ACTIVE ANTENNA

Antennas that are much shorter than 1/4 wavelength present a very small and highly relative impedance that is
dependent on the received frequency. It is difficult to match impedances over a decade of frequency coverage.
Instead, input
stage Q1 is an F! source"follower. A high"impedance input successfully #ridges antenna characteristics at any
frequency.
!ransistor Q$ is used as an emitter"follower to provide a high"impedance load for Q1, #ut more importantly, it
provides a low"drive impedance for common"emitter amplifier Q%, which provides all of the amplifier&s voltage
gain. !ransistor
Q4 transforms Q%&s moderate output impedance into low impedance, there#y providing sufficient drive for a
receiver&s '( ohms, antenna"input impedance.
ACTIVE ANTENNA WITH GAIN
!he signal #ooster, #uilt around a few transistors and support components, offers an )F gain of a#out 1$ to 1*d+
,from a#out 1((-./ to over %( 0./1.
!he )F signal is direct"coupled from Q1&s source terminal to the #ase of Q$, which is configured as a voltage
amplifier. !he output of Q$ is then direct"coupled to the #ase of Q% ,configured as an emitter" follower
amplifier1. !ransistor Q% is used to match and isolate the gain stage from receiver&s )F"input circuitry.
Inductor 21 is used to -eep any power source noise from reaching the F!,Q11 and any value of )F cho-e (.' to
$.' m. will do. !he value of )$ sets the Q$ #ias at a#out $3. If the voltage is less than $3, increase the value of
)$ to 1.'- ohm. !o go #elow 1((-./ ,to #ottom of the )F spectrum1, increase the value of 41 to (.(($uF. !he
antenna is short pull"up type ,4$5 to *65 long1.
AUTO ALARM
In operation, the alarm circuit allows a ( " 47 second time delay, as determined #y the )1 /41 com#ination, after
the switch is armed to allow the vehicle&s motion sensor to settle down. !his allows you time to get a #ag of
groceries out of the trun- and not have the hassle of 8uggling the groceries and the -ey switch at once.
9uring the time delay, half of 291, which is actually a single, #i"colored, three"legged common cathode device,
lights green. At the same time, pins * and 4 of :$ ,a ''' oscillator/timer1 are held low #y :l ,a %;('
oscillator/timer1, causing the alarm to remain silent. <nce the delay is over, 291 turns red, indicating that the
circuit is armed.
At that point, a ground at pin $ of :$ forces pin % of :$ high, closing the contacts of =l and sounding the siren
for a time duration determined #y )4 and 4$. <nce the time has elapsed, pin % is pulled low, =l opens, and the
circuit is again ready to go. !he circuit can #e manually reset #y the simple e>pedient of opening and closing the
-ey switch. ?otentiometer )% controls the 29&s illumination intensity. 9iode 91 ensures that the green segment
of 291 is fully e>tinguished when Ql is turned on"which turns the 29 to red. )esistors )4 and )' must #e
connected to the @ 3 #us. not to pin 7 of :l. otherwise :$ will mysteriously trigger itself each time the initial
delay ends.
BURGLAR ALARM
!he heart of the circuit is a ''' oscillator/timer, :1, configured for monosta#le operation. !he output of :1 at
pin% is tied to the gate of A4)1. As long as A1 " A', which are connected to the trigger input of :1, are open, the
circuit remains in the ready state, and does not trigger A4)1 into conduction. +ecause the relay is not energi/ed,
#attery current is routed through the relay&s normally"closed terminal and through current" limiting resistor )% to
29$, causing it to light.
.owever, when one of the switches ,A1 " A'1 is closed, grounding :1 pin$, the output of :1 at pin % increases,
activating A4)1. !hat energi/es the relay, pulling the wiper of =1 to the normally"open terminal, causing 291 to
light and +B1 to sound.
!he duration of the output is determined #y the )4 time"constant circuit, formed #y )1 and 41. )esistor )$
regulates the output of :1 to a safe value for the gate of A4)1. Awitches A1 " A' are to doors, windows, etc. A
switch can #e connected in series with +1 to activate and deactivate the alarm circuit when it&s not needed.
