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Chapter 2 PDF
Chapter 2 PDF
25-
n.e sample space is the set of a lI possible SO!QUences ofy and n of lengtlt :l4. An o:ampJe o-.:.tcome in t~.e sample spaoe isS = {yyJmynmmtynynrumyynnyy}.
27.
211. S = {l.O,l.l,l.2,...14.0}
2lj.. S = {0,1.2 ....) in milliseoonds.
PRESS
2 3
217. Lct caodbdeooteoonoect and bu;;y, respecthl!ly. Th.e:nS = {c. be. bbc.bbbc. bbbbc. .. .).
b)
c)
c
d)
1~1. .a) l.ct S = tlt.i! oonncg.athoe integers from o to tf!.e largest integer that can bedispl a~'ed by tlti'sca!e.
l.d X deootet he wcight.
.4 is tltet'\l:nt that X> u
Sis thef!\"Cnt tf!.at X s 15 C is thef!\"Cnt tf!.at8 s X <12
S = ~O.l , :1..3... .)
b)
<:) n<X~l50rh:i,l3.14,l5~
d ) Xs
uor~O.l,!!,. ., ll}
e) S
1.;. n.erefore. 8' (')Cis t.Jt.e emptyset. n.ey ha\oe oooutoomes inoom.monor fl.
i) 8 rtCis the C\~t 8 s X <12. Tlterefore,.4. U (B(')C) is thct'\'t'llt X~ 8or {8. 9, 10 ....}
2:!j. ldd .and odcoote a distorted bit and one that is oot distortcd(odeootesokay). resp.."-cth"C!y.
dddd,dodd,oddd,oodd,
S=
a)
dddo, dodo)oddo)oodo)
ddod,dood,odod,oood,
ddoo, dooo, odoo, oooo
dddd,dodd,
A,=
c)
dddo,dodo
ddod,dood
ddoo,dooo
oddd,oodd,
oddo,oodo)
..t;= odod,oood,
d)
odoo,oooo
= {dddd)
e) A1(\4.21'\"*ll'\"4
'41!"\4>)U'43'"""') = ldddd.dcdd.dddo.oddd.ddod.oodd.ddooi
lPPPI
(b) 8 = {N]I.I]I.'}
{<:)
.lt r.B =~
{d) .4 UB = {PPP.NNN}
:!!!]. .a) A'r.B'=lO,B=l0,.4UB =92
b)
...._,
.....
'
.,
~-.Jl . l.etgdeoote.a good board, rna board with miootdefects. .andj .a board with major defects.
a) S= {gg.gm .g}.mg.mm.mj.Jg,Jm.JJ>
b) S=(gg.gm.gJ, mg.mm.mJ.Jg.Jm~
2-.'}3. a)
batch 2
72.5
b,jch 1
b)
bodch 2
52.5
tl&tCil1
c)
betcll 2
52.5
72.5
botch 1
d)
72.5
~-!).5.
~-!)7.
14 0
140 1
]=
5
b) Tht:rea.rt'lO
'<NI)'Sofselectingoneooooonformingc~.ipandth;erearc
oonfonnir.gchips.
c)
41696 5528
5!1 35 !
[I
30
]=
I I 3 588800.
n~ numberofsamplesthatoontainat leastone oonoonformir.gchip is tit<! total number ofsamples [ ~40Jminus tt~ numberofsamplts
7!
a) - - = 2 lsequDOESarcpos.slble.
2 !5 !
71
b) - - - - = 2520sequell<:<Sarepossible.
I !I! I !I !I !2!
c) 6! = 720 seqneooesar.: possible.
[1 30) =
14 0! - 130!
!1
5 113 5 1 5 25 1
13072 1752.
P1
I0!
7!
= - = 720prefixesarepossible.
viscosityis
][18
]
6
!
6
=-X -18!
-=
[I J 1!5! 3!15!
4 896.Therefore:, theprobabilitris
4896 = 0 .46 1
10626
8] = IS!
4
4!1 4!
