. 8hat is a -i&a%en4
. 8hat is the p%a!e 1
point on a
!hromosome 5here
!rossin( o&er ta#es
p%a!e is !a%%e)4
<. 8hat is the imp%i.
!ation o' !rossin(
o&er on or(anisms4
1. 8hat happen to the
-i&a%ents at
metaphase4
2. Are the sister
!hromati)s
separate)4
$roph
ase 1
Meta
phase
I
$rophase I -e(ins
5hen !hromosomes
thi!#en ans o)
shortene). Ea!h
!hromosome !onsists
o' )o*-%e !hromati)s.
A pair o' homo%o(o*s !hromosomes is %"in( si)e
-" si)e 0s"napse2 to 'orm a -i&a%ent. A -i&a%ent is
no5 ha&in( stran)s o' !hromati)s.
Crossin(. o&er 0 e+!han(e o' (enes 1 (eneti!
in'ormation2 -et5een the homo%o(o*s pair ma"
o!!*r0 at one or more %o!i 2 -et5een the mem-ers
o' homo%o(o*s pair. A site 5here !rossin(.o&er
ta#es p%a!e is !a%%e) !hiasmata.
Crossin(.o&er 5i%% res*%t in the &ariations o'
!hromosomes 0ea!h o' the res*%tin(
!hromosomes is no5 )i''erent (eniti!a%%" 'rom
the other !hromosomes in the !e%%. This in t*rn
5i%% !a*se &ariations in )a*(hter !e%%s 1 (ametes
0an) the ne5 or(anism 2
The homo%o(o*s pair 1
-i&a%ents %ine *p at
e:*atoria% p%ate3 he%) o&er
-" spin)%e 'i-res at the
!entromeres. A this sta(e 3
the homo%o(o*s pairs )o
not separate "et.
E:*atoria% p%ate
spin)%es

!eiosis
1.Are the )o*-%e
!hromati)s separate)4
2.8hat happen to the
-i&a%ents4
1.Are a%% the
!hromosomes i)enti!a%4
8h"4
2.8hat happen to the
!hromosomes an) the
n*!%ear mem-rane at this
sta(e 4
8hat happen to the !e%% at
this sta(e 4
1.8hat happen to the
!entrio%3 n*!%ear
mem-rane3 spin)%e 'i-res
an) !hromosomes at this
sta(e4
Do*-%e !hromati)s are not
"et separate)3 -*t ea!h
mem-er o' the
homo%o(o*s pair
separates an) mo&e to
opposite po%es o' the !e%%.
One o' the homo%o(o*s
pair is no5 resi)in( at one
po%e3 an) another one
resi)es at the opposite
po%e.
The n*!%ear mem-rane
reappear3 'ormin( t5o
n*!%ei or t5o )a*(hter
!e%%s.
This is 'o%%o5e) -" 0'irst2 !"to#inesis.
The interphase in -et5een meiosis I an) meiosis II is
norma%%" &er" short. There is no !e%% (ro5th an)
s"ntheis o' DNA.
Centrio%e mo&es to the
po%es3 !e%% mem-rane
)isappears an) spin)%e
'i--ers are 'orme).
The )o*-%e !hromati)s are
ran)om%" s!attere) in the
!"top%asm
Ana
phase
1
Te%o
phase 1
Inter
phase
$ro
phase II

!eiosis
1.9o5 is the -eha&io*r o' the
!hromosomes at this sta(e4
2.E+p%ain the arran(ement o'
the !hromosomes4
3.8hat is the nat*re o' the
!hromosomes at this sta(e4
1.8hat happen to the
!hromosomes at this sta(e 4
2.E+p%ain 4
1.Are there an" !han(es to
the n*!%e*s an) the
!hromosomes4
2.E+p%ain.
3.9o5 man" n*!%e*s are
'orme) a%to(ether4 9o5 man"
!hromosomes in ea!h n*!%e*s4

Meta
phase II
Ana
phase II
Te%o
phase II
Metaphase II -e(ins
5hen a%% the
!hromosomes are %ine)
*p at the e:*atoria% p%ate
an) it en)s *p 5hen the
!entromeres )i&i)e3
separatin( the )o*-%e
!hromati)s.
Anaphase II -e(ins
5hen ea!h mem-er o'
the )o*-%e !hromati)s
mo&e to the opposite
po%es o' the !e%%s )*e to
the !ontra!tion o'
spin)%e 'i-res ho%)in(
the !hromosomes.
A%% the !hromosomes
arri&e) at the po%es3
n*!%ear mem-rane
reappears s*rro*n)in( the
!hromosomes. The
!hromosomes e%on(ate
an) -e!ome thin a(ain.