BURGLAR ALARM WITH TIMED SHUTOFF
Chen A1 ,sensor1 is closed, power is applied to :$, a dual timer. After a time determined #y 4$, 41 is energi/ed
after a predetermined time determined #y the value of 4', pin ; of :$ #ecomes low, switching off the transistor
in the optoisolater, cutting anode current of A4)1 and de"energi/ing =1. !he system is now reset. Dotice that
,)6>4$1 is less than ,)7>4'1.
DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE OR CURRENT ALARM
!he input may #e dc or low frequency ac. !he output is a distinctive series of audio #eeps or a continuous tone,
and occurs only when a selected polarity un#alance is present at the input.
DOOR MINDER
!his circuit monitors a door to determine if it has #een left open. After $4 seconds, the alarm sounds. A1 is a
magnetic sensor. !he alarm is an electronic chime sounds that is struc- once per second.
HIGH-POWER ALARM DRIVER
In this circuit, a low"powered A4) is used to trigger a higher powered A4). Chen a switch is opening ,A$, A%, A41
or closing ,A', A6, A71, either A4)1 or A4)$ triggers. !his triggers A4)% via 91, 9$, and )'. +B1 is a high"powered
alarm of the noninterrupting type.
HOME SECURITY SYSTEM
!his alarm circuit activates when A1 through A' are activated. !his lights 291 and activates Q1 via I414 and
I419. )E1 is wired to self latch. A1( is used to reset. Chen -ey switch A1 is activated or when re"entry #uttons at
A6 are depressed, I414 is deactivated until )4 networ- )7/4% charges.
LATCHING BURGLAR ALARM
Chen the protective circuit is interrupted ,opened1, the alarm sounds. !o set the circuit, ad8ust )$ ,with
protective circuit open1 for 1 3 across )1.
LIGHT-BEAM ALARM FOR INTRUSION DETECTION
Chen the light #eam that falls in the 49A photocell is interrupted, transistor ,$D%;(41 conducts there#y
triggering A4)1 ,41(61 and activating alarm #ell. A1 resets the A4). !he alarm #ell should #e a self"interrupting
electro"mechanical type.
LIGHT-BEAM ALARM PREAMP
!his circuit can #e used for light #eams to $(-./. !he gain of the operational amplifier is set for a 4("d+ gain.
SELF-LATCHING LIGHT ALARM WITH TONE OUTPUT
A decrease in the resistance of the 49A cell when light stri-es it activates latch a and #, ena#ling tone oscillator
c and d which produces an output of a#out 1((( ./. )A sets the trip level. A1 resets the circuit.
SECURITY ALARM
!his alarm features open" and closed"loop detector and automatic alarm shutoff. <ffers 1' second e>it/entrance
delay. Alarm on time can #e ad8usted from 1 to 1' minutes.
SERIES/PARALLEL LOOP ALARM
!wo A4)s are used with two sensor loops. <ne loop uses series switches, the other loop parallel switches. Chen a
switch actuation occurs, the A4) triggers. !he alarm should #e a noninterrupting type.
VEHICLE SECURITY SYSTEM
!his alarm gives a 1'"$( second e>it and entrance delay. After #eing triggered, the alarm sounds for five minutes
and then shuts off. <nce triggered, the sequence is automatic and is not affected #y su#sequent opening or
closing of doors.
AUTOMATIC TAPE RECORDING
Amateurs don&t have to miss the action while away from the rig. !his circuit turns on a tape recorder whenever
the receiver&s squelch is #ro-en. After signal loss, the recorder will shut off following a slight delay.
SUB-AUDIBLE TONE ENCODER
!his twin"! oscillator produces si> preset su#"audi#le tones from ;% to 17( ./ in three ranges.

20-DB AUDIO BOOSTER
!he amplifier&s gain is nominally $( d+. Its frequency response is determined primarily #y the value of 8ust a few
components"primarily 41 and )1. !he values in the schematic diagram provide a response of %.( d+ from a#out
1$( to over $(,((( ./. Actually, the frequency response is flat from a#out 17( to well over $(,((( ./F it&s the low
end that deviates from a flat frequency response. !he low end&s rolloff is primarily a function of capacitor 41,
since )1&s resistive value is fi>ed. If 41&s value is changed to (.1 mF, the low end&s corner frequency"the frequency
at which the low end rolloff starts""is reduced to a#out 7( ./. If you need an even deeper low end rolloff,
change 41 to a 1.("mF capacitor. If it&s an electrolytic type, ma-e certain that it&s installed into the circuit with
the correct polarity""with the positive terminal connected to Q1&s #ase terminal.