3060.n.erefore. thereque:stcdprobabiJityis
I - 3060
0.712.
10626
c)
6 4 4
6
4
41
][ ][' ] = _ _! x - _! X.,..:-!:.:_
I
I 2
2 18 4 . Therefore. t~.eprobabilityis
2184 = 0.206.
10626
~= 0.0082
1225
d) AVB' = 1685 "{28- 0)- 37~" {36;) -14) " {309- 09) " 1403
::!.5.5 a) P(A) = 04
b) P(8) = 08
c) P\K)=0.6
d) P(AVB)= t
e) P(.-\r'l 8) = 0:2
257 a) l/U)
b) .5/10
::!59 a)
b) 1/8
c) 6/8
::!~1 .
Thesamplesp<~ceis{O, ,..
(a) Thef:\'t'llt t~.a t a cell has at Jeastoneofthe positive: nickel charged o ption; is {- !!., j .and"" 4}. Tf!.e probabilityisOj.S OS3 0.15 =
Ollj.
{b) The:t'\oen1 that a cell is oot composedofa positivt nickel charge greater t.l>.an ... 3 is
<o.
<>-
= 0.8.:;.
2~.3. jdig its bctwreno and9.sothe probabiJityofsnyt llree numbers is 1j(lolo1o).
3.
~
3
3lettersA toZ.so the probabilityof aoytbroe numbers is t/(~62.6.::!6). Tlte: prob:lbilityyour lioens.e plate isc~..os.cn is tlt..eo{J/10 )(l/ ::!6 ) = 5.7 x 10
{b) There are ,36 o:perimeots that use a ll three st eps. Tlte probabilitytlt.e best NSn!t uses aJI three steps is j6/52. = OJ>!)ij.
(c) No. it will oot change:. Withkamo u.nts io tlte firststeptt.enumberofo:pctiments isk + jk 4
oomplcteaJI three s teps i s'!).~ out ofljk. Tlte probabilityis9/ l.3 = Ofl9::!j.
1~.
= 0 .70
271.5 TotaJ number of pnssibletks.igns is9QO. Thessmplespaoeofa ll pnssibletks.igns t.hst may besrenoo fhoe visits. This space contains
900 o utcomes..
Tt.e. number o(outcome.; iowllic:hall fhoe\isitsaredifferent esn be obtained as follo\.,.'S. Ootlte first \is.it anyone of900 designs m3)' be seen. On t.lte second
\isit there are 89-') remaining design~. On th~ third visit tllere are 898 remaining design.<:. On the fourth and fifth \isits there are 897 ar.d 81)6 remaining
n'esigns. respecti\'cly. From the multiplication rute. the number of outcomes ~here all designs are d ifferent is qoo8t)q8t)aSQ78q6. Therefore. tlt. e
probability that a design is oot seen again is
3733 ~ (363- 14)-{309- '9)- 1403 ~ (9j$ - 46) ~ 139- 3))/8493 = 8399/8493 = 0.9889
l- (0 .~ 0~04)=0 .1
c) 1\o, P(Af""'8) H)
b)
c)
345/370
d)
fttt U8) =it'\).._ f\:8) -llA f"'\8) = 0-5490 04510 -0.-1745 = 0 .7~
a)
b) lt4f18') = {1~ 44)/204 = O.:l745and/t-1 U8') = f(.4) ~')- /t-1 f""'B') = 0..:;4~ {l- 04510)- 0 .2745 = 0.82:).5
c) 1\:.4' U8') = 1 -
:l-8.5. P(A) = 43:29/2:225:!= 0 .1945. P(B) = 953/:!:225:!= 0 .04:!8, P(Af""'B) = it$.1/ :!M.S.:l = 0 .0109,
P{A() B') = {984~3103)/"'5' = 0.1837
c)
d)
:l.Bi). let A deoote theC'X!Ot tf!.Ata leafoomplet...s theoolor transformation and Jet 8 denote t.heeo.oe:nt IJ!At a leafoompletl'.i the te:xt~:-raJ
transformation. The total number ofo:periments is :;oo.