!eiosis
1.8hat happen )*rin(
!"to#inesis4
2.9o5 man" )a*(hter !e%%s
are 'orme)4
3.9o5 man" !hromosomes
!ontaine) in ea!h )a*(hter
!e%%4
.Are the !hromosomes in a%%
)a*(hter !e%%s (eneti!a%%"
a%i#e 0 !arr" the same
(enes24 8h"4
<.Is there an" &ariations
amon( the )a*(hter !e%%s4
8h"4
=. 8hat is the !hromosoma%
n*m-er o' the )a*(hter
!e%%s4
C
Y
T
O
?
I
N
E
S
I
S
C"to#inesis !ommen!es as
soon as the n*!%e*s is
is'orme).
In anima% !e%%s the p%asma
mem-rane !onstri!ts in5ar)s
an) '*rro5s thro*(h the
!"top%asm a%on( the
e:*atoria% p%ates 0 o' 'irst an)
se!on) meiosis2 an) en)s at
the !entre3 'ormin( hap%oi)
!e%%s.
In p%ant !e%%s3 !e%% p%ate1 mi))%e %ame%%a !onsistin(
o' !a%!i*m pe!tate 'orms 'rom the !entra% part
o*t5ar)s a%on( the e:*atoria% p%ate. The !e%%*%ose
is -ein( )eposite) at -oth si)es o' the mi))%e
%ame%%a3 'ormin( ne5 !e%% 5a%%3 th*s )i&i)in( the !e%%
into 'o*r )a*(hter !e%%s.

!1I%&I& I AND II
simi%arities
)i''eren!es
'. &ynapsis of homologous chromosomes
2.
-.
4.
2.
) No synapsis of homologous cromosomes
)
)
)
)

!I/%&I& 3&. !1I%&I&
Aspe!ts !on!erne) meiosis mitosis
1. Site o' the pro!esses
2. N*m-er o' !e%% )i&isions
3. N*m-er o' rep%i!ations
. N*m-er o' !"to#inesis
<. Is there an" s"napsis4
=. Is there an" !rossin(.o&er
>. N*m-er o' )a*(hter !e%%s
A. N*m-er o' !hromosomes in
)a*(hter !e%%s
B. Geneti! !ontent o' )a*(hter
!e%%s
1C. 7o%e o' the pro!esses
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. m
. m
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
m
.
m
.

CELL
DIVISIONes
MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
CELL
CYCLE
Important 'or
COM$LETING MIND MA$ O6 CELL DIVISION
3 phases
2.mitosis
1.interphase
3.!"to#inesis
3 s*-.
sta(es
G1
S G2
Des!ri-e 5hat
happen4
Des!ri-e 5hat happen4 8hat happen4
i.eD sta(es o'
n*!%ear
)i&ision
1.
2.
3. .
!"to#inesis
G2
S
G1
Important 'or
si(ni'i!an!e
1.
2.
1.
2.
2 t"pes
Des!ri-e ea!h
sta(es o'
mitosis
Meiosis I Meiosis II
1.
2.
app%i!ation
1.
2.
3.
Di''eren!es
-et5een them
8hat4
Des!ri-e
meiosis I
an) II

A((4I.A/I%N %5 !I/%&I&
1. TISEE CELTE7E
A te!hni:*e in Biote!hno%o(" that in&o%&es the trans'er o' !e%%s 0stem !e%%s 21 tiss*e 'rom an
or(anism into a steri%e n*trient 1 !*%t*re me)i*m 'rom 5hi!h a ne5 tiss*e 1 or or(anism is
pro)*!e). The ne5 tiss*e th*s 'orme) is i)enti!a% 0 ha&in( the same (eneti! !omposition 2
to the parent tiss*e 1 !e%%s sin!e it is )e&e%ope) -" mitosis.
The steri%e !*%t*re me)i*m !ontains s*ita-%e n*trients3 en/"mes an) hormones to initiate
!e%% )i&ision in stem !e%%3 apart 'rom ha&in( s*ita-%e p9 an) optima% temperat*re 'or !e%%
(ro5th. The me)i*m nee)s to -e rep%a!e) an aerate) at s*ita-%e inter&a%s *nti% !a%%*s is
'orme). A !a%%*s is a (ro*p o' *n)i''erentiate) !e%%s 'orme) 'rom a stem !e%% -" mitoti!
)i&ision.
2. $reparin( tiss*e !*%t*re o' or!hi) p%ants
.The aeria% part 1 api!a% meristem o' an or!hi) p%ant is 5ashe) an) treate) 5ith 1CF
h"po!h%orite so%*tion.
.An e+p%ant is ta#en -" !*ttin( a-o*t mm o' the api!a% en) o' the shoot.
.The e+p%ant is !*%t*re) in steri%e n*trient me)i*m at the optima% temperat*re an) p9 that
ma" promote mitosis to ta#e p%a!e in or)er to 'orm !a%%*s.
.!a%%*s *n)er(oes mitosis an) )i''erentiation to 'orm shoots an) a)&entitio*s roots.


