Course Title: Medical Sciences I Number: 7221 Unit Title: Muscular System Suggested Time for Instruction: 5 class periods (90 minute classes 11 class periods (55 minute classes Course Percent: ! " Unit Evaluation: 100 " #o$niti%e &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Competency: M'0!( )naly*e the anatomy and physiolo$y o+ the muscles( Specific Objectives M'0!(01 'escri,e the structure o+ the muscles( M'0!(02 )naly*e the +unction o+ the muscular system( M'0!(0- )naly*e characteristics and treatment o+ common muscle disorders( Summer 2005 .(1 Unit F Master Outline F. Muscular System MD06.01 Describe the structure of the muscles )( Muscles 1( /early hal+ our 0ei$ht comes +rom muscle tissue 2( 1here are !50 di++erent muscles in the human ,ody -( Muscles $i%e shape and +orm 2( Muscles produce ,ody heat 3( 1ypes o+ muscles 1( 4oluntary a( S5eletal 6 muscles attached to ,one ,( 1he sarcolemma is the cell mem,rane 2( In%oluntary a( Smooth (%isceral 6 +ound in internal or$ans ,( #ardiac 6 +ound in heart -( Sphincter 6 circular muscles in openin$s ,et0een esopha$us and stomach7 anus and urethra #( 8rincipal s5eletal muscles 1( 3iceps ,rachii 2( 3rachioradialis -( 3uccinator 2( 'eltoid 5( 'iaphra$m !( E9ternal o,li:ue 7( Hamstrin$s ;( <astrocnemius 9( <luteus ma9imus 10( <luteus medius 11( Intercostal muscles 12( =atissiumus dorsi 1-( Masseter 12( 8ectoralis ma>or 15( ?uadriceps +emoris 1!( @ectus a,dominus 17( @ectus +emoris 1;( Sartorius 19( Soleus ma>or 20( Sternocleidomastoid 21( 1i,ialis anterior 22( 1rape*ius 2-( 1riceps ,rachii 22( 4astus lateralis 25( 4astus medialis MD06.02 Analyze the function of the muscular system )( @esponsi,le +or: 1( 3ody mo%ement 2( 8osture -( 3ody heat 3( #haracteristics Summer 2005 .(2 1( #ontracti,ility 6 muscle ,ecomes shorter and thic5er causin$ muscle mo%ement 2( E9cita,ility 6 respond to stimuli -( E9tensi,ility 6 a,ility to stretch muscles 2( Elasticity 6 a,ility to return to ori$inal len$th #( Mo%ement 1( Muscles mo%e ,ones ,y pullin$ on them 2( <roups o+ muscles usually contract to produce a sin$le mo%ement 1( Motor unit 6 a motor neuron plus all the muscle +i,ers it stimulates 2( /euromuscular >unction 6 >unction ,et0een the motor neuronAs +i,er 0hich transmits the impulse7 and the muscle cell mem,rane -( )cetylcholine 6 chemical neurotransmitter7 di++uses across the synaptic cle+t (carries impulse across synaptic cle+t 2( Muscle +ati$ue 6 caused ,y the accumulation o+ lactic acid in the muscles 5( O9y$en de,t 6 a+ter e9ercise7 the amount o+ o9y$en needed ,y the muscle to chan$e lactic acid ,ac5 to $lucose -( 'iaphra$m 6 dome&shaped muscle7 separates a,dominal and thoracic ca%ity7 aids in ,reathin$ '( Muscle tone 6 muscles sli$htly contracted and ready E( E9ercise and trainin$ MD06.0 !"entify characteristics an" treatment of common muscle "isor"ers )( #onditions 1( )trophy 6 0astin$ a0ay o+ muscle due to lac5 o+ use 2( Hypertrophy 6 an increase in the si*e o+ the muscle cell -( #ontracture 6 ti$htenin$ or shortenin$ o+ a muscle 2( .lat +eet (talipes 6 0ea5enin$ o+ le$ muscles that support arch7 do0n0ard pressure on +oot +lattens arches7 @9 0ith e9ercise7 massa$e and correcti%e shoes( 5( Hernia 6 or$ans protrude throu$h 0ea5 muscle !