()
243/300
P( B IA) - P(An B) _
- P( A) - (243+26) / 300
(b)
:l-<)l. a)
l~/lOO
b) 1'J.j 'J.8
0.903
c) 34/l2:l
:l-9$. lrtA denote tlt-ceo.oent that a d olys is is high and let 8 deootet.heeo.l!nt that pntrefactinn is high. TJt.etotal number of experiments is 100.
(a)
(b)
14/ 100
P( AIB) = P(An B) =
.
P( B)
( 14+59) / 100
(c)
P(A)
9/ 100
(18+9)/ 100
O. l918
0.333
b) 19/99
{;0/100X19/99) = 0.038
d) tftl:.echips were replaced. tl:.e probabi!ity\~ollld be( 20/l00 ) = 0 .-1.
c)
2-97.
a) P= {8- l)/(3s0-l)=O.OW
P={34ljj;O) X
2-10 I.
P(An B) P(B)
=--=I
P(B)
P(B)
P(An B)
(40+ 16)1204
P(B) - (40+ 16+36)1204
56
= 0.6087
92
a)
P(A!B)-
b)
36 / 204
( 40+ 16+ 36)1204
c)
P( A IB') =
56/204
56
= - = 0.5
(12+44+56)1204 11 2
d)
P( B! 4) =
.
P(A n B')
P(B')
P(An B)
.) P(An B)
~-103. l P (B I A = P(A)
P(A)
36
= 0.3913
92
(40+ 16)1204
(40+ 12+ 16 + 44)/ 204
40 + 16
= 0.5
11 2
673
= 0.0987
682 1
, P(B n A'l
(2+ 14+29 +46+ 3)18493
P(B !A )- .,..--->-- - - -'---:-- P(B') - (28 + 363 +309+933 +39) / 8493
~ = 0.0562
1672
P(B!C) = P(An C)
P(C)
:!105.
a)
~ = 0.0650
739
o.~o
1107. l.et Fd.enote theewmt tJ!.at .:~connector fa ilsand" let W d.eootetlt.-e:C\'tnt theta connector is ,,et.
P(F) =
a) (0.8SXO.:l7 ) = 0 .~6
b) {0 .1:lXO.lj+0.,;2) = 0.0.078
~-llj.
tet A and 8 deootethcf:\'t'llt t~.a t the first andseonod part selected P.asexoessh'l'shrinkage. respecth'Ciy.
a) 1'(8) = P(
)P(A)+ P(
11'(.<')
0
large stone
small stone
overnJI summary
success
fajlure
192
81
273
71
263
6
77
87
350
75%
25%
100%
success
fDilure
sampfe size
Silmple pe.rcenta~
55
234
289
25
so
36
61
270
350
23%
77%
100%
69%
83%
83%
st~mp&e
size
St~mple
percentnge,
conditiont~J
suceess rnt&
73%
93%
78%
PN
large stone
small stone
overall summary
Tt.e.overaJI suocess rntedependson tJt.e snooess rates for each stone size group. but also the probabilityoftf!.egroups. {tis tf!.e weig.htedaverageoft!u:
groupsuocess rt~tewcighted bythegroupsizeas follov.'S
P{O\wall snoctSS) = P(s"llOCeSSI l argestone)~l arge stone)) .a. P(s-uooe:ssj small stone)P(s:mall stone).
For open surgery, the dominant group (large stone) has a smaller suoor.ss ratewhile for PN, the dominant group{small stone) h:asa larger suoor.ss rate.
d)
~ 60
2-121. l.et Rdeoote red oolor and Fdenote that tlte font sit.(' is oot the smallest. Tlti!n P(R) = t/4. P(F) = 4/.;. Becatse tr.e Websitesa.regtt'IE:Nited
randomJy tltese t\l!llts are iodepeodent.