DC-STABILIZED FAST AMPLIFIER
!his amplifier functions over a wide range of gains, typically 1 " 1(. It com#ines the 2!1(1( and a fast discrete
stage with an 2!1((* #ased dc sta#ili/ing loop. Q1 and Q$ form a differential stage which single"ends into the
2!1(1(. !he circuit delivers 1 3 p-"p- in to a typical 7'"ohm video load. At A G $, the gain is within (.' d+ to 1(
0./ with the "%"d+ point occurring at 16 0./. At A G 1(, the gain is flat,plus or minus (.' d+ to 4 0./1 with a "%"
d+ point at * 0./. !he pea-ing ad8ustment should #e optimi/ed under loaded output conditions. !his is a simple
stage for fast applications where relatively low output swing is required. Its 1 3 p-"p- output wor-s nicely for
video circuits. A possi#le pro#lem is the relatively high #ias current, typically 1( uA. Additional swing is possi#le,
#ut more circuitry is needed.
DISCRETE CURRENT BOOSTER
GENERAL-PURPOSE PREAMPLIFIER
Auita#le for general audio use, the preamp circuit uses a feed#ac- pair. 4urrent gain is set #y the ratio of
,)4@)61/)4.
MICRO-SIZED AMPLIFIER
Aound detected #y electret microphone 0I41 is fed to I41&s input through resistor )$, and capacitors 41 and 4$.
)esistors )$ and )' determine the overall stage gain, while 4$ partially determines the amplifier&s frequency
response. !o ensure proper operation, use a single"ended power supply. )% and )4 simulate a null condition equal
to half the power supply&s voltage at I41&s noninverting input. !he output of I41 is transferred to emitter"follower
amplifier Q1 via volume control )6. !he high"B"in/low"B"out characteristic of the emitter"follower matches the
moderately high"impedance output of I41 to a low"impedance headphone load.

MINI-STEREO
!his circuit is #uilt around two chipsH the 0414'* dual op amp, configured as a preamplifier, and the 20%7* dual
4"watt amplifier. !he gain of the preamp is given #y )%/)1 for one side and )4/)$ for the other side, which is
a#out 1((.
!hat gain can #e varied #y increasing the ratios. !he left and right channel inputs are applied to pin $ and 6. !he
left and right outputs of :1 at pins 7 and $ are coupled through 4'/)1( and 4%/)6, respectively, to :$ to drive
the two *"C loudspea-ers.
SPEAKER AMPLIFIER FOR HAND-HELD TRANSCEIVERS
!he 20%*% is an audio"power amplifier that is capa#le of producing up to * C of audio output. )1 is essentially a
load resistor for the hand"held transceiver&s audio output. )$ can #e composed of two fi>ed resistors in a 1(H1
divider arrangement, #ut using a potentiometer ma-es it easy to set the amplifier&s ma>imum gain. Chen
powered from a vehicle&s electrical system, the amplifier&s @1$3 power source requires filter 21 to eliminate
alternator whine. !he 20%*% can #e mounted directly on the heatsin- #ecause the mounting ta# is at ground
potential.
LOW-COST CHIME CIRCUIT
)esistor )1, capacitor 41, and two inverters from a square wave generator, which produces the #asic tone. !he
generator is followed #y an inverter that acts as #oth a #uffer and a driver for the spea-er. )esistor )$, which
has a minimum value of 1(( ohms, limits the current and controls the volume. 9iode 91, capacitor 4$, resistors
)% and )4, and two inverters create the pulse generator that determines the turn"on and decay times of the
chime. !he decay circuit"formed #y 9$, 4%, )', and Q"reduces the amplitude of the chime tone e>ponentially as
a function of time.
SLIDING-TONE DOORBELL
Chen the door#ell is pushed, you&ll hear a low tone that will 5slide up5 to a higher frequency. !he frequency of
the AF oscillator is determined #y coupling capacitor, 41 and the value of the resistance connected #etween the
#ase of Q1 and ground. !hat resistance, )+I is equal to ,)1 @ )$1 )%. First, assume that A1 is closed and )$ has
#een ad8usted to produce a pleasant, low"frequency tone. 4apacitor 4% will charge through )6 until it reaches
such a voltage that it will cause diode 91 to conduct. Chen that happens, the value of )+I is paralleled #y )4.