.4%NIN" %5 ANI!A4&
6ro(
spe!ies A
6ro(
spe!ies B
En'erti%i/e)
e(( is remo&e)
Li&er !e%% is
ta#en
N*!%e*s o' the
o&*m is
)estro"e) -"
e+pos*re to *&
%i(ht
N*!%e*s remo&e)
an) inserte) into
the o&*m
O&*m )e&e%ope)
into em-rio 1
ta)po%e
A !%one
in)i&i)*a%

A((4I.A/I%N %5 !I/%&I&
2. $ENG?LONAN TEMBE9AN
.pa)a t*m-*han )i%a#*#an me%a%*i pen(#*%t*ran tis*3 men((*na#an #a%*s "an( te%ah
)ihasi%#an.
.hormon0 a*#sin )an sito#inin22 tertent* )itam-ah *nt*# meran(san( mitosis )an
pem-e/aan mem-ent*# #%on 0 in)i&i)* -ar* 2
3. $ENG?LONAN 9AI8AN
.-iasan"a men((*na#an se% te%*r ti)a# )ien"a5a#an )an se% soma e(. Se% hati 1 *s*s.
.Se% te%*r )isinari o%eh sinar ra)ioa#ti' *nt*# mem*snah#an n*#%e*sn"a. N*#%e*s )aripa)a
se% hati 1 *s*s )ipin)ah#an 0 se!ara s*nti#an 2 #e )a%am se% te%*r "an( tia)a n*#%e*s it*.
.Se% te%*r it* )i#*%t*r#an )a%am me)i*m #*%t*r "an( ses*ai. Ia a#an men(a%ami mitosis
)an -er#em-an( mem-ent*# #%on hai5an1 hai5an -ar* "an( seiras )en(an in)*#.
?e-ai#an mitosis;
1. Ciri.!iri -ai#1-er#*a%iti in)*# )apat )ipi%ih )an )i#e#a%#an pa)a ana#.ana#
2. Bi%an(an #%on 1 ana# "an( -an"a# )apat )ihasi%#an )a%am masa "an( sin(#at.
3. Ana#.ana# "an( )ihasi%#an a)a%ah ser*pa1sama )ari se(i potensi men(e%*ar#an hasi% )an
#erintan(an terha)ap pen"a#it
?e-*r*#an mitosis;
1. 7intan(an terha)ap pen"a#it )i #a%an(an or(anisma a)a%ah sama men"e-a-#an
#ese%*r*han or(anisma -o%eh m*snah ,i#a -er%a#* 5a-a#1,an(#itan pen"a#it ata*
seran(an o%eh perosa#
2. $en(#%onan )i%a#*#an )a%am #ea)aan ter#a5a%. $er*-ahan #ea)aan perse#itaran %*ar
"an( -esar -o%eh mem*snah#an or(anisma 1 t*m-*han #%on.

MITOSIS ENDE7 CONT7OL
6a#ta . ter)apat (en tertent* pa)a #romosom "an( men(a5a% #itar se% )an proses mitosis.
Mitosis "an( ter#a5a% . -er%a#* pa)a /on meristem 1 h*,*n( p*!*# )an h*,*n( a#ar t*m-*han
)an %apisan Ma%phi(i pa)a #*%it
. pentin( *nt*# pert*m-*han )an per#em-an(an tis* "an( norma% 1
se!ara norma% )an pen((antian tis*.tis* "an( rosa#1 !e)era )an
peme%iharaan tis*.

ENCONT7OLLED MITOSIS
Mitosis -o%eh men,a)i ti)a# ter#a5a% a#i-at per*-ahan pa)a (en 0 "an( men(a5a% mitosis 2
ata* #erana m*tasi (en a#i-at pen)e)ahan se% terha)ap sinar *%tra.*n(* "an( me%ampa*3 o%eh
&ir*s ata* -ahan #imia m*ta(eni# seperti perasa 3 pe5arna )a%am ma#anan3 pestisi)3 her-isi)
)an %ain.%ain.
Se% a#an mem-aha(i )en(an !epat )an ti)a# ter#a5a% %a%* mem-ent*# se% t*mor 1
#et*m-*han. t*mor -eni(na 0 ti)a# mer-aha"a 2 ata* t*mor me%i(nan 0 mere-a# )en(an !epat
#e tempat %ain tis* 1 or(an2 "an( mer-aha"a. T*mor me%i(nan men"e-a-#an #anser. Ia -o%eh
mere-a# me%a%*i pere)aran )arah )an sistem %im'a.
'
2
-
4

5R11 A&&%R/!1N/& %5 .6R%!%&%!1& D7RIN" !1I%&I&
?om-inasi 1 ?om-inasi 2
The tota% n*m-er o' !om-ination @ 2
n
0 n@ the hap%oi) n*m-er o' !hromosome in !e%% 2
n @ 2
2 pasan(
#romosom
homo%o(
The tota%
n*m-er o'
!om-inations o'
!hromosomes is

Setiap se% ana#

menerima sat*
)aripa)a
pasan(an
#romosom
homo%o(
?romati)
-er#em-ar
-erpisah
memas*#i se%.
se% ana# "an(
-er-e/a
Sepaation
o' -i&a%ents
Separation
o' )o*-%e
!hromati)s
Meta
phase I
!etaphase II
(ametes
Meta
phase I
!etaphase II
(ametes