Therefore, P(R() F) = P(R)P(f) = b/4)(4/Sl = 0 .2
2-12..5. a)
/VI) =
~ I A) =4/499and
~JM) . ~)It,')
:!12?. a) P(Afl 8 )= 22/100, P(A) = j0/100, P(8) = 77/100, n.-en P(Afl 8 ) $ P(A)P(B), tr..ttt:fore.Aand Bare oot independent.
b) P(8)A) = P(A() 8)1P(A) = (:>'I>OO )If30I>OO ) = 0 .733
:H:l9. {tis useful to work oncoftheseo:erciscswitheare to illustratetf!.e l a\~"'Sof probabiJity. {.et Hi deoote tl:-ee\'ent t hat t~.e ith:s.amp!e
oontaim l>~gh J e-.~sof~nta~inati ~n.
.
a) P(H1 () H2 0 ~ () H4 () H5 ) = P(H1 )P(fl, )P(~ )P(H4 )P(H5 )
by lrxiepeodeoce.Also,JV/i) = 0:9..Thetdore. ti'IA'!answcr LS0.9 = 0-59
, b) A, =(H,r'lfla()~()H4r'lH;l
A; =(H1f'\H,r'lH3 nH4 nH5,)
Aj = (H11"\ H21"\ Hjr'l ~ () H5.)
A4 =<H,nH,n~nH4nH5 l
A.;= (H1 fl H2 fl ~(I H4 fl H )
5
Thclcqucsttd probability is tr.e probabilit;'oft.Jt.e u.nionA1U A 2U ~U A4U A.; aDd fl..ese~'ellts a re mnttallyo:clush'f:.Aiso. by-independence P(.-\j) =
0.9 (0.1) = 0 .0656. n.erefore. tf!.earuv.er 1s .;(o.o6.;6) = Oj:28.
c) U:t 8 deoote tf.eel.'ent tt-.at nosam_p!eoontains high !e-.'clsofcontamination. TJ!..e l'!.l+'('St ed _probability is P(8') = 1 P(8). From p.art (a),
(a) lt I and(; deootean infest edaOOgood sample. There are 3 ways to obtain font oonsealtivt .s.amplessh.o\rillg. t!u:s.ig,nsohft.e
{b) Tlt.cre are 10 hayst oobtainthreeout of four oonst<:llti\ttsamp!esshov,.;ng tlt.esig,nsofinfesta tion. The probability is 10x(0.23 o.s3) =
0 .0409(>.
:Hjj. (a )T~.e -proba hi !ity that one teclmician obtains equivsJcoce ~t 100 ml. is o .1.
So tlte probability-that both techni cia~obta in f:<!.nivsJmcea t 100 mLisO.l = 0.01.
(b) The probabilitytl!.at ooeteclmicianobtains oqui\'aleoct b.."t\\o'OOJ,Saod l04 mLis 0.71
So tl.e probabilitytltat both technicians obtain cquiW~J eoce betv.een 98 and 104 mLis0.7 = 049.
'
(c) The probability-that the a\'el''llgc\'Oiume at equh-a!eooe from tr.e technician is 100 mLis9(0.l ) = 0.09.
[!r
= 0.0000$.
b) l.et Sj be tlt-c~oent that a U fh'f:sa.mplcsarcprodooed inc,nity i. lkca.use tlte s sare m~tusl!y('XclllSh'f:. P{81U 8:1U ... U 8g) = P(81) ~
1'(8,) ... P(8g).
From pan a .. 1'(8; )=[!
r.
Tlrer<fore. tllcanswcds8[!
c) 8yiodcpcodence. P(A I
= 0.00024.
n A2 n A3 n A, n A~)=
nl
is s[~ ~
[!r[~ln.
