(51)

CASTIGLIANOS 2
nd
(1847-1884, Milan)

U = W U = U (F
1
, F
2
, F
3
, ) =
1
2
F
|
6
|
N
|=1

nu wurk |x dune hy the react|unx urcex
Assume that after all the loads are applied, one of the loads (F
|
) is increased by an
infinitesimal amount dF
|
. This increase in strain energy may be expressed as the rate of
change of U with respect to F
|
times the small increase in F
|
. Thus, the corresponding change
in U can be calculated as:
dU =
0U
0F
|
dF
|
U =
1
2
F
|
6
|
N
|=1
+
0U
0F
|
dF
|

dU =
1
2
dF
|
d6
|
+dF
|
6
|
= dF
|
6
|
U = dF
|
6
|
+
1
2
F
|
6
|
N
|=1

0U
0F
|
dF
|
= dF
|
6
|
6
|
=
0U
0F
|
ur 6
|
=
0U (F
1
, F
2
, F
3
, )
0F
|

0
|
=
0U
0M
|
q
|
=
0U
0T
|

U = _
P
2
2FA
dx +_
M
2
2FI
dx
L

+_
T
2
26]
dx
L

+_
F
2
2A6
dx
L

6
|
=
0U
0F
|
= _
P
FA
0P
0F
|
dx
L

+_
M
FI
0M
0F
|
dx +_
T
6]
0T
0F
|
dx
L

+_
F
A6
0F
0F
|
dx
L

6
Q
=
0U
0Q
_
Q=
= _
P
FA
0P
0Q
_
Q=
dx
L

+_
M
FI
0M
0Q
_
Q=
dx +_
T
6]
0T
0Q
_
Q=
dx
L

+_
F
A6
0F
0Q
_
Q=
dx
L

Consider next the case where the order of the loading is reversed. We apply dF
|
first, followed
by F
1
, F
2
, F
3
, : The contribution of dF
|
to the strain energy is now:
where 6
|
is the displacement of dF
|
caused by other loads. Since the order of loading does not
affect the work done (principal of superposition) and thus the strain energy:
It states that the partial derivative of the strain energy of a structure with respect to any load
is equal to the displacement that corresponds to that load. The terms load and
displacement are to be understood in the generalized sense, i.e., a force and the
corresponding translational displacement, or a torque and the corresponding angle of twist
where the torque is applied:
The strain energy is related to the loads through the following expressions:
Although differentiation can be done after integration (calculation of strain energy) but,
differentiating before integrating makes the mathematical calculation much simpler.
If no load acts at the point where the deflection is desired, a fictitious load in the direction of
the desired deflection must be added at that point. Then, after differentiating but before
integrating, we set the fictitious load equal to zero (this avoids integration of terms that will
eventually be set equal to zero). If we denote the fictitious load by Q, the displacement in the
direction of Q thus is:

ur examp|e: y = 2x
2
+1, x = 1 y = 3
| dx = . 1 y = 2(1. 1)
2
+ 1 = 3. 4
dy =
0y
0x
dx = 4x (. 1)|
x=1
= . 4

(52)

Example: Find horizontal and vertical displacement of B.

A
1
= 2 mm
2
, A
2
= 4 mm
2
, F = 7 6Pa
Use Castiglianos method

F
x
= . Q -F
2
-F
1
1. 5
1. 5
2
+2
2
= .
F
y
= . P -F
1
2
1. 5
2
+2
2
= .
U = _
F
2
2FA
dx
L

= 6
F
=
0U
0P
= _
F
1
FA
1
0F
1
0P
dx
L
1

+_
F
2
FA
2
0F
2
0P
dx
L
2

6
F
=
F
1
L
1
A
1
F
1
0F
1
0P
+
F
2
L
2
A
2
F
2
0F
2
0P
=
(1. 25 P)L
1
A
1
F
1
(1. 25) +
(Q -. 75 P)L
2
A
2
F
2
(-. 75)
=
(1. 25 4 ) 15
2
+2
2
2 7
(1. 25) +
( -. 75 4 ) 15
4 7
(-. 75)
= 1. 24 mm
6
H
=
0U
0Q
=
F
1
L
1
A
1
F
1
0F
1
0Q
+
F
2
L
2
A
2
F
2
0F
2
0Q
=
(1. 25 P)L
1
A
1
F
1
() +
(Q -. 75 P)L
2
A
2
F
2
(1)
=
(1. 25 4 ) 15
2
+2
2
2 7
() +
( -. 75 4 ) 15
4 7
(1)
= -. 1 mm = . 1 mm
6
B
=

1. 24
2
+. 1
2
= 1. 25 mm
F
1
= 1. 25 P
F
2
= Q -. 75 P
(53)

M
C
= . Ph +R
A
L = .
M
A
= . Pa -R
c
L = .
R
A
=
Ph
L
, R
C
=
Pa
L

M
1
=
Ph
L
x (ur part AB), M
2
=
Pa
L
x (ur part BC)
U = _
M
2
2FI
dx
B
=
0U
0P
= _
M
1
FI
0M
1
0P
dx +_
M
2
FI
0M
2
0P
dx =
h

= _
Ph
L
x
FI
hx
L
dx
a

+_
Pa
L
x
FI
ax
L
dx
h

=
Ph
2
a
3
3FIL
2
+
Pa
2
h
3
3FIL
2
=
Pa
2
h
2
3FIL

R
A
=
Ph
L
-
M

L
, R
C
=
Pa
L
+
M

L

M
1
= _
Ph
L
-
M

L
] x +M

, M
2
= (
Pa
L
+
M

L
)x
0
A
=
0U
0M

= _
M
1
FI
0M
1
0M

dx +_
M
2
FI
0M
2
0M

dx =
h

_
j[
Ph
L
-
M

L
x -M

[
FI
[1 -
x
L
dx
a

+_
j[
Pa
L
+
M

L
x[
FI
x
L
dx
h

Nuw we xet M

=
0
A
= _
j[
Ph
L
x[
FI
(1 -
x
L
)dx
a

+_
j(
Pa
L
)x[
FI
x
L
dx
h

=
Pah
FIL
2
(-2a
2
+3a| +2h
2
)
Example: Find vertical displacement of B and slope at A.
Use Castiglianos method
Displacement at B:
Slope at A:

(54)

FXAMPLF: The pipe lies in the horizontal plane.
If it is subjected to a vertical force P at its end,
determine the vertical displacement of A, using
Castiglianos method. Express the results in terms
of the cross-sectional properties I and J, and the
material properties E and G.