!hus, #ecause the total resistance )+I decrease, the output tone slides up in frequency. 4apacitor 4% will
continue to charge until the voltage across 9$ and 9% causes those diodes to conduct. !hen )+I is paralleled also
#y )', the total resistance again decreases, and the oscillator&s frequency again increases.
12 W LOW-DISTORTION POWER AMPLIFIER
BRIDGE AMPLIFIER
!his circuit is for low voltage applications requiring high power outputs. <utput power levels of 1.( C into 4 ohm
from 6 3 and %.' 3 into * ohm from 1$ 3 are typical. 4oupling capacitors are not necessary since the output dc
levels will #e within a few tenths of a volt of each other. Chere critical matching is required the '((=
potentiometer is added and ad8usted for /ero dc current flow through the load.
LM380 PERSONAL STEREO AMPLIFIER
Cith the simple circuit, you can use your personal stereo to drive standard * ohm spea-ers. :se $ identical
circuits to the circuit #elowH
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER USING SINGLE SUPPLY
PHONO AMPLIFIER WITH COMMON MODE VOLUME AND TONE CONTROL
AUDIO DISTRIBUTION AMPLIFIER
!hree low"B audio outputs are availa#le from this circuit, using a quad !2(*4 F! amplifier. !he input is high
impedance. 3cc can #e 6 to 1$ 3 for typical applications.
GENERAL-PURPOSE PREAMP
!his amplifier is useful for audio and video applications. Iain is set #y )f and the voltage gain of this amplifier is
appro>imately 1@)f/'6(, where )f is in ohms. +andwidth depends on gain selected, #ut typically it is several
0./. )fG'.1 -C, which produces a gain of 1(J,$(d+1 voltage.
LOW-IMPEDANCE MICROPHONE PREAMP
!his amplifier uses a common"gate F! amplifier to match a low"B microphone.
AUDIO OSCILLATOR
Almost any transistor will wor-. )1 and 41 will vary the tone.
PHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR
!his circuit uses a simple )4 networ- to produce an e>ceptionally shrill tone from a miniature spea-er. Cith the
parts values shown, the circuit oscillates at a frequency of %.6 -./ and drives a miniature $"1/$5 spea-er with
ear"piercing volume.
!he output waveform is a square wave with a width of 1'( us, sloping rise and fall times, and a pea-"to"pea-
amplitude of 4.$ volts ,when powered #y ; volts1. 4urrent drain of the oscillator is ;( mA at ; volts, and total
power dissipation at this voltage is (.*1 watt, which is well #elow the 1.$' watts the 14"pin version will a#sor#
,at room temperature1 #efore shutting down.
AUTO GENERATOR REGULATOR
!his regulator controls a dc generator. 94 prevents the #attery from discharging through the generator and ta-es
the place of the mechanical cut"out relay. )1( ad8usts the system voltage setting.
AUTO TURN-OFF ALARM WITH 8 MINUTE DELAY
!his circuit uses a D''' timer and 494($(+. Chen @1$3dc is applied to the circuit, the output of I4$ is set low
via 4$, which turns on the relay, and I41, a pulse generator. I41 pulses counter I4$. After *1;$ cloc-s, I4$ output
,pin %1 goes high, cuts off Q$, and completes the cycle.
AUTOMATIC HEADLIGHT DELAY
Chen the driver depresses push#utton switch A1, timing capacitor 41 charges to 1$ 3 and turns on transistor Q1,
which drives power transistor Q$ into conduction. !his, in turn, energi/es the relay which has its contacts
connected in parallel with the headlight switch. !he relay will stay energi/ed until 41 discharges to the Q1 turn"
off level. !he lights"on period is determined #y the value of 41, )1, and the characteristics of transistor Q1. Cith
values chosen on the schematic, a#out 6( light"on seconds are provided.
AUTOMATIC TURN-OFF ALARM WITH DELAY
In this circuit, I41A and I41+ act as a monosta#le multivi#rator. Any input from the sensors A1 through A' forces
I41A to produce logic low, which causes I41+ to turn on Q1 until 4% changes through )6. !his action resets the
latch formed #y I41A and I41+.
