1

Material balance reaction-

Compoundforming
Reference
Himmelblau DM. 1989.
Basic Principles and
Calculations in Chemical
Engineering, 5th edition.
Prentice-Hall International,
Inc., Singapore.
2
Stoichiometry
Refers to quantities of reactants and products
in a balanced chemical reaction.
aA+bB cC+dD
i.e. amoles of A react with bmoles of B to give c
moles of C and dmoles of D.
a,b,c,dare stoichiometric coefficient
the stoichiometric factor =stoichiometric moles
reactant required per mole product
Limiting reactant/excess reactant
Inpracticeareactant maybeusedinexcessof
the stoichiometric quantity for various
reasons.
Inthis casetheother reactant is limiting(i.e.,
it will limit theyieldof product(s))
Limiting/excess reactant usually applied for
reversiblereaction
aA+bB cC+dD
3
Paul Ashall, 2008
Limiting reactant/excess reactant
Conversion
4
Examples
A B
i.e. stoichiometric coefficients a =-1; b =1
100 kmol fresh feed A; 90 % single pass
conversion in reactor; unreacted A is
separatedandrecycled
Thereforeoverall processconversionis100%
reactor separation
Feed
Recycle
Produk
Overall
process
Reaction Systems
Process
input output
input
through
system
boundaries
accumulation
within
the
system
output
through
system
boundaries
generation
within
the
system
consumption
within
the
system
5
Reaction Systems
Process
input output
Combustion Process of Flow System
6
Combustion and Dry Ice Production
In the combustion of heptane, CO
2
is produced.
Assume that you want to produce 500 kgof dry
ice per hour and that 50%of the CO
2
can be
converted into dry ice. How many kilograms of
heptanemust beburnedper hour?
Reaction: C
7
H
16
+O
2
CO
2
+H
2
O
MWC
7
H
16
=100kg/kgmol C
7
H
16
Engine
Gas C
7
H
16
CO
2
gas
(50%)
Other
products
CO
2
solid
(50%), 500 kg/hr
7
Corrosion of Pipes in Boilers
Corrosion of pipes in boilers by oxygen can be
alleviatedthroughtheuseof sodiumsulfite. Sodium
sulfiteremovesoxygenfromboiler feedwater bythe
followingreaction:
2Na
2
SO
3
+O
2
2Na
2
SO
4
Howmanypoundsof sodiumsulfitearetheoretically
required (for complete reaction) to remove the
oxygen from8.33 x10
6
lb of water containing10.0
ppm of dissolved oxygen and at the same time
maintaina35%excessof sodiumsulfite?
H
2
O: 8.33x10
6
lb
10 ppm O
2
Na
2
SO
3
H
2
O: 8.33x10
6
lb
no O
2
8
Combustion Product
Flueorstackgas(wetbasis)
all the gases resulting from a
combustion process, including the
water vapor
Orsatanalysis(drybasis)
all the gases resulting from the
combustion process, excluding the
water vapor
CO
2
CO
O
2
N
2
SO
2
H
2
O
Flueorstackgas(wetbasis)
Orsatanalysis(drybasis)
Combustion
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Example of Excess Air
Compressed propane has been suggested as a
source of economic power for vehicles.
Suppose that in a test C
3
H
8
is burned with 400
lb of air to produce 44 lb of CO
2
and 12 lb of
CO. What was the percent excess air and how
many propane was burned?
Reaction:
C
3
H
8
+O
2
CO
2
+H
2
O
C
3
H
8
+O
2
CO +H
2
O
Contoh Reaksi dengan Udara Berlebih
10
Material Balance with Combustion
A salesperson comes to the door sellinga service
designed to check chimneyrot. He explains that
if theCO
2
content of thegasesleavingthechimney
rises above 15%, it is dangerous to your health, is
against the citycode, and causes your chimneyto
rot. Oncheckingthefluegas fromthefurnace, he
finds it is 30%CO
2
. Suppose that you are burning
natural gas which is about 100%CH
4
and that the
air supply is adjusted to provide 130%excess air.
Doyouneedhisservice?
Material Balance with Combustion
Reaction:
CH
4
+2 O
2
CO
2
+2 H
2
O
Basis: 1.00 mole of CH
4
Stoichiometry:
1.00 mol CH
4
requires 2.00 mol O
2
and
produces1.00mol CO
2
and2.00mol H
2
O
Chimney
Feed: CH
4
100%
Air: O
2
21%
Air: N
2
79%
Product: CO
2
?%
Product: H
2
O ?%
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Material Balance with Combustion
Chimney
Feed: CH
4
100%
Air: O
2
21%
Air: N
2
79%
Product: CO
2
?%
Product: H
2
O ?%
Output
mol %
CH
4
0 0
O
2
2.60 11.4
N
2
17.3 75.5
CO
2
1.00 4.4
H
2
O 2.00 8.7
Total 22.9 10.34
It iscalculatedthat theCO2inthefluegasis4,4%.
It explainesthat wedonot needhisservice.
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Input Output
mol mass
%
mol mass %
CH
4
1 16 4.3 0 0
O
2
4.6 147.2 20.1 2.60 83.2 11.4
N
2
17.3 488.4 75.6 17.3 488.4 75.5
CO
2
0 1.00 44 4.4
H
2
O 0 2.00 36 8.7
Total 22.9 651.6 100 22.9 651.6 100
Combustion of Ethane
Ethaneisinitiallymixedwithoxygentoobtain
agas containing80%C
2
H
6
and20%O
2
that is
then burned in an engine with 200%excess
air. Eightypercent of the ethane goes to CO
2
,
10%goes to CO, and 10%remains unburned.
Calculate the composition of the exhaust gas
onawet basisanddrybasis.
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Engine
O
2
21%
N
2
79%
C
2
H
6
CO
2
Proct:
CO
O
2
N
2
H
2
O
Fuel Gas Exhaust Gas
Air,
200%excess
C
2
H
6
80 lb mole
O
2
20 lb mole
14
224
20
Exhaust Gas in Wet Basis
lb mol Percent in
exhaust gas
Component Fuel Air Exhaust gas
C
2
H
6
80 - 8 0.21
O
2
20 780 556 14.41
N
2
- 2934 2934 76.05
CO
2
- - 128 3.32
CO - - 16 0.41
H
2
O - - 216 5.60
Total 100 3714 3858 100.00
15
Exhaust Gas in Dry Basis
lb mol Percent in
exhaust gas
Component Fuel Air Exhaust gas
C
2
H
6
80 - 8 0.22
O
2
20 780 556 15.27
N
2
- 2934 2934 80.56
CO
2
- - 128 3.51
CO - - 16 0.44
Total 100 3714 3642 100.00