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ISBN 974-269-3307



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(Time & Space) (
)












(Zeus)
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,
Calendar calendarium
account book
_______________________________________
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()

(Calendric
system)














(epoch) (period) (era)




Obelisk





(Tuesday) Tiw
Woden
Thor



(spotted cats ear) : .
(African Marigold) : .
: . (Evening Primrose)
: .

.. (Giovanni de
Condi) (Padua)

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(
)



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(, , , ...)
(, , , ...)
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.

Leap
Year
,




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[ ..]

Sunday Monday

- (Anglo-Saxon)
(Teutonic) Tuesday Tiu
Tiw ( Tyr) Woden
Wednesday Thursday Thors day
Friday Frigg
Woden Saturday
Saturns day
. :








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,
(Obelisk)



(Obelisk)


,



(Merkhet)
(Meridian)


(hemicycle)
(Vitruvius)

16


(Amenhotep I)
, ..
(Clepsidras) ..






(Andronikos)
Tower of the Winds

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11

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(Peter Henlein)


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(Christiaan Huygens)
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..
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(Greenwich standard time)
The Royal Greenwich Observatory

(Greenwich Mean Time)


GMT .. ..
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Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) ..

(atomic time)

International Meridian Conference

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(Time zone)
.

, Calendar
moneylenders account book



Calendar
(The Crusades
)








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(watches)




()


, ,



(beru) (gesh)





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( )



/





( -Julian calendar)




(Sirius)

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(Stonehenge)
,




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()
( )







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/
Common Era


Common Era






.


(Aryabhata) .. (Varahamihira)



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. ,,
.
,,
,,
,

,


,,





( / )

()

( + )
.. ..
.. ..
..

...... ( )

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(Shang Yin) ,

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(regnal
period)



( , ..)
... / ... (,..)

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-






/

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/




( )

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(Mecca)
(Medina)

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.
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(
)



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Anna Mundi








Summer solstice ( )








/
Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junlius, Fquintilis,
Sextilis, September, October, November, December

(Numa Pompilius) January

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February
February January
March

/



(Julius Caesar)
(Julian Calendar)

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(Alexandrian Sosigenes)

(Gregory XIII)
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(Vernal equinox) ..
(Council of Nicaea)
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.

( , , , ...)


( )
..
_______________________________________

() vernal equinox ()
autumnal equinox vernal equinox

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..
.. ..
.. .. ..
..
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AUC
ab urbis condita
anno urbis conditae
BC (Before Christ)
AD (anno Domini )

(Easter Day)
(Dionysius Exiguus - ..
) .. (St. Paul I)

AUC ()



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.. / ..

(Pope John XIII, .. -)
..




(The Indiction) ..





(The Era of Spain)



( ..)


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(The Era of Passion)



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. .........

(Megasthenes)

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(Seleucus I Nicator) (Seleucid Empire)

( ) ..
()

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( )







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.. - ..

_______________________________________
Seleucus I Nicator

- .. Seleucus I Nicator

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.. (.. )


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.. .. .. ..

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(
)
( )
.. .. ( )


() ( )




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(Akbar)






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( )





(Oracle bones)

,
(
.. - ..)

/
/


(Metonic cycle)
(- ..)
(Meton)

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. () () ()
() () ()
() .....()


()
-

( )
( = )


,






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.....


()








( )







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(.. -)
(.. -)
..
..




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.. ..
(Umar I) [, Caliph] ..
- (Muharram)
..



(Dhu alhijjah)

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(qadi )
(Mufti )



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(Mustafa
Kemal Ataturk)

.. -)

..
..

(-)

45

(-)

CE
(Christian Era) BCE (Before Christian Era)

CE Common Era




.. / ..



(Decades)

-

..
An I ( )

46



Vendmiaire, , Brumaire,
, Frimaire,
Nivse, , Pluvise, ,
Ventse,
Germinal, , Floral,
, Prairial,
Messidor, , Thermidor,
, Fructidor,


.. ..


(World Calendar)
.. ..





(The International Fixed Calendar)

47

, ,

(Bordier Frre)
..

(Perpetual Calendar)



48

(Jean Antoine Lepine) ..