6
A
=
0U
0P
= _
M
AB
FI
0M
AB
0P
dx +_
M
BC
FI
0M
BC
0P
dx +_
T
BC
6]
0T
BC
0P
dx
L

L
2

= _
Px
FI
x dx +_
Px
FI
x dx +_
P
L
2
6]
L
2
dx =
PL
3
24FI
+
PL
3
3FI
+
PL
3
46]
=
PL
3
8FI
(3 +
F
6
)
L

L
2

M
AB
= Px [ x
L
2
, M
BC
= Px ( x L), T
BC
= P
L
2

For circular section J=2I

M
AB
= R
B
x -
wx
2
2
, 6
B
=
0U
0R
B
= _
M
AB
FI
0M
AB
0R
B
dx
L

= _
_R
B
x -
wx
2
2
]
FI
x dx =
1
FI
(
R
B
x
3
3
-
wx
4
8
)_

L
L

=
1
FI
(
R
B
L
3
3
-
wL
4
8
)
6
B
=
1
FI
_
R
B
L
3
3
-
wL
4
8
_ = R
B
=
3
8
wL
Example: Statically indeterminate system
Find reaction at B using Castiglianos method

M = PR(1 -cux0), F = Px|n0, N = Pcux0

0M
0P
= R(1 -cux0),
0F
0P
= x|n0,
0N
0P
= cux0
6
F)A
=
0U
0P
= _
M
FI
0M
0P
dx
a

+_
N
FA
0N
0P
dx
a

5
_
F
A6
0F
0P
dx
a

= _
PR(1 -cux0)
FI
R(1 -cux0) (Rd0)
a

+_
Pcux0
FA
cux0(Rd0)
a

5
_
Px|n0
A6
x|n0(Rd0)
a

=
3aPR
3
2FI
+
aPR
2AF
+
3aPR
5A6
= 2. 21 +. 1 +. 3 = 2. 25 mm {xet: R = 5 mm,
A = 2 mm
2
, I =
1
12
1 (2)
3
= . 1
4
mm
4
]
Example: Thick walled half ring, P= 5 kN, E= 200 GPa, G= 80 GPa
Find vertical deflection of the free end.
(55)

Example: Frames
Find reaction forces at A and E as well as vertical displacement of C.
Neglect shear effect.
E = 200 GPa, A =3000 mm
2
, I=1210
6
mm
4
, L = 4 m

P/2
P/2

R
R
6
H)A
=
0U
0R
= __
F
AB
FA
0F
AB
0R
dx
L

+_
M
AB
FI
0M
AB
0R
dx +
L

_
F
BC
FA
0F
BC
0R
dx
L
2

+_
M
BC
FI
0M
BC
0R
dx
L
2

_
2
= _
[-
P
2

FA
()dx +_
Rx
FI
xdx +
L

_
R
FA
1 dx
L
2

+_
(RL -
P
2
x)
FI
L dx
L
2

_
2 =

RL
3
3FI
+
RL
2FA
+
RL
3
2FI
-
PL
3
1FI
=
RL
AF
+
L
3
9FI
(1R -12P) =
R = . 75 P
6
F)C
=
0U
0R
= __
F
AB
FA
0F
AB
0P
dx
L

+_
M
AB
FI
0M
AB
0P
dx +
L

_
F
BC
FA
0F
BC
0P
dx
L
2

+_
M
BC
FI
0M
BC
0P
dx
L
2

_
2
= __
[-
P
2

FA
(
-1
2
)dx +
L

_
Rx
FI
()dx +
L

_
R
FA
() dx
L
2

+_
(RL -
P
2
x)
FI
-x
2
dx
L
2

_
2
= _
PL
4FA
-
. 75PL
3
1FI
+
PL
3
9FI
_ 2
= . 31 P (mm)

(56)

Axx|gnment 14
Find reaction at support A using Castiglianos Second Theorem

Assignment 15
Using Castiglianos Second Theorem solve
for (a) the member forces F1, F2, and F3; (b)
the horizontal displacement at B; and (c) the
vertical displacement at B.
Answer:
a) F
1
=
19
27
P
xB
, F
2
=
1
27
P
xB
, F
3
=
-2
9
P
xB

b) u
h
=
7
135
P
xB
L
AF

c) u
h
=
-2
15
P
xB
L
AF

A
AB
= 52. 5 1

mm
2
, I
AB
= 18 1

mm
4

A
BC
= 1125 1

mm
2
, I
BC
= 12 1

mm
4

R
Cx
=
3wL
1
R
Cy
=
19wL
17

R
Ax
=
3wL
1
R
Ay
=
7wL
17

M
A
=
21wL
2
1232
(c|uckw|xe)
Assignment 16

Using Castiglianos Second Theorem find
reactions at A and C as function of w.
Answer:

Anxwer: R
A
=
3w

L
2
, M
A
=
w

L
2
3
(cuunterc|uckw|xe) Anxwer: R
A
=
7wL
128