AUTOMOBILE LOCATOR
!his locator is made up of two parts. !he first is an )F oscillator, whose circuit is shown in Fig. *"4a. !he second
is a sensitive receiver shown in Fig. *"4#. !he heart of the oscillator is a ''' timer I4. !an- circuit 4$ and 21 is
used to tune the transmitter. !he antenna is coupled to the transmitter through 4%. A telescopic antenna or a
length of hoo-up wire will wor- quite well. At the receiver, the incoming signal is tuned #y 4' and 2$ #efore
#eing passed on to the 741 I4.
!he five 29s are used to indicated signal strength, they light up in order ,1 to '1 as the signal gets stronger.
After the devices are #uilt, the receiver and transmitter will need to #e tuned. !une the transmitter until all of
the receiver&s 29s light. Aeparate the receiver and the transmitter""the farther apart they are the #etter""and
ad8ust )4 until you get a ma>imum strength reading only when the receiver&s antenna is pointed directly at the
transmitter. ?lace the transmitter on the dash#oard and completely e>tend the antenna. !o find your car, 8ust
e>tend the telescope antenna to its full length and hold it parallel to the ground. ?oint the antenna to your far
left, then swing it to your far right. 9o that until you find in which direction the strongest signal lies, as indicated
#y the 29s. !he antenna will #e pointing at your car.
BAR-GRAPH VOLTMETER
!his display uses ten 29&s to display a voltage range from 1(.' to 1' volts. ach 29 represents a (.'"volts step
in voltage. !he heart of the circuit is the 20"%;14 dot/#ar display driver. trimmer potentiometer )' is ad8usted
so that 7.' volts is applied to the top side of the divider. )esistor )7 and diodes 9$ through 9' clamp the voltage
applied to the 29&s to a#out % volts. A lowpass filter made up of 21 and 4$ guards against voltage spi-es. 9iode
91 is used to protect against reverse voltage in case the voltmeter is hoo-ed up #ac-ward.

DIRECTIONAL SIGNALS MONITOR
A uni8unction transistor audio oscillator drives a small spea-er. !he oscillator&s frequency is determined #y
resistor )$ and capacitor 4$. !he operating voltage is supplied from the car&s turn"signal circuit,s1 through 91 and
9$. !he diodes conduct current from the #lin-er circuit that is energi/ed, and prevent stray current flow to the
other #lin-er circuit.
ELECTRONIC CAR HORN
An 20''6 dual oscillator/timer, :1, configured as a two"tone oscillator drives :$, a dual 4"watt amplifier. <ne of
the oscillators, pins 1 to 6, contained in :1 produces the upper frequency signal of a#out $(( ./, while the
second oscillator, pins * to 1%, provides the lower frequency signal of a#out 14(./. Increase or decrease the
frequencies #y changing the values of 4$ and 4%. :1&s outputs, pins ; and ', are connected to separate
potentiometers to provide control over volume and #alance. ach half of :$ produces 4C of audio that is
delivered to two * ohms loudspea-ers via capacitors 47 and 4*.
HEADLIGHT ALARM
!he #ase of Q1 is connected to the car&s ignition circuit. <ne side of the pie/oelectric #u//er is connected to the
instrument"panel light fuse. Chen the headlights are off, no current reaches the #u//er, and therefore nothing
happens.
Chat happens when the headlights are on depends on the state of the ignition switch. Chen the ignition switch is
on, transistors Q1 and Q$ are #iased on, removing the #u//er and the 29 from the circuit. Chen the ignition
switch is turned off, #ut the headlight switch remains onF transistor Q1 is turned off, #ut transistor Q$ continues
to #e #iased on. !he result is that the voltage is sufficient to sound the #u//er loudly and light the 29. !urning
off the headlight switch will end commotion quic-ly.
FLASHING BRAKE LIGHT
Chen power is first applied, three things happenH the light"driving transistor ,Q11 is switched on #ecause of a low
output from :$, pin %F timer :1 #egins its timing cycle, with the output ,pin %1 going high, inhi#iting :$&s trigger
,pin $1 via 9$F and charge current #egins to move through )% and )4 to 41.