( Muscular dystrophy 6 $roup o+ diseases in 0hich muscle cells deteriorate 7( Myasthenia $ra%is 6 pro$ressi%e muscular 0ea5ness and paralysis7 sometimes death7 cause un5no0n7 +atal 0hen respiratory muscles are paraly*ed ;( 1etanus (=oc5>a0 In+ectious disease7 continuous spasms o+ %oluntary muscles7 ,acteria enters ,ody throu$h puncture 0ound7 pre%ent ,y anti& to9oid %accine 9( 1orticollis (Bry nec5 6 in+lammation o+ trape*ius andCor sternocleidomastoid muscle 3( In>ury and o%eruse 1( Strain 6 muscle tear7 symps are pain and s0ellin$7 @9 6 ice pac5s 2( Muscle spasm (cramp 6 sustained contraction o+ muscle -( Myal$ia 6 muscle pain 2( 1endonitis 6 in+lammation o+ tendon #( 1reatment 1( Massa$e 2( IM in>ections Summer 2005 .(- Daily #esson $lans Unit F: Muscular System #essons: 5 %ours: 7 1C2 cloc5 hours Ste&s #esson '1 #esson '2 #esson ' !ocus and "evie# In $roups7 ha%e students ,rainstorm the relationship ,et0een the s5eletal and muscular systems( (1his is a thin5in$ acti%ity( <o around the room and ha%e students as5 the :uestions they 0rote do0n at the end o+ class yesterday( See i+ +ello0 students can +i$ure out the correct ans0ers( Help and clari+y as necessary( Dse the EMuscle .unction Matchin$F assi$nment as a :ui*( #orrect the :ui* in class( #ollect inde9 card assi$nment( Statement of Objectives O,>ecti%e M'0!(01 'escri,e the structure o+ the muscles( O,>ecti%e M'0!(02 )naly*e the +unction o+ the muscular system( O,>ecti%e M'0!(0- )naly*e characteristics and treatment o+ common muscle disorders( Teac$er Input )ssi$n students in pairs( Ha%e pairs complete the @eadin$ <uide +or the muscular system( Bhen all teams are +inished 0ith their readin$ $uide7 the teacher should use the o%erheads to re%ie0 the muscular system 0hile students correct their 0or5( Dsin$ the o%erheads7 re%ie0 muscle anatomy( Students should +ollo0 alon$ 0ith the model they illustrated +or home0or5( I+ there is a muscle chart or model in the classroom7 students should ,e as5ed to point out muscles as they are discussed( @e%ie0 ma>or diseases and disorders o+ the muscular system usin$ o%erhead transparency masters( %uided Practice Bhen teams complete the @eadin$ <uide assi$nment7 ha%e them ,e$in 0or5 on the muscle I' assi$nment( (M'0!(01# Ha%e students 0rite an e9planation o+ their +a%orite sport or ho,,y7 usin$ muscle anatomy and physiolo$y to descri,e the mo%ements( =et them read their short stories in class 0hile classmates $uess the sport or ho,,y( <o to the schoolAs Internet la,( Ha%e students complete the Muscular 'ystrophy Be, @e%ie0 assi$nment( Independent Practice #omplete the muscle I' assi$nment( Brite 10 +ill&in&the ,lan5 :uestions +rom this unit or +rom the s5eletal system( 1hese :uestions should ,e 0ritten on one side o+ a -G5F inde9 card 0ith the correct ans0er on the ,ac5( )ssi$n $roups in pairs to use the HOS) #H' $uidelines and research a health career related to the muscular system( In their presentation7 they should tal5 a,out ho0 the chosen pro+essional treats muscular disorders( Closure )s5 students to thin5 a,out 0hat they learned today7 and 0rite do0n one :uestion they ha%e a,out the muscular system( Ha%e students stand and point to a muscle as the teacher calls out the muscle term( 1ell students they 0ill ,e ha%in$ a $uest spea5er tomorro0( Ha%e each student 0rite - :uestions they e9pect to ha%e ans0ered a,out the $uest spea5erAs pro+ession( &aterials Handouts 6 @eadin$ <uide and Muscle I' #olored pencils O%erheads O%erheads Handouts 6 Muscle .unction Matchin$ and M' Be, @e%ie0 )ssi$nment #H' <uidelines Summer 2005 .