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(power of assimilation)





















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. :



() ()
()





() ( )
( ) ( ) () () ( )
() () () ( ) ( )

( )
() () ()
() ()

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( . . )
( ) (. .)
( ) . . )

.

(, )

()

_______________________________________


.-. .
.-. .
.-. .
.-. .
.-. .
.-. .
.-. .
.-. .
.-. .
.-. .
.-. .
.-. .
.-. .
.-. .
.-. .
.-.

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(.-. .)
(.-..) (.-..)
(.-..)




. .
. . . .














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( )
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(
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(. - . .)
(. - . .) (. - . .)



(
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...

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( ...)

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/ ...





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. ()

.

() ()
() ( )
. () / . / . () / . /
. / . / . / . / . / . / . ()
.

,







()

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I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X

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..
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(.. ) (.. )

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60

61
.



(

_______________________________________
.. (. ),

,

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()
()
()

()

..




,

..
_______________________________________

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,

( + = )

()
,


..

..









..



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( )




.. / (
)

..

-


..



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_______________________________________

,
, ( : , ), .

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()
(.. - )


.

_______________________________________
, (:
, ), -.

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/ ..

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(
)


.. ..

.. .. .. ..
.. ..

-

(Pyu) . . (G. H.
Luce)






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..

George Washington was born February
, , o.s o.s
old style ( )


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.. .. .. ..

( )

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(tambour)
(Caspar Werner)
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.
( )


(
)

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( )
() (
) ..





()



(
)








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_______________________________________
, (: , ),
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. -
. -
. -
. -
. -

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. -
. -
. -
. -
. -
. -



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, ..


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.. + =
..






...[]






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...
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vernal equinox
vernal equinox
( . )
( . )
.
.

81

.
= A-B
A (.. .) + .

.. - - _________
.. - + _________
.. -
_________

A - B
..

A =
B =

(.) + .
________________________

- - _________
- + _________
-
_________

= - + =
A - B = - =

() + () +
() + () ..


( )

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() ...
() ...
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/
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() (
)
()


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()




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_______________________________________
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, , .
(: , ) .

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()


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. : , ,

(decade) (century)
(millennium)
decade

s 1980s

Random House Websters
Unabridged Dictionary decade a period of ten years
beginning with a year whose last digit is zero: the decade of the 1980s



.. - -


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.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..
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+
..
+
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+


.. (+)

..
()
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91






.......




_______________________________________
,
, (: ,

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.





















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()




( )


94

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(Gregory XIII)

95

B.C. Law, On the Chronicles of Ceylon, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal


Monograph Series, Vol. 3, 1947.
Bonnie Blackburn and Leofranc Holford-Strevens, The Oxford Companion to
the Year, An Explanation of Calendar Customs and Time-Reckoning,
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Burton Watson, Early Chinese Literature, New York: Columbia University
Press, 1962.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, CD-Rom, 2002.
G.H. Luce, Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma: Language and History, Vol. 1,
Oxford University Press, 1981, pp. 47-48.
J.C. Eade, The Thai Historical Record: A Computer Analysis, Tokyo, The
Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies for Unesco, The Toyo Bunko, 1996.
May Aung, The Burmese Era, Journal of the Burma Research Society, 2,
2 (1912), pp. 197-203.
Sao Saimong Mangrai, Chula Sakraja and the Sixty Cyclical Year Names,
Journal of the Siam Society, 69, 1+2 (Jan.-Jun. 1981), pp. 4-6.
Victor Lieberman, How Reliable is U Kalas Burmese Chronicle, Some New
Commparisons, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 17, 2 (Sept. 1987),
pp. 236-255.
Winai Pongsripian, Traditional Thai Historiography and Its NineteenthCentury Decline, Ph.D. Thesis submitted to the University of Bristol,
1983.

,
, , , (), -.
, , , , (.. ), -.

96

, , :
, .

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, : , .
, ., , :
, .
,
, : , , -.
, ( ), , : , .
, , , ,
(), -.
, ,
- ,
: , : , ,
-.( George Coedes, Origines du cycle des douze
animaux au Cambodge, Toung Pao, XXXI, Leiden, 1935, pp. 315-329.)
, , :
, .
, , :
, .
,
.
.. .
, :
, , ( )
-.
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()
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/ / / / / /



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()


()

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( ..)
(
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()

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