Chen :1&s output goes low, the inhi#iting #ias on :$ pin $ is removed, so :$ #egins to oscillate, flashing the third
light via Q1, at a rate determined #y )*, )6, and 4%. <scillation continues until the gate"threshold voltage of
A4)1 is reached, causing it to fire and pull :1&s trigger ,pin $1 low. Cith its trigger low, :1&s output is forced high,
disa#ling :$&s triggering. Cith triggering inhi#ited, :$&s output switches to a low state, which ma-es Q1 conduct,
turning on I1 until the #ra-es are released. )emoving power from the circuits resets A4)1, #ut the )4 networ-
consisting of )4 and 41 will not discharge immediately and will trigger A4)1 earlier. Ao, frequent #ra-e use
means fewer flashes.
+ear in mind that the collector/emitter voltage drop across Q1, along with the loss across the series"fed diodes,
reduces the ma>imum availa#le light output. If the electrical system is functioning properly ,at 1% to 14 3 for
most vehicles1, those losses will #e negligi#le.
HEADLIGHT DIMMER
Chen the lights of an on"coming car are sensed #y photo"transistor Q1, things get going. Aensitivity is set #y the
$$"megohm resistor, )', to a#out half a foot"candle. !he relay used has a 1$"volt, (.%A coil. !he 21441is
complete with a lens that has a diameter of one inch for a 1( degree viewing angle.
OVER-SPEED WARNING DEVICE
A1 amplifies and regulates the signal from the spar- coil. A$ converts frequency to voltage so that its output is a
voltage proportional to engine rpm. A% compares the tachometer voltage with the reference voltage and turns on
the output transistor at the set speed. Amplifier A4 is used to generate an audi#le tone whenever the set speed is
e>ceeded.
IGNITION TIMING LIGHT
Figure A shows the circuit of a direct"trigger timing light. !he trigger voltage is ta-en from the car&s ignition
circuit #y a direct connection to a spar- plug. A circuit using an inductive pic-up is shown in Fig. +. A trigger
transformer is used to develop the high"voltage pulse for triggering. !he triggering circuit consists of !1, 41,
A4)1, inductive pic-up coil !$, and the waveshaping components of A4)&s gate circuit.
Chen the spar- plug fires, it induces a pulse in pic-up coil !$ that triggers the A4) gate. !he A4) fires and
discharges 4$ through the primary of !1. !he secondary of !1 feeds a high"voltage pulse to the trigger electrode
of the flash tu#e. !hat pulse causes the gas""usually neon or >enon"to ioni/e. !he ioni/ed gas provides a low"
resistance path for 41 to discharge, there#y creating a #rilliant flash of light.
)esistor )1 limits current from the supply as the tu#e fires. Chen 41 is fully discharged the stro#e tu#e cuts off
and returns to its 5high"resistance5 state. !he current through )$ is not enough to sustain conduction through
A4)1, so it cuts off and remains off until it is re"triggered #y a gate pulse.
LIGHTS-ON WARNING
+ecause power for the circuit is o#tained from the car&s side lights, the circuit can&t oscillate unless the lights are
on. !he reset pin on the ''' connects to transistor Q1. !he #ase of Q1 is connected through )1 to the ignition
au>iliary terminal on the car&s fuse #o>. Chen the ignition is turned on, power is supplied to the #ase of Q1,
which turns it on. Cith Q1 turned on, pin 4 of :1 is tied low, which disa#les the oscillator and inhi#its the alarm.
If the ignition is turned off while the lights are on, power is applied to the ''' and Q1 is turned off, and the
alarm starts. Awitch A1 is an optional override.
NIGHT SAFETY LIGHT FOR AUTOS
!his circuit turns on the #ra-e lights of a par-ed car when the headlights of an oncoming car are detected,
warning the driver of the oncoming car a#out the par-ed vehicle. 29)4 is the sensor. 29)1 disa#les the circuit #y
causing :1 gate input to #e pulled high during daylight hours, causing pin $ of :1a to #ecome low, disa#ling it
and the circuit.
TACHOMETER
In this automotive application, the ''' is a pulse counter. I41 regulator provides proper operating voltage for I4$.
!his circuit is for vehicles with conventional #rea-er points.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR FOR CARS AND MOTORCYCLES
!his regular circuit can #e used on an alternator that has one field terminal grounded. Chen @3 ,input1 gets too
high, Q1 conducts, and the #ase of Q$ is driven toward ground, reducing the voltage fed to Q%. !his lowers the
voltage fed to the field of the alternator.
WINDSHIELD WIPER CONTROL
.ere&s a good way to set windshield wipers on an interval circuit. <nly two connections to the car&s wiper control,
plus ground, are required. 3aria#le control can #e accomplished #y su#stituting a '((- pot in series with a 1((-
fi>ed resistor in place of the '6(-.

BATTERY VOLTAGE MONITOR
!his circuit gives an early warning of the discharge of #atteries. Bener diode 91 is chosen for the voltage #elow
which an indication is required ,;31. Ahould the supply drop to #elow 73, 91 will cease conducting causing Q1 to
shut off.
Its collector voltage will now increase causing Q$ to start conducting via 29 and its limiting resistor )4.
INDUCTANCE BRIDGE
!his #ridge will measure inductances from a#out 1 to %( u. at a test frequency of ' m./. A %6'"pF A0"type
tuning capacitor is used as a varia#le element. !he circuit should #e constructed in a metal enclosure.
4ali#ration can #e done on -nown inductors or #y plotting a curve of the capacitance of the %6'"pF capacitor
versus rotation and calculating the inductance from this. !he range of measurement can #e changed #y using a
different frequency crystal and/or variation of 2$ and 46.
HIGH IMPEDANCE LOW CAPACITANCE WIDEBAND BUFFER
!he $D'4*' has low input capacitance and ma-es this compound series"feed#ac- #uffer a wide"#and unity gain
amplifier.
SINGLE SUPPLY AC BUFFER AMPLIFIER
!he input is dc #iased to mid"operating point and is ac coupled. Its input impedance is appro>imately '((= at low
frequencies. For dc loads referenced to ground, the quiescent current is increased #y the load current set at the
input dc #ias voltage.
VFO BUFFER AMPLIFIER
A two"transistor feed#ac- pair provides #road#and operation. !he gain is appro>imately )4/)1.
SINGLE-TIMER IC PROVIDES SUARE-WAVE TONE BURSTS
!he tone"#urst generator gives a '("ms #urst of 1.' -./ square waves with each operation of the push#utton and
can source or sin- $(( mA.
SINGLE-TONE BURST GENERATOR
!he tone #urst generator supplies a tone for one"half second after the power supply is activatedF its intended use
is a communications networ- alert signal. 4essation of the tone is accomplished at the A4), which shunts the
timing capacitor 41 charge current when activated. !he A4) is gated on when 4$ charges up to the voltage which
occurs in (.' seconds. Aince only 7( uA are availa#le for triggering, the A4) must #e sensitive enough to trigger at
this level. !he triggering current can #e increased, of course, #y reducing )$ ,and increasing 4$ to -eep the same
time constant1. If the tone duration must #e constant under widely varying supply voltage conditions, the
optional Bener diode regulator circuit can #e added, along with the new value for )$)$& G *$ -ohms. If the A4) is
replaced #y an npn transistor, the tone can #e switched on and off at will at the transistor #ase terminal.
PRO!IMITY ALARM
Inverters :1a and :1# are connected in a simple )4 oscillator circuit. !he frequency is determined #y the values
of )1, 41 4$ and the internal characteristics of the integrated circuit. As long as the circuit is oscillating, a
positive dc voltage is developed at the output of the voltage"couple circuitH 4%, 9$ and 44. !he dc voltage is
applied to the input of :1c"the third inverter amplifier"-eeping its output in a low state, which -eeps Q1 turned
off so that no sound is produced #y +B1. Cith 41 and 4$ ad8usted to the most sensitive point, the pic-up plate
will detect a hand % to '"inches away and sound an alert. Aet 41 and 4$ to appro>imately one"half of their
ma>imum value and apply power to the circuit. !he circuit should oscillate and no sound should #e heard. :sing
a non"metallic screwdriver, carefully ad8ust 41 and 4$, one at a time, to a lower value until the circuit 8ust
ceases oscillationH +u//er +B1 should sound off. +ac- off either 41 or 4$ 8ust a smidgen until the oscillator starts
up again"that is the most sensitive setting of the circuit.