(2 Summer 2005 .(5 Unit F: Muscular System ()ontinue"* Ste&s #esson '+ #esson ', !ocus and "evie# )s5 :uestions +rom inde9 cards that students created durin$ lesson H2( )s5 5 re%ie0 :uestions +rom the spea5er( Statement of Objectives O,>ecti%e M'0!(0- )naly*e characteristics and treatment o+ common muscle disorders( O,>ecti%e M'0!(0- )naly*e characteristics and treatment o+ common muscle disorders( Teac$er Input <uest spea5er +or appro9imately -0 minutes( )llo0 a student to introduce the spea5er( Students should ha%e the :uestions they 0rote in +ront o+ them7 and +ill in the ans0ers as they are $i%en ,y the spea5er( 1hey may as5 any :uestions not ans0ered +ollo0in$ the spea5ers presentation( )llo0 students to $i%e #H' presentations modi+ied to allo0 +or a 5 minute e9planation o+ the career and related muscular disorders( (1his 0ill ta5e the +irst hal+ o+ class( %uided Practice )llo0 students remainin$ class time to 0or5 on #areer Health 'isplays( 1ES1 6 Muscular System I+ time permits7 $rade test in class( Independent Practice )llo0 students remainin$ class time to 0or5 on #areer Health 'isplays( )llo0 students to correct test and turn it in +or a re0ard or ,onus points( Closure @emind students a,out #areer Health 'isplay presentations and 1est( I+ time permits7 play HOS) 3o0l 0ith inde9 card :uestions( &aterials <uest spea5er intro in+ormation 1est #H' ratin$ sheet Summer 2005 .(! Unit F: Muscular System -erminolo.y #ist 1( acetylcholine 2( ,iceps ,rachii -( ,rachioradialis 2( ,uccinator 5( cardiac muscle !( contracta,ility 7( deltoid ;( diaphra$m 9( elasticity 10( e9cita,ility 11( e9tensi,ility 12( e9ternal o,li:ue 1-( hamstrin$s 12( $astrocnemius 15( $luteus ma9imus 1!( $luteus medius 17( intercostal muscles 1;( in%oluntary 19( latissimus dorsi 20( masseter 21( motor unit 22( muscle +ati$ue 2-( muscle tone 22( neuromuscular >unction 25( o9y$en de,t 2!( rectus +emoris 27( pectoralis ma>or 2;( :uadriceps +emoris 29( rectus a,dominis -0( sarcolemma -1( sartorius -2( s5eletal muscle --( smooth muscle -2( soleus ma>or -5( sphincter -!( sternocleidomastoid -7( ti,ialis anterior -;( trape*ius -9( triceps ,rachii 20( %astus lateralis 21( %astus medialis 22( %oluntary Disor"ers an" /elate" -erminolo.y 1( atrophy 2( contractures -( +lat +eet (talipes 2( hernia 5( hypertrophy !( intramuscular in>ection 7( massa$e ;( muscular dystrophy 9( myal$ia 10( myasthenia $ra%is 11( spasm 12( strain 1-( tendonitis 12( tetanus 15( torticollis Appendix MD06.01A Summer 2005 .(7 /ame IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 'ate IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII /ea"in. 0ui"e: -he Muscular System Alone + $airs Small 0rou&s 1hole )lass S5im :uic5ly throu$h pa$es 92 & 111 in your 3ody Structures and .unctions ,oo5( =oo5 at pictures and headin$s( Brite do0n 0hat you thin5 this section 0ill ,e a,out( (10 pts( + 'iscuss and 0rite do0n all you already 5no0 a,out the +ollo0in$ topics ,e+ore you ,e$an your readin$( 1( Bhat are the - types o+ muscleJ (2 pts( 2( Ho0 are the types o+ muscles ali5e and ho0 are they di++erentJ (2 pts( -( Ho0 do s5eletal muscles 0or5J (2 pts( + Bhisper read (read so+tly to$ether pa$es 9- to the top o+ pa$e 97 (stop 0hen you $et to the section E Sources o+ Ener$y and Heat(F (2 pts( Bith your hand on your ,iceps7 ,end your arm up0ard at the el,o0( 'escri,e 0hat you +eel related to the ,iceps muscle( (5 pts( Summer 2005 .