0.00 I 07
2139 P(A) = ~~9/:1:2252 = O.t()tt.;. P{B) = 953/:1:22.;2 = 0.0428. P(Afl 8) = :142/2::!.2.;2 = 0 .0109
Because P(A)P(8) = {0.1945X0.0428) = 0.0083 '* 0.0109 = P(Afl 8),Aand Bare oot iodepcndmt.
l >4>. P!Al = f3's"3"s l/14TSTSl = 0.2;, 1'(8) = I4T4"3"5li(4"$'5'3"Sl = o.S,
P!An 8J = f3"4"3"sll(<"3"s"3"sl = o .2
Bo::au.se P{.-\)P(8) ={0.2..;X0.8) = 0 .2 = P(.:\ fl 8).Aaoci Bareinckpendent.
section 2-1
P(AiB )P(B )
P(BiA ) = P( AiB )P(B)
P(A)
P(AIB )P(B) + P(AIB' )P(B')
= _----=.
o:..:.4.:...:
x ..:.c
ocs:.__ = 0.s9
2-145. (a) P = {o~pX0 .9]8) ~ (0.27)(0.981) ... {0.21X0.96.;)- {0.13X0:992) ... {o.o8X0.959) = 0.9Jf)j8
0.207552
tet 0 deootea product that reoci\'eda good tt'\i ev..l.ct H. M.a:nd Pd.eoote products tl!..<tt wtre high. mod.."'NNte.a:nd poor perfonners,
respecth'dy.
i l47
a)
0.95(0.40) = 0_6 18
0.615
C)
0.052
P(LiD)P( D)
P( DiL) - P(Li A)P(A)+ P(LI B)P(B)+ P(Li C)P(C)+ P(LI D)P(D)
=~~~~~~~~
(0_
. 0~
55~
9)~~~-~~
~~5~)~~--~~~~
p SiB
(
P( BiS)P(S)
P(BIS)P(S) +P(BIA)P( A)
= -:-:--:-:-:"
( 0=-'.4"'
)(.::0.:'-'7):-:-:--=-
(0.4)(0.7) + (0.8)(0.3)
= 0.5
Suetplemefltal ExertGeS
c) P(A")=l -0.82=o.l8
d ) P(A() B)= 80/100 = 0.80
i!) P(A
8) = ~ .9::!:
P(A.UB)=0.9Jl
.il.S9 I f A,B,Care mutv.ailyo:clu.si'-'!. t.Jt.en P{ AV 8 V C) = P(A) ... P{B)- P(C) = Oj +!14 - !1..; = l .i. wh.ichgreater t.hanl. Therefore. P{A).
(b) P(tt.eseoond is oot ioniz.edghl!n the first one\\-as. ionized)= .iOf< = 0 .2.0:!
(c) P(bothareionit.ed)
= P(th.~ first one selected i s i onized) x P(th.o:sooond is iooiudg.h'f!fl the first ooe.was i onized)
= (80 /100))( {79/99) .. ().(~8
{d) l f ssmpless.elected "'ere replacOO prior to t lw: nv:t selection,
P(theseooOO i.s not i oniud gh 'i:ntlte first one was ioniud) = 'i0/ 100 = 0.2.
n.e C\oentoftft..i! first selection and ibe t'\'ttlt oftl'.e .secood selection a re indepmdent.
'2-l6,l. a) P(..-\) = 0.!13
b)
P(A.) = 0.97
c) P{BIA) =040
d) P(B!A.) = i).O_;
1PO
P=0 (0.998
= 0 .18143
)0.002 = 0 .005976
100 10
{c) P= 1-l(l-c).i)O:l)
= il.86494
,
, ~H67. l.et Ai denote thee-vent that t.J!f ith readback issltOO!'.SSful. Byiode-pend..."'llle,
P(Al 1""'1A:!1"1Aj) = P~ltl )P(A2)PfA_:J) = (0.02) = 0.000008.
::!.177. tet Ai denote tf:.CE'\l:llt t".at tlt~ ith: bolt selected is oot torqnOO. to t.Jt.e proper limit.
a) TJt.en,
P(A 1n A 2n
A3 n A4 ) =
~ ~
= [: ][: ][:: ][
~~ = 0.282.
b) tet 8 denote the~t that at least oneoftltesclt\":ted bolts are oot properlytof"<ll+'ed. Tft.liS, 8' is t.Jt.eE'\'E'nt that aJI bolts are properly
torqued. Then,
2] = 0. ,d 8.