PRO!IMITY SWITCH
A %>% inch piece of circuit #oard, or similar si/e metal o#8ect which functions as the pic-"up sensor, is connected
to the gate of Q1. A 1(( meg resistor, )$, isolates Q1&s gate from )1, allowing the input impedance to remain
very high. If a 1(( meg resistor cannot #e located, 8ust tie five $$ meg resistors in series and use that
com#ination for )$. In fact, )$ can #e made even higher in value for added sensitivity. ?otentiometer )1 is
ad8usted to where the pie/o #u//er 8ust #egins to sound off and then carefully #ac-s off to where the sound
ceases. >perimenting with the setting of )1 will help in o#taining the #est sensitivity ad8ustment for the circuit.
)esistor )1 can #e set to where the pic-"up must #e contacted to set off the alarm sounder. A relay or other
current"hungry component can ta-e the place of the pie/o sounder to control the e>ternal circuit.
UNDERVOLTAGE/OVERVOLTAGE INDICATOR
!his circuit will ma-e the appropriate 29 glow if the monitored voltage goes #elow or a#ove the value
determined #y /ener diodes 91 and 9$.

DIRECTION DETECTOR DECODER
!his circuit, which was developed to monitor the traffic of #um#le#ees in and out of the hive, differentiates a
"to"# motion from #"to"a motion. Chen used with an optical decoder, the circuit distinguishes cloc-wise from
countercloc-wise rotation and provides a resolution of one output pulse per quadrature cycle.
Q1 and Q$ are mounted so that a moving o#8ect first #loc-s one phototransistor, then #oth, then the other.
9epending on the direction in which the o#8ect is moving, either I41+ or I419 emits a negative pulse when the
moving o#8ect #loc-s the second sensor. An o#8ect can get as far as condition % and retreat without producing an
output pulseF that is, the circuit ignores any pro#ing or 8ittery motion. If an o#8ect gets as far as condition 4,
however, a retreat will produce an opposite"direction pulse.
!he time constants )%41 and )44$ set the output pulse width. A 1(( =ohm/1((pF com#ination, for e>ample,
produces 1("us pulses. Aelect a value for pullup resistors )1 and )$ from the 1(= to 1((=ohm range, according to
the sensitivity your application requires.
LOW VOLTAGE DETECTOR
!he values of )1, )$, and 91 are selected for the voltage applied. :sing a 1$"volt #attery, )1G1(=, )$G'.6= and
91 is a '"volt /ener diode, or a string of forward"#iased silicon rectifiers equaling a#out ' volts. !ransistor Q1 is
general"purpose :K!,:ni8unction transistor1, and Q$ is any small"signal or switching D?D transistor. Chen
detector is connected across the #attery terminals, it draws little current and does not interfere with other
devices powered #y the #attery. If voltage drops #elow the trip voltage selected with the )1 setting, the spea-er
#eeps a warning. !he frequency of the #eeps is determined #y the amount of undervoltage. If other voltages are
#eing monitored, select )1 so that it draws only 1 mA or $mA. Bener diode 91 is a#out one"half of the desired
trip voltage, and )$ is selected to #ias it a#out 1 mA.
MISSING-PULSE DETECTOR
!his circuit will detect a missing pulse or a#normally long spacing #etween consecutive pulses in a train of
pulses. !he timer is connected in the monosta#le mode. !he time delay should #e set slightly longer than the
timing of the input pulses. !he timing interval of the monosta#le circuit is continuously retriggered #y the input
pulse train, 31. !he pulse spacing is less than the timing interval, which prevents 3c from rising high enough to
end the timing cycle. A longer pulse spacing, a missing pulse, or a terminated pulse train will permit the timing
interval to #e completed. !his will generate an output pulse, 3o as illustrated in Fig.$'"%#. !he output remains
high on pin % until a missing pulse is detected at which time the output decreases.
!he D''' monosta#le circuit should #e running slightly slower, lower in frequency, than the frequency to #e
analy/ed. Also, the input cannot #e more than twice this free"running frequency or it would retrigger #efore the
timeout and the output would remain in the low state continuously. !he circuit operates in the monosta#le mode
at a#out * -./, so pulse trains of * to 16 -./ can #e o#served.
BAR DISPLAY WITH ALARM FLASHER