(; 'esi$n your o0n s5eletal muscle on a piece o+ ;F 9 10F 0hite paper( =a,el and de+ine its parts includin$: ori$in7 insertion7 ,ody7 and tendons( 'escri,e 0hat mo%ements your muscle 0ill cause( (20 pts( @ead pa$es 97 to the top o+ pa$e 99( (5 pts( + @e%ie0 0ith your partner in+ormation on these pa$es( 3e sure to ha%e a clear understandin$ o+ the +ollo0in$ %oca,ulary 0ords: (2 pts( each motor unit neuromuscular >unction acetylcholine muscle +ati$ue muscle tone isotonic contractions isometric contractions Ka5e has decided to impro%e his appearance ,y e9ercisin$( He 0ould li5e to ,uild up his chest and shoulder muscles so he loo5s ,etter in the tan5 tops he is +ond o+ 0earin$( He has decided to play rac:uet,all e%eryday as his primary trainin$ pro$ram ,ecause he 5no0s that he 0ill use his upper ,ody muscles in this sport( )+ter his +irst $ame o+ rac:uet,all7 you as5 him ho0 he li5es his ne0 sport and he can hardly ans0er you & he seems out o+ ,reath( Is Ka5eAs plan li5ely to help him meet his $oalJ Ho0 do you e9plain his ,reathin$ di++icultiesJ (10 pts( Summer 2005 .(9 + One o+ you needs to stand in a door0ay and 0ith your palms a$ainst the door>am, +or 2 minutes( )+ter the 2 minutes is up7 ha%e your partner step a0ay and rela9 their arms (let them $o limp( Bhat happened and 0hy do you thin5 it did happenJ (10 pts( #on$ratulationsL 1he +our or +i%e o+ you at the Muscular Mo%in$ )d )$ency ha%e ,een hired to produce a ,rochure 0hich 0ill pro%ide a lu9ury tour throu$h the Muscular System( Mou must hi$hli$ht the trendy spots7 spotli$ht the e9citin$ acti%ities7 and also 0arn the prospecti%e $uest o+ any dan$ers or special precautions they mi$ht need to ta5e( Mou may us dra0in$s7 computer $raphics7 photo$raphs +rom ma$a*ines7 etc( Bhene%er possi,le7 type all 0ritten parts o+ the ,rochure( 3E #@E)1I4EL Mou 0ill present you ,rochure to the class and they 0ill %ote on 0hich team $ets the contract( Include a lot o+ your %oca,ulary 0ords( (20 pts( Appendix MD06.01B Summer 2005 .(10 Muscle Anatomy #olor the +ollo0in$ structures 6 and ,e sure to identi+y your color scheme( 4astus medialis 1i,ialis anterior 1rape*ius Sartorius 3iceps ,rachii 1riceps ,rachii @ectus +emoris @ectus a,dominis 'eltoid 8ectoralis ma>or Sternocleidomastoid 3rachioradialis E9ternal o,li:ue 4astus lateralis <astrocnemius Soleus ma>or Appendix MD06.01C Summer 2005 .(11 Summer 2005 .(12 Muscle Math @ound ans0ers to the nearest 0hole num,er( 1( Bhat percenta$e o+ muscle 0ei$ht 0ould you ha%e i+ !0 pounds out o+ 120 pounds is muscle 0ei$htJ 2( I+ you 5no0 out o+ 120 pounds7 !0 pounds is muscle 0ei$ht7 0hat is the muscle 0ei$ht o+ a 200 pound maleJ -( Bhat 0ould the muscle 0ei$ht ,e on an ;0 pound +emaleJ (Dse in+ormation +rom H1 2( I+ muscle 0ei$ht is 90 pounds7 ho0 much does the person 0ei$hJ 5( I+ muscle 0ei$ht is 25 pounds7 ho0 much does the person 0ei$hJ Appendix MD06.02B Summer 2005 .(1- -he Muscular System 2-he $o3er System4 1or5in. in &airs6 &erform the follo3in. e7ercises. Alternate one rea"in. the tas5 an" the other &erformin. it. Ma5e sure both of you coul" "emonstrate these tas5s in front of the class if as5e" to. 8ou may use your te7tboo5 if you nee" a reference for the muscles. 1. Ab"uct fin.ers. 12. 97ten" foot. 2. Fle7 ri.ht forearm 1. Fle7 &ectoralis ma:or. . A""uct arm 1+. )ontract .astrocnemius. +. Fle7 le.. 1,. )ontract tibialis anterior. ,. 97ten" le.. 16. 97ten" ;ua"rice&s. 6. Fle7 fin.ers 1<. Fle7 bice&s. <. )ontract "ia&hra.m. 1=. )ontract ab"ominal muscles =. )ontract "ia&hra.m. 1>. Fle7 an" rotate sartorius. >. )ontract masseter. 20. 97ten"?contract .luteal ma7imus. 10. Fle7 masseter. 21. 97ten" tra&ezius. 11. Fle7 foot. 22. )ontract?ab"uct "eltoi". Appendix MD06.02C Summer 2005 .(12 S5eletal System an" Muscle System /e@ie3 T$e &acarena 1( E9tend ri$ht =atissimus 'orsi and 1riceps and a,duct to the +ront o+ your ,ody( Metacarpals 7 carpals7 and phalan$es should ,e pronated( 2( E9tend le+t =atissimus 'orsi and 1riceps and a,duct to the +ront o+ your ,ody( Metacarpals7 carpals7 and phalan$es should ,e pronated( -( E9tend ri$ht =atissimus 'orsi and 1riceps and a,duct to the +ront o+ your ,ody( Metacarpals7 carpals7 and phalan$es should ,e in supination( 2( E9tend le+t =atissimus 'orsi and 1riceps and a,duct to the +ront o+ your ,ody( Metacarpals7 carpals7 and phalan$es should ,e in supination( 5( .le9 ri$ht 3iceps and place ri$ht phalan$es and metacarpals on le+t scapula( !( .le9 le+t 3iceps and place le+t phalan$es and metacarpals on ri$ht scapula( 7( @otate ri$ht arm a,out 90 de$rees7 +le9 ri$ht ,iceps7 and place ri$ht metacarpals and phalan$es on occipital ,one( ;( @otate le+t arm a,out 90 de$rees7 +le9 le+t ,iceps7 and place le+t metacarpals and phalan$es on occipital ,one( 9( E9tend ri$ht =atissimus 'orsi and 0ith ri$ht 3iceps sli$htly +le9ed7 adduct and place ri$ht metacarpals and phalan$es on le+t ilium( 10( E9tend le+t =atissimus 'orsi and 0ith le+t 3iceps sli$htly +le9ed7 adduct andplace le+t metacarpals and phalan$es on ri$ht ilium( 11( E9tend ri$ht =atissimus 'orsi and 0ith ri$ht 3iceps sli$htly +le9ed7 rotate the ri$ht 'eltoid 90 de$rees and place ri$ht metacarpals and phalan$es on ri$ht $luteus medius( 12( E9tend le+t =atissimus 'orsi and 0ith le+t 3iceps sli$htly +le9ed7 rotate the le+t 'eltoid 90 de$rees and place le+t metacarpals and phalan$es on le+t $luteus medius( 1-( @otate $luteus ma9imus and $luteus minimus as 0ell as the entire pel%is three times( 12( 8lantar&+le9 ,ilateral metatarsals and phalan$es( .le9 hamstrin$ muscles ,ilateral 0hile rotatin$ sel+ a :uarter turn to the side( E9tend :uadriceps $roup and start o%er( Appendix MD06.02D Summer 2005 .(15 Summer 2005 .(1! Unit F: Muscular System O4E@HE)' 1@)/S8)@E/#M M)S1E@S Summer 2005 .(17 MUS)U#A/ S8S-9M 2the &o3er system4 Aearly half our 3ei.ht comes from muscle tissue. -here are 6,0 "ifferent muscles in the human bo"y. Muscles .i@e us form an" sha&e. Muscles &ro"uce most of our bo"y heat. -%/99 MA!A FUA)-!OAS 1. /es&onsible for all bo"y mo@ement. 2. /es&onsible for bo"y form an" sha&e (&osture* . /es&onsible for bo"y heat an" maintainin. bo"y tem&erature. SB9#9-A# -8$9S OF MUS)#9S SMOO-% )A/D!A) Summer 2005 .(1; S5eletal Muscle Attache" to bone Striate" (stri&e"* a&&earance CO#UA-A/8 Multinucleate" muscle cell bun"les (muscle cells D muscle fibers* SA/)O#9MMA D cell membrane )ontract ;uic5ly6 fati.ue easily6 canEt maintain contraction for lon. &erio" of time Smooth Muscle Cisceral (or.an* muscle Foun" in 3alls of "i.esti@e system6 uterus an" bloo" @essels )ells small an" s&in"leFsha&e" !ACO#UA-A/8 )ontrolle" by autonomic ner@ous system Act slo3ly6 "o not tire easily6 can remain contracte" for lon. time )ar"iac Muscle Foun" only in the heart Striate" an" branche" !n@oluntary )ells are fuse" G 3hen one contracts6 they all contract Summer 2005 .(19 !n@oluntary D s&ecial circular muscles in o&enin.s of eso&ha.us an" stomach6 stomach an" small intestine6 anus6 urethra an" mouth. )%A/A)-9/!S-!)S OF MUS)#9S )OA-/A)-!H!#!-8 G the ability of a muscle to re"uce the "istance bet3een the &arts of its contents or the s&ace it surroun"s. 9I)!-9AH!#!-8 (!//!-AH!#!-8* G the ability to res&on" to certain stimuli by &ro"ucin. im&ulses. 9I-9AS!H!#!-8 G the ability to be stretche". 9#AS-!)!-8 G ability of muscle to return to its ori.inal len.th 3hen rela7in.. Summer 2005 .(20 MOC9M9A- 1. Muscles mo@e bones by &ullin. on them. As a muscle contracts6 it &ulls the insertion bone closer to the ori.in bone. Mo@ement occurs at the :oint bet3een the ori.in an" the insertion. /ule: A muscleEs insertion bone mo@es to3ar" its ori.in bone. 2. 0rou&s of muscles usually contract to &ro"uce a sin.le mo@ement. MO-O/ UA!- G a motor neuron &lus all the muscle fibers it stimulates. A9U/OMUS)U#A/ JUA)-!OA G the :unction bet3een the motor neuronEs fiber 3hich transmits the im&ulse G an" the muscle cell membrane. A)9-8#)%O#!A9 G chemical neurotransmitter6 "iffuses across the syna&tic cleft (carries im&ulse across syna&tic cleft* MUS)#9 FA-!0U9 G cause" by the accumulation of lactic aci" in the muscles. Summer 2005 .(21 OI809A D9H- G after e7ercise6 the amount of o7y.en nee"e" by the muscle to chan.e lactic aci" bac5 to .lucose. MUS)#9 -OA9 F 1hen muscles are sli.htly contracte" an" rea"y to &ull. D!A$%/A0M G DomeFsha&e" muscle that se&arates the ab"ominal an" thoracic ca@ities6 ai"s in breathin.
Summer 2005 .(22 'iaphra$m +lattens 0hen you ,reathe in( Summer 2005 .(2- Summer 2005 .(22 Disor"ers an" /elate" -erminolo.y A-/O$%8 G 3astin. a3ay of muscle "ue to lac5 of use. %8$9/-/O$%8 G an increase in the size of the muscle cell. S-/A!A G tear in the muscle resultin. from e7cessi@e use. Hlee"in. insi"e the muscle can result in &ain an" s3ellin.. !ce &ac5s 3ill hel& sto& blee"in. an" re"uce s3ellin.. MUS)#9 S$ASM (cram&* G sustaine" contraction of the muscle6 usually because of o@eruse. M8A#0!A G muscle &ain %9/A!A G or.ans can &rotru"e throu.h this 3ee5 muscle. F#A- F99- (-A#!$9S* G 3ea5enin. of le. muscles that su&&ort the arch6 "o3n3ar" &ressure on the foot e@entually flattens out the arches. )on"ition can be hel&e" by e7ercise6 massa.e an" correcti@e shoes. Summer 2005 .(25 -9-AAUS (loc5:a3* G !nfectious "isease6 continuous s&asms of @oluntary muscles6 cause" by a to7in from the bacillus clostri"ium tetani6 enters the bo"y throu.h &uncture 3oun". $re@ente" by an antiFto7oi" @accine. -O/-!)O##!S (3ry nec5* G may be "ue to an inflammation of the tra&ezius an"?or sternoclei"omastoi" muscle. MUS)U#A/ D8S-/O$%8 G .rou& of "iseases in 3hich muscle cells "eteriorate. Most common is Duchenne Muscular Dystro&hy6 cause" by a .enetic "efect. M8AS-%9A!A 0/AC!S G &ro.ressi@e muscular 3ea5ness an" &aralysis6 sometimes "eath. )ause un5no3n. Fatal 3hen res&iratory muscles are &aralyze". -9ADOA!-!S G inflammation of a ten"on )OA-/A)-U/9 G ti.htenin. or shortenin. of a muscle.