P(B) = I - P(B') = I- [ 15)[14][13][1
(9 lS )7
20
~!-!79. A1 = bytelephooe,A2 =website: P(Al) = 0.9::!. P(A2) = 0.9.;:
Byindt'prndenct P(AlU A::!_)=- P(Al)'"' P(..\a)- P(.o\l(') A::!_) = 0.9::!. - 0.9.; - 0 .92{0.9.;) = 0 .9!)6.
::!.-181. tet 0 denote the C\~t t.Jt.at a container is inoorrectlyfilled and let H deootethcE'\'t'llt t~.a t a oontaioer is fi lled undcr l;ig.h-spood operotion.
Then,
a) P(O) = P(DIH )P(H)" P(D)H")P(ff) = O.O!(OJO), 0.00!(0.70) = 0.0037
P(H
b)
P(D)
a)
b)
7
7
7
P(D=2)= [2][-1
][
3]+
[2][
+
[
3][-']
75 74 73
75 74 73
753][2][-1
74 73]= 0.00108
c) l.et A represent l.ttf!\'E'trt that tlt.e two items NOT inspected are oot def:ti\'c. n.en.
P(A) = b:J/7.;X7i/ 74) = 0.947.
,.,ss. a)
b)
P(rourel E) =
P( Eiroutei )P(routel)
P(E)
0.02485(0.30)
= 0.3 159
1- 0.9764
::!187. l.et /l j denote t.t'..eeYent tr.at the ith:wss.her stlectedis thicker tr.an target.
a)
29 ][28] = 0.207
[ 30)[
50 49 48
b) 30/48 .. 0.625
c) Tl:e req1:ested probabilitycan bewriuen in termsofwl:rt~.eror oot the first and s.eonod wasJ!.erselecteda:re t.Jt.Jcker tlt.an the target. That
is.
][.!2.][
a)
b)
246
P( An B )= - = 0.262
940
c)
d)
940
e)
t)
::!.-191. l.e1.4i deootetJt.e e\~nt that the itn tO\\ operates. Then.
P(A,) = 0 .98.P!Ao) ={0.99X0.99) = 0 .9801,P(A3l = 0.9801, 1'(.....)
= 0.98.
-8
{b) Number of p.."'tlnutatiomofsix letters is ::!.-6 Nuty,ber ofw-ays to select one number = 10. Number of positions among tr.esi>: letters to
For supplier 1:
P{A) = !<}8.~/1000 = M94
For supplier~ :
I'<Al = 19!)0/ zooo = o .99s
{b)
a) The probabiJitythat none arc thicker. that is.all are less thantlte target is04
0 .4"
ll
0.4
2
3
0. 16
0.064
T'*:tefore. n = 3
b) Tft.e requ-ESted probability is theoomplcmcnt oft.r.e proOObilityrequ.csted in part a ). Therefor-e. n = 3
~ -::l:Ol .
tet Xdenote t!bc number of bolts in the s.:~mplc that are incorrect. Tlte N:qtestcd pmb:tbilityis P(E"). Then.
P{E) = P{E!X = o)P{X = 0 ) P{E!X = 1) P{X = 1) P{E!X = 1) P{X = 1) P{E!X = 3) P{X = ;)) P{E!X = 4) P{X = 4)
and F(X = o) = hs/ :!O Xl4/ l9XJ3/t8)(J:!/l7) = 0 .:!817.
The remainin& probability for Xcan be determined from tr.eoounting metitods. Then
F(A =
k(a + b)
F(B =
ka + a
) (k + 1)a + (k + 1)b'
) (k + 1)a + (k + l)b
and
P(AnB) =
ka
(k + 1)a + (k + 1)b
ka
(k + 1X(I + b)
Tl>en.
P(A)P(B) =
k(a + bXka + a)
[(k + 1)a + (k + J)bf
P(A n B)
result$ aN obtained: